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cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Търсене в Уикипедия" aria-label="Търсене в Уикипедия" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Специални:Търсене"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Търсене</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Лични инструменти"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Облик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg" class=""><span>Направете дарение</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class=""><span>Създаване на сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Влизане</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg"><span>Направете дарение</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Създаване на сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Влизане</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането"><span>научете повече</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Приноси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Основни_понятия" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Основни_понятия"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Основни понятия</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Основни_понятия-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Основни понятия</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Основни_понятия-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Принцип_на_Ферма" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Принцип_на_Ферма"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Принцип на Ферма</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Принцип_на_Ферма-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Коефициент_(показател)_на_пречупване" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Коефициент_(показател)_на_пречупване"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Коефициент (показател) на пречупване</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Коефициент_(показател)_на_пречупване-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Лъчи_и_ъгли" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Лъчи_и_ъгли"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Лъчи и ъгли</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Лъчи_и_ъгли-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Закон_на_Снелиус" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Закон_на_Снелиус"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Закон на Снелиус</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Закон_на_Снелиус-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Атмосферна_рефракция" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Атмосферна_рефракция"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Атмосферна рефракция</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Атмосферна_рефракция-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Вижте_също" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Вижте_също"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Вижте също</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Вижте_също-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Източници" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Източници"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Източници</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Източници-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Скриване/показване на съдържанието</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Пречупване</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 89 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 езика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligbreking" title="Ligbreking – африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ligbreking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechung_(Physik)" title="Brechung (Physik) – швейцарски немски" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Brechung (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарски немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" title="የብርሃን ስብረት – амхарски" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የብርሃን ስብረት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="انكسار (فيزياء) – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انكسار (فيزياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraici%C3%B3n" title="Refraición – астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Refraición" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n_s%C4%B1nmas%C4%B1" title="İşığın sınması – азербайджански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İşığın sınması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Праламленне – беларуски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Праламленне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peml%C3%A8ngsongan" title="Pemlèngsongan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pemlèngsongan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="আলোর প্রতিসরণ – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোর প্রতিসরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3" title="Refracció – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Refracció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="شکانەوەی ڕووناکی – кюрдски (централен)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شکانەوەی ڕووناکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="кюрдски (централен)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom_vln%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Lom vlnění – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lom vlnění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Рефракци – чувашки" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рефракци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plygiant" title="Plygiant – уелски" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plygiant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уелски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraktion" title="Refraktion – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Refraktion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechung_(Physik)" title="Brechung (Physik) – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brechung (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Διάθλαση – гръцки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάθλαση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="гръцки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Refraction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakto" title="Refrakto – есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Refrakto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3n" title="Refracción – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Refracción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraktsioon" title="Refraktsioon – естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Refraktsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errefrakzio" title="Errefrakzio – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errefrakzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA_(%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC)" title="شکست (امواج) – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکست (امواج)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittuminen" title="Taittuminen – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taittuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9fraction" title="Réfraction – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réfraction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athraonadh" title="Athraonadh – ирландски" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Athraonadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3n" title="Refracción – галисийски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Refracción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="שבירה – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שבירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="अपवर्तन – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपवर्तन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakcija" title="Refrakcija – хърватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Refrakcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraksyon" title="Refraksyon – хаитянски креолски" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Refraksyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="хаитянски креолски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s" title="Fénytörés – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fénytörés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Լույսի անդրադարձում – арменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լույսի անդրադարձում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembiasan" title="Pembiasan – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembiasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3sbrot" title="Ljósbrot – исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljósbrot" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrazione" title="Rifrazione – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rifrazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98" title="屈折 – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="屈折" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraksi" title="Refraksi – явански" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Refraksi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="явански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рефракция – казахски" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рефракция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8" title="ವಕ್ರೀಭವನ – каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಕ್ರೀಭವನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EC%A0%88" title="굴절 – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="굴절" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рефракция – киргизки" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рефракция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractio" title="Refractio – латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Refractio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liichtrefraktioun" title="Liichtrefraktioun – люксембургски" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liichtrefraktioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrazion" title="Rifrazion – ломбардски" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rifrazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ломбардски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%9A" title="ການຫັກລົບ – лаоски" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການຫັກລົບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаоски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangos_l%C5%AB%C5%BEis" title="Bangos lūžis – литовски" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bangos lūžis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaismas_lau%C5%A1ana" title="Gaismas laušana – латвийски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gaismas laušana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латвийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Прекршување (физика) – македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прекршување (физика)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="അപവർത്തനം – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപവർത്തനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="अपवर्तन – марати" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अपवर्तन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="марати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembiasan" title="Pembiasan – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembiasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtbreking" title="Lichtbreking – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lichtbreking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraksjon" title="Refraksjon – норвежки (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Refraksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвежки (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysbrytning" title="Lysbrytning – норвежки (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lysbrytning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежки (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraccion" title="Refraccion – окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Refraccion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabee_darbuu" title="Dabee darbuu – оромо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dabee darbuu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8_(%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC)" title="ਅਪਵਰਤਨ (ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼) – пенджабски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਪਵਰਤਨ (ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakshion" title="Refrakshion – нигерийски пиджин" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Refrakshion" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="нигерийски пиджин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakcja" title="Refrakcja – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Refrakcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrassion" title="Rifrassion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Rifrassion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refra%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Refração – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Refração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrac%C8%9Bie" title="Refracție – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Refracție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Преломление – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Преломление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лом світла – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лом світла" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="अपवर्तनम् (भौतविज्ञानम्) – санскрит" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अपवर्तनम् (भौतविज्ञानम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="санскрит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrazzioni" title="Rifrazzioni – сицилиански" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rifrazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction – шотландски" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Refraction" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelamanje" title="Prelamanje – сърбохърватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prelamanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сърбохърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="වර්තනය – синхалски" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වර්තනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="синхалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Refraction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom_svetlobe" title="Lom svetlobe – словенски" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lom svetlobe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupambuko_rweChiedza" title="Rupambuko rweChiedza – шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rupambuko rweChiedza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelamanje_svetlosti" title="Prelamanje svetlosti – сръбски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Prelamanje svetlosti" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сръбски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraktion" title="Refraktion – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Refraktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="ஒளி முறிவு – тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளி முறிவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="వక్రీభవనం – телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వక్రీభవనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB" title="การหักเห – тайски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การหักเห" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1lma_(fizik)" title="Kırılma (fizik) – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kırılma (fizik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Заломлення – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Заломлення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%81" title="انعطاف – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انعطاف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraksiya" title="Refraksiya – узбекски" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Refraksiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_x%E1%BA%A1" title="Khúc xạ – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khúc xạ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射 – ву китайски" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="折射" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="ברעכונג – идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ברעכונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射 – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="折射" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="折射" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiat-si%C4%81" title="Chiat-siā – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiat-siā" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射 – кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="折射" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q72277#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Преглед на основната страница [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Статия</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Беседа за страницата (страницата не съществува) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Промяна на езиковия вариант" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">български</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet 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title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=history" title="Предишни версии на страницата [h]" accesskey="h"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Инструменти" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Инструменти</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Допълнителни опции" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Действия </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5"><span>Преглед</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Редактиране</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=history"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Основни </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Списък на всички страници, сочещи насам [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Какво сочи насам</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" rel="nofollow" title="Последните промени на страници, сочени от тази страница [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Свързани промени</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki:Uploadtext" title="Качи файлове [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Качване на файл</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Списък на всички специални страници [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Специални страници</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&oldid=11725873" title="Постоянна 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адрес</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbg.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D1%2583%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5"><span>Изтегляне на QR код</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Отпечатване/изнасяне </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5"><span>Създаване на книга</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=show-download-screen"><span>Изтегляне като PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&printable=yes" title="Версия за печат на страницата [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Версия за печат</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> В други проекти </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Refraction" hreflang="en"><span>Общомедия</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q72277" title="Препратка към свързания обект от хранилището за данни [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Обект в Уикиданни</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Облик</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">скриване</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">от Уикипедия, свободната енциклопедия</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bg" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Glass_is_Liquide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Glass_is_Liquide.jpg/250px-Glass_is_Liquide.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Glass_is_Liquide.jpg/375px-Glass_is_Liquide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Glass_is_Liquide.jpg/500px-Glass_is_Liquide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Сламката изглежда счупена поради пречупването на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Светлина">светлината</a> при нейното преминаване през границата <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Въздух">въздух</a> – <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода">вода</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Uniformity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Uniformity.jpg/250px-Uniformity.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Uniformity.jpg/375px-Uniformity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Uniformity.jpg/500px-Uniformity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Ефект на светлината, пречупена през стъкло.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg/250px-F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg/375px-F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg/500px-F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Пречупване на светлината на границата въздух – плексиглас.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Пречу̀пване</b> или <b>рефрàкция</b> е промяна в посоката на една <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вълна">вълна</a> при изменение на параметрите на средата на разпространение, водещо до промяна на нейната <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Скорост">скорост</a>. Явлението се наблюдава най-често при преминаване от една среда в друга или при преминаване в същата среда с променени параметри: диелектрична или магнитна проницаемост. Рефракцията съществува при всички видове вълни. Примери за това са преминаването на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Звук">звукова</a>, светлинна или радиовълна от една среда в друга или когато водните вълни преминават на различна дълбочина. </p><p>Пречупването на светлината е частен случай на рефракция. Тъй като при преминаването през границата въздух – стъкло се наблюдава пречупване на светлината, ефектът е бил използван за създаване на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Леща (оптика)">оптичните лещи</a> и лежи в основата на действие на всички оптични уреди. Той обяснява и редица светлинни явления като небесната <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дъга">дъга</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Мираж">миражите</a>, разлагането на бялата светлина на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Цвят (оптика)">цветове</a> при преминаването ѝ през призма и др. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Основни_понятия"><span id=".D0.9E.D1.81.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.BD.D1.8F.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Основни понятия</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: Основни понятия" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Основни понятия"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Принцип_на_Ферма"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BD.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.BF_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.A4.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BC.D0.B0"></span>Принцип на Ферма</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: Принцип на Ферма" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Принцип на Ферма"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Принцип на Ферма">Принципът на Ферма̀</a> гласи: вълните се разпространяват в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пространство">пространството</a> по път, по който това става за минимално <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Време">време</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-РРВ_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-РРВ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Законът на Снелиус следва директно от този принцип. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Коефициент_(показател)_на_пречупване"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BE.D0.B5.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.82_.28.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BB.29_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B5.D1.87.D1.83.D0.BF.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Коефициент (показател) на пречупване</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Коефициент (показател) на пречупване" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Коефициент (показател) на пречупване"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Показател на пречупване">Показател на пречупване</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Коефициент на пречупване на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вещество">веществото</a> (средата) е физична величина, равна на отношението на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Скорост на светлината">скоростите на светлината</a> във <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум">вакуум</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span>) и в средата на разпространение (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}"></span>): <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n={\frac {c}{v}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>c</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n={\frac {c}{v}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33da8c421d52a437e59e6726572ed6d09cb6f3e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.457ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n={\frac {c}{v}}}"></span>. За електромагнитни вълни (например светлината) показателят на пречупване може да бъде изразен и като корен квадратен от произведението на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Магнитна проницаемост">магнитната</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }"></span>) и <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Диелектрична проницаемост">диелектричната</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span>) проницаемост на средата: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n={\sqrt {\varepsilon \mu }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>ε</mi> <mi>μ</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n={\sqrt {\varepsilon \mu }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65d44a0d92f57bdabcc430efe0ee852e3891c5de" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:8.914ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n={\sqrt {\varepsilon \mu }}}"></span>. </p><p>Коефициентът на пречупване зависи от свойствата на веществото и от <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дължина на вълната">дължината на вълната</a> на излъчването. Съществуват оптично <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Анизотропия">анизотропни</a> вещества, в които показателят на пречупване зависи от посоката на разпространение и поляризацията на светлината. За измерване на коефициента на пречупване се използват рефрактометри. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Snells_law2-ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Snells_law2-ru.svg/220px-Snells_law2-ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Snells_law2-ru.svg/330px-Snells_law2-ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Snells_law2-ru.svg/440px-Snells_law2-ru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Закон на Снелиус за пречупване на лъч на границата между две среди: ако втората среда е по-плътна, с коефициент на пречупване <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{2}>n_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{2}>n_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a7dff47d66f4b8b88a98a78832c447aee02c9d48" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.996ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{2}>n_{1}}"></span>, ъгълът на пречупване е по-малък от ъгъла на падане <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}<\theta _{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo><</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{2}<\theta _{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/911882bcb7ebbbe417005c7da93c4718e2ffb55f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.388ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}<\theta _{1}}"></span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Лъчи_и_ъгли"><span id=".D0.9B.D1.8A.D1.87.D0.B8_.D0.B8_.D1.8A.D0.B3.D0.BB.D0.B8"></span>Лъчи и ъгли</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Редактиране на раздел: Лъчи и ъгли" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Лъчи и ъгли"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Физичните величини, отнасящи се за първата среда (в която е разположен източникът на светлина), се означават с индекс <b>1</b>, а тези, които се отнасят за втората – с индекс <b>2</b>. Тогава: </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee784b70e772f55ede5e6e0bdc929994bff63413" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"></span> е коефициентът на пречупване на първата среда;</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7f84b9443d095623e02fd287cd095123d70b0278" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}"></span> е ъгълът на падане;</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/840e456e3058bc0be28e5cf653b170cdbfcc3be4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{2}}"></span> е коефициентът на пречупване на втората среда;</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ed6ea624b20b153403979ffaf5434fc36de2990" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}"></span> е ъгълът на пречупване.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Закон_на_Снелиус"><span id=".D0.97.D0.B0.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BD_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.A1.D0.BD.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.83.D1.81"></span>Закон на Снелиус</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Редактиране на раздел: Закон на Снелиус" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Закон на Снелиус"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Закон на Снелиус">Закон на Снелиус</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Качественото описание на пречупването на светлината на границата на две среди се дава от следните зависимости: </p> <ul><li>при преминаване на светлинен лъч от оптично по-рядка (с по-малък коефициент на пречупване) в оптично по-плътна среда (с по-голям коефициент на пречупване) ъгълът на пречупване е по-малък от ъгъла на падане;</li> <li>при преминаване на светлинен лъч от оптично по-плътна в оптично по-рядка среда ъгълът на пречупване е по-голям от ъгъла на падане.</li></ul> <p>Точната количествена зависимост при пречупването на светлината се описва от <b>закона на Снелиус</b> – <i>отношението на коефициентите на пречупване е равно на отношението на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Скорост">скоростите</a> на разпространение на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вълна">вълната</a> в двете среди и реципрочното отношение на техните коефициенти на пречупване</i>: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Pencil_in_a_bowl_of_water.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pencil_in_a_bowl_of_water.png/195px-Pencil_in_a_bowl_of_water.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Pencil_in_a_bowl_of_water.png 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="182" /></a><figcaption><b>Пречупване във вода.</b> С тъмната линия е означено реалното положение на сламката във водата, а със светлата – това, което вижда окото от страната на въздуха. Краят Х изглежда за окото на дълбочина Y – доста по-плитко от реалната дълбочина.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin \theta _{2}}}={\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}={\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin \theta _{2}}}={\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}={\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/429d498749f292c242e1b7bd9e1cf219fd403736" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:18.724ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin \theta _{2}}}={\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}={\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>или </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \theta _{1}=n_{2}\sin \theta _{2}\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \theta _{1}=n_{2}\sin \theta _{2}\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a02ad752ea6ccadf7a192f943d0529371f6dd0f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.126ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \theta _{1}=n_{2}\sin \theta _{2}\ }"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Законът е открит през <a href="/wiki/1621" title="1621">1621</a> г. от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Холандия">холандския</a> математик <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вилеброрд Снелиус">Вилеброрд Снел</a>, известен също и с латинското име Снелиус. </p><p>В случая, когато светлинният лъч преминава от оптически по-плътна в оптически по-рядка среда, при определен ъгъл на падане <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7f84b9443d095623e02fd287cd095123d70b0278" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}"></span>, наречен граничен, ъгълът на пречупване <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ed6ea624b20b153403979ffaf5434fc36de2990" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}"></span> става равен на 90 градуса, следователно </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \theta _{1}=n_{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \theta _{1}=n_{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/729a8b2fc6cf8cbfcbcc4bec7f822bd579771cbd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.158ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \theta _{1}=n_{2}\,}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Тогава нямаме пречупена вълна, а само отразена, което е в сила при всички ъгли на падане, по-големи от граничния ъгъл. Това явление се нарича <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Пълно вътрешно отражение">пълно вътрешно отражение</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Атмосферна_рефракция"><span id=".D0.90.D1.82.D0.BC.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.84.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.80.D0.B5.D1.84.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Атмосферна рефракция</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Редактиране на раздел: Атмосферна рефракция" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Атмосферна рефракция"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Явлението характеризира разпространението на електромагнитните вълни в атмосферата. Атмосферата е нееднородна среда и при изменение на нейната диелектрична или магнитна проницаемост се изменя коефициентът на пречупване и посоката на разпространение на вълната. Тези изменения стават плавно и траекторията на вълната плавно се променя, доближавайки се до крива линия. Така вълните в тропосферата се движат по криволинейни траектории, чиято посока и радиус зависят от това как се променя коефициентът на пречупване. Той се изменя слабо с промяна на височината – едва след петия или четвъртия десетичен знак. Затова се въвежда спомагателният параметър <b>индекс на пречупване</b> <sup id="cite_ref-РРВ_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-РРВ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N=(n-1).10^{6}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msup> <mn>.10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N=(n-1).10^{6}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/90553868350e07ca6c2e8d026ec1af66c7a7b8fa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.395ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N=(n-1).10^{6}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Ако индексът на пречупване нараства с увеличаване на височината <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dN}{dh}}>0\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>></mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dN}{dh}}>0\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4dd853101243b89aa789a6e7ce2bcf309536774b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:11.798ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dN}{dh}}>0\right)}"></span>, траекториите на вълните са изпъкнали надолу, обратно на кривината на земята и разстоянието на пряка видимост намалява. Такава рефракция се нарича <b>отрицателна</b>. Наблюдава се рядко, обикновено при снеговалеж. </p><p>При непроменящ се индекс на пречупване с изменение на височината <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dN}{dh}}=0\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dN}{dh}}=0\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f32d584010eac30b6926f0968c04edcdd68de4ce" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:11.798ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dN}{dh}}=0\right)}"></span>, вълните се движат по праволинейни траектории и има <b>нулева</b> рефракция. Разстоянието на пряка видимост не се изменя: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{0}[km]=3,57\left({\sqrt {h_{1}[m]}}+{\sqrt {h_{2}[m]}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>57</mn> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </msqrt> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{0}[km]=3,57\left({\sqrt {h_{1}[m]}}+{\sqrt {h_{2}[m]}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d72a8646455e40fec067397dd0c1004fb2e29d74" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:36.373ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{0}[km]=3,57\left({\sqrt {h_{1}[m]}}+{\sqrt {h_{2}[m]}}\right)}"></span>,</dd></dl> <p>където <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/14e8880a2e4243a2fe5157e574a0547ef3d5d373" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.393ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h_{1}}"></span> и <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/56d2d1733d09f02f33694f72b6da94681021e0f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.393ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h_{2}}"></span> са височините от земята на точките на излъчване и приемане на вълната, например височините на предавателната и приемната антени. </p><p>Ако индексът на пречупване намалява с нарастване на височината <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dN}{dh}}<0\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo><</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dN}{dh}}<0\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9130700327850c48cb7318909bfbe176a902557f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:11.798ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dN}{dh}}<0\right)}"></span>, траекториите на вълните са изпъкнали нагоре, съвпадат с кривината на земята и разстоянието на пряка видимост за вълната се увеличава. Такава рефракция се нарича <b>положителна</b> и е най-често срещаната. </p><p>При нормални атмосферни условия (в нормална <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тропосфера">тропосфера</a>) за въздуха над повърхността на земята <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=1,000338;}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>000338</mn> <mo>;</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=1,000338;}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/99c524e2dd65d014e8cae14dc5cc4d31cc933f1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.311ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=1,000338;}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N=338}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>338</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N=338}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f0b846af63dd0905a3ad4a454ecd64ae4ec78aa1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.649ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N=338}"></span>, а плътността на атмосферата, диелектричната проницаемост, коефициентът и индексът на пречупване намаляват с нарастване на височината <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dN}{dh}}<0\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo><</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dN}{dh}}<0\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9130700327850c48cb7318909bfbe176a902557f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:11.798ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {dN}{dh}}<0\right)}"></span>. Такава положителна рефракция се нарича <b>нормална</b>. Вълните се разпространяват по криволинейни траектории с радиус 25000 км, изпъкнали нагоре, които съвпадат с кривината на земята и разстоянието на пряка видимост се увеличава на <sup id="cite_ref-РРВ_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-РРВ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{0}[km]=4,12\left({\sqrt {h_{1}[m]}}+{\sqrt {h_{2}[m]}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>12</mn> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </msqrt> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{0}[km]=4,12\left({\sqrt {h_{1}[m]}}+{\sqrt {h_{2}[m]}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c851f07ca7fe4aa17ac97a51122d7fd885f5f465" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:36.373ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{0}[km]=4,12\left({\sqrt {h_{1}[m]}}+{\sqrt {h_{2}[m]}}\right)}"></span>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Вижте_също"><span id=".D0.92.D0.B8.D0.B6.D1.82.D0.B5_.D1.81.D1.8A.D1.89.D0.BE"></span>Вижте също</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Редактиране на раздел: Вижте също" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Вижте също"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Формули на Френел">Формули на Френел</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Източници"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8"></span>Източници</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Редактиране на раздел: Източници" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Източници"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-РРВ-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-РРВ_1-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-РРВ_1-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-РРВ_1-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Дамянов Д. Д. – Разпространение на радиовълните, ВТС, 1975.</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Взето от „<a dir="ltr" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Пречупване&oldid=11725873">https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Пречупване&oldid=11725873</a>“.</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Специални:Категории">Категории</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Категория:Оптични явления">Оптични явления</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Категория:Основни физични концепции">Основни физични концепции</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Категория:Геометрична оптика">Геометрична оптика</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Последната промяна на страницата е извършена на 19 март 2023 г. в 02:04 ч.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Текстът е достъпен под лиценза <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.bg">Creative Commons Признание-Споделяне на споделеното</a>; може да са приложени допълнителни условия. 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