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id="toc-Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_rule_(469–535)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_rule_(469–535)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Germanic rule (469–535)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_rule_(469–535)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_period_(535–827)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_period_(535–827)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Byzantine period (535–827)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_period_(535–827)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_period_(827–1091)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_period_(827–1091)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Arab period (827–1091)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_period_(827–1091)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norman_Sicily_(1038–1198)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_Sicily_(1038–1198)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Norman Sicily (1038–1198)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_Sicily_(1038–1198)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Sicily_(1198–1860)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Sicily_(1198–1860)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Kingdom of Sicily (1198–1860)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Sicily_(1198–1860)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Italian unification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Emigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Largest cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_and_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_and_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Industry and manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_and_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-GDP_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GDP_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>GDP growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GDP_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_sectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_sectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Economic sectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_sectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unemployment_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unemployment_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Unemployment rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unemployment_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Planned bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>UNESCO World Heritage Sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tentative_UNESCO_World_Heritage_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tentative_UNESCO_World_Heritage_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Tentative UNESCO World Heritage sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tentative_UNESCO_World_Heritage_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Archaeological sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Castles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Castles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_towers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_towers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Coastal towers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_towers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_villages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_villages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Historical villages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_villages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Art and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Ceramics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sicilian_Baroque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicilian_Baroque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Sicilian Baroque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicilian_Baroque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Music and film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.10</span> <span>Traditional items</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flag_and_emblem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag_and_emblem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.11</span> <span>Flag and emblem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag_and_emblem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sicily</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 159 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-159" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">159 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisili%C3%AB" title="Sisilië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sisilië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonome_Region_Sizilien" title="Autonome Region Sizilien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Autonome Region Sizilien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B2%E1%8A%AA%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AB" title="ሲኪልያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሲኪልያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صقلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صقلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%A9%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܣܩܠܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܩܠܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secila" title="Secila – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Secila" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siciliya" title="Siciliya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siciliya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84" title="سیسیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیسیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisilia" title="Sisilia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sisilia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="সিসিলি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিসিলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сіцылія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сіцылія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сыцылія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сыцылія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="सिसिली – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सिसिली" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sicily" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сицилия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сицилия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizilien" title="Sizilien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sizilien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="སི་ཅི་ལི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སི་ཅི་ལི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilija" title="Sicilija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sicilija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikilia" title="Sikilia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sikilia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Sicília – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sicília" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Сицили – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сицили" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic%C3%ADlie" title="Sicílie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sicílie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisili" title="Sisili – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sisili" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilien" title="Sicilien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sicilien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صقلية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صقلية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonome_Region_Sizilien" title="Autonome Region Sizilien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autonome Region Sizilien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siciliska" title="Siciliska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Siciliska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitsiilia_maakond" title="Sitsiilia maakond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sitsiilia maakond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σικελία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σικελία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siz%C3%A9gglia" title="Sizégglia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sizégglia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilio" title="Sicilio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sicilio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizilia" title="Sizilia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sizilia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84" title="سیسیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیسیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisilia" title="Sisilia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sisilia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicile" title="Sicile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sicile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisylje" title="Sisylje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sisylje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilie" title="Sicilie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sicilie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSicil" title="An tSicil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSicil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%B9%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="시칠리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시칠리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisiliya" title="Sisiliya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sisiliya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A6)" title="Սիցիլիա (մարզ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիցիլիա (մարզ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="सिसिली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिसिली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilska" title="Sicilska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sicilska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilija" title="Sicilija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sicilija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisilia" title="Sisilia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sisilia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Сицили – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сицили" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikiley" title="Sikiley – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sikiley" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="סיציליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיציליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisilia" title="Sisilia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sisilia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sicily" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სიცილია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიცილია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сицилия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сицилия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisili" title="Sisili – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sisili" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisilia" title="Sisilia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sisilia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEs%C3%AElya" title="Sîsîlya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sîsîlya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сицилия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сицилия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizilia" title="Sizilia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sizilia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisilia" title="Sisilia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sisilia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5" title="ຊິຊິລີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊິຊິລີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(regio_Italiae)" title="Sicilia (regio Italiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sicilia (regio Italiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic%C4%ABlija" title="Sicīlija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sicīlija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizilien" title="Sizilien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sizilien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilija" title="Sicilija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sicilija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A7illia" title="Siçillia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Siçillia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicili%C3%AB" title="Sicilië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sicilië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisilia" title="Sisilia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sisilia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szic%C3%ADlia" title="Szicília – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szicília" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сицилија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сицилија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="സിസിലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിസിലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sqallija" title="Sqallija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Sqallija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hihiri" title="Hihiri – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hihiri" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सिचिल्या – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिचिल्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სიცილია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სიცილია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سيسيليا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيسيليا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سیسیلی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سیسیلی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sicily" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Сицили – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сицили" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စစ္စလီကျွန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စစ္စလီကျွန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicili%C3%AB" title="Sicilië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sicilië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%81%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="シチリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シチリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Сицили – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сицили" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siziilien" title="Siziilien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Siziilien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicile" title="Sicile – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Sicile" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Sicília – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sicília" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitsiliya_(orol)" title="Sitsiliya (orol) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sitsiliya (orol)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਸਿਚੀਲੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਚੀਲੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سسلی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سسلی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicile" title="Sicile – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Sicile" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizilien" title="Sizilien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sizilien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycylia" title="Sycylia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sycylia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Sicília – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sicília" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siciliya" title="Siciliya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Siciliya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сицилия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сицилия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Сициилийэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сициилийэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitz%C3%AClia" title="Sitzìlia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sitzìlia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sicily" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A7ilia" title="Siçilia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Siçilia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sicily" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic%C3%ADlia_(auton%C3%B3mny_regi%C3%B3n)" title="Sicília (autonómny región) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sicília (autonómny región)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilija_(de%C5%BEela)" title="Sicilija (dežela) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sicilija (dežela)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycylijo" title="Sycylijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sycylijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasiiliya" title="Sasiiliya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sasiiliya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سیسیلیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیسیلیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сицилија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сицилија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilija" title="Sicilija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sicilija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisilian_alue" title="Sisilian alue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sisilian alue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilien" title="Sicilien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sicilien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="சிசிலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிசிலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%8Dilya" title="Sičilya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Sičilya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilie" title="Sicilie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Sicilie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сицилия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сицилия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80" title="సిసిలీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సిసిలీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="แคว้นซิซิลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคว้นซิซิลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilya" title="Sicilya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sicilya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сицилія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сицилія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="صقلیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صقلیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="سىتسىلىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سىتسىلىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic%C3%AClia" title="Sicìlia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sicìlia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikile%C3%A4n" title="Sikileän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sikileän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicili%C3%AB" title="Sicilië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sicilië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B2%9B" title="西西里岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西西里岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Sicily" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2" title="סיציליע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סיציליע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sicily" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C" title="西西里 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西西里" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilya" title="Sicilya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sicilya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicili%C3%AB" title="Sicilië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Sicilië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C" title="西西里 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西西里" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilij%C9%99" title="Sicilijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sicilijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sicily&params=37.5_N_14_E_scale:2500000_type:adm1st__region:IT-82_source:GNS"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">14°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.5°N 14°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.5; 14</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#move" title="This article is move-protected."><img alt="Page move-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Move-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Move-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Move-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Move-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Move-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Move-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island in the Mediterranean, region of Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the region of Italy. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sicily_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sicily (disambiguation)">Sicily (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sicilia" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sicilia (disambiguation)">Sicilia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Autonomous region in Italy</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Sicily</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Sicilia</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Sicilian-language text"><i lang="scn">Sicilia</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sicily.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sicily"><img alt="Flag of Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Sicily.svg/100px-Flag_of_Sicily.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Sicily.svg/150px-Flag_of_Sicily.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Sicily.svg/200px-Flag_of_Sicily.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sicily" title="Flag of Sicily">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sicily.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Sicily"><img alt="Coat of arms of Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_Sicily.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sicily.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_Sicily.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sicily.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="689" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Sicily">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <i><a href="/wiki/Madreterra" title="Madreterra">Madreterra</a></i><br /><div class="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="195" data-mwtitle="Inno_della_Regione_Siciliana_«Madreterra».ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Inno_della_Regione_Siciliana_%C2%ABMadreterra%C2%BB.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Inno_della_Regione_Siciliana_%C2%ABMadreterra%C2%BB.ogg/Inno_della_Regione_Siciliana_%C2%ABMadreterra%C2%BB.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInno_della_Regione_Siciliana_%C2%ABMadreterra%C2%BB.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sicily_in_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sicily_in_Italy.svg/250px-Sicily_in_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sicily_in_Italy.svg/500px-Sicily_in_Italy.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sicily&params=37.5_N_14_E_scale:2500000_type:adm1st__region:IT-82_source:GNS"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">14°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.5°N 14°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.5; 14</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Sicily" title="List of presidents of Sicily">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Renato_Schifani" title="Renato Schifani">Renato Schifani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">FI</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-Statistiche_demografiche_ISTAT_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistiche_demografiche_ISTAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">25,832 km<sup>2</sup> (9,974 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2024)<sup id="cite_ref-Statistiche_demografiche_ISTAT_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistiche_demografiche_ISTAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (8.1% of Italy)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,785,338</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">190/km<sup>2</sup> (480/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English: <a href="/wiki/Sicilians" title="Sicilians">Sicilian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Siciliano</i> (man)<br /><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Siciliana</i> (woman)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Citizenship<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Italian</th><td class="infobox-data">98%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€88.767 billion (2021)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3166 code">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">IT-82</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.847<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">very high</span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Italian regions by Human Development Index">21st of 21</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#Italy" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">NUTS Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ITG</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regione.sicilia.it/">www<wbr />.regione<wbr />.sicilia<wbr />.it</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sicily</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Sicilia</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[siˈtʃiːlja]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/41\/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-Sicilia.wav\/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-Sicilia.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q652 (ita)-LangPao-Sicilia.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-Sicilia.wav/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-LangPao-Sicilia.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q652_(ita)-LangPao-Sicilia.wav" title="File:LL-Q652 (ita)-LangPao-Sicilia.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>: <i lang="scn">Sicilia</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Sicilian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="scn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">[sɪˈ(t)ʃiːlja]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b4\/LL-Q33973_%28scn%29-XANA000-Sicilia.wav\/LL-Q33973_%28scn%29-XANA000-Sicilia.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q33973 (scn)-XANA000-Sicilia.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/LL-Q33973_%28scn%29-XANA000-Sicilia.wav/LL-Q33973_%28scn%29-XANA000-Sicilia.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q33973_(scn)-XANA000-Sicilia.wav" title="File:LL-Q33973 (scn)-XANA000-Sicilia.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>), officially the <b>Sicilian Region</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Regione Siciliana</i>), is an island in the central <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, south of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> and is one of the 20 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. With 4.8 million inhabitants, including 1.3 million in and around the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, it is both the largest and most populous island in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Sicily is named after the <a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicels</a>, who inhabited the eastern part of the island during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. Sicily has a rich and unique culture in <a href="#Art_and_architecture">arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sicily" title="Music of Sicily">music</a>, <a href="#Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Baroque" title="Sicilian Baroque">architecture</a>. Its most prominent landmark is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a>, the tallest active <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> in Europe, and one of the most active in the world, currently 3,357 m (11,014 ft) high. The island has a typical <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>. It is separated from <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>. It is one of the five <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Italian autonomous regions</a> and is generally considered part of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>. </p><p>The earliest <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_record" title="Archaeological record">archaeological record</a> of human activity on the island is from around 14,000 BC. By around 750 BC, Sicily had three <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> and a dozen <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Italy" title="Greeks in Italy">Greek colonies</a> along its coasts, becoming one of the centers of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Wars" title="Sicilian Wars">Sicilian Wars</a> of 580–265 BC were fought between the Carthaginians and Greeks, and the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> of 264–146 BC were fought between Rome and Carthage. The Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a> ended with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the 5th century AD. Sicily was ruled during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest of southern Italy</a> led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a> in 1071, that was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, a state that existed from 1130 until 1816 under various dynasties,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1816 it was unified with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>. From the 1282 <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a> until the 1860 <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a>, Sicily was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, either in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the crown or by a <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branch</a>, with the exception of a period of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a> and then <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> rule in 1713–1735. </p><p>The island became part of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">newly unified</a> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in 1860 following the Expedition of the Thousand, an invasion led by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, and a plebiscite. Sicily was given special status as an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous administrative division</a> on 15 May 1946, 18 days before the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Sicily" title="Geology of Sicily">Geology of Sicily</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sicily_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sicily_Map.png/250px-Sicily_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sicily_Map.png/330px-Sicily_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sicily_Map.png/500px-Sicily_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="3473" data-file-height="2456" /></a><figcaption>Sicily</figcaption></figure> <p>Sicily has a roughly triangular shape, earning it the name <i>Trinacria</i>. </p><p>To the north-east, it is separated from <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and the rest of the Italian mainland by the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>, about 3 km (1.9 mi) wide in the north, and about 16 km (9.9 mi) wide in the southern part.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern and southern coasts are each about 280 km (170 mi) long measured as a straight line, while the eastern coast measures around 180 km (110 mi); total coast length is <a href="/wiki/Length_of_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Length of coast">estimated</a> at 1,484 km (922 mi). The total area of the island is 25,711 km<sup>2</sup> (9,927 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-eb_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous Region</a> of Sicily (which includes the smaller surrounding islands of <a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Egadi">Egadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ustica" title="Ustica">Ustica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a>) has an area of 27,708 km<sup>2</sup> (10,698 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terrain of inland Sicily is mostly hilly and is intensively cultivated wherever possible. Along the northern coast, the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madonie" title="Madonie">Madonie</a>, 2,000 m (6,600 ft), <a href="/wiki/Nebrodi" title="Nebrodi">Nebrodi</a>, 1,800 m (5,900 ft), and <a href="/wiki/Peloritani" title="Peloritani">Peloritani</a>, 1,300 m (4,300 ft), are an extension of the mainland <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a>. The cone of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a> dominates the eastern coast. In the southeast lie the lower <a href="/wiki/Hyblaean_Mountains" title="Hyblaean Mountains">Hyblaean Mountains</a>, 1,000 m (3,300 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-frommers_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frommers-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mines of the <a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Enna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caltanissetta" title="Caltanissetta">Caltanissetta</a> districts were part of a leading <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a>-producing area throughout the 19th century, but have declined since the 1950s. </p><p>Sicily and its surrounding small islands have some highly active volcanoes. This is due to Sicily being geographically on the northern edge of the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mount Etna is the largest active volcano in Europe and casts black ash over the island with its recurrent eruptions. It stands 3,403 metres (11,165 ft) high as of September 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the highest mountain in Italy south of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. Etna covers an area of 1,190 km<sup>2</sup> (459 sq mi) with a basal circumference of 140 km (87 mi). This makes it the largest of the three <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanism in Italy">active volcanoes in Italy</a>, being about two and a half times the height of the next largest, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the deadly monster <a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a> was trapped under the mountain by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, the god of the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mount Etna is widely regarded as a cultural symbol and icon of Sicily. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>, to the northeast of mainland Sicily form a volcanic complex. </p><p>The three volcanoes of <a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Vulcano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Stromboli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipari</a> are also active, although the last is usually dormant. Off the southern coast of Sicily, the underwater volcano of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinandea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinandea">Ferdinandea</a>, which is part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Empedocles_(volcano)" title="Empedocles (volcano)">Empedocles volcano</a>, last erupted in 1831. It is located between the coast of <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a> and the island of <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a> (which itself is a dormant volcano). </p><p>From a geographical perspective, also forming a part of Sicily is the Maltese Archipelago, the islands home to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Malta">republic of Malta</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> also includes several neighbouring islands: the <a href="/wiki/Aegadian_Islands" title="Aegadian Islands">Aegadian Islands</a>, the Aeolian Islands, Pantelleria and <a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountains">Mountains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_Etna_and_Catania1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mt_Etna_and_Catania1.jpg/250px-Mt_Etna_and_Catania1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mt_Etna_and_Catania1.jpg/330px-Mt_Etna_and_Catania1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mt_Etna_and_Catania1.jpg/500px-Mt_Etna_and_Catania1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption>Mount Etna rising over suburbs of Catania</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sguardo_sul_Parco_Monti_Sicani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sguardo_sul_Parco_Monti_Sicani.jpg/220px-Sguardo_sul_Parco_Monti_Sicani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sguardo_sul_Parco_Monti_Sicani.jpg/330px-Sguardo_sul_Parco_Monti_Sicani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sguardo_sul_Parco_Monti_Sicani.jpg/440px-Sguardo_sul_Parco_Monti_Sicani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5930" data-file-height="3953" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Monti_Sicani" title="Monti Sicani">Monti Sicani</a> in western Sicily</figcaption></figure> <p>The mountains of Sicily form a significant part of the island's diverse landscape, with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a>, one of the world's most active volcanoes, being the highest and most notable peak. Other important mountain ranges include the <a href="/wiki/Nebrodi" title="Nebrodi">Nebrodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madonie" title="Madonie">Madonie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peloritani" title="Peloritani">Peloritani</a> mountains ranges. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Five tallest mountains of Sicily </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Height (meters) </th> <th>Height (feet) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a> </td> <td>3,357 </td> <td>11,014 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pizzo_Carbonara" title="Pizzo Carbonara">Pizzo Carbonara</a> </td> <td>1,979 </td> <td>6,493 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Soro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Soro (page does not exist)">Monte Soro</a> </td> <td>1,853<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>6,079 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rocca_Busambra" title="Rocca Busambra">Rocca Busambra</a> </td> <td>1,613 </td> <td>5,292 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_San_Calogero" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte San Calogero">Monte San Calogero</a> </td> <td>1,326<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4,318 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papiro-Ciane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Papiro-Ciane.jpg/250px-Papiro-Ciane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Papiro-Ciane.jpg/330px-Papiro-Ciane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Papiro-Ciane.jpg/500px-Papiro-Ciane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Ciane" title="Ciane">Ciane</a> river</figcaption></figure> <p>Several rivers <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drain</a> the island, most of which flow through the central area and enter the sea at the south of the island. The <a href="/wiki/Salso" title="Salso">Salso</a> flows through parts of Enna and Caltanissetta before entering the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> of <a href="/wiki/Licata" title="Licata">Licata</a>. To the east, the <a href="/wiki/Alcantara_(river)" title="Alcantara (river)">Alcantara</a> flows through the province of <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> and enters the sea at <a href="/wiki/Giardini_Naxos" title="Giardini Naxos">Giardini Naxos</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Simeto" title="Simeto">Simeto</a>, which flows into the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>. Other important rivers on the island are the <a href="/wiki/Belice" title="Belice">Belice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platani_(river)" title="Platani (river)">Platani</a> in the southwest. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>River </th> <th>Length </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salso" title="Salso">Salso</a> </td> <td>144 km (89 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Simeto" title="Simeto">Simeto</a> </td> <td>113 km (70 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belice" title="Belice">Belice</a> </td> <td>107 km (66 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dittaino" title="Dittaino">Dittaino</a> </td> <td>105 km (65 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Platani </td> <td>103 km (64 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gornalunga" title="Gornalunga">Gornalunga</a> </td> <td>81 km (50 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gela_(river)" title="Gela (river)">Gela</a> </td> <td>74 km (46 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salso Cimarosa </td> <td>72 km (45 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Torto </td> <td>58 km (36 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irminio" title="Irminio">Irminio</a> </td> <td>57 km (35 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dirillo" title="Dirillo">Dirillo</a> </td> <td>54 km (34 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Verdura" title="Verdura">Verdura</a> </td> <td>53 km (33 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcantara_(river)" title="Alcantara (river)">Alcantara</a> </td> <td>52 km (32 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tellaro_(river)" title="Tellaro (river)">Tellaro</a> </td> <td>49 km (30 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anapo" title="Anapo">Anapo</a> </td> <td>40 km (25 mi) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veduta-Vallone-Caltanissetta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Veduta-Vallone-Caltanissetta.jpg/250px-Veduta-Vallone-Caltanissetta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Veduta-Vallone-Caltanissetta.jpg/330px-Veduta-Vallone-Caltanissetta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Veduta-Vallone-Caltanissetta.jpg/500px-Veduta-Vallone-Caltanissetta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Inner Sicily</figcaption></figure> <p>Sicily has for the most part a typical <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: <i>Csa</i>) with mild and wet winters and hot, dry summers with changeable intermediate seasons. On the coasts, especially in the southwest, the climate is affected by the African currents and summers can be hot. </p><p>Snow falls above 900 metres, but it can fall in the hills. The interior mountains, especially <a href="/wiki/Nebrodi" title="Nebrodi">Nebrodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madonie" title="Madonie">Madonie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Etna</a>, enjoy a mountain climate, with heavy snowfalls during winter. The summit of Mount Etna is usually snow-capped from October to May. </p><p>In the summer, the <a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">sirocco</a> – the wind from the Sahara – can be felt. Rainfall is scarce, and in some provinces a water crisis can occur. </p><p>According to the Regional Agency for Waste and Water, on 10 August 1999, the weather station of <a href="/wiki/Catenanuova" title="Catenanuova">Catenanuova</a> (EN) recorded an unofficial maximum temperature of 48.5 °C (119 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 August 2021, a new <a href="/wiki/List_of_weather_records" title="List of weather records">highest temperature record</a> for <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> with a reading of 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) was set near the city of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total precipitation is highly variable, generally increasing with elevation. In general, the southern and southeast coast receives the least rainfall (less than 50 cm (20 in)), and the northern and northeastern highlands the most (over 100 cm (39 in)). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_plants_of_Sicily" title="List of endemic plants of Sicily">List of endemic plants of Sicily</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benny_Trapp_Podarcis_waglerianus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Benny_Trapp_Podarcis_waglerianus.jpg/220px-Benny_Trapp_Podarcis_waglerianus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Benny_Trapp_Podarcis_waglerianus.jpg/330px-Benny_Trapp_Podarcis_waglerianus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Benny_Trapp_Podarcis_waglerianus.jpg/440px-Benny_Trapp_Podarcis_waglerianus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_wall_lizard" title="Sicilian wall lizard">Sicilian wall lizard</a> endemic to Sicily and the <a href="/wiki/Aegadian_Islands" title="Aegadian Islands">Aegadian Islands</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_cristaldii_subsp._nov.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Canis_lupus_cristaldii_subsp._nov.png/220px-Canis_lupus_cristaldii_subsp._nov.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Canis_lupus_cristaldii_subsp._nov.png/330px-Canis_lupus_cristaldii_subsp._nov.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Canis_lupus_cristaldii_subsp._nov.png/440px-Canis_lupus_cristaldii_subsp._nov.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_wolf" title="Sicilian wolf">Sicilian wolf</a> (extinct)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sicily is an often-quoted example of man-made <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, which has occurred since Roman times when the island was turned into an agricultural region.<sup id="cite_ref-frommers_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frommers-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gradually dried the climate, leading to a decline in rainfall and the drying of rivers. The central and southwest provinces are practically devoid of forest.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Northern Sicily, there are three important forests; near Mount Etna, in the <a href="/wiki/Nebrodi" title="Nebrodi">Nebrodi Mountains</a> and in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosco_della_Ficuzza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosco della Ficuzza (page does not exist)">Bosco della Ficuzza</a> Natural Reserve near <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. The Nebrodi Mountains Regional Park, established on 4 August 1993 and covering 86,000 hectares (210,000 acres), is the largest protected natural area of Sicily; it contains the largest forest in Sicily, the <a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Caronia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Horse_Chestnut" title="Hundred Horse Chestnut">Hundred Horse Chestnut</a> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Castagno dei Cento Cavalli</i></span>), in <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Alfio" title="Sant'Alfio">Sant'Alfio</a>, on the eastern slopes of Mount Etna, is the largest and oldest known <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a> tree in the world at 2,000–4,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sicily has a wide variety of fauna. Species include the <a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">least weasel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine_marten" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine marten">pine marten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallow_deer" title="Fallow deer">fallow deer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crested_porcupine" title="Crested porcupine">crested porcupine</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_hedgehog" title="European hedgehog">European hedgehog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_toad" title="Common toad">common toad</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vipera_aspis" title="Vipera aspis">Vipera aspis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_hoopoe" title="Eurasian hoopoe">Eurasian hoopoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black-winged_stilt" title="Black-winged stilt">black-winged stilt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">Roe deer</a> were driven to extinction on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_wolf" title="Sicilian wolf">Sicilian wolf</a> (<i>Canis lupus cristaldii</i>) was an <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> wolf <a href="/wiki/Subspecies_of_Canis_lupus" title="Subspecies of Canis lupus">subspecies</a> that was driven to extinction in the 20th century. During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>, a species of <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_elephant" title="Dwarf elephant">dwarf elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_mnaidriensis" title="Palaeoloxodon mnaidriensis">Palaeoloxodon mnaidriensis</a> inhabited the island, with its latest records on Sicily dating to around 20,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Riserva_naturale_dello_Zingaro" title="Riserva naturale dello Zingaro">Riserva naturale dello Zingaro</a> (Zingaro Natural Reserve) is one of the best examples of unspoiled coastal wilderness in Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marine_Life_of_the_Straits_of_Messina" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Life of the Straits of Messina">Marine Life of the Straits of Messina</a> includes varieties of birds and marine life, including larger species such as <a href="/wiki/Greater_flamingo" title="Greater flamingo">greater flamingo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fin_whale" title="Fin whale">fin whale</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History"><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span> History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sicily" title="History of Sicily">History of Sicily</a></div> <p>The name <i><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></i> was given to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> in 241 BC. It is named after the <a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicels</a>, who inhabited the eastern part of the island during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. The ancient name of the island is <i>Trinacria</i> (Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:Τρινακρία">Τρινακρία</a> "having three headlands") for its triangular shape, likely a re-interpretation of earlier (<a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a>) <i><a href="/wiki/Thrinacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrinacia">Thrinacia</a></i>. The Greek name was rendered as <i>Trīnācrĭa</i> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">classical Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Argimusco_tramonto_equinozio,_Sicilia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Argimusco_tramonto_equinozio%2C_Sicilia.JPG/250px-Argimusco_tramonto_equinozio%2C_Sicilia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Argimusco_tramonto_equinozio%2C_Sicilia.JPG/330px-Argimusco_tramonto_equinozio%2C_Sicilia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Argimusco_tramonto_equinozio%2C_Sicilia.JPG/500px-Argimusco_tramonto_equinozio%2C_Sicilia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Megaliths of <a href="/wiki/Argimusco" title="Argimusco">Argimusco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montalbano_Elicona" title="Montalbano Elicona">Montalbano Elicona</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Humans first colonized Sicily towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>, around 16,000 years ago, by people associated with the <a href="/wiki/Epigravettian" title="Epigravettian">Epigravettian</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discoveries of <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a> on the island (dating to the second half of the third millennium BC) seem to offer new insights into the culture of primitive Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impact of at least two influences is clear: the European one coming from the Northwest, and the Mediterranean influence of an eastern heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia (Roman province)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_temples_in_Sicily-Agrigento-Selinunte-Segesta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_temples_in_Sicily-Agrigento-Selinunte-Segesta.jpg/250px-Greek_temples_in_Sicily-Agrigento-Selinunte-Segesta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_temples_in_Sicily-Agrigento-Selinunte-Segesta.jpg/330px-Greek_temples_in_Sicily-Agrigento-Selinunte-Segesta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_temples_in_Sicily-Agrigento-Selinunte-Segesta.jpg/500px-Greek_temples_in_Sicily-Agrigento-Selinunte-Segesta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2711" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption>Clockwise from top: temples of <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Concordia,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Concordia, Agrigento">Concordia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera_Lacinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Hera Lacinia">Hera Lacinia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>, the temple of <a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_E_(Selinus)" title="Temple E (Selinus)">Temple E</a> in <a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-05-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-05-05.jpg/220px-Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-05-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-05-05.jpg/330px-Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-05-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-05-05.jpg/440px-Taormina_BW_2012-10-05_16-05-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3858" data-file-height="2579" /></a><figcaption>Greco-Roman theatre at <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Owner_(Maximian)_-_Big_Game_Hunt_mosaic_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Owner_%28Maximian%29_-_Big_Game_Hunt_mosaic_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG/250px-Owner_%28Maximian%29_-_Big_Game_Hunt_mosaic_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Owner_%28Maximian%29_-_Big_Game_Hunt_mosaic_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG/330px-Owner_%28Maximian%29_-_Big_Game_Hunt_mosaic_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Owner_%28Maximian%29_-_Big_Game_Hunt_mosaic_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG/500px-Owner_%28Maximian%29_-_Big_Game_Hunt_mosaic_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale">Villa Romana del Casale</a>, Sicily in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The original classical-era inhabitants of Sicily comprised three defined groups of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">ancient peoples of Italy</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elymians" title="Elymians">Elymians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicels</a>. The most prominent and by far the earliest of these were the <a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a>, who (<a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> writes) arrived from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> (perhaps <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern scholars, however, suggest classifying the Sicani as possibly an <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important historical evidence has been discovered in the form of cave drawings by the Sicani, dated from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> epoch around 8000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-sicanian_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sicanian-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Elymians" title="Elymians">Elymians</a>, thought to have come from the area of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, became the next tribe to join the Sicanians on Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No evidence survives of warring between tribes, but the Sicanians moved eastwards when the Elymians settled in the northwest corner of the island. The <a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicels</a> are thought<sup id="cite_ref-sicanian_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sicanian-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to have originated in <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>; they arrived from mainland Italy in 1200 BC and forced the Sicanians to move back across Sicily and to settle in the middle of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-sicanian_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sicanian-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other minor <a href="/wiki/Ancient_peoples_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient peoples of Italy">Italic groups</a> who settled in Sicily included the <a href="/wiki/Ausones" title="Ausones">Ausones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milazzo" title="Milazzo">Milazzo</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Morgetes" title="Morgetes">Morgetes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Morgantina" title="Morgantina">Morgantina</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> settlements in the western part of the island predate the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek</a> colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-catholi_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From about 750 BC, the Greeks began to live in Sicily (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Σικελία</span> – <i>Sikelia</i>), establishing many significant settlements. The most important colony was in <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>; others grew up at <a href="/wiki/Agrigentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrigentum">Akragas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Zancle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The native Sicani and Sicel peoples became <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">absorbed</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Hellenic culture</a> with relative ease, and the area became part of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> along with the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">south of the Italian peninsula</a>, which the Greeks had also colonised. Sicily had fertile soils, and the successful introduction of <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grape_vine" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape vine">grape vines</a> fostered profitable trading.<sup id="cite_ref-knowital_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knowital-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek culture</a> significantly centered around <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in ancient Greece">Greek religion</a>, and the settlers built many <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">temples</a> throughout Sicily, including several in the <i>Valley of the Temples</i> at <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politics on the island became intertwined with those of Greece; <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> became desired by the <a href="/wiki/Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian">Athenians</a> who set out on the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Sicilian Expedition</a> (415–413 BC) during the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>. Syracuse gained <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a> as allies and, as a result, defeated the Athenian expedition. The victors destroyed the Athenian army and their ships, selling most of the survivors into <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greek kingdom of Syracuse controlled most of eastern Sicily while <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> controlled the western side.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two cultures began to clash, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Greek-Punic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek-Punic wars">Greek-Punic wars</a> (between 580 and 265 BC). The Greek states had begun to make peace with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 262 BC,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> before the Romans sought to <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annex</a> Sicily as their republic's first <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a>. Rome attacked Carthage's holdings in Sicily in the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> (264 to 241 BC) and won, making Sicily–with the exception of Syracuse–the first Roman province outside of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> by 242 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> (218 to 201 BC), the Carthaginians attempted to recapture Sicily. Some of the Greek cities on the island who were loyal to Rome switched sides to help the Carthaginians, prompting a Roman military response. <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>, who lived in Syracuse, helped defend his city from Roman invasion; Roman troops killed him after they captured Syracuse in 212 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carthaginian attempt failed, and Rome became more unrelenting in its annihilation of the invaders; <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Laevinus" title="Marcus Valerius Laevinus">M. Valerian</a> told the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> in 210 BC that "no Carthaginian remains in Sicily".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Roman Republic's <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granary</a>, Sicily ranked as an important province, divided into two <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestorships</a>: Syracuse to the east and <a href="/wiki/Lilybaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilybaeum">Lilybaeum</a> to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-catholi_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman rule introduced the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a> to the island, which underwent a slow process of <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinisation of Greek">latinisation</a> but Sicilian culture remained largely Greek and the Greek language did not become extinct on the island, facilitating its <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">re-hellenisation</a> much later under the Byzantines.<sup id="cite_ref-catholi_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prosperity of the island went into sharp decline during the governorship of <a href="/wiki/Verres" class="mw-redirect" title="Verres">Verres</a> (73 to 71 BC). In 70 BC, the noted statesman <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> condemned the misgovernment of Verres in his oration <i><a href="/wiki/In_Verrem" title="In Verrem">In Verrem</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various groups used the island as a power base at different times: slave insurgents occupied it during the <a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First</a> (135−132 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Second_Servile_War" title="Second Servile War">Second</a> (104−100 BC) <a href="/wiki/Servile_Wars" title="Servile Wars">Servile Wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a> had his headquarters there during the <a href="/wiki/War_between_Sextus_Pompey_and_the_Second_Triumvirate" class="mw-redirect" title="War between Sextus Pompey and the Second Triumvirate">Sicilian revolt</a> of 44 to 36 BC. Christianity first appeared in Sicily during the years following AD 200; between this time and AD 313, when Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine the Great</a> lifted the prohibition on Christianity, a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Sicilians" title="Sicilians">Sicilians</a> had become <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Christina_of_Bolsena" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Christina of Bolsena">Christina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Euplius" class="mw-redirect" title="Euplius">Euplius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-earlymediev_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlymediev-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity grew rapidly in Sicily over the next two centuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sicily remained a Roman province for around 700 years.<sup id="cite_ref-earlymediev_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlymediev-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_rule_(469–535)"><span id="Germanic_rule_.28469.E2.80.93535.29"></span>Germanic rule (469–535)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Germanic rule (469–535)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> began falling apart after the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, Alans, and Sueves <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">across the Rhine</a> on the last day of 406. Eventually the Vandals, after roaming about western and southern <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a>) for 20 years, moved to North Africa in 429 and occupied Carthage in 439. The Franks moved south from present-day Belgium. The Visigoths moved west and eventually settled in Aquitaine in 418; the Burgundians settled in present-day Savoy in 443. </p><p>The Vandals found themselves in a position to threaten Sicily – only 100 miles away from their North African bases.<sup id="cite_ref-jpriv_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpriv-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After taking Carthage, the Vandals, personally led by King <a href="/wiki/Gaiseric" title="Gaiseric">Gaiseric</a>, laid siege to Palermo in 440 as the opening act in an attempt to wrest the island from Roman rule.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vandals made another attempt to take the island one year after the 455 sack of Rome, at Agrigento, but were defeated decisively by <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimir</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corsica" title="Battle of Corsica">naval victory off Corsica</a> in 456.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island remained under Roman rule until 469. The Vandals lost possession of the island 8 years later in 477 to the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">East Germanic tribe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, who then controlled Italy and Dalmatia.<sup id="cite_ref-jpriv_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpriv-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island was returned to the Ostrogoths by payment of tribute to their king <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>. He ruled Italy from 476 to 488 in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_(Eastern_Roman)_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire">Byzantine (Eastern Roman)</a> Emperor. The Vandals kept a toehold in <a href="/wiki/Lilybaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilybaeum">Lilybaeum</a>, a port on the west coast. They lost this in 491 after making one last attempt to conquer the island from this port.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ostrogothic conquest of Sicily (and of Italy as a whole) under <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a> began in 488. The Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> had appointed Theodoric as a military commander in Italy. The Goths were Germanic, but Theodoric fostered Roman culture and government and allowed freedom of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 461 from the age of seven or eight until 17 or 18 Theodoric had become a Byzantine hostage; he resided in the great palace of Constantinople, was favored by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 457–474</span>) and learned to read, write and do arithmetic.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_period_(535–827)"><span id="Byzantine_period_.28535.E2.80.93827.29"></span>Byzantine period (535–827)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Byzantine period (535–827)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Elpidios,_patrikios_of_Sicily_(Schlumberger,_1900).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_Elpidios%2C_patrikios_of_Sicily_%28Schlumberger%2C_1900%29.png/220px-Seal_of_Elpidios%2C_patrikios_of_Sicily_%28Schlumberger%2C_1900%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_Elpidios%2C_patrikios_of_Sicily_%28Schlumberger%2C_1900%29.png/330px-Seal_of_Elpidios%2C_patrikios_of_Sicily_%28Schlumberger%2C_1900%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_Elpidios%2C_patrikios_of_Sicily_%28Schlumberger%2C_1900%29.png/440px-Seal_of_Elpidios%2C_patrikios_of_Sicily_%28Schlumberger%2C_1900%29.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>Seal of Elpidius as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">patrikios</i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">strategos</i></span> of Sicily</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MadridSkylitzesFol100vDetail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MadridSkylitzesFol100vDetail.jpg/220px-MadridSkylitzesFol100vDetail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MadridSkylitzesFol100vDetail.jpg/330px-MadridSkylitzesFol100vDetail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MadridSkylitzesFol100vDetail.jpg/440px-MadridSkylitzesFol100vDetail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>The Saracen conquest of the Byzantine stronghold Syracuse, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(877%E2%80%93878)" title="Siege of Syracuse (877–878)">Siege of Syracuse (877–878)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After taking areas occupied by the Vandals in North Africa, <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> retook Italy as an ambitious attempt to recover the lost provinces in the West. The re-conquests marked an end to over 150 years of accommodating policies with tribal invaders. His first target was Sicily, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War (535–554)</a> between the Ostrogoths and the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Justinian's general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> was assigned to the military task.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sicily was used as a base for the Byzantines to conquer the rest of Italy, including <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, Rome, and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. It took five years before the Ostrogoth capital <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> fell in 540.<sup id="cite_ref-hisnet_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hisnet-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the new Ostrogoth king <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a> counterattacked, moving down the Italian peninsula, plundering and conquering Sicily in 550. Totila was defeated and killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taginae" title="Battle of Taginae">Battle of Taginae</a> by Byzantine general <a href="/wiki/Narses" title="Narses">Narses</a> in 552 but Italy was in ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-hisnet_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hisnet-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the reconquest Greek was still the predominant language spoken on the island. Sicily was invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_army" title="Rashidun army">Arab forces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uthman_Ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman Ibn Affan">Caliph Uthman</a> in 652, but the Arabs failed to make permanent gains. They returned to Syria with their booty.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raids seeking loot continued until the mid-8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eastern Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(Byzantine_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constans II (Byzantine Empire)">Constans II</a> moved from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> to <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> in 660. The following year he launched an assault from Sicily against the <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombard</a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a>, which occupied most of southern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-travsyrac_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travsyrac-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumors that the capital of the empire was to be moved to Syracuse probably cost Constans his life, as he was assassinated in 668.<sup id="cite_ref-travsyrac_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travsyrac-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> succeeded him. A brief usurpation in Sicily by <a href="/wiki/Mezezius" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezezius">Mezezius</a> was quickly suppressed by this emperor. Contemporary accounts report that the Greek language was widely spoken on the island during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 740 Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III the Isaurian</a> transferred Sicily from the jurisdiction of the church of Rome to that of Constantinople, placing the island within the eastern branch of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 826 <a href="/wiki/Euphemius_(Sicily)" title="Euphemius (Sicily)">Euphemius</a>, the Byzantine commander in Sicily, having apparently killed his wife, forced a nun to marry him. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a> caught wind of the matter and ordered general Constantine to end the marriage and cut off Euphemius' head. Euphemius rose up, killed Constantine, and then occupied Syracuse; he, in turn, was defeated and driven out to North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-stan_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stan-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He offered the rule of Sicily to <a href="/wiki/Ziyadat_Allah_I_of_Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyadat Allah I of Aghlabids">Ziyadat Allah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabid">Aghlabid</a> Emir of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, in return for a position as a general and a place of safety. A <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim army</a> was then sent to the island consisting of <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretans">Cretans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stan_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stan-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Muslim conquest of Sicily</a> was a see-saw affair and met with fierce resistance. It took over a century for Byzantine Sicily to be conquered; the largest city, Syracuse, held out until 878 and the Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a> fell in 962. It was not until 965 that all of Sicily was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stan_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stan-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 11th-century Byzantine armies carried out a partial reconquest of the island under <a href="/wiki/George_Maniakes" title="George Maniakes">George Maniakes</a>, but it was their <a href="/wiki/Italo-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Norman">Norman</a> mercenaries who would eventually complete the island's reconquest at the end of the century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_period_(827–1091)"><span id="Arab_period_.28827.E2.80.931091.29"></span>Arab period (827–1091)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Arab period (827–1091)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuba_muqarna.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cuba_muqarna.jpeg/250px-Cuba_muqarna.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cuba_muqarna.jpeg/330px-Cuba_muqarna.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cuba_muqarna.jpeg/500px-Cuba_muqarna.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a> on a wall in the <a href="/wiki/Cuba,_Palermo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuba, Palermo">Cuba Palace</a> in Palermo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HorologiumPanormi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/HorologiumPanormi.jpg/250px-HorologiumPanormi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/HorologiumPanormi.jpg/330px-HorologiumPanormi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/HorologiumPanormi.jpg/500px-HorologiumPanormi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Trilingual sign from the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Normanni" title="Palazzo dei Normanni">Palazzo dei Normanni</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The language spoken in Sicily under Arab rule was <a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages" title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">Arabic influence</a> is present in some Sicilian words today. Although long extinct in Sicily, the language has developed into what is now the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese language</a> on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> today.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A description of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> was given by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal" title="Ibn Hawqal">Ibn Hawqal</a>, an <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Arab merchant</a> who visited Sicily in 950. A walled suburb, called the Al-Kasr (the palace), is the centre of Palermo to this day, with the great Friday mosque on the site of the later Roman cathedral. The suburb of al-Khalisa (modern <a href="/wiki/Kalsa" title="Kalsa">Kalsa</a>) contained the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a>'s palace, baths, a mosque, government offices, and a private prison. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal" title="Ibn Hawqal">Ibn Hawqal</a> estimated there were 7,000 butchers trading in 150 shops. The Muslim rule introduced lemons, oranges and sugar cane, as well as cotton and mulberries for sericulture, and introduced the <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanat_di_Palermo" class="extiw" title="it:Qanat di Palermo">Qanat</a> to improve irrigation systems for agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalfe2014_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalfe2014-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1050, the western half of Sicily was ethnically and culturally distinct from central and eastern Sicily. During this time, there was also a small Jewish presence in Sicily, evidence seen in the catacombs discovered on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palermo was initially ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a>; later it was the centre of the Emirate of Sicily, which was under the nominal suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the reign of this dynasty revolts by Byzantine Sicilians continuously occurred especially in the east where Greek-speaking Christians predominated. Parts of the island were re-occupied before revolts were quashed. Under the Arab rule the island was divided in <a href="/wiki/Three_valli_of_Sicily" title="Three valli of Sicily">three administrative regions</a>, or "vals", roughly corresponding to the three "points" of Sicily: <a href="/wiki/Val_di_Mazara" class="mw-redirect" title="Val di Mazara">Val di Mazara</a> in the west; <a href="/wiki/Val_Demone" title="Val Demone">Val Demone</a> in the northeast; and <a href="/wiki/Val_di_Noto" title="Val di Noto">Val di Noto</a> in the southeast. As <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmis</a>, that is as members of a protected class of approved monotheists, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christians</a> were allowed <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, but had to pay a tax, the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> (in lieu of the obligatory alms tax, the <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>, paid by Muslims), and were restricted from active participation in public affairs. By the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a> began to fragment as intra-dynastic quarreling fractured the Muslim government.<sup id="cite_ref-stan_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stan-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norman_Sicily_(1038–1198)"><span id="Norman_Sicily_.281038.E2.80.931198.29"></span>Norman Sicily (1038–1198)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Norman Sicily (1038–1198)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest of southern Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calabria,_trifollaro_di_ruggieri_I_d%27altavilla,_1072-1101.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Calabria%2C_trifollaro_di_ruggieri_I_d%27altavilla%2C_1072-1101.JPG/250px-Calabria%2C_trifollaro_di_ruggieri_I_d%27altavilla%2C_1072-1101.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Calabria%2C_trifollaro_di_ruggieri_I_d%27altavilla%2C_1072-1101.JPG/330px-Calabria%2C_trifollaro_di_ruggieri_I_d%27altavilla%2C_1072-1101.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Calabria%2C_trifollaro_di_ruggieri_I_d%27altavilla%2C_1072-1101.JPG/500px-Calabria%2C_trifollaro_di_ruggieri_I_d%27altavilla%2C_1072-1101.JPG 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I</a>, conqueror and first count of Sicily, depicted on a <a href="/wiki/Trifollaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Trifollaris">Trifollaris</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1038, seventy years after losing their last cities in Sicily, the Byzantines under the Greek general <a href="/wiki/George_Maniakes" title="George Maniakes">George Maniakes</a> invaded the island together with their <a href="/wiki/Varangian_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian guard">Varangian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> mercenaries. Maniakes was killed in a Byzantine civil war in 1043 before completing a reconquest and the Byzantines withdrew. Later the Normans invaded in 1061 and after taking <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I</a> occupied <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> with an army of 700 knights.<sup id="cite_ref-stan_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stan-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boise_State_University_Sicily_under_the_ormans_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boise_State_University_Sicily_under_the_ormans-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1068, Roger I was victorious at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Misilmeri" title="Battle of Misilmeri">Misilmeri</a>. Most crucial was the siege of Palermo, whose fall in 1071 eventually resulted in all Sicily coming under Norman control.<sup id="cite_ref-initalymag_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-initalymag-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquest was completed in 1091 when they captured <a href="/wiki/Noto" title="Noto">Noto</a> the last Arab stronghold. Palermo continued to be the capital under the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>. The Normans formed a small but violent ruling class. They destroyed many of the Arab towns in Sicily, and very few physical remains survive from the Arab era.<sup id="cite_ref-stan_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stan-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Norman <a href="/wiki/Hauteville_family" title="Hauteville family">Hauteville family</a> appreciated and admired the rich and layered culture in which they now found themselves. They also introduced into Sicily their own culture, customs, and politics from <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>. Many Normans in Sicily adopted the habits and comportment of Muslim rulers and their Byzantine subjects in dress, language, literature, even to the extent of having palace <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a> and, according to some accounts, a harem.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Roger I died in 1101, his wife <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_del_Vasto" title="Adelaide del Vasto">Adelaide</a> ruled until 1112 when their son <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a> came of age.<sup id="cite_ref-Boise_State_University_Sicily_under_the_ormans_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boise_State_University_Sicily_under_the_ormans-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having succeeded his brother <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Sicily" title="Simon of Sicily">Simon</a> as Count of Sicily, Roger II was ultimately able to raise the status of the island to a kingdom in 1130, along with his other holdings, which included the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltese Islands">Maltese Islands</a> and the Duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Apulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Apulia">Apulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Calabria">Calabria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-initalymag_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-initalymag-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roger II appointed the powerful Greek <a href="/wiki/George_of_Antioch" title="George of Antioch">George of Antioch</a> to be his "emir of emirs" and continued the syncretism of his father. During this period, the Kingdom of Sicily was prosperous and politically powerful, becoming one of the wealthiest states in all of Europe—even wealthier than the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court of Roger II became the most luminous centre of culture in the Mediterranean, both from Europe and the Middle East, like the multi-ethnic <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a>, then only just eclipsed. This attracted scholars, scientists, poets, artists, and artisans of all kinds. Laws were issued in the language of the community to whom they were addressed in Norman Sicily, at the time when the culture was still heavily Arab and Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-Advanced_Studies_in_Cultural_History_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advanced_Studies_in_Cultural_History-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loud,_G._A._2007_494_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loud,_G._A._2007_494-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governance was by rule of law which promoted justice. Muslims, Jews, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a>, Lombards, and Normans worked together fairly amicably. During this time many extraordinary buildings were constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-Advanced_Studies_in_Cultural_History_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advanced_Studies_in_Cultural_History-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However this situation changed as the Normans imported immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, Lombardy, Piedmont, Provence and <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> to secure the island. Linguistically, the island shifted from being one-third Greek- and two-thirds Arabic-speaking at the time of the Norman conquest to becoming fully <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Latinisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic Latinisation">Latinised</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Loud,_G._A._2007_494_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loud,_G._A._2007_494-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of religion the island became completely Roman Catholic (bearing in mind that until 1054 the Churches owing allegiance to the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople belonged to one Church); Sicily before the Norman conquest was under the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Pope Innocent III made him Papal Legate in 1098, Roger I created several Catholic bishoprics while still allowing the construction of 12 Greek-speaking monasteries (the Greek language, monasteries, and 1500 parishes continued to exist until the adherents of the Greek Rite were forced in 1585 to convert to Catholicism or leave; a small pocket of Greek-speakers still live in Messina). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cefalucathedralnight.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cathedral of Cefalù at night"><img alt="The cathedral of Cefalù at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cefalucathedralnight.jpg/250px-Cefalucathedralnight.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cefalucathedralnight.jpg/330px-Cefalucathedralnight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cefalucathedralnight.jpg/500px-Cefalucathedralnight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1258" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cefalù</a> at night</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monreale_Cathedral_exterior_BW_2012-10-09_10-23-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cathedral of Monreale"><img alt="The Cathedral of Monreale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Monreale_Cathedral_exterior_BW_2012-10-09_10-23-10.jpg/250px-Monreale_Cathedral_exterior_BW_2012-10-09_10-23-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Monreale_Cathedral_exterior_BW_2012-10-09_10-23-10.jpg/330px-Monreale_Cathedral_exterior_BW_2012-10-09_10-23-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Monreale_Cathedral_exterior_BW_2012-10-09_10-23-10.jpg/500px-Monreale_Cathedral_exterior_BW_2012-10-09_10-23-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3535" data-file-height="2354" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Monreale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Monreale">Cathedral of Monreale</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aci_Castello_Sicily_Italy_-_Creative_Commons_by_gnuckx_(5085398127).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norman castle at Aci Castello"><img alt="Norman castle at Aci Castello" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aci_Castello_Sicily_Italy_-_Creative_Commons_by_gnuckx_%285085398127%29.jpg/250px-Aci_Castello_Sicily_Italy_-_Creative_Commons_by_gnuckx_%285085398127%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aci_Castello_Sicily_Italy_-_Creative_Commons_by_gnuckx_%285085398127%29.jpg/330px-Aci_Castello_Sicily_Italy_-_Creative_Commons_by_gnuckx_%285085398127%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aci_Castello_Sicily_Italy_-_Creative_Commons_by_gnuckx_%285085398127%29.jpg/500px-Aci_Castello_Sicily_Italy_-_Creative_Commons_by_gnuckx_%285085398127%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Norman castle at <a href="/wiki/Aci_Castello" title="Aci Castello">Aci Castello</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Sicily_(1198–1860)"><span id="Kingdom_of_Sicily_.281198.E2.80.931860.29"></span>Kingdom of Sicily (1198–1860)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Sicily (1198–1860)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sicily">List of monarchs of Sicily</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sicilian_Vespers_by_Francesco_Hayez,_1846_-_Galleria_nazionale_d%27arte_moderna_-_Rome,_Italy_-_DSC05404.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sicilian_Vespers_by_Francesco_Hayez%2C_1846_-_Galleria_nazionale_d%27arte_moderna_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_DSC05404.jpg/220px-Sicilian_Vespers_by_Francesco_Hayez%2C_1846_-_Galleria_nazionale_d%27arte_moderna_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_DSC05404.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sicilian_Vespers_by_Francesco_Hayez%2C_1846_-_Galleria_nazionale_d%27arte_moderna_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_DSC05404.jpg/330px-Sicilian_Vespers_by_Francesco_Hayez%2C_1846_-_Galleria_nazionale_d%27arte_moderna_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_DSC05404.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sicilian_Vespers_by_Francesco_Hayez%2C_1846_-_Galleria_nazionale_d%27arte_moderna_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_DSC05404.jpg/440px-Sicilian_Vespers_by_Francesco_Hayez%2C_1846_-_Galleria_nazionale_d%27arte_moderna_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_DSC05404.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4629" data-file-height="3404" /></a><figcaption><i>The <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a>, oil on canvas, 1846</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inizio_rivolta_siciliana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Inizio_rivolta_siciliana.jpg/220px-Inizio_rivolta_siciliana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Inizio_rivolta_siciliana.jpg/330px-Inizio_rivolta_siciliana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Inizio_rivolta_siciliana.jpg/440px-Inizio_rivolta_siciliana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Satiric allegoric print showing Sicily rejecting Neapolitan government at begin of the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">1848 revolution</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After a century, the Norman <a href="/wiki/Hauteville_family" title="Hauteville family">Hauteville</a> dynasty died out; the last direct descendant and heir of Roger II, <a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Henry VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dieli_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dieli-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This eventually led to the crown of Sicily being passed to the <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> dynasty, who were Germans from <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>. The last of the Hohenstaufens, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, the only son of <a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance</a>, was one of the greatest and most cultured men of the Middle Ages. His mother's will had asked <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> to undertake the guardianship of her son. Frederick was four when at <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, he was crowned <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sicily">King of Sicily</a> in 1198. Frederick received no systematic education and was allowed to run free in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. There he picked up the many languages he heard spoken, such as Arabic and Greek, and learned some of the lore of the Jewish community. At age twelve, he dismissed Innocent's deputy regent and took over the government; at fifteen he married <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Aragon,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Constance of Aragon, Holy Roman Empress">Constance of Aragon</a>, and began his reclamation of the imperial crown. Subsequently, due to Muslim rebellions, Frederick II destroyed the remaining Muslim presence in Sicily, estimated at 60,000 people, moving all to the city of Lucera in Apulia between 1221 and 1226.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> led, in 1266, to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a> crowning the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">French prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Naples">Charles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Anjou">count of Anjou</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Provence" title="County of Provence">Provence</a>, as the king of both Sicily and Naples.<sup id="cite_ref-dieli_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dieli-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strong opposition to French officialdom due to mistreatment and taxation saw the local peoples of Sicily rise up, leading in 1282 to an <a href="/wiki/Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a>, which eventually saw almost the entire French population on the island killed.<sup id="cite_ref-dieli_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dieli-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, the Sicilians turned to <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III of Aragon</a>, son-in-law of the last Hohenstaufen king, for support after being rejected by the Pope. Peter gained control of Sicily from the French, who, however, retained control of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>. A crusade was launched in August 1283 against Peter III and the Crown of Aragon by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Pope Martin IV</a> (a pope from <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>), but it failed. The wars continued until the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Caltabellotta" title="Peace of Caltabellotta">peace of Caltabellotta</a> in 1302, which saw Peter's son <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick III</a> recognized as the king of the Isle of Sicily, while <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II</a> was recognized as the king of Naples by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dieli_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dieli-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sicily was ruled as an independent kingdom by relatives of the kings of Aragon until 1409 and then as part of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-knowital_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knowital-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1347, in Messina, Sicily, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> first arrived in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 15th and 18th centuries, waves of <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Maniots" title="Maniots">Maniots</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a> migrated to Sicily in large numbers to escape persecution after the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman conquest of the Balkans">Ottoman conquest of the Peloponnese</a>. They brought with them <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a> languages, once again adding onto the extensive <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Greek_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Culture">Greek</a> influence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The onset of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> in 1492 led to <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a> decreeing the expulsion of all Jews from Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-dieli_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dieli-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern part of the island was hit by destructive earthquakes in 1542 and 1693. Just a few years before the latter earthquake, the island was struck by a <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dieli_73-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dieli-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1693_Sicily_earthquake" title="1693 Sicily earthquake">earthquake in 1693</a> took an estimated 60,000 lives.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were revolts during the 17th century, but these were quelled with force, especially the revolts of Palermo and Messina.<sup id="cite_ref-knowital_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knowital-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">North African</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave raids</a> discouraged settlement along the coast until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> in 1713 saw Sicily assigned to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>; however, this period of rule lasted only seven years, as it was exchanged for the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Charles VI</a> of the Austrian <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Austrians were concerned with the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a>, a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> prince, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles</a> from Spain was able to conquer Sicily and Naples.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first Sicily was able to remain as an independent kingdom under <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>, while the Bourbons ruled over both from Naples. However, the advent of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> saw Naples taken at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Battle of Campo Tenese</a> and Bonapartist <a href="/wiki/King_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Naples">King of Naples</a> was installed. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand III</a>, the Bourbon, was forced to retreat to Sicily which he was still in control of with the help of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British naval</a> protection.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following this, Sicily joined the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and subsequently the British under <a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Lord William Bentinck</a> established a military and diplomatic presence on the island to protect against a French invasion. Sicilian volunteers joined the British military to form the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sicilian_Regiment" title="Royal Sicilian Regiment">Royal Sicilian Regiment</a>, which saw action at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Battle of Maida</a> and then transferred to <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Iberia</a>. After the wars were won, Sicily and Naples formally merged as the <a href="/wiki/Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a> under the Bourbons. Major <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> movements occurred in 1820 and 1848 against the Bourbon government with Sicily seeking independence; the second of which, the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_independence_of_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848">1848 revolution</a> resulted in a short period of independence for Sicily. However, in 1849 the Bourbons retook control of the island and dominated it until 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_unification">Italian unification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Italian unification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg/250px-Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg/500px-Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Battle of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calatafimi" title="Battle of Calatafimi">Calatafimi</a>, 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> captured Sicily in 1860, as part of the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Risorgimento</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-modern_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquest started at <a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Marsala</a>, and native Sicilians joined him in the capture of the southern Italian peninsula. Garibaldi's march was completed with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1861)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gaeta (1861)">siege of Gaeta</a>, where the final <a href="/wiki/Bourbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbons">Bourbons</a> were expelled and Garibaldi announced his dictatorship in the name of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sicily became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia after a referendum in which more than 75% of Sicily voted in favour of the annexation on 21 October 1860 (although not everyone was allowed to vote). As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a>, Sicily became part of the kingdom on 17 March 1861. </p><p>The Sicilian economy (and the wider <i><a href="/wiki/Mezzogiorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzogiorno">mezzogiorno</a></i> economy) remained relatively underdeveloped after the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>, in spite of the strong investments made by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> in terms of modern infrastructure, and this caused an unprecedented <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">wave of emigration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-modern_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1894, organisations of workers and peasants known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani" title="Fasci Siciliani">Fasci Siciliani</a></i> protested against the bad social and economic conditions of the island, but they were suppressed in a few days.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This period was also characterized by the first contact between the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a> (the crime syndicate also known as Cosa Nostra) and the Italian government. The Mafia's origins are still uncertain, but it is generally accepted that it emerged in the 18th century initially in the role of private enforcers hired to protect the property of landowners and merchants from the groups of <a href="/wiki/Brigandage" title="Brigandage"><i>briganti</i></a> who frequently pillaged the countryside and towns. The battle against the Mafia made by the Kingdom of Italy was controversial and ambiguous. The <a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">Carabinieri</a> (the military police of Italy) and sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a> were often involved in fights against the mafia members, but their efforts were frequently useless because of the weakness of the Italian judicial system and cooperation between the mafia and local governments.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo,_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg/250px-Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg/330px-Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg/500px-Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2421" /></a><figcaption>Private Roy W. Humphrey of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>, is given <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">blood plasma</a> after he was wounded by <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)" title="Fragmentation (weaponry)">shrapnel</a> in Sicily on 9 August 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake" title="1908 Messina earthquake">Messina earthquake</a> of 28 December 1908 killed more than 80,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Fascist</a> regime began taking stronger military action, led by <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Mori" title="Cesare Mori">Cesare Mori</a> (nicknamed the "Iron <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">Prefect</a>" for his iron-fisted campaigns), against the Sicilian Mafia, the first that ended with considerable success.<sup id="cite_ref-modern_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a> during World War II starting on 10 July 1943. In preparation for the invasion, the Allies <a href="/wiki/Collaborations_between_the_United_States_government_and_Italian_Mafia" title="Collaborations between the United States government and Italian Mafia">revitalised</a> the Mafia to aid them. The invasion of Sicily contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">25 July crisis</a>; in general, the Allied victors were warmly embraced by Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of World War II, Italy <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">became a Republic</a> in 1946. Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy</a>, Sicily is one of five <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">regions</a> with <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the partial Italian <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> and special funding from the Italian government's <i><a href="/wiki/Cassa_per_il_Mezzogiorno" title="Cassa per il Mezzogiorno">Cassa per il Mezzogiorno</a></i> (Fund for the South) from 1950 to 1984 helped the Sicilian economy. During this period, the economic and social condition of the island was generally improved due to investments in infrastructure (such as <a href="/wiki/Motorways" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorways">motorways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a>) and the creation of industrial and commercial areas.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, the Mafia was weakened by another campaign led by magistrates <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone" title="Giovanni Falcone">Giovanni Falcone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino" title="Paolo Borsellino">Paolo Borsellino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1990 and 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> fell from about 23% to 11%.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cosa Nostra has traditionally been the most powerful group in Sicily, especially around Palermo.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A police investigation in summer 2019 also confirmed strong links between the Palermo area <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a> and American organized crime, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Gambino_crime_family" title="Gambino crime family">Gambino crime family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a></i>, "Off they go, through the streets of Passo di Rigano, Boccadifalco, Torretta and at the same time, Brooklyn, Staten Island, [and] New Jersey. Because from Sicily to the US, the old mafia has returned."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sicilians" title="Sicilians">Sicilians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palermo-Panorama-bjs-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Palermo-Panorama-bjs-3.jpg/220px-Palermo-Panorama-bjs-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Palermo-Panorama-bjs-3.jpg/330px-Palermo-Panorama-bjs-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Palermo-Panorama-bjs-3.jpg/440px-Palermo-Panorama-bjs-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption>The city of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,409,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,590,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,933,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,568,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">3,812,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+6.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,223,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,906,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,000,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,486,749</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">4,721,001</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+5.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,680,711</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,906,878</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,966,386</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,968,991</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">5,002,904</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,833,329</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2024</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,785,338</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 2024, 4.75 million people live in Sicily, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Italy#List_of_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of Italy">fourth most populated region in Italy</a>. In the first century after the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>, Sicily had one of the most negative <a href="/wiki/Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">net migration rates</a> among the regions of Italy because of the emigration of millions of people to Northern Italy, other European countries, North America, South America and Australia. Like the South of Italy and Sardinia, immigration to the island is very low compared to other regions of Italy because workers tend to head to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> instead, due to better employment and industrial opportunities. According to <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a> figures from 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> show around 175,000 immigrants out of the total 5,029,615 population;<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> with more than 50,000 make up the most immigrants, followed by <a href="/wiki/Tunisians" title="Tunisians">Tunisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moroccans" title="Moroccans">Moroccans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, and others mostly from Eastern Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> As of 31 December 2020, there were 186,195 foreigners resident in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in the rest of Italy, the official language is Italian and the primary religion is <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration">Emigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Emigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Americans" title="Sicilian Americans">Sicilian Americans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Sicilian_caf%C3%A9_in_New_York_-_Drawn_by_W.A._Rogers._LCCN2013645874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/A_Sicilian_caf%C3%A9_in_New_York_-_Drawn_by_W.A._Rogers._LCCN2013645874.jpg/250px-A_Sicilian_caf%C3%A9_in_New_York_-_Drawn_by_W.A._Rogers._LCCN2013645874.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/A_Sicilian_caf%C3%A9_in_New_York_-_Drawn_by_W.A._Rogers._LCCN2013645874.jpg/330px-A_Sicilian_caf%C3%A9_in_New_York_-_Drawn_by_W.A._Rogers._LCCN2013645874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/A_Sicilian_caf%C3%A9_in_New_York_-_Drawn_by_W.A._Rogers._LCCN2013645874.jpg/500px-A_Sicilian_caf%C3%A9_in_New_York_-_Drawn_by_W.A._Rogers._LCCN2013645874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>A Sicilian café in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> 1889</figcaption></figure> <p>Sicilian emigration started shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> and has not stopped ever since. </p><p>The aforementioned factors, along with a failed land reform, resulted in a never-before-seen wave of Sicilians emigrating, first to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> between the 1880s and the 1920s, later to Northern Italy, and from the 1960s onwards also to <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. </p><p>Today, Sicily is the Italian region with the highest number of <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a>: as of 2017, 750,000 Sicilians, 14.4% of the island's population, lived abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trend of young Sicilians leaving the island in search of employment elsewhere in Italy and abroad continues in early 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, an estimated 10 million people of Sicilian origin live around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Largest cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communes of Sicily">List of communes of Sicily</a></div><p>These are the ten largest cities of Sicily:<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb">Rank </th> <th align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb">Name </th> <th align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb">Pop. (2017) </th> <th align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb">Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb">Pop. per km<sup>2</sup> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> </td> <td>668,405 </td> <td>159 </td> <td>4,207 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> </td> <td>311,620 </td> <td>181 </td> <td>1,723 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> </td> <td>234,293 </td> <td>212 </td> <td>1,107 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> </td> <td>121,605 </td> <td>204 </td> <td>596 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Marsala</a> </td> <td>82,802 </td> <td>242 </td> <td>343 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a> </td> <td>74,858 </td> <td>277 </td> <td>270 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ragusa,_Sicily" title="Ragusa, Sicily">Ragusa</a> </td> <td>73,638 </td> <td>442 </td> <td>166 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a> </td> <td>67,923 </td> <td>272 </td> <td>250 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vittoria,_Sicily" title="Vittoria, Sicily">Vittoria</a> </td> <td>64,212 </td> <td>181 </td> <td>354 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caltanissetta" title="Caltanissetta">Caltanissetta</a> </td> <td>62,317 </td> <td>416 </td> <td>150 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sicily" title="History of the Jews in Sicily">History of the Jews in Sicily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">History of Islam in southern Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sicilia_Noto1_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sicilia_Noto1_tango7174.jpg/220px-Sicilia_Noto1_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sicilia_Noto1_tango7174.jpg/330px-Sicilia_Noto1_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sicilia_Noto1_tango7174.jpg/440px-Sicilia_Noto1_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Noto_Cathedral" title="Noto Cathedral">Noto Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As in most Italian regions, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> is the predominant religious denomination in Sicily, and the church still plays an important role in the lives of most people. There is also a notable small minority of Eastern-rite <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Catholics">Byzantine Catholics</a> which has a mixed congregation of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>; it is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian Catholic Church</a>. Most people still attend church weekly or at least for religious festivals, and many people get married in churches. There was a wide presence of Jews in Sicily for at least 1,400 years and possibly for more than 2,000 years. Some scholars believe that the Sicilian Jewry are partial ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, much of the Jewish community faded away when they were <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_from_Sicily" title="Expulsion of the Jews from Sicily">expelled from the island</a> in 1492. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was present during the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a>, although Muslims were also expelled. Today, mostly due to immigration to the island, there are also several religious minorities, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, Islam, Judaism, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>. There are also a some <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Christians</a> who live on the island. As of 2020, there are approximately 4,989,921 Roman Catholics in Sicily constituting about 99.2% of the island's population. Additionally there are also about 23,120 members of the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian Catholic Church</a> also living in Sicily constituting roughly 0.5% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sicily" title="Politics of Sicily">Politics of Sicily</a></div> <p>The politics of Sicily takes place in a framework of a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, whereby the President of Regional Government is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and of a pluriform <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the Regional Government. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested in both the government and the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Regional_Assembly" title="Sicilian Regional Assembly">Sicilian Regional Assembly</a>. The capital of Sicily is <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. </p><p>Traditionally, Sicily votes for centre-right parties during elections.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1943 to 1951, there was also a <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> political party called <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Independence_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian Independence Movement">Sicilian Independence Movement</a> (<i>Movimento Indipendentista Siciliano</i>, MIS). Their most successful result was at the <a href="/wiki/Italian_general_election,_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian general election, 1946">1946 general election</a>, when MIS obtained 0.7% of national votes (8.8% of votes in Sicily), and four seats. However, the movement lost all their seats following the <a href="/wiki/Italian_general_election,_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian general election, 1948">1948 general election</a> and the 1951 regional election. Even though it has never been formally disbanded, today the movement is no longer part of the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sicily" title="Politics of Sicily">politics of Sicily</a>. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Sicily became a stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a>. Sicily is now governed by a centre-right coalition. <a href="/wiki/Renato_Schifani" title="Renato Schifani">Renato Schifani</a> is the current President and has served since 2022. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_of_Sicily_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Provinces_of_Sicily_map.png/300px-Provinces_of_Sicily_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Provinces_of_Sicily_map.png/450px-Provinces_of_Sicily_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Provinces_of_Sicily_map.png/600px-Provinces_of_Sicily_map.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Provinces of Sicily</figcaption></figure> <p>Administratively, Sicily is divided into nine provinces, each with a capital city of the same name as the province. Small surrounding islands are also part of various Sicilian provinces: the <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a> (Messina), isle of <a href="/wiki/Ustica" title="Ustica">Ustica</a> (Palermo), <a href="/wiki/Aegadian_Islands" title="Aegadian Islands">Aegadian Islands</a> (Trapani), isle of <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a> (Trapani) and <a href="/wiki/Pelagian_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagian Islands">Pelagian Islands</a> (Agrigento). </p> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Province </th> <th>Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Population<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Density<br />(Pop. per km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Number of communes </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Agrigento" title="Province of Agrigento">Agrigento</a> </td> <td>3,042 </td> <td>453,594 </td> <td>149.1 </td> <td>43 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caltanissetta" title="Province of Caltanissetta">Caltanissetta</a> </td> <td>2,128 </td> <td>271,168 </td> <td>127.4 </td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Catania" title="Province of Catania">Catania</a> </td> <td>3,552 </td> <td>1,090,620 </td> <td>307.0 </td> <td>58 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Enna" title="Province of Enna">Enna</a> </td> <td>2,562 </td> <td>172,159 </td> <td>67.2 </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Messina" title="Province of Messina">Messina</a> </td> <td>3,247 </td> <td>652,742 </td> <td>201.0 </td> <td>108 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Palermo" title="Province of Palermo">Palermo</a> </td> <td>4,992 </td> <td>1,249,744 </td> <td>250.3 </td> <td>82 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ragusa" title="Province of Ragusa">Ragusa</a> </td> <td>1,614 </td> <td>318,980 </td> <td>197.6 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Siracusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Siracusa">Siracusa</a> </td> <td>2,109 </td> <td>403,559 </td> <td>191.3 </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Trapani" title="Province of Trapani">Trapani</a> </td> <td>2,460 </td> <td>436,240 </td> <td>177.3 </td> <td>24 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olives_(9520845387).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Olives_%289520845387%29.jpg/250px-Olives_%289520845387%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Olives_%289520845387%29.jpg/330px-Olives_%289520845387%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Olives_%289520845387%29.jpg/500px-Olives_%289520845387%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>Olive groves</figcaption></figure> <p>Thanks to regular growth in recent years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2025)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Sicily is the eighth largest regional economy of Italy in terms of total GDP (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP_(PPP)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Italian regions by GDP (PPP)">List of Italian regions by GDP</a>). A series of reforms and investments in agriculture, such as the introduction of modern irrigation systems, has made this important industry competitive.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, some factories were opened, resulting in growth in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industrial sector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years the <a href="/wiki/Service_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Service industry">service industry</a> has become more important due to the opening of several shopping malls and some modest growth in financial and telecommunication activities.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tourism is an important source of income for the island, which attracts visitors due to its rich natural and historical heritage. Today Sicily is investing a large amount of money into the development of its <a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">hospitality industry</a>, to attract even more tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Sicily continues to have a GDP per capita below the Italian average, and higher unemployment than the rest of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffa_Vergine_Marsala_Wine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Buffa_Vergine_Marsala_Wine.jpg/250px-Buffa_Vergine_Marsala_Wine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Buffa_Vergine_Marsala_Wine.jpg/330px-Buffa_Vergine_Marsala_Wine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Buffa_Vergine_Marsala_Wine.jpg/500px-Buffa_Vergine_Marsala_Wine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="3155" /></a><figcaption>A sample of <a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Denominazione_di_origine_controllata" title="Denominazione di origine controllata">DOC</a> wine produced in the city of <a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Marsala</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sicily has long been noted for its fertile soil, which is the result of past volcanic eruptions. The local agriculture is also helped by the pleasant climate of the island. The main agricultural products are wheat, <a href="/wiki/Diamante_citron" title="Diamante citron">citrons</a>, oranges <i>(<a href="/wiki/Blood_orange" title="Blood orange">Arancia Rossa di Sicilia IGP</a>)</i>, lemons, tomatoes <i>(<a href="/wiki/Pomodoro_di_Pachino" title="Pomodoro di Pachino">Pomodoro di Pachino IGP</a>)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opuntia_ficus-indica" title="Opuntia ficus-indica">prickly pear</a> <i>(Fico d'India dell'<a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Etna</a> DOP)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachios</a> <i>(Pistacchio di <a href="/wiki/Bronte,_Sicily" title="Bronte, Sicily">Bronte</a> DOP)</i> and wine. Cattle and sheep are raised. The production of cheese is particularly important thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Ragusano_cheese" title="Ragusano cheese">Ragusano DOP</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pecorino_Siciliano" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecorino Siciliano">Pecorino Siciliano DOP</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragusa, Italy">Ragusa</a> is noted for its <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> (<i>Miele Ibleo</i>) and chocolate (<i><a href="/wiki/Cioccolato_di_Modica" title="Cioccolato di Modica">Cioccolato di Modica</a> IGP</i>) products.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insicilia_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insicilia-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sicily is the third largest wine producer in Italy, after <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Romagna" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilia Romagna">Emilia Romagna</a> (and Italy is the world's largest wine producer).<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is known mainly for fortified <a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wines</a>. In recent decades the wine industry has improved, new winemakers are experimenting with less-well-known native varieties, and Sicilian wines have become better known.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best known local variety is <a href="/wiki/Nero_d%27Avola" title="Nero d'Avola">Nero d'Avola</a> named after <a href="/wiki/Avola" title="Avola">Avola</a>, a town not far from <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>. Other important native varieties are: <a href="/wiki/Nerello" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerello">Nerello Mascalese</a>, used to make the <a href="/wiki/Etna_DOC" title="Etna DOC">Etna Rosso DOC wine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frappato" title="Frappato">Frappato</a>, a component of the <a href="/wiki/Frappato" title="Frappato">Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG wine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Moscato di Pantelleria</a> (also known as <i>Zibibbo</i>), which is used to make different <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a> wines; <a href="/wiki/Malvasia#Italian_varieties" title="Malvasia">Malvasia di Lipari</a>, used for the <a href="/wiki/Malvasia#Italian_varieties" title="Malvasia">Malvasia di Lipari DOC wine</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a>, mostly used to make a white wine, <a href="/wiki/Alcamo_wine" title="Alcamo wine">Alcamo DOC</a>. Furthermore, in Sicily, high-quality wines are also produced using non-native varieties like <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sicily is also known for its liqueurs, such as <a href="/wiki/Amaro_Averna" title="Amaro Averna">Amaro Averna</a>, produced in <a href="/wiki/Caltanissetta" title="Caltanissetta">Caltanissetta</a>, and the local <a href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">limoncello</a>. </p><p>Fishing is another fundamental resource for Sicily. It has important <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_anchovy" title="European anchovy">European anchovy</a> fisheries. <a href="/wiki/Mazara_del_Vallo" title="Mazara del Vallo">Mazara del Vallo</a> is the largest fishing centre in Sicily and one of the most important in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-esploriamo.com_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esploriamo.com-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_and_manufacturing">Industry and manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Industry and manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palermo-Harbour-bjs-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Palermo-Harbour-bjs-3.jpg/220px-Palermo-Harbour-bjs-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Palermo-Harbour-bjs-3.jpg/330px-Palermo-Harbour-bjs-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Palermo-Harbour-bjs-3.jpg/440px-Palermo-Harbour-bjs-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> shipyards</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TrivelleRagusaS1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TrivelleRagusaS1.jpg/220px-TrivelleRagusaS1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TrivelleRagusaS1.jpg/330px-TrivelleRagusaS1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/TrivelleRagusaS1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Oilfields near <a href="/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragusa, Italy">Ragusa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Improvements in Sicily's road system have helped to promote industrial development. The region has three important <a href="/wiki/Industrial_district" title="Industrial district">industrial districts</a>: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> Industrial District</i>, where there are several <a href="/wiki/Food_industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Food industries">food industries</a> and one of the best European <a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">electronics industry</a> centres called <i>Etna Valley</i> (in honour of the best known <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>) which contains offices and factories of international companies such as <a href="/wiki/STMicroelectronics" title="STMicroelectronics">STMicroelectronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numonyx" title="Numonyx">Numonyx</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-esploriamo.com_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esploriamo.com-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> Petrochemical District</i> with <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_refineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refineries">oil refineries</a> and important <a href="/wiki/Power_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Power stations">power stations</a> (as the innovative <a href="/wiki/Archimede_combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Archimede combined cycle power plant">Archimede combined cycle power plant</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the latest <i><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Enna</a> Industrial District</i> in which there are <a href="/wiki/Food_industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Food industries">food industries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> there are important <a href="/wiki/Shipyards" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipyards">shipyards</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Fincantieri" title="Fincantieri">Fincantieri</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical</a> factories of famous Italian companies as <a href="/wiki/Ansaldo_Breda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansaldo Breda">Ansaldo Breda</a>, publishing and textile industries. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">Chemical industries</a> are also in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Messina" title="Province of Messina">Province of Messina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milazzo" title="Milazzo">Milazzo</a>) and in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caltanissetta" title="Province of Caltanissetta">Province of Caltanissetta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-insicilia_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insicilia-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are petroleum, natural gas and <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a> fields in the Southeast (mostly near <a href="/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragusa, Italy">Ragusa</a>) and massive deposits of <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">halite</a> in Central Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Trapani" title="Province of Trapani">Province of Trapani</a> is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">sea salt</a> producers in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GDP_growth">GDP growth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: GDP growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sicily's GDP (nominal and per capita) growth between 2000 and 2008 was as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>2000</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2008 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Gross Domestic Product</b><br />(Millions of Euros)</td> <td>67,204</td> <td>70,530</td> <td>72,855</td> <td>75,085</td> <td>77,327</td> <td>80,358</td> <td>82,938</td> <td>88,328 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>GDP (PPP) per capita</b><br />(Euro)</td> <td>13,479</td> <td>14,185</td> <td>14,662</td> <td>15,053</td> <td>15,440</td> <td>16,023</td> <td>16,531</td> <td>17,533 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_sectors">Economic sectors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economic sectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sectors of the Sicilian economy in 2006: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Economic activity</th> <th>GDP<br />€ millions</th> <th>% sector<br />(Sicily)</th> <th>% sector<br />(Italy) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Agriculture, farming, fishing</td> <td>2,923.3</td> <td>3.52%</td> <td>1.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Industry</td> <td>7,712.9</td> <td>9.30%</td> <td>18.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Constructions</td> <td>4,582.1</td> <td>5.52%</td> <td>5.41% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Commerce, hotels and restaurants, transport, services and (tele)communications</td> <td>15,159.7</td> <td>18.28%</td> <td>20.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Financial activity and real estate</td> <td>17,656.1</td> <td>21.29%</td> <td>24.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Other economic activities</b></td> <td>24,011.5</td> <td>28.95%</td> <td>18.97% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">VAT and other forms of taxes</td> <td>10,893.1</td> <td>13.13%</td> <td>10.76% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>GDP of Sicily</b></td> <td><b>82,938.6</b></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unemployment_rate">Unemployment rate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Unemployment rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unemployment rate was 21.5% in 2018 and was one of the highest in Italy and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2007 </th> <th>2008 </th> <th>2009 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2011 </th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Unemployment rate </th> <td>13.4% </td> <td>12.9% </td> <td>13.7% </td> <td>13.8% </td> <td>14.6% </td> <td>14.3% </td> <td>18.4% </td> <td>21.0% </td> <td>22.2% </td> <td>21.4% </td> <td>22.1% </td> <td>21.5% </td> <td>21.5% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autostrada_A20_Torregrotta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Autostrada_A20_Torregrotta.jpg/220px-Autostrada_A20_Torregrotta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Autostrada_A20_Torregrotta.jpg/330px-Autostrada_A20_Torregrotta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Autostrada_A20_Torregrotta.jpg/440px-Autostrada_A20_Torregrotta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A20_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A20 (Italy)">A20 Messina-Palermo motorway</a> near <a href="/wiki/Torregrotta" title="Torregrotta">Torregrotta</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alstom_Cityway_Tram_Messina_06T.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Alstom_Cityway_Tram_Messina_06T.jpg/250px-Alstom_Cityway_Tram_Messina_06T.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Alstom_Cityway_Tram_Messina_06T.jpg/330px-Alstom_Cityway_Tram_Messina_06T.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Alstom_Cityway_Tram_Messina_06T.jpg/500px-Alstom_Cityway_Tram_Messina_06T.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Messina" title="Trams in Messina">Messina tramway system</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Highways have been built and expanded in the last four decades. The most prominent Sicilian roads are the motorways (known as <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">autostrade</i></span>) in the north of the island. Much of the motorway network is elevated on pillars due to the island's mountainous terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other main roads in Sicily are the <i>Strade Statali</i>, such as the SS.113 that connects <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a> to Messina (via Palermo), the SS.114 Messina-<a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> (via Catania) and the SS.115 Syracuse-Trapani (via <a href="/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragusa, Italy">Ragusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center;">Sign </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Motorway </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Length </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Toll </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Services </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autostrada_A18_Italia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Autostrada_A18_Italia.svg/40px-Autostrada_A18_Italia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Autostrada_A18_Italia.svg/60px-Autostrada_A18_Italia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A18_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A18 (Italy)">A18 Messina-Catania</a> </td> <td align="center">76 km (47 mi) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_traffic_signs_-_stazione.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Italian_traffic_signs_-_stazione.svg/20px-Italian_traffic_signs_-_stazione.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Italian_traffic_signs_-_stazione.svg/40px-Italian_traffic_signs_-_stazione.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Yes </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_(600x600),_StVO_1992.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/20px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/30px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/40px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_traffic_signs_-_raccordo_autostradale_15.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Italian_traffic_signs_-_raccordo_autostradale_15.svg/40px-Italian_traffic_signs_-_raccordo_autostradale_15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Italian_traffic_signs_-_raccordo_autostradale_15.svg/60px-Italian_traffic_signs_-_raccordo_autostradale_15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Italian_traffic_signs_-_raccordo_autostradale_15.svg/120px-Italian_traffic_signs_-_raccordo_autostradale_15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Autostrada_RA15_(Italy)" title="Autostrada RA15 (Italy)">RA15 Catania's Bypass (West)</a> </td> <td align="center">24 km (15 mi) </td> <td align="center">Free </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_(600x600),_StVO_1992.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/20px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/30px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/40px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_traffic_signs_-_Autostrada_CT-SR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italian_traffic_signs_-_Autostrada_CT-SR.svg/40px-Italian_traffic_signs_-_Autostrada_CT-SR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italian_traffic_signs_-_Autostrada_CT-SR.svg/60px-Italian_traffic_signs_-_Autostrada_CT-SR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italian_traffic_signs_-_Autostrada_CT-SR.svg/80px-Italian_traffic_signs_-_Autostrada_CT-SR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Autostrada_Catania-Siracusa" title="Autostrada Catania-Siracusa">Motorway Catania-Siracusa</a> </td> <td align="center">25 km (16 mi) </td> <td align="center">Free </td> <td align="center">No </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autostrada_A18_Italia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Autostrada_A18_Italia.svg/40px-Autostrada_A18_Italia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Autostrada_A18_Italia.svg/60px-Autostrada_A18_Italia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A18_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A18 (Italy)">A18 Siracusa-Rosolini</a> </td> <td align="center">40 km (25 mi) </td> <td align="center">Free </td> <td align="center">No </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autostrada_A19_Italia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Autostrada_A19_Italia.svg/25px-Autostrada_A19_Italia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Autostrada_A19_Italia.svg/38px-Autostrada_A19_Italia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Autostrada_A19_Italia.svg/50px-Autostrada_A19_Italia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A19_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A19 (Italy)">A19 Palermo-Catania</a> </td> <td align="center">199 km (124 mi) </td> <td align="center">Free </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_(600x600),_StVO_1992.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/20px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/30px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/40px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autostrada_A20_Italia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Autostrada_A20_Italia.svg/40px-Autostrada_A20_Italia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Autostrada_A20_Italia.svg/60px-Autostrada_A20_Italia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A20_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A20 (Italy)">A20 Palermo-Messina</a> </td> <td align="center">181 km (112 mi) </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_traffic_signs_-_stazione.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Italian_traffic_signs_-_stazione.svg/20px-Italian_traffic_signs_-_stazione.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Italian_traffic_signs_-_stazione.svg/40px-Italian_traffic_signs_-_stazione.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Yes </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_(600x600),_StVO_1992.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/20px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/30px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/40px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autostrada_A29_Italia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Autostrada_A29_Italia.svg/40px-Autostrada_A29_Italia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Autostrada_A29_Italia.svg/60px-Autostrada_A29_Italia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A29_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A29 (Italy)">A29 Palermo-Mazara del Vallo</a> </td> <td align="center">119 km (74 mi) </td> <td align="center">Free </td> <td align="center">No </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autostrada_A29dir_Italia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Autostrada_A29dir_Italia.svg/40px-Autostrada_A29dir_Italia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Autostrada_A29dir_Italia.svg/60px-Autostrada_A29dir_Italia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A29_(Italy)#A29dir_Diramazione_Alcamo-Birgi" title="Autostrada A29 (Italy)">A29dir Alcamo-Trapani/Marsala</a> </td> <td align="center">38 km (24 mi) and<br />44 km (27 mi) </td> <td align="center">Free </td> <td align="center">No </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punta_Raisi_staz_ferr_treni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punta_Raisi_staz_ferr_treni.jpg/250px-Punta_Raisi_staz_ferr_treni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punta_Raisi_staz_ferr_treni.jpg/330px-Punta_Raisi_staz_ferr_treni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punta_Raisi_staz_ferr_treni.jpg/500px-Punta_Raisi_staz_ferr_treni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Two trains inside <a href="/wiki/Punta_Raisi_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Punta Raisi railway station">Punta Raisi railway station</a> within <a href="/wiki/Palermo_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Palermo International Airport">Palermo International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palermo_Tramway_System_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Palermo_Tramway_System_Map.jpg/220px-Palermo_Tramway_System_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Palermo_Tramway_System_Map.jpg/330px-Palermo_Tramway_System_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Palermo_Tramway_System_Map.jpg/440px-Palermo_Tramway_System_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, AMAT tramway system map</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27elettrotreno_M.88-08_alla_stazione_di_Giovanni_XXIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/L%27elettrotreno_M.88-08_alla_stazione_di_Giovanni_XXIII.jpg/250px-L%27elettrotreno_M.88-08_alla_stazione_di_Giovanni_XXIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/L%27elettrotreno_M.88-08_alla_stazione_di_Giovanni_XXIII.jpg/330px-L%27elettrotreno_M.88-08_alla_stazione_di_Giovanni_XXIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/L%27elettrotreno_M.88-08_alla_stazione_di_Giovanni_XXIII.jpg/500px-L%27elettrotreno_M.88-08_alla_stazione_di_Giovanni_XXIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catania_Metro" title="Catania Metro">Catania Metro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first railway in Sicily was opened in 1863 (Palermo-Bagheria) and today all of the Sicilian provinces are served by a network of railway services, linking to most major cities and towns; this service is operated by <a href="/wiki/Trenitalia" title="Trenitalia">Trenitalia</a>. Of the 1,378 km (856 mi) of railway tracks in use, over 60% has been <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification system">electrified</a> whilst the remaining 583 km (362 mi) are serviced by <a href="/wiki/Dieselisation" title="Dieselisation">diesel</a> engines. 88% of the lines (1.209 km) are single-track and only 169 km (105 mi) are double-track serving the two main routes, Messina-Palermo (<a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian</a>) and Messina-Catania-Syracuse (<a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian</a>), which are the main lines of this region. Of the <a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">narrow-gauge railways</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ferrovia_Circumetnea" title="Ferrovia Circumetnea">Ferrovia Circumetnea</a> is the only one that still operates, going round <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a>. From the major cities of Sicily, there are services to <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>; this is achieved by the trains being loaded onto <a href="/wiki/Ferries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferries">ferries</a> which cross the Strait.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> there is an <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">underground railway</a> service (<a href="/wiki/Metropolitana_di_Catania" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitana di Catania">metropolitana di Catania</a>); in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> the national railway operator <a href="/wiki/Trenitalia" title="Trenitalia">Trenitalia</a> operates a <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palermo_metropolitan_railway_service" title="Palermo metropolitan railway service">Palermo metropolitan railway service</a>), the Sicilian Capital is also served by 4 AMAT (Comunal Public Transport Operator) tramlines; <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> is served by a <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Messina" title="Trams in Messina">tramline</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Sicily" title="List of airports in Sicily">List of airports in Sicily</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeroporto_di_Catania_-_Catania_Airport.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Aeroporto_di_Catania_-_Catania_Airport.JPG/220px-Aeroporto_di_Catania_-_Catania_Airport.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Aeroporto_di_Catania_-_Catania_Airport.JPG/330px-Aeroporto_di_Catania_-_Catania_Airport.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Aeroporto_di_Catania_-_Catania_Airport.JPG/440px-Aeroporto_di_Catania_-_Catania_Airport.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catania%E2%80%93Fontanarossa_Airport" title="Catania–Fontanarossa Airport">Catania International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sicily has several airports that serve numerous Italian and European destinations and some extra-European. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catania-Fontanarossa_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Catania-Fontanarossa Airport">Catania-Fontanarossa Airport</a>, located on the east coast, is the busiest on the island (and one of the busiest in all of Italy).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palermo_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Palermo International Airport">Palermo International Airport</a>, which is also a substantially large airport with many national and international flights.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapani-Birgi_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapani-Birgi Airport">Trapani-Birgi Airport</a>, a military-civil joint-use airport (third for traffic on the island). Recently the airport has seen an increase in traffic thanks to the low-cost carrier <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comiso_Airport" title="Comiso Airport">Comiso-Ragusa Airport</a>, has recently been refurbished and re-converted from military use to a civil airport. It was opened to commercial traffic and general aviation on 30 May 2013.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palermo-Boccadifalco_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Palermo-Boccadifalco Airport">Palermo-Boccadifalco Airport</a> is the old airport of Palermo and is currently used for <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> and as a base for the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza" title="Guardia di Finanza">Guardia di Finanza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Police_helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Police helicopter">police helicopters</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Sigonella" title="Naval Air Station Sigonella">NAS Sigonella Airport</a>, it is an Italian Air Force and US Navy installation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampedusa_Airport" title="Lampedusa Airport">Lampedusa Airport</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria_Airport" title="Pantelleria Airport">Pantelleria Airport</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ports">Ports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archimarina.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Archimarina.JPG/250px-Archimarina.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Archimarina.JPG/330px-Archimarina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Archimarina.JPG/500px-Archimarina.JPG 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>The port of <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By sea, Sicily is served by several ferry routes and cargo ports, and in all major cities, cruise ships dock on a regular basis. </p> <ul><li>Mainland Italy: Ports connecting to the mainland are <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> (route to <a href="/wiki/Villa_San_Giovanni" title="Villa San Giovanni">Villa San Giovanni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>), the busiest passenger port in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> (routes to <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> (route to <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>).</li> <li>Sicily's small surrounding islands: The port of <a href="/wiki/Milazzo" title="Milazzo">Milazzo</a> serves the <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a>, the ports of <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Marsala</a> the <a href="/wiki/Aegadian_Islands" title="Aegadian Islands">Aegadian Islands</a> and the port of <a href="/wiki/Porto_Empedocle" title="Porto Empedocle">Porto Empedocle</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a>. From Palermo there is a service to the island of <a href="/wiki/Ustica" title="Ustica">Ustica</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>.</li> <li>International connections: From Palermo and Trapani there are weekly services to <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and there is also a daily service between <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Pozzallo" title="Port of Pozzallo">Pozzallo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Commercial and cargo ports: The port of <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Sicily" title="Augusta, Sicily">Augusta</a> is the fifth-largest cargo port in Italy and handles tonnes of goods. Other major cargo ports are Palermo, Catania, Trapani, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Pozzallo" title="Port of Pozzallo">Pozzallo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Termini_Imerese" title="Termini Imerese">Termini Imerese</a>.</li> <li>Touristic ports: Several ports along the Sicilian coast are in the service of private boats that need to moor on the island. The main ports for this traffic are in <a href="/wiki/Marina_di_Ragusa" title="Marina di Ragusa">Marina di Ragusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riposto" title="Riposto">Riposto</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portorosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portorosa (page does not exist)">Portorosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cefalù</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Sciacca</a>. In Sicily, Palermo is also a major centre for boat rental, with or without crew, in the Mediterranean.</li> <li>Fishing ports: Like all islands, Sicily also has many fishing ports. The most important is in <a href="/wiki/Mazara_del_Vallo" title="Mazara del Vallo">Mazara del Vallo</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Castellamare_del_Golfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Castellamare del Golfo">Castellamare del Golfo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Licata" title="Licata">Licata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scoglitti" title="Scoglitti">Scoglitti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portopalo_di_Capo_Passero" title="Portopalo di Capo Passero">Portopalo di Capo Passero</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planned_bridge">Planned bridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Planned bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina_Bridge" title="Strait of Messina Bridge">Strait of Messina Bridge</a></div> <p>Plans for a bridge linking Sicily to the mainland have been discussed since 1865. Throughout the last decade, plans were developed for a road and rail link to the mainland via what would be the world's longest <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina_Bridge" title="Strait of Messina Bridge">Strait of Messina Bridge</a>. Planning for the project has experienced several false starts over the past few decades. On 6 March 2009, <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>'s government declared that the construction works for the Messina Bridge would begin on 23 December 2009, and announced a pledge of €1.3 billion as a contribution to the bridge's total cost, estimated at €6.1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan has been criticized by environmental associations and some local Sicilians and Calabrians, concerned with its environmental impact, economic sustainability and even possible infiltrations by organized crime.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiaggia_Isola_dei_Coniglio_Lampedusa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Spiaggia_Isola_dei_Coniglio_Lampedusa.JPG/220px-Spiaggia_Isola_dei_Coniglio_Lampedusa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Spiaggia_Isola_dei_Coniglio_Lampedusa.JPG/330px-Spiaggia_Isola_dei_Coniglio_Lampedusa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Spiaggia_Isola_dei_Coniglio_Lampedusa.JPG/440px-Spiaggia_Isola_dei_Coniglio_Lampedusa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sicily's sunny, dry climate, scenery, cuisine, history, and architecture attract many tourists from the rest of Italy and abroad. The tourist season peaks in the summer months, although people visit the island all year round. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a>, the beaches, the archaeological sites, and major cities such as <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ragusa,_Sicily" title="Ragusa, Sicily">Ragusa</a> are the favourite tourist destinations, but the old town of <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a> and the neighbouring seaside resort of <a href="/wiki/Giardini_Naxos" title="Giardini Naxos">Giardini Naxos</a> draw visitors from all over the world, as do the <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrasini" title="Terrasini">Terrasini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castellammare_del_Golfo" title="Castellammare del Golfo">Castellammare del Golfo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cefalù</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capo_d%27Orlando" title="Capo d'Orlando">Capo d'Orlando</a>. The last features some of the best-preserved temples of the ancient Greek period. Many Mediterranean cruise ships stop in Sicily, and many wine tourists also visit the island. </p><p>Some scenes of several Hollywood and <a href="/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0" title="Cinecittà">Cinecittà</a> films were shot in Sicily. This increased the attraction of Sicily as a tourist destination.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: UNESCO World Heritage Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale,_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki,_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_13.jpg/250px-Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_13.jpg/330px-Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_13.jpg/500px-Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>One of the mosaics in Villa Romana del Casale</figcaption></figure> <p>There are seven <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> on Sicily. By the order of inscription: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Valle dei Templi</a></b> (1997) is one of the most outstanding examples of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> art and architecture, and is one of the main attractions of Sicily as well as a national monument of Italy. The site is located in <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale">Villa Romana del Casale</a></b> (1997) is a <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villa</a> built in the first quarter of the 4th century and located about 3 km (2 mi) outside the town of <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Armerina" title="Piazza Armerina">Piazza Armerina</a>. It contains the richest, largest and most complex collection of Roman mosaics in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></b> (2000) are a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>, named after the demigod of the winds <a href="/wiki/Aeolus" title="Aeolus">Aeolus</a>. The Aeolian Islands are a tourist destination in the summer, and attract up to 200,000 visitors annually.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Val_di_Noto" title="Val di Noto">Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto</a></b> (2002) "represent the culmination and final flowering of <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> art in Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes several towns: <a href="/wiki/Caltagirone" title="Caltagirone">Caltagirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militello_in_Val_di_Catania" title="Militello in Val di Catania">Militello in Val di Catania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modica" title="Modica">Modica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noto" title="Noto">Noto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palazzolo_Acreide" title="Palazzolo Acreide">Palazzolo Acreide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragusa, Italy">Ragusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scicli" title="Scicli">Scicli</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Necropolis_of_Pantalica" title="Necropolis of Pantalica">Necropolis of Pantalica</a></b> (2005) is a large <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">Necropolis</a> in Sicily with over 5,000 tombs dating from the 13th to the 7th centuries BC. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> is notable for its rich Greek history, culture, amphitheatres and architecture. They are situated in south-eastern Sicily.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a></b> (2013) is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and is in an almost constant state of activity and generated myths, legends and naturalistic observation from Greek, Celts and Roman classic and medieval times.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Arab-Norman <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> and the cathedral churches of <a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cefalù</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monreale" title="Monreale">Monreale</a></b>; includes a series of nine civil and religious structures dating from the era of the Norman kingdom of Sicily (1130–1194)<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_San_Giorgio_in_Modica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cathedral_of_San_Giorgio_in_Modica.JPG/250px-Cathedral_of_San_Giorgio_in_Modica.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cathedral_of_San_Giorgio_in_Modica.JPG/330px-Cathedral_of_San_Giorgio_in_Modica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cathedral_of_San_Giorgio_in_Modica.JPG/500px-Cathedral_of_San_Giorgio_in_Modica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Cathedral of San Giorgio in Modica</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tentative_UNESCO_World_Heritage_sites">Tentative UNESCO World Heritage sites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Tentative UNESCO World Heritage sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sicilia_Taormina4_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sicilia_Taormina4_tango7174.jpg/250px-Sicilia_Taormina4_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sicilia_Taormina4_tango7174.jpg/330px-Sicilia_Taormina4_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sicilia_Taormina4_tango7174.jpg/500px-Sicilia_Taormina4_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a>'s central square at sunset</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a> and Isola Bella;<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Libeo Island</a>: The Phoenician-Punic Civilisation in Italy;<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_dei_Turchi" title="Scala dei Turchi">Scala dei Turchi</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_sites">Archaeological sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Archaeological sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because many different cultures settled, dominated or invaded the island, Sicily has a huge variety of <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological sites">archaeological sites</a>. Also, some of the most notable and best preserved temples and other structures of the Greek world are located in Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here is a short list of the major archaeological sites: </p> <ul><li>Sicels/Sicans/Elymians/Greeks: <a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ispica" title="Ispica">Cava Ispica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thapsos" title="Thapsos">Thapsos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantalica" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantalica">Pantalica</a>;</li> <li>Greeks: <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a>;</li> <li>Phoenicians: <a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soluntum" title="Soluntum">Soluntum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Marsala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>;</li> <li>Romans: <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Armerina" title="Piazza Armerina">Piazza Armerina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centuripe" title="Centuripe">Centuripe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>;</li></ul> <p>The excavation and restoration of one of Sicily's best known archaeological sites, the <a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Valley of the Temples</a> in Agrigento, was at the direction of the archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Lo_Faso_Pietrasanta" title="Domenico Lo Faso Pietrasanta">Domenico Antonio Lo Faso Pietrasanta</a>, Fifth Duke of <a href="/wiki/Serradifalco" title="Serradifalco">Serradifalco</a>, known in archaeological circles simply as <i>"Serradifalco"</i>. He also oversaw the restoration of ancient sites at <a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Siracusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Castles">Castles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Castles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sicily there are hundreds of castles, the most relevant are: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CastelloUrsino1CT.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CastelloUrsino1CT.JPG/220px-CastelloUrsino1CT.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CastelloUrsino1CT.JPG/330px-CastelloUrsino1CT.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CastelloUrsino1CT.JPG/440px-CastelloUrsino1CT.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castello_Ursino" title="Castello Ursino">Castello Ursino</a> in <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palermo-Zisa-bjs2007-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Palermo-Zisa-bjs2007-01.jpg/250px-Palermo-Zisa-bjs2007-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Palermo-Zisa-bjs2007-01.jpg/330px-Palermo-Zisa-bjs2007-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Palermo-Zisa-bjs2007-01.jpg/500px-Palermo-Zisa-bjs2007-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zisa,_Palermo" title="Zisa, Palermo">Zisa Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castello_di_Alcamo_0024.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Castello_di_Alcamo_0024.JPG/220px-Castello_di_Alcamo_0024.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Castello_di_Alcamo_0024.JPG/330px-Castello_di_Alcamo_0024.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Castello_di_Alcamo_0024.JPG/440px-Castello_di_Alcamo_0024.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_the_Counts_of_Modica_(Alcamo)" title="Castle of the Counts of Modica (Alcamo)">Castle of the Counts of Modica (Alcamo)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alcamo" title="Alcamo">Alcamo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castello_Donnafugata,_Ragusa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Castello_Donnafugata%2C_Ragusa.JPG/220px-Castello_Donnafugata%2C_Ragusa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Castello_Donnafugata%2C_Ragusa.JPG/330px-Castello_Donnafugata%2C_Ragusa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Castello_Donnafugata%2C_Ragusa.JPG/440px-Castello_Donnafugata%2C_Ragusa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3057" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption>Castello di Donnafugata near <a href="/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragusa, Italy">Ragusa</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>Province </th> <th>Castles </th> <th>Commune </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caltanissetta" title="Province of Caltanissetta">Caltanisetta</a> </td> <td>Castello Manfredonico </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mussomeli" title="Mussomeli">Mussomeli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U Cannuni </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mazzarino,_Sicily" title="Mazzarino, Sicily">Mazzarino</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Castelluccio di Gela </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Catania" title="Province of Catania">Catania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Castello_Ursino" title="Castello Ursino">Castello Ursino</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Castello Normanno </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adrano" title="Adrano">Adrano</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Castello Normanno </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patern%C3%B2" title="Paternò">Paternò</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Castello di Aci </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aci_Castello" title="Aci Castello">Aci Castello</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Enna" title="Province of Enna">Enna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Castello_di_Lombardia" title="Castello di Lombardia">Castello di Lombardia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Enna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Messina" title="Province of Messina">Messina</a> </td> <td>Forte dei Centri </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Castello di Milazzo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milazzo" title="Milazzo">Milazzo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Castello di Federico II </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montalbano_Elicona" title="Montalbano Elicona">Montalbano Elicona</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Castello di Sant'Alessio Siculo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Alessio_Siculo" title="Sant'Alessio Siculo">Sant'Alessio Siculo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Castello di Pentefur </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Savoca" title="Savoca">Savoca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schis%C3%B2_Castle" title="Schisò Castle">Castello di Schisò</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giardini_Naxos" title="Giardini Naxos">Giardini Naxos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Palermo" title="Province of Palermo">Palermo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zisa,_Palermo" title="Zisa, Palermo">Zisa, Palermo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Castello_di_Caccamo" title="Castello di Caccamo">Castello di Caccamo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caccamo" title="Caccamo">Caccamo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Castello di Carini </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carini" title="Carini">Carini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Castello dei Ventimiglia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Castelbuono" title="Castelbuono">Castelbuono</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ragusa" title="Province of Ragusa">Ragusa</a> </td> <td>Castello di Donnafugata </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragusa, Italy">Ragusa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Torre Cabrera </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pozzallo" title="Pozzallo">Pozzallo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Castello Dei Conti </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modica" title="Modica">Modica</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Syracuse" title="Province of Syracuse">Syracuse</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Castello_Maniace" title="Castello Maniace">Castello Maniace</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Castello Svevo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Sicily" title="Augusta, Sicily">Augusta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Trapani" title="Province of Trapani">Trapani</a> </td> <td>Castello di Venere </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_the_Counts_of_Modica_(Alcamo)" title="Castle of the Counts of Modica (Alcamo)">Castle of the Counts of Modica</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcamo" title="Alcamo">Alcamo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Calatubo" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle of Calatubo">Castle of Calatubo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcamo" title="Alcamo">Alcamo</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_towers">Coastal towers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Coastal towers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Coastal towers in Sicily (<i>Torri costiere della Sicilia</i>) are 218 old <a href="/wiki/Watchtowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchtowers">watchtowers</a> along the coast. In Sicily, the first coastal towers date back to the late Norman period. From 1360 the threat came from the south, from <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, mainly to <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> and corsairs of <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a>. In 1516, the Turks settled in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, and from 1520, the corsair <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, operated from that harbour. </p><p>Most existing towers were built on architectural designs of the Florentine architect <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Camilliani" title="Camillo Camilliani">Camillo Camilliani</a> from [1583] to 1584 and involved the coastal periple of Sicily. The typology changed completely in '800, because of the new higher fire volumes of cannon vessels, the towers were built on the type of <a href="/wiki/Martello_towers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martello towers">Martello towers</a> that the British built in the UK and elsewhere in the British Empire. The decline of Mediterranean piracy caused by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a> led to a smaller number of coastal towers built during the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre-Capo-Rama-bjs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Torre-Capo-Rama (Terrasini)"><img alt="Torre-Capo-Rama (Terrasini)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Torre-Capo-Rama-bjs.jpg/250px-Torre-Capo-Rama-bjs.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Torre-Capo-Rama-bjs.jpg/330px-Torre-Capo-Rama-bjs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Torre-Capo-Rama-bjs.jpg/500px-Torre-Capo-Rama-bjs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1028" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Torre-Capo-Rama (<a href="/wiki/Terrasini" title="Terrasini">Terrasini</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altavilla_Milicia_BW_2012-10-08_18-04-22_b.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Torre Normanna (Altavilla Milicia)"><img alt="Torre Normanna (Altavilla Milicia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Altavilla_Milicia_BW_2012-10-08_18-04-22_b.JPG/200px-Altavilla_Milicia_BW_2012-10-08_18-04-22_b.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Altavilla_Milicia_BW_2012-10-08_18-04-22_b.JPG/300px-Altavilla_Milicia_BW_2012-10-08_18-04-22_b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Altavilla_Milicia_BW_2012-10-08_18-04-22_b.JPG/400px-Altavilla_Milicia_BW_2012-10-08_18-04-22_b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="1888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Torre Normanna (<a href="/wiki/Altavilla_Milicia" title="Altavilla Milicia">Altavilla Milicia</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_dello_Spalmatore_-_Ustica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Torre Spalmatore (Ustica)"><img alt="Torre Spalmatore (Ustica)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Torre_dello_Spalmatore_-_Ustica.jpg/250px-Torre_dello_Spalmatore_-_Ustica.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Torre_dello_Spalmatore_-_Ustica.jpg/330px-Torre_dello_Spalmatore_-_Ustica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Torre_dello_Spalmatore_-_Ustica.jpg/500px-Torre_dello_Spalmatore_-_Ustica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Torre Spalmatore (<a href="/wiki/Ustica" title="Ustica">Ustica</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D7A_1568_bis_Torre_Pozzillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Torre Pozzillo (Cinisi)"><img alt="Torre Pozzillo (Cinisi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/D7A_1568_bis_Torre_Pozzillo.jpg/200px-D7A_1568_bis_Torre_Pozzillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/D7A_1568_bis_Torre_Pozzillo.jpg/300px-D7A_1568_bis_Torre_Pozzillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/D7A_1568_bis_Torre_Pozzillo.jpg/400px-D7A_1568_bis_Torre_Pozzillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Torre Pozzillo (<a href="/wiki/Cinisi" title="Cinisi">Cinisi</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ligny_Tower_-_Trapani.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ligny Tower (Trapani)"><img alt="Ligny Tower (Trapani)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ligny_Tower_-_Trapani.jpg/200px-Ligny_Tower_-_Trapani.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ligny_Tower_-_Trapani.jpg/300px-Ligny_Tower_-_Trapani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ligny_Tower_-_Trapani.jpg/400px-Ligny_Tower_-_Trapani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1085" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ligny_Tower" title="Ligny Tower">Ligny Tower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trapani.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Torre Nubia (Paceco)"><img alt="Torre Nubia (Paceco)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Trapani.jpg/250px-Trapani.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Trapani.jpg/330px-Trapani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Trapani.jpg/500px-Trapani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1711" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Torre Nubia (<a href="/wiki/Paceco" title="Paceco">Paceco</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_di_Manfria_(Gela).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Torre Manfria (Gela)"><img alt="Torre Manfria (Gela)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Torre_di_Manfria_%28Gela%29.jpg/250px-Torre_di_Manfria_%28Gela%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Torre_di_Manfria_%28Gela%29.jpg/330px-Torre_di_Manfria_%28Gela%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="1136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Torre <a href="/wiki/Manfria" title="Manfria">Manfria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_Cabrera,_Marina_di_Ragusa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Torre Cabrera (Marina di Ragusa)"><img alt="Torre Cabrera (Marina di Ragusa)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Torre_Cabrera%2C_Marina_di_Ragusa.jpg/250px-Torre_Cabrera%2C_Marina_di_Ragusa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Torre_Cabrera%2C_Marina_di_Ragusa.jpg/330px-Torre_Cabrera%2C_Marina_di_Ragusa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Torre_Cabrera%2C_Marina_di_Ragusa.jpg/500px-Torre_Cabrera%2C_Marina_di_Ragusa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Torre_Cabrera_(Marina_di_Ragusa)" title="Torre Cabrera (Marina di Ragusa)">Torre Cabrera (Marina di Ragusa)</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozzallo-TorreCabrera.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Torre Cabrera (Pozzallo) (Pozzallo)"><img alt="Torre Cabrera (Pozzallo) (Pozzallo)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pozzallo-TorreCabrera.JPG/200px-Pozzallo-TorreCabrera.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pozzallo-TorreCabrera.JPG/300px-Pozzallo-TorreCabrera.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pozzallo-TorreCabrera.JPG/400px-Pozzallo-TorreCabrera.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Torre_Cabrera_(Pozzallo)" title="Torre Cabrera (Pozzallo)">Torre Cabrera (Pozzallo)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pozzallo" title="Pozzallo">Pozzallo</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vignazzi_Tower.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Vignazza Tower (Giardini Naxos)"><img alt="Vignazza Tower (Giardini Naxos)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vignazzi_Tower.JPG/150px-Vignazzi_Tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vignazzi_Tower.JPG/225px-Vignazzi_Tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vignazzi_Tower.JPG/300px-Vignazzi_Tower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vignazza_Tower" title="Vignazza Tower">Vignazza Tower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giardini_Naxos" title="Giardini Naxos">Giardini Naxos</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_villages">Historical villages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Historical villages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sicily has many small and picturesque villages; 24 of them have been selected by <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/I_Borghi_pi%C3%B9_belli_d%27Italia" title="I Borghi più belli d'Italia">I Borghi più belli d'Italia</a></i></span> (English: <span lang="en">The most beautiful Villages of Italy</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Sicily" title="List of museums in Sicily">List of museums in Sicily</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To have seen Italy without having seen Sicily is to not have seen Italy at all, for Sicily is the clue to everything.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (September 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonello_da_Messina_-_Virgin_Annunciate_-_Galleria_Regionale_della_Sicilia,_Palermo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Antonello_da_Messina_-_Virgin_Annunciate_-_Galleria_Regionale_della_Sicilia%2C_Palermo.jpg/250px-Antonello_da_Messina_-_Virgin_Annunciate_-_Galleria_Regionale_della_Sicilia%2C_Palermo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Antonello_da_Messina_-_Virgin_Annunciate_-_Galleria_Regionale_della_Sicilia%2C_Palermo.jpg/330px-Antonello_da_Messina_-_Virgin_Annunciate_-_Galleria_Regionale_della_Sicilia%2C_Palermo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Antonello_da_Messina_-_Virgin_Annunciate_-_Galleria_Regionale_della_Sicilia%2C_Palermo.jpg/500px-Antonello_da_Messina_-_Virgin_Annunciate_-_Galleria_Regionale_della_Sicilia%2C_Palermo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Annunciate_(Antonello_da_Messina,_Palermo)" title="Virgin Annunciate (Antonello da Messina, Palermo)"><i>Virgin Annunciate</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonello_da_Messina" title="Antonello da Messina">Antonello da Messina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sicily has long been associated with <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>; many poets, writers, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophers</a>, intellectuals, architects and painters have roots on the island. Among the earliest illuminaries there are <a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a>, two highly noted Sicilian-Greek philosophers, while the Syracusan-Greek <a href="/wiki/Epicharmus_of_Kos" title="Epicharmus of Kos">Epicharmus</a> is held to be the inventor of comedy.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most famous intellectuals in Greek antiquity was <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> native who is recognized as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Art and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baglio are traditional living structures in Western Sicily. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ceramics">Ceramics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a> <a href="/wiki/Ceramics_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics (art)">ceramics</a> from the island are well known, the art of ceramics on Sicily goes back to the original ancient peoples named the <a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicanians</a>, it was then perfected during the period of Greek colonisation and is still prominent and distinct to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, <a href="/wiki/Caltagirone" title="Caltagirone">Caltagirone</a> is one of the most important centres in Sicily for the artistic production of ceramics and terra-cotta sculptures. Famous painters include <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Antonello_da_Messina" title="Antonello da Messina">Antonello da Messina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Novelli" title="Pietro Novelli">Pietro Novelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Caruso" title="Bruno Caruso">Bruno Caruso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Guttuso" title="Renato Guttuso">Renato Guttuso</a> and Greek born <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Giorgio de Chirico</a> who is commonly dubbed the "father of <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealist art">Surrealist art</a>" and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical art">metaphysical art</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most noted architects are <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Juvarra" title="Filippo Juvarra">Filippo Juvarra</a> (one of the most important figures of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Basile" title="Ernesto Basile">Ernesto Basile</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sicilian_Baroque">Sicilian Baroque</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sicilian Baroque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Baroque" title="Sicilian Baroque">Sicilian Baroque</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Baroque" title="Sicilian Baroque">Sicilian Baroque</a> has a unique architectural identity. <a href="/wiki/Noto" title="Noto">Noto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caltagirone" title="Caltagirone">Caltagirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragusa, Italy">Ragusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modica" title="Modica">Modica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scicli" title="Scicli">Scicli</a> and particularly <a href="/wiki/Acireale" title="Acireale">Acireale</a> contain some of Italy's best examples of <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a>, carved in the local red <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>. Noto provides one of the best examples of the Baroque architecture brought to Sicily. The Baroque style in Sicily was largely confined to buildings erected by the church, and <a href="/wiki/Palazzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo">palazzi</a> built as private residences for the Sicilian aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest examples of this style in Sicily lacked individuality and were typically heavy-handed pastiches of buildings seen by Sicilian visitors to Rome, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. However, even at this early stage, provincial architects had begun to incorporate certain vernacular features of Sicily's older architecture. By the middle of the 18th century, when Sicily's Baroque architecture was noticeably different from that of the mainland, it has a unique freedom of design that is difficult to characterize in words. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SiracusaCathedral-pjt1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Syracuse, Cathedral"><img alt="Syracuse, Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SiracusaCathedral-pjt1.jpg/250px-SiracusaCathedral-pjt1.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SiracusaCathedral-pjt1.jpg/330px-SiracusaCathedral-pjt1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SiracusaCathedral-pjt1.jpg/500px-SiracusaCathedral-pjt1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4897" data-file-height="4986" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, Cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catania,_Basilica_Collegiata_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Catania, Basilica Collegiata"><img alt="Catania, Basilica Collegiata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Catania%2C_Basilica_Collegiata_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Catania%2C_Basilica_Collegiata_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Catania%2C_Basilica_Collegiata_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Catania%2C_Basilica_Collegiata_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="4056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>, Basilica Collegiata</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%221737_wurde_der_Palazzo_Nicolaci_als_privates_Adelshaus_erbaut%22_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Noto, Palazzo Nicolaci"><img alt="Noto, Palazzo Nicolaci" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%221737_wurde_der_Palazzo_Nicolaci_als_privates_Adelshaus_erbaut%22_10.jpg/250px-%221737_wurde_der_Palazzo_Nicolaci_als_privates_Adelshaus_erbaut%22_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%221737_wurde_der_Palazzo_Nicolaci_als_privates_Adelshaus_erbaut%22_10.jpg/330px-%221737_wurde_der_Palazzo_Nicolaci_als_privates_Adelshaus_erbaut%22_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%221737_wurde_der_Palazzo_Nicolaci_als_privates_Adelshaus_erbaut%22_10.jpg/500px-%221737_wurde_der_Palazzo_Nicolaci_als_privates_Adelshaus_erbaut%22_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5398" data-file-height="3680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Noto" title="Noto">Noto</a>, Palazzo Nicolaci</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modica_chiesa_S_Maria_del_Soccorso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modica, church of San Pietro"><img alt="Modica, church of San Pietro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Modica_chiesa_S_Maria_del_Soccorso.jpg/200px-Modica_chiesa_S_Maria_del_Soccorso.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Modica_chiesa_S_Maria_del_Soccorso.jpg/300px-Modica_chiesa_S_Maria_del_Soccorso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Modica_chiesa_S_Maria_del_Soccorso.jpg/400px-Modica_chiesa_S_Maria_del_Soccorso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Modica" title="Modica">Modica</a>, church of San Pietro</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_film">Music and film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Music and film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sicily" title="Music of Sicily">Music of Sicily</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palermo_teatro_massimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Palermo_teatro_massimo.jpg/220px-Palermo_teatro_massimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Palermo_teatro_massimo.jpg/330px-Palermo_teatro_massimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Palermo_teatro_massimo.jpg/440px-Palermo_teatro_massimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Massimo" title="Teatro Massimo">Teatro Massimo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> hosts the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Massimo" title="Teatro Massimo">Teatro Massimo</a> which is the largest <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera house</a> in Italy and the third largest in all of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> there is another important <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera house</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Massimo_Bellini" title="Teatro Massimo Bellini">Teatro Massimo Bellini</a> with 1,200 seats, which is considered one of the best European <a href="/wiki/Opera_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera houses">opera houses</a> for its acoustics. Sicily's composers vary from <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Vincenzo Bellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigismondo_d%27India" title="Sigismondo d'India">Sigismondo d'India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Giovanni Pacini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Alessandro Scarlatti</a>, to contemporary composers such as <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Sciarrino" title="Salvatore Sciarrino">Salvatore Sciarrino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Amato" title="Silvio Amato">Silvio Amato</a>. </p><p>Many films of Italian cinema have been filmed in Sicily, amongst the most noted of which are: <a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Visconti</a>'s <i>"<a href="/wiki/La_Terra_Trema" title="La Terra Trema">La Terra Trema</a>"</i> and <i>"<a href="/wiki/Il_Gattopardo" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Gattopardo">Il Gattopardo</a>"</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Germi" title="Pietro Germi">Pietro Germi</a>'s <i>"<a href="/wiki/Divorce,_Italian_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce, Italian Style">Divorzio all'Italiana</a></i>" and <i>"<a href="/wiki/Seduced_and_Abandoned_(1964_film)" title="Seduced and Abandoned (1964 film)">Sedotta e Abbandonata</a></i>", <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tornatore" title="Giuseppe Tornatore">Tornatore</a>'s <i>"<a href="/wiki/Cinema_Paradiso" title="Cinema Paradiso">Cinema Paradiso</a></i>". </p><p>The annual <a href="/wiki/Taormina_Film_Fest" title="Taormina Film Fest">Taormina Film Fest</a> takes places in <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alessandro_Scarlatti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alessandro Scarlatti"><img alt="Alessandro Scarlatti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Alessandro_Scarlatti.jpg/250px-Alessandro_Scarlatti.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Alessandro_Scarlatti.jpg/330px-Alessandro_Scarlatti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="804" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Alessandro Scarlatti</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincenzo_bellini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vincenzo Bellini"><img alt="Vincenzo Bellini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vincenzo_bellini.jpg/150px-Vincenzo_bellini.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vincenzo_bellini.jpg/225px-Vincenzo_bellini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vincenzo_bellini.jpg/300px-Vincenzo_bellini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Vincenzo Bellini</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg/150px-Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg/225px-Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg/300px-Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3342" data-file-height="4021" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The golden age of Sicilian poetry began in the early 13th century with the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a> of <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_da_Lentini" title="Giacomo da Lentini">Giacomo da Lentini</a>, which was highly influential on <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a>. Some of the most noted figures among writers and poets are <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel laureate, 1934</a>), <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel laureate, 1959</a>), <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Verga" title="Giovanni Verga">Giovanni Verga</a> (the father of the <i>Italian <a href="/wiki/Verismo_(literature)" title="Verismo (literature)">Verismo</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Tempio" title="Domenico Tempio">Domenico Tempio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Meli" title="Giovanni Meli">Giovanni Meli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Capuana" title="Luigi Capuana">Luigi Capuana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Rapisardi" title="Mario Rapisardi">Mario Rapisardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federico_de_Roberto" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico de Roberto">Federico de Roberto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Sciascia" title="Leonardo Sciascia">Leonardo Sciascia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitaliano_Brancati" title="Vitaliano Brancati">Vitaliano Brancati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tomasi_di_Lampedusa" title="Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa">Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elio_Vittorini" title="Elio Vittorini">Elio Vittorini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Consolo" title="Vincenzo Consolo">Vincenzo Consolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Camilleri" title="Andrea Camilleri">Andrea Camilleri</a> (noted for his novels and short stories with the fictional character <a href="/wiki/Salvo_Montalbano" title="Salvo Montalbano">Inspector Salvo Montalbano</a> as protagonist). On the political side notable philosophers include <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Gaetano Mosca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a> who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh language</a></div> <p>Today, in Sicily, most people are bilingual and speak both <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> distinct from Italian. Some <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> words are <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loanwords</a> from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>, French, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, Spanish and other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varieties related to Sicilian are also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, the use of <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> is limited to informal contexts (mostly in family) and in a majority of cases it is replaced by the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">regional Italian</a> of Sicily</i>, a variety of Italian that is influenced by Sicilian.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sicilian had a significant influence on the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sicilian was an early influence in the development of the first Italian standard, although its use remained confined to an intellectual elite. This was a literary language in Sicily created under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> and his court of notaries, or <i>Magna Curia</i>, which, headed by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_da_Lentini" title="Giacomo da Lentini">Giacomo da Lentini</a>, also gave birth to the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a>, widely inspired by <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> literature. Its linguistic and poetic heritage was later assimilated into the literary Florentine dialect use by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, the father of modern Italian. Dante, in his <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/De_vulgari_eloquentia" title="De vulgari eloquentia">De vulgari eloquentia</a></i></span>, claims that "In effect, this vernacular seems to deserve higher praise than the others since all the poetry written by Italians can be called Sicilian".<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in this language that appeared the first <a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">sonnet</a>, whose invention is attributed to Giacomo da Lentini himself. </p><p>Other languages are spoken in Sicily. Within the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Palermo" title="Province of Palermo">province of Palermo</a>, four towns are home to speakers of <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arbëresh is the name given to varieties of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> spoken in Italy. In the eastern part of the island, there are <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a> varieties known as <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are related to the other Gallo-Italic languages spoken in most of northern Italy and in other isolated pockets of southern Italy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanislao_Cannizzaro_01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Stanislao_Cannizzaro_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Stanislao_Cannizzaro_01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Stanislao_Cannizzaro_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Stanislao_Cannizzaro_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Stanislao_Cannizzaro_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Stanislao_Cannizzaro_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stanislao_Cannizzaro" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> known for the <a href="/wiki/Cannizzaro_reaction" title="Cannizzaro reaction">Cannizzaro reaction</a> and for his influential role in the atomic-weight deliberations of the <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Congress" title="Karlsruhe Congress">Karlsruhe Congress</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> has one of the four laboratories of the <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Fisica_Nucleare" title="Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare">Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare</a> (National Institute for Nuclear Physics) in which there is a <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> both for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a> experiments and for particle therapy to treat cancer (<a href="/wiki/Proton_therapy" title="Proton therapy">proton therapy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Noto" title="Noto">Noto</a> has one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Radio_telescope" title="Radio telescope">radio telescopes</a> in Italy that performs geodetic and astronomical observations.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are <a href="/wiki/Observatories" class="mw-redirect" title="Observatories">observatories</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> and Catania, managed by the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Astrofisica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica">Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica</a></i></span> (National Institute for Astrophysics). In the <i>Observatory of Palermo</i> the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Piazzi" title="Giuseppe Piazzi">Giuseppe Piazzi</a> discovered the first and the largest <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> to be identified <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> (today considered a <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a>) on 1 January 1801;<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catania has two observatories, one of which is situated on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a> at 1,800 metres (5,900 <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">feet</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> is also an experimental centre for solar technologies through the creation of the project <a href="/wiki/Archimede_solar_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Archimede solar power plant">Archimede solar power plant</a> that is the first <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">concentrated solar power plant</a> to use <a href="/wiki/Molten_salt" title="Molten salt">molten salt</a> for heat transfer and storage which is integrated with a <a href="/wiki/Combined-cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined-cycle">combined-cycle</a> gas facility. All the plant is owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/Enel" title="Enel">Enel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The touristic town of <a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a> is also an important science place thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Majorana_Foundation_and_Centre_for_Scientific_Culture" title="Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture">Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture</a> which embraces 123 schools from all over the world, covering all branches of science, offering courses, seminars, workshops, and annual meetings. It was founded by the physicist <a href="/wiki/Antonino_Zichichi" title="Antonino Zichichi">Antonino Zichichi</a> in honour of another scientist of the island, <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Majorana" title="Ettore Majorana">Ettore Majorana</a> known for the <a href="/wiki/Majorana_equation" title="Majorana equation">Majorana equation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majorana_fermion" title="Majorana fermion">Majorana fermions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sicily's famous scientists also include <a href="/wiki/Stanislao_Cannizzaro" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> (chemist), <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Hodierna" title="Giovanni Battista Hodierna">Giovanni Battista Hodierna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Cacciatore" title="Niccolò Cacciatore">Niccolò Cacciatore</a> (astronomers). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripresa_notturna_della_Facolta_di_Ingegneria_Messina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ripresa_notturna_della_Facolta_di_Ingegneria_Messina.jpg/220px-Ripresa_notturna_della_Facolta_di_Ingegneria_Messina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ripresa_notturna_della_Facolta_di_Ingegneria_Messina.jpg/330px-Ripresa_notturna_della_Facolta_di_Ingegneria_Messina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ripresa_notturna_della_Facolta_di_Ingegneria_Messina.jpg/440px-Ripresa_notturna_della_Facolta_di_Ingegneria_Messina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Department of Engineering, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Messina" title="University of Messina">University of Messina</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sicily has four universities: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Catania" title="University of Catania">University of Catania</a> dates back to 1434 and it is the oldest university in Sicily. It currently hosts 12 faculties and over 62,000 students and it offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs. <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> hosts also the <i><a href="/wiki/Scuola_superiore_di_Catania" title="Scuola superiore di Catania">Scuola Superiore</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Academic_institution" title="Academic institution">academic institution</a> linked to the University of Catania, aiming for excellence in education.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Palermo" title="University of Palermo">University of Palermo</a> is the island's second-oldest university. It was officially founded in 1806, although historical records indicate that medicine and law have been taught there since the late 15th century. The <a href="/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Palermo" title="Orto botanico di Palermo">Orto botanico di Palermo</a> (Palermo botanical gardens) is home to the university's Department of Botany and is also open to visitors.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Messina" title="University of Messina">University of Messina</a>, founded in 1548 by <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a>. It is organized in 11 Faculties.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kore_University_of_Enna" title="Kore University of Enna">Kore University of Enna</a> founded in 1995, is the latest Sicilian university and the first university founded in Sicily after the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Unification">Italian Unification</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_pizza" title="Sicilian pizza">Sicilian pizza</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannoli_siciliani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cannoli_siciliani.jpg/250px-Cannoli_siciliani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cannoli_siciliani.jpg/330px-Cannoli_siciliani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cannoli_siciliani.jpg/500px-Cannoli_siciliani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cannoli" title="Cannoli">Cannoli</a>, a popular pastry associated with Sicilian cuisine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arancini_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Arancini_002.jpg/220px-Arancini_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Arancini_002.jpg/330px-Arancini_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Arancini_002.jpg/440px-Arancini_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arancini" title="Arancini">Arancini</a>, rice balls fried in breadcrumbs</figcaption></figure> <p>The island has a long history of producing a variety of noted cuisines and wines, to the extent that Sicily is sometimes nicknamed <i>God's Kitchen</i> because of this.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every part of Sicily has its speciality (e.g. Cassata is typical of Palermo although available everywhere in Sicily, as is Granita). The ingredients are typically rich in taste while remaining affordable to the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The savoury dishes of Sicily are viewed to be <a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">healthy</a>, using fresh vegetables and fruits, such as tomatoes, <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>), <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aubergines" class="mw-redirect" title="Aubergines">aubergines</a>, onions, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a> commonly coupled with seafood, freshly caught from the surrounding coastlines, including <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_bream" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea bream">sea bream</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_seabass" title="European seabass">sea bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">cuttlefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardines</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most well-known part of Sicilian cuisine is the rich sweet dishes including <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice creams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">pastries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cannoli" title="Cannoli">Cannoli</a> (singular: <i>cannolo</i>), a tube-shaped shell of fried pastry dough filled with a sweet filling usually containing <a href="/wiki/Ricotta" title="Ricotta">ricotta</a>, is strongly associated with Sicily worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-authentic_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-authentic-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biancomangiare, biscotti ennesi (cookies native to <a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Enna</a>), braccilatte (a Sicilian version of <a href="/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut">doughnuts</a>), <a href="/wiki/Buccellato" title="Buccellato">buccellato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciarduna" title="Ciarduna">ciarduna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pignolo_(macaroon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pignolo (macaroon)">pignoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biscotti_Regina" class="mw-redirect" title="Biscotti Regina">Biscotti Regina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giurgiulena" title="Giurgiulena">giurgiulena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frutta_martorana" title="Frutta martorana">frutta martorana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassata" title="Cassata">cassata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pignolata" title="Pignolata">pignolata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granita" title="Granita">granita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuccidati" title="Cuccidati">cuccidati</a> (a variety of fig cookie; also known as buccellati) and <a href="/wiki/Cucc%C3%ACa" title="Cuccìa">cuccìa</a> are some notable sweet dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-authentic_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-authentic-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the cuisine of the rest of southern Italy, pasta plays an important part in Sicilian cuisine, as does rice; for example with <a href="/wiki/Arancini" title="Arancini">arancini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as using some other cheeses, Sicily has spawned some of its own, using both cow's and sheep's milk, such as <a href="/wiki/Pecorino_Siciliano" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecorino Siciliano">pecorino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caciocavallo" title="Caciocavallo">caciocavallo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spices used include <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, which were introduced by the Arabs. <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a> is used abundantly in many dishes. Although Sicilian cuisine is commonly associated with sea food, meat dishes, including <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">goose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic sheep">lamb</a>, goat, rabbit, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">turkey</a>, are also found in Sicily. It was the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Swabians</a> who first introduced a fondness for meat dishes to the island.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some varieties of wine are produced from vines that are relatively unique to the island, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nero_d%27Avola" title="Nero d'Avola">Nero d'Avola</a> made near the baroque town of <a href="/wiki/Noto" title="Noto">Noto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Gibilisco_Berlin_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Giuseppe_Gibilisco_Berlin_2009.JPG/250px-Giuseppe_Gibilisco_Berlin_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Giuseppe_Gibilisco_Berlin_2009.JPG/330px-Giuseppe_Gibilisco_Berlin_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Giuseppe_Gibilisco_Berlin_2009.JPG/500px-Giuseppe_Gibilisco_Berlin_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Gibilisco" title="Giuseppe Gibilisco">Giuseppe Gibilisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pole_vaulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Pole vaulting">pole vaulter</a> from <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2003 World Championships in Athletics">2003 World Champion</a> and bronze <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_pole_vault" title="Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's pole vault">Olympic</a> medalist</figcaption></figure> <p>The most popular sport in Sicily is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, which came to the fore in the late 19th century under the influence of the English. Some of the oldest football clubs in Italy are from Sicily: the three most successful are <a href="/wiki/U.S._Citt%C3%A0_di_Palermo" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Città di Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcio_Catania" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcio Catania">Catania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A.C.R._Messina" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C.R. Messina">Messina</a>, which have played 29, 17 and 5 seasons in the <a href="/wiki/Serie_A" title="Serie A">Serie A</a> respectively. No club from Sicily has ever won Serie A, but football is still deeply embedded in local culture and all over Sicily most towns have a representative team.<sup id="cite_ref-derbysicil_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-derbysicil-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palermo and Catania have a heated rivalry and compete in the <a href="/wiki/Derby_di_Sicilia" title="Derby di Sicilia">Sicilian derby</a> together. Palermo is the only team in Sicily to have played on the European stage, in the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA Cup">UEFA Cup</a>. In the island, the most noted footballer is <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Schillaci" title="Salvatore Schillaci">Salvatore Schillaci</a>, who won the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_awards" title="FIFA World Cup awards">Golden Boot</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1990 FIFA World Cup">1990 FIFA World Cup</a> with <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_football_team" title="Italy national football team">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-derbysicil_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-derbysicil-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other noted players include <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Furino" title="Giuseppe Furino">Giuseppe Furino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Anastasi" title="Pietro Anastasi">Pietro Anastasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Coco" title="Francesco Coco">Francesco Coco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Rigan%C3%B2" title="Christian Riganò">Christian Riganò</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Galia" title="Roberto Galia">Roberto Galia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-derbysicil_193-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-derbysicil-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been some noted managers from the island, such as <a href="/wiki/Carmelo_Di_Bella" title="Carmelo Di Bella">Carmelo Di Bella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco_Scoglio" title="Franco Scoglio">Franco Scoglio</a>. </p><p>Although football is the most popular sport in Sicily, the island also has participants in other fields. <a href="/wiki/Amatori_Catania" title="Amatori Catania">Amatori Catania</a> have competed in the top Italian national <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> league called <a href="/wiki/Top12" class="mw-redirect" title="Top12">National Championship of Excellence</a>. They have even participated at the European level in the <a href="/wiki/European_Challenge_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="European Challenge Cup">European Challenge Cup</a>. Competing in the basketball variation of <a href="/wiki/Serie_A_(basketball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serie A (basketball)">Serie A</a> is <a href="/wiki/Orlandina_Basket" title="Orlandina Basket">Orlandina Basket</a> from <a href="/wiki/Capo_d%27Orlando" title="Capo d'Orlando">Capo d'Orlando</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Messina" title="Province of Messina">province of Messina</a>, where the sport has a reasonable following. Various other sports that are played to some extent include volleyball, <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">handball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</a>. Previously, in <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motorsport</a>, Sicily held the prominent <a href="/wiki/Targa_Florio" title="Targa Florio">Targa Florio</a> sports car race that took place in the Madonie Mountains, with the start-finish line in <a href="/wiki/Cerda" title="Cerda">Cerda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-targa_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-targa-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event was started in 1906 by Sicilian industrialist and automobile enthusiast <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Florio" title="Vincenzo Florio">Vincenzo Florio</a>, and ran until it was canceled due to safety concerns in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-targa_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-targa-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 28 September to 9 October 2005 <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a> was the location of Acts 8 and 9 of the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Cup" title="Louis Vuitton Cup">Louis Vuitton Cup</a>. This sailing race featured, among other entrants, all boats that took part in the 2007 <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Cup" title="America's Cup">America's Cup</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each town and city has its own patron saint, and the <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast days</a> are marked by colourful processions through the streets with marching bands and displays of fireworks. </p><p>Sicilian religious festivals also include the <i>presepe vivente</i> (living <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">nativity scene</a>), which takes place at Christmas time. Deftly combining religion and folklore, it is a constructed mock 19th-century Sicilian village, complete with a nativity scene, and has people of all ages dressed in the costumes of the period, some impersonating the Holy Family, and others working as artisans of their particular assigned trade. It is normally concluded on <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>, often highlighted by the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">magi</a> on horseback. </p><p>Oral tradition plays a large role in Sicilian folklore. Many stories passed down from generation to generation involve a character named "<a href="/wiki/Giuf%C3%A0" title="Giufà">Giufà</a>". Anecdotes from this character's life preserve Sicilian culture as well as convey moral messages. </p><p>Sicilians also enjoy outdoor festivals, held in the local square or <i>piazza</i> where live music and dancing are performed on stage, and food fairs or <i>sagre</i> are set up in booths lining the square. These offer various local specialties, as well as typical Sicilian food. Normally these events are concluded with fireworks. A noted <i>sagra</i> is the <i>Sagra del Carciofo</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">Artichoke</a> Festival</i>, which is held annually in <a href="/wiki/Ramacca" title="Ramacca">Ramacca</a> in April. The most important traditional event in Sicily is the <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a>. Famous carnivals are in <a href="/wiki/Acireale" title="Acireale">Acireale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misterbianco" title="Misterbianco">Misterbianco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regalbuto" title="Regalbuto">Regalbuto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patern%C3%B2" title="Paternò">Paternò</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Sciacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termini_Imerese" title="Termini Imerese">Termini Imerese</a>. </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Opera_dei_Pupi" title="Opera dei Pupi">Opera dei Pupi</a></b> (Opera of the Puppets; <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>: Òpira dî pupi) is a <a href="/wiki/Marionette" title="Marionette">marionette</a> theatrical representation of Frankish romantic poems such as the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Roland" title="Song of Roland">Song of Roland</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_furioso" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando furioso">Orlando furioso</a></i> that is one of the characteristic cultural traditions of Sicily. The sides of donkey carts are decorated with intricate, painted scenes; these same tales are enacted in traditional <a href="/wiki/Puppet_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet theatre">puppet theatres</a> featuring hand-made marionettes of wood. The opera of the puppets and the Sicilian tradition of <i>cantastorî</i> (singers of tales) are rooted in the Provençal <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> tradition in Sicily during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, in the first half of the 13th century. A great place to see this marionette art is the puppet theatres of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. The Sicilian marionette theatre Opera dei Pupi was proclaimed in 2001 and inscribed in 2008 in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, there are only a few troupes that maintain the tradition. They often perform for tourists. However, there are no longer the great historical families of marionettists, such as the Greco of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Canino" title="Gaspare Canino">Canino</a> of <a href="/wiki/Partinico" title="Partinico">Partinico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcamo" title="Alcamo">Alcamo</a>; Crimi, Trombetta and Napoli of <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>, Pennisi and Macri of <a href="/wiki/Acireale" title="Acireale">Acireale</a>, Profeta of <a href="/wiki/Licata" title="Licata">Licata</a>, Gargano and Grasso of <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>. One can, however, admire the richest collection of marionettes at the Museo Internazionale delle Marionette Antonio Pasqualino and at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Etnografico_Siciliano_Giuseppe_Pitr%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Etnografico Siciliano Giuseppe Pitrè">Museo Etnografico Siciliano Giuseppe Pitrè</a> in Palermo. Other elaborate marionettes are on display at the Museo Civico Vagliasindi in <a href="/wiki/Randazzo" title="Randazzo">Randazzo</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sicilian_animated_crib.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sicilian arrotino at a living nativity scene wearing traditional Sicilian clothing"><img alt="Sicilian arrotino at a living nativity scene wearing traditional Sicilian clothing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sicilian_animated_crib.JPG/250px-Sicilian_animated_crib.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sicilian_animated_crib.JPG/330px-Sicilian_animated_crib.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sicilian <i>arrotino</i> at a living <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">nativity scene</a> wearing traditional Sicilian clothing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trapani_Misteri.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The "Misteri", a religious festival in Trapani"><img alt="The "Misteri", a religious festival in Trapani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Trapani_Misteri.jpg/250px-Trapani_Misteri.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Trapani_Misteri.jpg/330px-Trapani_Misteri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Trapani_Misteri.jpg/500px-Trapani_Misteri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The "<a href="/wiki/Misteri_di_Trapani" title="Misteri di Trapani">Misteri</a>", a religious festival in <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnival_at_Acireale.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A carnival float in Acireale"><img alt="A carnival float in Acireale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Carnival_at_Acireale.JPG/250px-Carnival_at_Acireale.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Carnival_at_Acireale.JPG/330px-Carnival_at_Acireale.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Carnival_at_Acireale.JPG/500px-Carnival_at_Acireale.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a> float in <a href="/wiki/Acireale" title="Acireale">Acireale</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pupi,_Catania.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The marionettes used in the Opera dei Pupi"><img alt="The marionettes used in the Opera dei Pupi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pupi%2C_Catania.JPG/200px-Pupi%2C_Catania.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pupi%2C_Catania.JPG/300px-Pupi%2C_Catania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pupi%2C_Catania.JPG/400px-Pupi%2C_Catania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2663" data-file-height="2084" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Marionettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marionettes">marionettes</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Opera_dei_Pupi" title="Opera dei Pupi">Opera dei Pupi</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_items">Traditional items</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Traditional items"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sicilian_Cart_Agrigento.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sicilian_Cart_Agrigento.jpg/250px-Sicilian_Cart_Agrigento.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sicilian_Cart_Agrigento.jpg/330px-Sicilian_Cart_Agrigento.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sicilian_Cart_Agrigento.jpg/440px-Sicilian_Cart_Agrigento.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>A traditional <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cart" title="Sicilian cart">Sicilian cart</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cart" title="Sicilian cart">Sicilian cart</a> is an ornate, colourful style of a horse- or donkey-drawn cart native to Sicily. Sicilian woodcarver <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Petralia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Petralia (page does not exist)">George Petralia</a> states that horses were mostly used in the city and flat plains, while donkeys or mules were more often used in rough terrain for hauling heavy loads.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cart has two wheels and is primarily handmade out of wood with iron components. </p><p>The Sicilian <a href="/wiki/Coppola_(cap)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coppola (cap)">coppola</a> is a traditional kind of <a href="/wiki/Flat_cap" title="Flat cap">flat cap</a> typically worn by men in Sicily. First used by English nobles during the late 18th century, the <i>tascu</i> began being used in Sicily in the early 20th century as a <a href="/wiki/Flat_cap" title="Flat cap">driving cap</a>, usually worn by car drivers. The <i>coppola</i> is usually made in <a href="/wiki/Tweed_(cloth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweed (cloth)">tweed</a>. Today it is widely regarded as a definitive symbol of Sicilian heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flag_and_emblem"><span class="anchor" id="Flag"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Regional_symbols"></span> Flag and emblem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Flag and emblem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Triskelion#Sicily" title="Triskelion">Triskelion § Sicily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sicily" title="Flag of Sicily">Flag of Sicily</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sicily" title="Flag of Sicily">Flag of Sicily</a>, regarded as a regional icon, was first adopted in 1282, after the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is characterised by the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">triskeles</a> in the middle, depicting the head of <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> and three wheat ears representing the extreme fertility of the land of Sicily. In early mythology, when Medusa was slain and beheaded by Perseus, the Medusa head was placed in the centre of Athena's shield.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palermo and Corleone were the first two cities to found a confederation against the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevin</a> rule. The triskeles symbol came to be on the Sicilian flag in 1943 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> when <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Finocchiaro_Aprile" title="Andrea Finocchiaro Aprile">Andrea Finocchiaro Aprile</a> led an independence movement, in collaboration with the allies. Their plan was to help Sicily become independent and form a free republic. The colours, likewise introduced in the 1940s, respectively represent the cities of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corleone" title="Corleone">Corleone</a>. The separatist behind the movement used a yellow and red flag with the Trinacria in the centre of it. When <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> ended, Sicily was recognized as an autonomous region in the Italian Republic. </p><p>The flag became the official public flag of the <i>Regione Siciliana</i> in January 2000, after the passing of an apposite regional law which advocates its use on public buildings, schools and city halls along with the national <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Italian flag</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of EU">European</a> one. </p><p>Familiar as an ancient symbol of the region, the <a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triskelion</a> is also featured on Greek coins of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, such as coins of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles" title="Agathocles">Agathocles</a> (317–289 BC).The symbol dates back to when Sicily was part of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>, the colonial extension of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> beyond the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The triskelion was revived, as a <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassic</a> – and non-<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> – emblem for the new Napoleonic Kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a> in 1808. In the case of Sicily, the triskelion symbol is said to represent the three <a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">capes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">headlands</a> or <a href="/wiki/Promontory" title="Promontory">promontories</a> of the island of Sicily, namely: <a href="/wiki/Punta_del_Faro" class="mw-redirect" title="Punta del Faro">Pelorus</a> (Peloro, Tip of Faro, Messina: North-East); <a href="/wiki/Capo_Passero" title="Capo Passero">Pachynus</a> (Passero, Syracuse: South); and <a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Lilybæum</a> (Lilibeo, Cape Boeo, Marsala: West), which form three points of a triangle.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-03-22_03-29_Sizilien_683_Agrigent,_Parco_Valle_dei_Templi_Agrigento,_Museo_Archaeologico.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Triskelion painted on Ancient Greek vase, Agrigento"><img alt="Triskelion painted on Ancient Greek vase, Agrigento" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/2009-03-22_03-29_Sizilien_683_Agrigent%2C_Parco_Valle_dei_Templi_Agrigento%2C_Museo_Archaeologico.jpg/200px-2009-03-22_03-29_Sizilien_683_Agrigent%2C_Parco_Valle_dei_Templi_Agrigento%2C_Museo_Archaeologico.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/2009-03-22_03-29_Sizilien_683_Agrigent%2C_Parco_Valle_dei_Templi_Agrigento%2C_Museo_Archaeologico.jpg/300px-2009-03-22_03-29_Sizilien_683_Agrigent%2C_Parco_Valle_dei_Templi_Agrigento%2C_Museo_Archaeologico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/2009-03-22_03-29_Sizilien_683_Agrigent%2C_Parco_Valle_dei_Templi_Agrigento%2C_Museo_Archaeologico.jpg/400px-2009-03-22_03-29_Sizilien_683_Agrigent%2C_Parco_Valle_dei_Templi_Agrigento%2C_Museo_Archaeologico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triskelion</a> painted on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek</a> vase, <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_triskelion_symbol_of_Sicily.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Triskelion symbol of Sicily"><img alt="The Triskelion symbol of Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_triskelion_symbol_of_Sicily.jpg/250px-The_triskelion_symbol_of_Sicily.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_triskelion_symbol_of_Sicily.jpg/330px-The_triskelion_symbol_of_Sicily.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_triskelion_symbol_of_Sicily.jpg/500px-The_triskelion_symbol_of_Sicily.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Triskelion symbol of Sicily</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/60px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/120px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">List of islands of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">List of islands in the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Sicily" title="List of people from Sicily">List of people from Sicily</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Statistiche_demografiche_ISTAT-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statistiche_demografiche_ISTAT_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistiche_demografiche_ISTAT_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=18976">"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT"</a>. Demo.istat.it<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistiche+demografiche+ISTAT&rft.pub=Demo.istat.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdati.istat.it%2FIndex.aspx%3FQueryId%3D18976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugeo.urbistat.com/AdminStat/en/it/demografia/dati-sintesi/sicilia/19/2">"Region Sicilia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Region+Sicilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugeo.urbistat.com%2FAdminStat%2Fen%2Fit%2Fdemografia%2Fdati-sintesi%2Fsicilia%2F19%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DEMO_R_D2JAN/default/table?lang=en">"Population on 1 January by age, sex and NUTS 2 region"</a>. <i>www.ec.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Population+on+1+January+by+age%2C+sex+and+NUTS+2+region&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2FDEMO_R_D2JAN%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab"</a>. <i>hdi.globaldatalab.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdi.globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+%E2%80%93+Area+Database+%E2%80%93+Global+Data+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdi.globaldatalab.org%2Fareadata%2Fshdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pasquale Hamel – L' invenzione del regno. Dalla conquista normanna alla fondazione del Regnum Siciliae (1061–1154)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sicilia_res-51b7c2ab-973b-11e5-8844-00271042e8d9">"Sicilia nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"</a>. <i>www.treccani.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=Sicilia+nell%27Enciclopedia+Treccani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fsicilia_res-51b7c2ab-973b-11e5-8844-00271042e8d9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/542800/Sicily">Britannica – Travel & Geography – Sicily</a> Italian Sicilia – retrieved 11 May 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sicily">"Sicily"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sicily&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSicily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaworth2007" class="citation web cs1">Raworth, Philip (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxcon.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:ocw/law-ocw-cm393.document.1/law-ocw-cm393">"The Autonomous Region of Sicily: Introductory Note"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Autonomous+Region+of+Sicily%3A+Introductory+Note&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Raworth&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxcon.ouplaw.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Flaw%3Aocw%2Flaw-ocw-cm393.document.1%2Flaw-ocw-cm393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frommers-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frommers_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frommers_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPorterPrince2009" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Darwin; Prince, Danforth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZDLw0nOnfsC&pg=PA26"><i>Frommer's Sicily</i></a>. 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Web. 10 November 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDi_Maida2022" class="citation journal cs1">Di Maida, Gianpiero (3 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2020.1803460">"The earliest human occupation of Sicily: A review"</a>. <i>The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">402–</span>419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15564894.2020.1803460">10.1080/15564894.2020.1803460</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-4894">1556-4894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250926924">250926924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Island+and+Coastal+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+earliest+human+occupation+of+Sicily%3A+A+review&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E402-%3C%2Fspan%3E419&rft.date=2022-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250926924%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1556-4894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15564894.2020.1803460&rft.aulast=Di+Maida&rft.aufirst=Gianpiero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F15564894.2020.1803460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPiccoloDarvill2013" class="citation book cs1">Piccolo, Salvatore; Darvill, Timothy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=wikipedia&q=isbn%3A9780956510624"><i>Ancient Stones, The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily</i></a>. Thornham/Norfolk: Brazen Head Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780956510624" title="Special:BookSources/9780956510624"><bdi>9780956510624</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Stones%2C+The+Prehistoric+Dolmens+of+Sicily&rft.place=Thornham%2FNorfolk&rft.pub=Brazen+Head+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780956510624&rft.aulast=Piccolo&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rft.au=Darvill%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fsearch%3Fqt%3Dwikipedia%26q%3Disbn%253A9780956510624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ibidem</i>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antropocene.it/en/2023/06/05/the-sicani-and-agriculture/">"The Sicani and agriculture"</a>. <i>Antropocene</i>. 5 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antropocene&rft.atitle=The+Sicani+and+agriculture&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantropocene.it%2Fen%2F2023%2F06%2F05%2Fthe-sicani-and-agriculture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7kGAAAAQAAJ&q=segre+sicano&pg=PA11">"Aapologetico de la literatura española contra los opiniones"</a>. Ensayo historico. 7 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Aapologetico+de+la+literatura+espa%C3%B1ola+contra+los+opiniones&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA7kGAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dsegre%2Bsicano%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFine1983" class="citation book cs1">Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientgreeks00john"><i>The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientgreeks00john/page/72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674033146" title="Special:BookSources/9780674033146"><bdi>9780674033146</bdi></a>. <q>most scholars now believe that the sicans and Sicels, as well as the.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Greeks%3A+A+Critical+History&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780674033146&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientgreeks00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sicanian-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sicanian_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sicanian_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sicanian_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art141.htm">"Sicilian Peoples: The Sicanians"</a>. Best of Sicily. 7 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sicilian+Peoples%3A+The+Sicanians&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestofsicily.com%2Fmag%2Fart141.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067615/Sicani">"Sicani"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. 7 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sicani&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9067615%2FSicani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catholi-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-catholi_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-catholi_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-catholi_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sicily"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Sicily">"Sicily" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sicily&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Zuppardo-S.Piccolo, <i>Terra Mater: sulle sponde del Gela greco</i>, Betania Ed., Caltanissetta 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knowital-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knowital_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knowital_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knowital_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030801195242/http://knowital.com/history/sicily/sicily-history.html">"History of Sicily"</a>. knowital.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 1 August 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=History+of+Sicily&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fknowital.com%2Fhistory%2Fsicily%2Fsicily-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://italiansrus.com/articles/temples.htm">"Valley of the Temples"</a>. Italiansrus.com. 7 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Valley+of+the+Temples&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitaliansrus.com%2Farticles%2Ftemples.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107071518/http://www.livius.org/su-sz/syracuse/siege.html">"Siege of Syracuse"</a>. Livius.org. 7 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/su-sz/syracuse/siege.html">the original</a> on 7 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Siege+of+Syracuse&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fsu-sz%2Fsyracuse%2Fsiege.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiles2010" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Richard (2010). <i>Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization</i>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-143-12129-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-143-12129-9"><bdi>978-0-143-12129-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage+Must+Be+Destroyed%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+an+Ancient+Civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-143-12129-9&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202051716/http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Sicily">"Sicily"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_Encyclopedia" title="Hutchinson Encyclopedia">Hutchinson Encyclopedia</a>. 7 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Sicily">the original</a> on 2 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sicily&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.farlex.com%2FSicily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiles2010" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Richard (2010). <i>Carthage Must Be Destroyed</i>. New York: Viking.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage+Must+Be+Destroyed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorwich2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a> (21 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-THqBQAAQBAJ&dq=210+BC+Roman+consul+Valerian+Roman+Senate+%22no+Carthaginian+remains+in+Sicily%22man%20Senate%20%22no%20Carthaginian%20remains%20in%20Sicily%22&pg=PT56"><i>Sicily: An Island at the Crossroads of History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812995190" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812995190"><bdi>978-0812995190</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904715530">904715530</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicily%3A+An+Island+at+the+Crossroads+of+History&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F904715530&rft.isbn=978-0812995190&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-THqBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3D210%2BBC%2BRoman%2Bconsul%2BValerian%2BRoman%2BSenate%2B%2522no%2BCarthaginian%2Bremains%2Bin%2BSicily%2522man%2520Senate%2520%2522no%2520Carthaginian%2520remains%2520in%2520Sicily%2522%26pg%3DPT56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStockton1971" class="citation book cs1">Stockton, David L. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JqsqlajAPCoC&q=in+verrem+cicero+verres&pg=PA43"><i>Cicero: A Political Biography</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872033-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872033-1"><bdi>978-0-19-872033-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1301799183">1301799183</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cicero%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1301799183&rft.isbn=978-0-19-872033-1&rft.aulast=Stockton&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJqsqlajAPCoC%26q%3Din%2Bverrem%2Bcicero%2Bverres%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-earlymediev-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-earlymediev_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-earlymediev_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestofsicily.com/history2.htm">"Early & Medieval History"</a>. BestofSicily.com. 7 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Early+%26+Medieval+History&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestofsicily.com%2Fhistory2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpriv-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpriv_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpriv_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrivitera2002" class="citation book cs1">Privitera, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sicilyillustrate00priv"><i>Sicily: An Illustrated History</i></a>. Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0909-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0909-2"><bdi>978-0-7818-0909-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicily%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-0909-2&rft.aulast=Privitera&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsicilyillustrate00priv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, 1958 edition, p. 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, pp. 410, 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026834/Theodoric#949802.hook">"Theodoric"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 7 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theodoric&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9026834%2FTheodoric%23949802.hook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frassetto, Michael (2003), <i>Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation</i>. Santa Barbara, CA, p. 335: ABC-CLIO. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-263-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-263-9">978-1-57607-263-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHearder1991" class="citation book cs1">Hearder, Harry (25 January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italyshorthistor00hear"><i>Italy: A Short History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33719-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33719-9"><bdi>978-0-521-33719-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991-01-25&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33719-9&rft.aulast=Hearder&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitalyshorthistor00hear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hisnet-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hisnet_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hisnet_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102223028/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3025271.html">"Gothic War: Byzantine Count Belisarius Retakes Rome"</a>. Historynet.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3025271.html">the original</a> on 2 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gothic+War%3A+Byzantine+Count+Belisarius+Retakes+Rome&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fmagazines%2Fmilitary_history%2F3025271.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium"><i>Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 1892. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.pages=1892&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis-Secord2017" class="citation book cs1">Davis-Secord, Sarah (2017). "Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean". <i>Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501704642" title="Special:BookSources/9781501704642"><bdi>9781501704642</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1qv5qfp">10.7591/j.ctt1qv5qfp</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sicily+in+the+Early+Medieval+Mediterranean&rft.btitle=Where+Three+Worlds+Met%3A+Sicily+in+the+Early+Medieval+Mediterranean&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt1qv5qfp%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781501704642&rft.aulast=Davis-Secord&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-travsyrac-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-travsyrac_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-travsyrac_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080606195458/http://www.travelmapofsicily.com/syracuse.html">"Syracuse, Sicily"</a>. TravelMapofSicily.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelmapofsicily.com/syracuse.html">the original</a> on 6 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syracuse%2C+Sicily&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelmapofsicily.com%2Fsyracuse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art165.htm">"Sicilian Peoples: The Byzantines"</a>. 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History of the Byzantine State, pp. 354–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stan-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stan_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stan_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stan_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stan_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stan_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stan_59-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609094555/http://archaeology.stanford.edu/MountPolizzo/handbookPDF/MPHandbook5.pdf">"Brief history of Sicily"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archaeology.Stanford.edu. 7 October 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Where+the+Maltese+language+comes+from&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-economist-explains%2F2015%2F11%2F23%2Fwhere-the-maltese-language-comes-from&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metcalfe2014-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metcalfe2014_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Metcalfe2014" class="citation book cs1">Alex Metcalfe (11 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQbdCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA66"><i>Muslims of Medieval Italy</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 66–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8843-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8843-2"><bdi>978-0-7486-8843-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+of+Medieval+Italy&rft.pages=66-&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03-11&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-8843-2&rft.au=Alex+Metcalfe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxQbdCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raphael Patai, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Mind" title="The Jewish Mind">The Jewish Mind</a></i>, Scribners, 1977, p. 155–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitjewishitaly.it/en/listing/catacombe-ebraiche-di-venosa/">"Jewish Catacombs of Venosa"</a>. <i>Visit Jewish Italy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Jewish+Italy&rft.atitle=Jewish+Catacombs+of+Venosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitjewishitaly.it%2Fen%2Flisting%2Fcatacombe-ebraiche-di-venosa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boise_State_University_Sicily_under_the_ormans-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boise_State_University_Sicily_under_the_ormans_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boise_State_University_Sicily_under_the_ormans_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173814/http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/crusades/Europe/italy/02.shtml">"Italy during the Crusades – Sicily under the Normans"</a> – History of the Crusades – Boise State University – Retrieved 15 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-initalymag-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-initalymag_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-initalymag_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160727225426/http://www.initaly.com/regions/sicily/chronol.htm">"Chronological – Historical Table of Sicily"</a>. In Italy Magazine. 7 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.initaly.com/regions/sicily/chronol.htm">the original</a> on 27 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chronological+%E2%80%93+Historical+Table+of+Sicily&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.initaly.com%2Fregions%2Fsicily%2Fchronol.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohns2002" class="citation book cs1">Johns, Jeremy (2002). <i>Arabic Administration in Norman Sicily: The Royal Diwan</i>. Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXXYfJ9woRwC&pg=PA249">249–250</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81692-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81692-2"><bdi>978-0-521-81692-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+Administration+in+Norman+Sicily%3A+The+Royal+Diwan&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.series=Cambridge+studies+in+Islamic+civilization&rft.pages=249-250&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81692-2&rft.aulast=Johns&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTakayama1993" class="citation book cs1">Takayama, Hiroshi (1993). <i>The Administration of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily</i>. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aXZe71Z4nEkC&pg=PA123">123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09920-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09920-3"><bdi>978-90-04-09920-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Administration+of+the+Norman+Kingdom+of+Sicily&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09920-3&rft.aulast=Takayama&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutmalta.com/history/time-Line.htm">"Classical and Medieval Malta (60–1530)"</a>. AboutMalta.com. 7 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Classical+and+Medieval+Malta+%2860%E2%80%931530%29&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboutmalta.com%2Fhistory%2Ftime-Line.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a> (1992). <i>The Normans in Sicily: The Normans in the South 1016–1130 and the Kingdom in the Sun 1130–1194</i>. Penguin Global. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-015212-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-015212-8"><bdi>978-0-14-015212-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Normans+in+Sicily%3A+The+Normans+in+the+South+1016%E2%80%931130+and+the+Kingdom+in+the+Sun+1130%E2%80%931194&rft.pub=Penguin+Global&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-015212-8&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Advanced_Studies_in_Cultural_History-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Advanced_Studies_in_Cultural_History_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Advanced_Studies_in_Cultural_History_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interamericaninstitute.org/norman_sicily.htm">"Norman Sicily of the 12th Century"</a> – Inter-American Institute for Advanced Studies in Cultural History – Retrieved 15 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loud,_G._A._2007_494-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loud,_G._A._2007_494_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loud,_G._A._2007_494_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoud,_G._A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Loud, G. A. (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinchurchnorma00loud"><i>The Latin Church in Norman Italy</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinchurchnorma00loud/page/n512">494</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25551-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25551-6"><bdi>978-0-521-25551-6</bdi></a>. <q><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25551-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25551-1">0-521-25551-1</a>" "At the end of the twelfth-century  ... While in Apulia Greeks were in a majority – and indeed present in any numbers at all – only in the Salento peninsula in the extreme south, at the time of the conquest they had an overwhelming preponderance in Lucaina and central and southern Calabria, as well as comprising anything up to a third of the population of Sicily, concentrated especially in the north-east of the island, the Val Demone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Church+in+Norman+Italy&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25551-6&rft.au=Loud%2C+G.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatinchurchnorma00loud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art171.htm">"Sicilian Peoples: The Normans"</a>. BestofSicily.com. 7 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sicilian+Peoples%3A+The+Normans&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestofsicily.com%2Fmag%2Fart171.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dieli-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dieli_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dieli_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dieli_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dieli_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dieli_73-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dieli_73-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDieli2015" class="citation web cs1">Dieli, Art (8 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html">"Sicilian History: An Abbreviated Chronology"</a>. Dieli.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sicilian+History%3A+An+Abbreviated+Chronology&rft.pub=Dieli.net&rft.date=2015-07-08&rft.aulast=Dieli&rft.aufirst=Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dieli.net%2FSicilyPage%2FHistory%2FSicilianHist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Julie (19 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=weluAAAAQBAJ"><i>Muslims in Medieval Italy: The Colony at Lucera</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739157978" title="Special:BookSources/9780739157978"><bdi>9780739157978</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+Medieval+Italy%3A+The+Colony+at+Lucera&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2003-08-19&rft.isbn=9780739157978&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DweluAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnell2019" class="citation web cs1">Snell, Melissa (30 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/spread-of-the-black-death-through-europe-4123214">"The Arrival and Spread of the Black Plague in Europe"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=The+Arrival+and+Spread+of+the+Black+Plague+in+Europe&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fspread-of-the-black-death-through-europe-4123214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/europe/2381585.stm">Italy's earthquake history</a>". BBC News. 31 October 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rees Davies, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_02.shtml">British Slaves on the Barbary Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 1 July 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5q9zcB3JS40C&pg=PR14">Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800</a></i>". Robert Davis (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-4551-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-4551-9">1-4039-4551-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/utrecht.htm">"The Treaties of Utrecht (1713)"</a>. Heraldica.org. 7 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Treaties+of+Utrecht+%281713%29&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Ffrance%2Futrecht.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030804170901/http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm">"Charles of Bourbon – the restorer of the Kingdom of Naples"</a>. RealCasaDiBorbone.it. 7 October 2007. 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World Heritage Site. Retrieved on 18 December 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2015/04/18/news/_stretto_messina_sia_patrimonio_dell_umanita_nase_l_asse_tra_i_comuni_di_calabria_e_sicilia-112283979/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Stretto Messina sia patrimonio dell'Umanità". Nasce l'asse tra i comuni di Calabria e Sicilia"</a>. 18 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Stretto+Messina+sia+patrimonio+dell%27Umanit%C3%A0%22.+Nasce+l%27asse+tra+i+comuni+di+Calabria+e+Sicilia&rft.date=2015-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fcronaca%2F2015%2F04%2F18%2Fnews%2F_stretto_messina_sia_patrimonio_dell_umanita_nase_l_asse_tra_i_comuni_di_calabria_e_sicilia-112283979%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJürgen2019" class="citation web cs1">Jürgen, Järvik (13 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924150435/https://grandeflanerie.com/portfolio/greekromansicily/">"Greek & Roman Sites in Sicily"</a>. <i>Grande Flânerie</i>. WordPress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grandeflanerie.com/portfolio/greekromansicily/">the original</a> on 24 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grande+Fl%C3%A2nerie&rft.atitle=Greek+%26+Roman+Sites+in+Sicily&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft.aulast=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A4rvik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrandeflanerie.com%2Fportfolio%2Fgreekromansicily%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirk2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kirk, Scott (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35190827">"Sicilian Castles and Coastal Towers"</a>. <i>Open Archaeology</i>. <b>3</b> (1). Albuquerque: De Gruyter: 318, <span class="nowrap">319–</span>329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fopar-2017-0021">10.1515/opar-2017-0021</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67397794">67397794</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sicilia&rft.date=2017-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fborghipiubelliditalia.it%2Fsicilia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repubblica.it/viaggi/2023/01/16/news/borghi_piu_belli_italia_14_nuovi_2023-383794441/">"Borghi più belli d'Italia. Le 14 novità 2023, dal Trentino alla Calabria"</a> (in Italian). 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Borghi+pi%C3%B9+belli+d%27Italia.+Le+14+novit%C3%A0+2023%2C+dal+Trentino+alla+Calabria&rft.date=2023-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fviaggi%2F2023%2F01%2F16%2Fnews%2Fborghi_piu_belli_italia_14_nuovi_2023-383794441%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://borghipiubelliditalia.it/">"I Borghi più belli d'Italia, la guida online ai piccoli centri dell'Italia nascosta"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Borghi+pi%C3%B9+belli+d%27Italia%2C+la+guida+online+ai+piccoli+centri+dell%27Italia+nascosta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fborghipiubelliditalia.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art149.htm">"Goethe in Sicily - Best of Sicily Magazine"</a>. <i>www.bestofsicily.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bestofsicily.com&rft.atitle=Goethe+in+Sicily+-+Best+of+Sicily+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestofsicily.com%2Fmag%2Fart149.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTalfourd1851" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Noon_Talfourd" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Noon Talfourd">Talfourd, Thomas Noon</a> (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historygreeklit00blomgoog"><i>History of Greek Literature</i></a>. University of Michigan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historygreeklit00blomgoog/page/n184">173</a>. <q>invented comedy Epicharmus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Greek+Literature&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Talfourd&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Noon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorygreeklit00blomgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207205659/http://www.greeknewsonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=3450">"Discovering the Similarity of the Greek and Sicilian Spirit"</a>. GreekNewsOnline.com. 2 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greeknewsonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=3450">the original</a> on 7 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Discovering+the+Similarity+of+the+Greek+and+Sicilian+Spirit&rft.date=2008-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greeknewsonline.com%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Dprint%26sid%3D3450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalinger1999" class="citation book cs1">Calinger, Ronald S (1999). <i>A Contextual History of Mathematics</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-318285-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-318285-3"><bdi>978-0-02-318285-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Contextual+History+of+Mathematics&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-02-318285-3&rft.aulast=Calinger&rft.aufirst=Ronald+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestofsicily.com/ceramic.htm">"Sicilian Ceramic Art"</a>. BestOfSicily.com. 2 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sicilian+Ceramic+Art&rft.date=2008-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestofsicily.com%2Fceramic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThrall_Soby1969" class="citation book cs1">Thrall Soby, James (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GtnYEBkmkIcC&q=%22father+of+surrealist+art%22&pg=PA93"><i>The Early Chirico</i></a>. Ayer Co Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-00736-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-00736-1"><bdi>978-0-405-00736-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Chirico&rft.pub=Ayer+Co+Pub&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-405-00736-1&rft.aulast=Thrall+Soby&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtnYEBkmkIcC%26q%3D%2522father%2Bof%2Bsurrealist%2Bart%2522%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Palazzo" (pl. <i>palazzi</i>): is any large building in a town, state or private (often much smaller than the term <i>palace</i> implies in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>). 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Konemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-3446-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-3446-3"><bdi>978-3-8331-3446-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culinaria+Italy&rft.pub=Konemann&rft.date=2007-03&rft.isbn=978-3-8331-3446-3&rft.aulast=Piras&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft.au=Medagliani%2C+Eugenio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-authentic-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-authentic_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-authentic_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSenna2005" class="citation book cs1">Senna, Luciana (1 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E7BYFRh5b7oC&q=buccellato+cannoli&pg=PA158"><i>Authentic Sicily</i></a>. 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FXCuisine.com. 24 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fxcuisine.com/default.asp?Display=9">the original</a> on 13 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arancini%2C+the+cult+Sicilian+dish&rft.date=2007-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffxcuisine.com%2Fdefault.asp%3FDisplay%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art87.htm">"Sicilian Cheese"</a>. BestofSicily.com. 24 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sicilian+Cheese&rft.date=2007-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestofsicily.com%2Fmag%2Fart87.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestofsicily.com/food.htm">"Sicilian Food and Wine"</a>. BestofSicily.com. 24 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sicilian+Food+and+Wine&rft.date=2007-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestofsicily.com%2Ffood.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaria" class="citation web cs1">Maria, Anna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annamariavolpi.com/page47.html">"Sicilian Fig Cookies"</a>. Anna Maria's Open Kitchen<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sicilian+Fig+Cookies&rft.pub=Anna+Maria%27s+Open+Kitchen&rft.aulast=Maria&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.annamariavolpi.com%2Fpage47.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-derbysicil-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-derbysicil_193-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-derbysicil_193-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-derbysicil_193-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBright2007" class="citation news cs1">Bright, Richard (7 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2004/11/11/sfneur11.xml">"Sicilian derby takes centre stage"</a>. London: Telegraph.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sicilian+derby+takes+centre+stage&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fsport%2F2004%2F11%2F11%2Fsfneur11.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-targa-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-targa_194-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-targa_194-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230060505/https://www.porsche.com/all/targaflorio/international.aspx">"Targa Florio 1906–1977"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Targa+Florio+1906%E2%80%931977&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.porsche.com%2Fall%2Ftargaflorio%2Finternational.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_Culture_Sector" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO Culture Sector. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00011&RL=00011">"El teatro de marionetas siciliano Opera dei Puppi"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+teatro+de+marionetas+siciliano+Opera+dei+Puppi&rft.au=UNESCO+Culture+Sector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3Fpg%3D00011%26RL%3D00011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918002048/http://sicilianwoodcarver.com/">"George Petralia"</a>. Sicilian Wood Carver. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontoeurope.com/cities/2005/Catania/06-05index.html">the original</a> on 5 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virgin+Express+Inflight+Magazine+%E2%80%93+Catania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontoeurope.com%2Fcities%2F2005%2FCatania%2F06-05index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sicilianfoodculture.com/history-sicilian-flag/">"Our History: the Sicilian Flag"</a>. 1 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+the+Sicilian+Flag&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsicilianfoodculture.com%2Fhistory-sicilian-flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italymagazine.com/dual-language/what-does-symbol-sicily-mean">"What Does the Symbol of Sicily Mean?"</a>. <i>Italy Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Italy+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+Does+the+Symbol+of+Sicily+Mean%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.italymagazine.com%2Fdual-language%2Fwhat-does-symbol-sicily-mean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthews, Jeff (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/symbols.htm">Symbols of Naples</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091030202145/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/symbols.htm">Archived</a> 30 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radicini, Ninni. "The Trinacria: History and Mythology | The Symbol of the Hellenic Nature of Sicily | Article by Ninni Radicini." The Trinacria: History and Mythology | The Symbol of the Hellenic Nature of Sicily | Article by Ninni Radicini. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 November 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlio2018" class="citation book cs1">Alio, Jacqueline (2018). <i>Sicilian Studies: A Guide and Syllabus for Educators</i>. New York: Trinacria Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-943-63918-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-943-63918-2"><bdi>978-1-943-63918-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicilian+Studies%3A+A+Guide+and+Syllabus+for+Educators&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Trinacria+Editions&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-943-63918-2&rft.aulast=Alio&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7796096.stm">"Italy makes record mafia seizure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 22 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Italy+makes+record+mafia+seizure&rft.date=2008-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7796096.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonacini2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bonacini, Elisa (2007). <i>Il territorio calatino nella Sicilia imperiale e tardoromana</i> (in Italian and English). Archaeopress, Oxford, England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0136-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0136-5"><bdi>978-1-4073-0136-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+territorio+calatino+nella+Sicilia+imperiale+e+tardoromana&rft.pub=Archaeopress%2C+Oxford%2C+England&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4073-0136-5&rft.aulast=Bonacini&rft.aufirst=Elisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaney2000" class="citation book cs1">Chaney, Edward (2000). <i>British and American Travellers in Sicily from the eighth to the twentieth century</i>. The Evolution of the Grand Tour. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+and+American+Travellers+in+Sicily+from+the+eighth+to+the+twentieth+century&rft.series=The+Evolution+of+the+Grand+Tour&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Chaney&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFallowell1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Fallowell" title="Duncan Fallowell">Fallowell, Duncan</a> (1989). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tonotoorlondonto0000fall"><i>To Noto, or London to Sicily in a Ford</i></a></span>. London: J.M. Dent & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780460047326" title="Special:BookSources/9780460047326"><bdi>9780460047326</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19887044">19887044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Noto%2C+or+London+to+Sicily+in+a+Ford&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19887044&rft.isbn=9780460047326&rft.aulast=Fallowell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftonotoorlondonto0000fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeighton1999" class="citation book cs1">Leighton, Robert (1999). <i>Sicily before History</i>. Duckworth, London; Cornell University Press, Ithaca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicily+before+History&rft.pub=Duckworth%2C+London%3B+Cornell+University+Press%2C+Ithaca&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Leighton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyonsBennettMarconi2013" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Claire L.; Bennett, Michael; Marconi, Clemente, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shop.getty.edu/products/sicily-art-and-invention-between-greece-and-rome-978-1606061336"><i>Sicily: Art and Invention Between Greece and Rome</i></a>. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-133-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-133-6"><bdi>978-1-60606-133-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/811777264">811777264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicily%3A+Art+and+Invention+Between+Greece+and+Rome&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F811777264&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-133-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshop.getty.edu%2Fproducts%2Fsicily-art-and-invention-between-greece-and-rome-978-1606061336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mendola, Louis; Alio, Jacqueline (2013). <i>The Peoples of Sicily: A Multicultural Legacy</i>. New York: Trinacria Editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-79694-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-79694-9">978-0-615-79694-9</a>).</li> <li>Piccolo, Salvatore (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1190/bronze-age-sicily/">"Bronze Age Sicily"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>.</li> <li>Piccolo, Salvatore (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1148/the-dolmens-of-sicily/">"The Dolmens of Sicily"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>.</li> <li>Spadi, Fabio (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070322172132/http://iclq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/411">"The Bridge on the Strait of Messina: 'Lowering' the Right of Innocent Passage?"</a> <i>International and Comparative Law Quarterly</i> 50: 411–419.</li> <li>Vinci, Attilio L., <i>Magica Sicilia</i>, Campo, Alcamo (<a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>), 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-943699-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-943699-1-5">978-88-943699-1-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilsonTalbertElliottGillies" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, R.; Talbert, R.; Elliott, T.; Gillies, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/462492">"Places: 462492 (Sicilia)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(journal)" title="Pleiades (journal)">Pleiades</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713212644/http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/462492">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pleiades&rft.atitle=Places%3A+462492+%28Sicilia%29&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Talbert%2C+R.&rft.au=Elliott%2C+T.&rft.au=Gillies%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpleiades.stoa.org%2Fplaces%2F462492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zuppardo, Emanuele; Piccolo, Salvatore: <i>Terra Mater, Sulle Sponde del Gela greco</i>, Betania Editions 2005. CIP-Biblioteca Centrale della Regione Siciliana "Alberto Bombace" 937.8 CDD-20. Library locations: British Library/London (UK) - University of Bristol Library (UK) - University of Manchester Library (UK) - Landsbókasafn Íslands/Reykjavík (IS) - Library of Congress/Washington D.C. - Yale University Library/New Haven (CT) - New York University Library (NY).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travelqa.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/sicily/">"From Rome to Sicily: Plane or Train?"</a> Expert Travel Advice, <i>The New York Times</i>, 7 February 2008.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101133533/http://www.mafia-news.com/sicily-mafia-restoring-us-links/">"Sicily Mafia restoring US links"</a>. Mafia News. 29 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mafia-news.com/sicily-mafia-restoring-us-links/">the original</a> on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sicily+Mafia+restoring+US+links&rft.pub=Mafia+News&rft.date=2008-02-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mafia-news.com%2Fsicily-mafia-restoring-us-links%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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/></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sicily" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sicily">Sicily</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sicily#Q1460" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Sicily">Sicily</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regione.sicilia.it/">Sicilian Region—Official website</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/39152">Sicily</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wondersofsicily.com/">The Wonders of Sicily – The Cities, Architecture, Culture, History, People</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asinara" title="Asinara">Asinara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbana,_Italy" title="Barbana, Italy">Barbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergeggi_(island)" title="Bergeggi (island)">Bergeggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanian_Archipelago" title="Campanian Archipelago">Campanian Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheradi_Islands" title="Cheradi Islands">Cheradi Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopean_Isles" title="Cyclopean Isles">Cyclopean Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinandea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinandea">Ferdinandea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flegrean_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Flegrean Islands">Flegrean Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallinara" title="Gallinara">Gallinara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiola_Island" title="Gaiola Island">Gaiola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grado,_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grado, Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Grado</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_Island" title="San Pietro Island">San Pietrro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Pietro_d%27Orio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Pietro d'Orio (page does not exist)">San Pietro d'Orio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scola_Tower" title="Scola Tower">Scola</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenuse" title="Sirenuse">Sirenuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavolara_Island" title="Tavolara Island">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinetto" title="Tinetto">Tinetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tino_(island)" title="Tino (island)">Tino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremiti_Islands" title="Tremiti Islands">Tremiti Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_Archipelago" title="Tuscan Archipelago">Tuscan Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Brothers_Rocks" title="Two Brothers Rocks">Two Brothers Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustica" title="Ustica">Ustica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Lagoon" title="Venetian Lagoon">Venetian Lagoon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/40px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/60px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sicily" title="Template talk:Sicily"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sicily" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sicily"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sicily&#124;link=Sicily_Sicily406" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily"><img alt="Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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<li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Messina" title="Metropolitan City of Messina">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Palermo" title="Metropolitan City of Palermo">Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ragusa" title="Province of Ragusa">Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Syracuse" title="Province of Syracuse">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Trapani" title="Province of Trapani">Trapani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Sicily" title="Category:Islands of Sicily">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Sicily" title="Category:Cities and towns in Sicily">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communes of Sicily">List of communes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_region_of_Sicily,_Italy,_with_provinces-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_region_of_Sicily%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/250px-Map_of_region_of_Sicily%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_region_of_Sicily%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/500px-Map_of_region_of_Sicily%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="8803" data-file-height="6748" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sicily" title="History of Sicily">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia province</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards_of_Sicily" title="Lombards of Sicily">Lombards of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sicily">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Sicily" title="List of viceroys of Sicily">Viceroys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Parliament" title="Sicilian Parliament">Sicilian Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bourbon_Sicily" title="History of Bourbon Sicily">Bourbon Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy#Two_Sicilies_insurrection" title="Unification of Italy">Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">1848 Sicilian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">Dictatorship of Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sicily" title="Politics of Sicily">Politics and<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sicily" title="Politics of Sicily">Politics of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Sicily" title="Statute of Sicily">Statute of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sicily" title="Elections in Sicily">Elections in Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Sicily" title="List of presidents of Sicily">List of presidents of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Regional_Assembly" title="Sicilian Regional Assembly">Sicilian Regional Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Culture and<br />heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicilians" title="Sicilians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Sicily" title="List of people from Sicily">List of people from Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sicilian_dishes" title="List of Sicilian dishes">List of Sicilian dishes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_di_Sicilia" title="Derby di Sicilia">Derby di Sicilia (football)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sicily" title="Music of Sicily">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Baroque" title="Sicilian Baroque">Sicilian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cart" title="Sicilian cart">Sicilian cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppola_cap" title="Coppola cap">Coppola cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sicily" title="Flag of Sicily">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion#Sicily" title="Triskelion">Triskeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_network_of_Sicily" title="Railway network of Sicily">Railway network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mining_in_Sicily" title="Sulfur mining in Sicily">Sulfur mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sicily" title="Category:Sicily">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Italy188" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Italy" title="Template:Regions of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Regions of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_Italy188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Italy" title="South Italy">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Insular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sicily</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266661725" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_largest_islands193" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template talk:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_largest_islands193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">World's largest islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000 km<sup>2</sup><br />(38,610 sq mi) and greater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greenland" title="Geography of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Island" title="Victoria Island">Victoria Island</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/40px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/60px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000–99,999 km<sup>2</sup><br />(7,722–38,610 sq mi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banks_Island" title="Banks Island">Banks Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tasmania" title="Geography of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Island" title="Devon Island">Devon Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Island" title="Alexander Island">Alexander Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severny_Island" title="Severny Island">Severny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Grande_de_Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego">Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island" title="Axel Heiberg Island">Axel Heiberg Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northwest_Territories_and_Nunavut)" title="Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)">Melville Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Island" title="Southampton Island">Southampton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraj%C3%B3" title="Marajó">Marajó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)">Prince of Wales Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhny_Island" title="Yuzhny Island">Yuzhny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan#Geography" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Geography">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Somerset Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotelny_Island" title="Kotelny Island">Kotelny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Geography" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bananal_Island" title="Bananal Island">Bananal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1951" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1951" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000417561787">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/149921888">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204499/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvd8MvTHqM4mpqgG6fjG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4055193-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018703">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933486v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933486v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628588">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX450761">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90873456">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/48952">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007554809705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060406115706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/d4c33fca-8194-4c8f-824c-9df8717138cc">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/462492">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044830">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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