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class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Nuragic civilization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuragic_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Ancient history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vandal_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vandal_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Vandal conquest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vandal_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_era_and_the_rise_of_the_Judicates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_era_and_the_rise_of_the_Judicates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Byzantine era and the rise of the Judicates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_era_and_the_rise_of_the_Judicates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aragonese_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aragonese_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Aragonese period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aragonese_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Spanish period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Savoyard_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Savoyard_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Savoyard period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Savoyard_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Kingdom of Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Second_World_War_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Second_World_War_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Post-Second World War period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Second_World_War_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_parks_and_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_parks_and_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Natural parks and reserves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_parks_and_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unemployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unemployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Unemployment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unemployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_sectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_sectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Economic sectors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_sectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Primary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_and_handicraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_and_handicraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Industry and handicraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_and_handicraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Tertiary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seaports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seaports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Seaports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seaports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Railways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Life expectancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Foreign immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_cities_and_Functional_Urban_Areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_cities_and_Functional_Urban_Areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Main cities and Functional Urban Areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_cities_and_Functional_Urban_Areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_installations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_installations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Military installations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_installations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Heritage_Sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Heritage_Sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 World Heritage Sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Heritage_Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_clothes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_clothes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Traditional clothes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_clothes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.7 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.8 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sports </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sports subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Basketball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motor_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motor_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Motor racing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motor_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Water sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winter_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Winter sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.6 Traditional sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sardinia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 159 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-159" aria-hidden="true" > 159 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardini%C3%AB" title="Sardinië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sardinië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinien" title="Sardinien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sardinien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B2%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="ሳርዲኒያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳርዲኒያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سردينيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سردينيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerdenya" title="Cerdenya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cerdenya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sard%C3%A8gne" title="Sardègne – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sardègne" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerde%C3%B1a" title="Cerdeña – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cerdeña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiniya" title="Sardiniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sardiniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="সার্দিনিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সার্দিনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardegna" title="Sardegna – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sardegna" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сардзінія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сардзінія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сардынія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сардынія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сардиния – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сардиния" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinien" title="Sardinien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sardinien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinija" title="Sardinija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sardinija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardigna" title="Sardigna – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sardigna" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardenya" title="Sardenya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sardenya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сардини – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сардини" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerde%C3%B1a" title="Cerdeña – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cerdeña" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinie" title="Sardinie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sardinie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardegna" title="Sardegna – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Sardegna" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinien" title="Sardinien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sardinien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سردينيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سردينيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonome_Region_Sardinien" title="Autonome Region Sardinien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autonome Region Sardinien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiniska" title="Sardiniska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Sardiniska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiinia_maakond" title="Sardiinia maakond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sardiinia maakond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σαρδηνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαρδηνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sard%C3%A0ggna" title="Sardàggna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sardàggna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerde%C3%B1a" title="Cerdeña – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cerdeña" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardio" title="Sardio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sardio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerde%C3%B1a" title="Cerdeña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cerdeña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ساردینیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساردینیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardaigne" title="Sardaigne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sardaigne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardynje" title="Sardynje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sardynje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardegne" title="Sardegne – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sardegne" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSaird%C3%ADn" title="An tSairdín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSairdín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Tardeen" title="Yn Tardeen – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Tardeen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardainia" title="Sardainia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sardainia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarde%C3%B1a" title="Sardeña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sardeña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardegna" title="Sardegna – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sardegna" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%B4%EB%8D%B0%EB%83%90" title="사르데냐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사르데냐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiniya" title="Sardiniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sardiniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սարդինիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սարդինիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सार्डिनिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सार्डिनिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiniska" title="Sardiniska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sardiniska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinija" title="Sardinija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sardinija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сардини – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сардини" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardin%C3%ADa" title="Sardinía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sardinía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardegna" title="Sardegna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sardegna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="סרדיניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרדיניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სარდინია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სარდინია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardini%C3%B4" title="Sardiniô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Sardiniô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сардиния – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сардиния" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardayn" title="Sardayn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sardayn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad%C3%A8y" title="Sadèy – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sadèy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sard%C3%AEnya" title="Sardînya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sardînya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardenia" title="Sardenia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sardenia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejion_de_Sardenya" title="Rejion de Sardenya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Rejion de Sardenya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sard%C4%ABnija" title="Sardīnija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sardīnija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinien" title="Sardinien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sardinien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinija" title="Sardinija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sardinija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardegna" title="Sardegna – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sardegna" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardini%C3%AB" title="Sardinië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sardinië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardegna" title="Sardegna – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sardegna" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szard%C3%ADnia_(sziget)" title="Szardínia (sziget) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szardínia (sziget)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сардинија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сардинија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="സാർഡീനിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാർഡീനിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81rinia" title="Hārinia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hārinia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सार्देन्या – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सार्देन्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სარდინია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სარდინია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سردينيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سردينيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ساردنی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ساردنی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဆာဒင်းနီးယားကျွန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆာဒင်းနီးယားကျွန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardini%C3%AB" title="Sardinië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sardinië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardini%C3%AB" title="Sardinië – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sardinië" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A3" title="サルデーニャ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サルデーニャ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zardegna" title="Zardegna – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Zardegna" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сардини – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сардини" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiinien" title="Sardiinien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sardiinien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardenha" title="Sardenha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sardenha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Сардиний – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сардиний" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiniya" title="Sardiniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sardiniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9E%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਾਰਦੇਞਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਰਦੇਞਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="صوبہ سارڈینیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صوبہ سارڈینیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardegna" title="Sardegna – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sardegna" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ساردینیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ساردینیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardaigne" title="Sardaigne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Sardaigne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sard%C3%ABgna" title="Sardëgna – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sardëgna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinien" title="Sardinien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sardinien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardynia" title="Sardynia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sardynia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardenha" title="Sardenha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sardenha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiniya" title="Sardiniya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sardiniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardegna" title="Sardegna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sardegna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сардінія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сардінія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сардиния – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сардиния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regione_Aut%C3%B2noma_de_Sardigna" title="Regione Autònoma de Sardigna – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Regione Autònoma de Sardigna" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinie" title="Sardinie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sardinie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardenja" title="Sardenja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sardenja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardigna" title="Sardigna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sardigna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sard%C3%ADnia" title="Sardínia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sardínia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinija_(de%C5%BEela)" title="Sardinija (dežela) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sardinija (dežela)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardy%C5%84ijo" title="Sardyńijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sardyńijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiiniya" title="Sardiiniya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sardiiniya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سەردینیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەردینیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сардинија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сардинија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinija" title="Sardinija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sardinija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_alue" title="Sardinian alue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sardinian alue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinien" title="Sardinien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sardinien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerde%C3%B1a" title="Cerdeña – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cerdeña" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="சார்தீனியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சார்தீனியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinya" title="Sardinya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Sardinya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardegna" title="Sardegna – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Sardegna" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сардиния – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сардиния" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="సార్డీనియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సార్డీనియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แคว้นซาร์ดิเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคว้นซาร์ดิเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сардиния – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сардиния" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinya_%C3%96zerk_B%C3%B6lgesi" title="Sardinya Özerk Bölgesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sardinya Özerk Bölgesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сардинія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сардинія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ساردینیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ساردینیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ساردىنىيە ئارىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ساردىنىيە ئارىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardegna" title="Sardegna – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sardegna" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardegna" title="Sardegna – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sardegna" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardine%C3%A4n" title="Sardineän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sardineän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%92%E4%B8%81%E5%B3%B6" title="撒丁島 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="撒丁島" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardini%C3%AB" title="Sardinië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sardinië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinya" title="Sardinya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sardinya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%92%E4%B8%81%E5%B2%9B" title="撒丁岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="撒丁岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="סארדיניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סארדיניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E4%B8%81%E5%B3%B6" title="薩丁島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="薩丁島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinya" title="Sardinya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sardinya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardini%C3%AB" title="Sardinië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Sardinië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%92%E4%B8%81" title="撒丁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="撒丁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinj%C9%99" title="Sardinjə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sardinjə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1462#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sardinia&params=40_N_9_E_region:IT-88_type:isle_scale:2500000_source:GNS">40°N 9°E / 40°N 9°E / 40; 9</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island in the Mediterranean and region of Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the region of Italy. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sardinia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sardinia (disambiguation)">Sardinia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sardegna" redirects here. 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(August 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Autonomous region in Italy</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Sardinia</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:9pt;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Native names</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Sardegna (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Sardigna (<a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>)<a href="#cite_note-srd-1">[a]</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Saldigna (<a href="/wiki/Gallurese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallurese language">Gallurese</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Sardenya (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Sardegna (<a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Sardhigna (<a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions with special statute">Autonomous region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Autonomous Region of Sardinia</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sardinia,_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sardinia"><img alt="The flag of Sardinia, shows a Saint George's Cross on a white field, surrounded by four black heads, known as the Four Moors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg/120px-Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg/250px-Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sardinia" title="Flag of Sardinia">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardegna-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Sardinia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Sardinia, showing the same pattern as the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sardegna-Stemma.svg/60px-Sardegna-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sardegna-Stemma.svg/120px-Sardegna-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="679" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Su_patriotu_sardu_a_sos_feudatarios" title="Su patriotu sardu a sos feudatarios">Su patriotu sardu a sos feudatarios</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>) (English: "The Sardinian Patriot to the Lords") <div class="center"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="150" data-mwtitle="Anthem_of_Sardegna_-_Su_patriotu_sardu_a_sos_feudatarios.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Anthem_of_Sardegna_-_Su_patriotu_sardu_a_sos_feudatarios.wav/Anthem_of_Sardegna_-_Su_patriotu_sardu_a_sos_feudatarios.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Anthem_of_Sardegna_-_Su_patriotu_sardu_a_sos_feudatarios.wav/Anthem_of_Sardegna_-_Su_patriotu_sardu_a_sos_feudatarios.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Anthem_of_Sardegna_-_Su_patriotu_sardu_a_sos_feudatarios.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Sardinia_in_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sardinia_in_Italy.svg/250px-Sardinia_in_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sardinia_in_Italy.svg/500px-Sardinia_in_Italy.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a> Sardinia within Italy</div><div> <a href="/wiki/File:E.U-Sardinia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/E.U-Sardinia.png/250px-E.U-Sardinia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/E.U-Sardinia.png/500px-E.U-Sardinia.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3304" data-file-height="2748" /></a> Location of Sardinia in Europe (green and dark grey) and Italy (green)</div><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Sardegna,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sardegna%2C_Italy.jpg/250px-Sardegna%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="444" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sardegna%2C_Italy.jpg/500px-Sardegna%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="1504" /></a> The island of Sardinia as seen from the International Space Station</div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sardinia&params=40_N_9_E_region:IT-88_type:isle_scale:2500000_source:GNS">40°N 9°E / 40°N 9°E / 40; 9</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Sardinia" title="Regional Council of Sardinia">Consiglio Regionale</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Sardinia" title="List of presidents of Sardinia">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alessandra_Todde" title="Alessandra Todde">Alessandra Todde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">M5S</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">24,090 km2 (9,300 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,628,384</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">68/km2 (180/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Languages<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Minority languages<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallurese language">Gallurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>English: Sardinian or Sard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Sardo (man)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Sarda (woman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>: Sardu (man)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>: Sarda (woman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: Sard (man)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: Sarda (woman)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Citizenship<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Italian</th><td class="infobox-data">97%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€35.032 billion (2021)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3166 code">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">IT-88</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.871<a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-5">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>very high · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Italian regions by Human Development Index">16th of 21</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#Italy" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">NUTS Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ITG</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regione.sardegna.it/">www.regione.sardegna.it</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardinia_satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sardinia_satellite.jpg/250px-Sardinia_satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sardinia_satellite.jpg/330px-Sardinia_satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sardinia_satellite.jpg/500px-Sardinia_satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Sardinia</figcaption></figure> Sardinia (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sɑːrˈdɪniə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">sar-DIN-ee-ə</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>: Sardigna <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sardinian" title="Help:IPA/Sardinian">[saɾˈdiɲːa]</a>;<a href="#cite_note-srd-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Sardegna <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[sarˈdeɲɲa]</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_islands#By_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean islands">second-largest</a> island in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and one of the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">twenty regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. It is located west of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and 16.45 km<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> south of the French island of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. It is one of the five Italian regions with some degree of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">domestic autonomy</a> being granted by a <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">special statute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> Its official name, Autonomous Region of Sardinia, is bilingual in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>: Regione Autonoma della Sardegna / Regione Autònoma de Sardigna.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> It is divided into four <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">provinces</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">metropolitan city</a>. The capital of the region of Sardinia — and its largest city — is <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>. Sardinia's indigenous language and <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> are referred to by both the regional and national law as two of Italy's twelve officially recognized <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_minority" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic minority">linguistic minorities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> albeit <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">gravely endangered</a>, while the regional law provides some measures to recognize and protect the aforementioned as well as the island's other minority languages (the <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a>-influenced <a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallurese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallurese language">Gallurese</a>, and finally <a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino Ligurian</a>).<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> Owing to the variety of Sardinia's <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a>, which include mountains,<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> woods, plains, stretches of largely uninhabited territory, streams, rocky coasts, and long sandy beaches,<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> Sardinia has been metaphorically described as a micro-continent.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> In the modern era, many travelers and writers have extolled the beauty of its long-untouched landscapes, which retain vestiges of the <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name Sardinia has pre-Latin roots. It comes from the pre-Roman <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> *s(a)rd-, later <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">romanised</a> as sardus (feminine sarda). It makes its first appearance on the <a href="/wiki/Nora_Stone" title="Nora Stone">Nora Stone</a>, where the word ŠRDN, or *Šardana, testifies to the name's existence when the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> merchants first arrived.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s dialogues, Sardinia (referred to by most <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">ancient Greek</a> authors as Sardṓ, Σαρδώ) and <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinian people">its people</a> as well might have been named after a legendary woman called Sardṓ (Σαρδώ), born in <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Σάρδεις">Σάρδεις</a>), capital of the ancient Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> There has also been speculation that identifies the ancient <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a> Sards with the <a href="/wiki/Sherden" title="Sherden">Sherden</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> It is suggested that the name had a religious connotation from its use also as the adjective for the ancient Sardinian mythological hero-god <a href="/wiki/Sardus" title="Sardus">Sardus Pater</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> ("Sardinian Father"; a common explanation that the term means "Father of the Sardinians" is incorrect, as that would be "Sardorum Pater"), as well as being the stem of the adjective "<a href="/wiki/Sardonicism" title="Sardonicism">sardonic</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, Sardinia was called a number of names besides Sardṓ (Σαρδώ) or Sardinia, like Ichnusa (the Latinised form of the Greek Ἰχνοῦσσα),<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Sandaliotis (Σανδαλιῶτις<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a>) and Argyrophleps (Αργυρόφλεψ).<a href="#cite_note-Sardinian_Toponymy-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corsica_from_Sardinia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Corsica_from_Sardinia.jpg/220px-Corsica_from_Sardinia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Corsica_from_Sardinia.jpg/330px-Corsica_from_Sardinia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Corsica_from_Sardinia.jpg/440px-Corsica_from_Sardinia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Strait of Bonifacio. The southern coast of Corsica can be seen from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa_Gallura" title="Santa Teresa Gallura">Santa Teresa Gallura</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cala_Goloritz%C3%A9_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cala_Goloritz%C3%A9_3.JPG/220px-Cala_Goloritz%C3%A9_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cala_Goloritz%C3%A9_3.JPG/330px-Cala_Goloritz%C3%A9_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cala_Goloritz%C3%A9_3.JPG/440px-Cala_Goloritz%C3%A9_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cala_Goloritz%C3%A9" title="Cala Goloritzé">Cala Goloritzé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baunei" title="Baunei">Baunei</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gusana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gusana.jpg/250px-Gusana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gusana.jpg/330px-Gusana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gusana.jpg/500px-Gusana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Gennargentu" title="Gennargentu">Gennargentu</a>, the highest massif of Sardinia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altimetria_Sardegna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Altimetria_Sardegna.svg/250px-Altimetria_Sardegna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Altimetria_Sardegna.svg/330px-Altimetria_Sardegna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Altimetria_Sardegna.svg/500px-Altimetria_Sardegna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A proportionate graph of Sardinian topography: 13.6% of the island is mountainous, 18.5% is flat, and 67.9% is hilly.</figcaption></figure> Sardinia is the second-largest island in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and before <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>), with an area of 24,100 km2 (9,305 sq mi). It is situated between 38° 51' and 41° 18' latitude north (respectively Isola del Toro and Isola La Presa) and 8° 8' and 9° 50' east longitude (respectively Capo dell'<a href="/wiki/Argentiera" title="Argentiera">Argentiera</a> and Capo Comino). To the west of Sardinia is the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a>, a unit of the Mediterranean Sea; to Sardinia's east is the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>, which is also an element of the Mediterranean Sea.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> The nearest land masses are (clockwise from north) the island of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a> portion of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> is directly to the east of Sardinia between the Sardinian east coast and the west coast of the Italian mainland peninsula. The <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Bonifacio" title="Strait of Bonifacio">Strait of Bonifacio</a> is directly north of Sardinia and separates Sardinia from the French island of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. The coast of Sardinia is 1,849 km (1,149 mi) long. It is generally high and rocky, with long, relatively straight stretches, outstanding headlands, wide, deep bays, <a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">rias</a>, and inlets with various smaller islands. The island has an ancient geoformation and, unlike Sicily and mainland Italy, is not earthquake-prone. Its rocks date in fact from the <a href="/wiki/Palaeozoic_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeozoic Era">Palaeozoic Era</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lower_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Ordovician">Lower Ordovician</a> succession of Sardinia reaches 1500–3000 m in thickness.<a href="#cite_note-Maxime2018-31">[29]</a> Due to long erosion processes, the island's highlands, formed of granite, <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">trachyte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> (called jaras or gollei), <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a> limestone (called tonneri or 'heels'), average at between 300 and 1,000 m (984 and 3,281 ft). The highest peak is <a href="/wiki/Punta_La_Marmora" title="Punta La Marmora">Punta La Marmora</a> (Perdas Carpìas in Sardinian language) (1,834 m (6,017 ft)), part of the <a href="/wiki/Gennargentu" title="Gennargentu">Gennargentu</a> Ranges in the centre of the island. Other mountain chains are <a href="/wiki/Monte_Limbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Limbara">Monte Limbara</a> (1,362 m (4,469 ft)) in the northeast, the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rasu" title="Monte Rasu">Chain of Marghine and Goceano</a> (1,259 m (4,131 ft)) running crosswise for 40 km (25 mi) towards the north, the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Albo" title="Monte Albo">Monte Albo</a> (1,057 m (3,468 ft)), the Sette Fratelli Range in the southeast, and the <a href="/wiki/Sulcis_Mountains" title="Sulcis Mountains">Sulcis Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Linas" title="Monte Linas">Monte Linas</a> (1,236 m (4,055 ft)). The island's ranges and plateaux are separated by wide alluvial valleys and flatlands, the main ones being the <a href="/wiki/Campidano" title="Campidano">Campidano</a> in the southwest between <a href="/wiki/Oristano" title="Oristano">Oristano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nurra" title="Nurra">Nurra</a> in the northwest. Sardinia has few major rivers, the largest being the <a href="/wiki/Tirso_(river)" title="Tirso (river)">Tirso</a>, 151 km (94 mi) long, which flows into the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coghinas" title="Coghinas">Coghinas</a> (115 km (71 mi)) and the <a href="/wiki/Flumendosa" title="Flumendosa">Flumendosa</a> (127 km (79 mi)). There are 54 <a href="/wiki/Artificial_lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial lakes">artificial lakes</a> and dams that supply water and electricity. The main ones are <a href="/wiki/Lake_Omodeo" title="Lake Omodeo">Lake Omodeo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Coghinas" title="Lake Coghinas">Lake Coghinas</a>. The only natural freshwater lake is <a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Baratz" class="mw-redirect" title="Lago di Baratz">Lago di Baratz</a>. A number of large, shallow, salt-water lagoons and pools are located along the coast. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardegna_precipitazioni.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sardegna_precipitazioni.svg/170px-Sardegna_precipitazioni.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sardegna_precipitazioni.svg/255px-Sardegna_precipitazioni.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sardegna_precipitazioni.svg/340px-Sardegna_precipitazioni.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>Sardinia average rainfalls</figcaption></figure> The climate of the island is variable from area to area, due to several factors including the extension in <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a>. It can be classified in two different macrobioclimates (Mediterranean pluviseasonal oceanic and Temperate oceanic), one macrobioclimatic variant (Submediterranean), and four classes of continentality (from weak semihyperoceanic to weak semicontinental), eight thermotypic horizons (from lower thermomediterranean to upper supratemperate), and seven ombrotypic horizons (from lower dry to lower hyperhumid), resulting in a combination of 43 different isobioclimates.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> During the year there is a major concentration of rainfall in the winter and autumn, some heavy showers in the spring and snowfalls in the highlands. The average temperature is between 11 and 18 °C (52 and 64 °F), with mild winters and warm summers on the coasts (9 to 16 °C (48 to 61 °F) in January, 23 to 31 °C (73 to 88 °F) in July), and cold winters and cool summers on the mountains (−2 to 4 °C (28 to 39 °F) in January, 16 to 20 °C (61 to 68 °F) in July). Rainfall has a Mediterranean distribution all over the island, with almost totally rainless summers and wet autumns, winters and springs. However, in summer, the rare rainfalls can be characterized by short but severe <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a>, which can cause <a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">flash floods</a>. The climate is also heavily influenced by the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Genoa" title="Gulf of Genoa">Gulf of Genoa</a> (barometric low) and the relative proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. Low pressures in autumn can generate the formation of the so-called Medicanes, extratropical cyclones which affect the Mediterranean basin. In 2013, the island was hit by several cyclones, included the <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Cleopatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclone Cleopatra">Cyclone Cleopatra</a>, which dumped 450 mm (18 in) of rainfall within an hour and a half.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> Sardinia being relatively large and hilly, weather is not uniform; in particular the East is drier, but paradoxically it suffers the worst rainstorms: in autumn 2009, it rained more than 200 mm (7.9 in) in a single day in Siniscola, and 19 November 2013, locations in Sardinia were reported to have received more than 431 mm (17.0 in) within two hours. The western coast has a higher distribution of rainfalls even for modest elevations (for instance Iglesias, elevation 200 m (656 ft), average annual precipitation 815 mm (32.1 in)). The driest part of the island is the coast of Cagliari gulf, with less than 450 mm (17.7 in) per year, the minimum is at Capo Carbonara at the extreme south-east of the island 381 mm (15.0 in),<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> and the wettest is the top of the <a href="/wiki/Gennargentu" title="Gennargentu">Gennargentu</a> mountain with almost 1,500 mm (59.1 in) per year. The average for the entire island is about 800 mm (31.5 in) per year, which is more than enough for the needs of the population and vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mistral_(wind)" title="Mistral (wind)">Mistral</a> from the northwest is the dominant wind on and off throughout the year, though it is most prevalent in winter and spring. It can blow quite strongly, but it is usually dry and cool. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, altitude 4 m (13 ft) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6 (65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4 (86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8 (87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 (53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3 (72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 (41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 (42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 (62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 (48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.8 (53.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.7 (1.96) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.3 (2.10) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.4 (1.59) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.7 (1.56) </td> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (1.03) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 (0.47) </td> <td style="background: #F8FFF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (0.16) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (0.30) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9 (1.37) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.6 (2.07) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.4 (2.30) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.9 (1.93) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">427.5 (16.83) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">61.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #BDBD33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136.4 </td> <td style="background: #C5C506; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.2 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.0 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">269.7 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">288.0 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">334.8 </td> <td style="background: #F0F011; color:#000000;" class="notheme">310.0 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">246.0 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.4 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">147.0 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127.1 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,595.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Servizio_Meteorologico" title="Servizio Meteorologico">Servizio Meteorologico</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ServizioMeteorologico-36">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory" title="Hong Kong Observatory">Hong Kong Observatory</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> for data of sunshine hours </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Fonni" title="Fonni">Fonni</a>, altitude 1029 m </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 (42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 (41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 (34.2) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 (36.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #6EFF6E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97 (3.8) </td> <td style="background: #3EFF3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118 (4.6) </td> <td style="background: #5BFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">110 (4.3) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88 (3.5) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73 (2.9) </td> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33 (1.3) </td> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18 (0.7) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 (1.6) </td> <td style="background: #74FF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93 (3.7) </td> <td style="background: #5AFF5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107 (4.2) </td> <td style="background: #3BFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131 (5.2) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">919 (36.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">— </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">88.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Servizio_Meteorologico" title="Servizio Meteorologico">Servizio Meteorologico</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monted%27accoddisardegna.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Monted%27accoddisardegna.png/250px-Monted%27accoddisardegna.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Monted%27accoddisardegna.png/330px-Monted%27accoddisardegna.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Monted%27accoddisardegna.png/500px-Monted%27accoddisardegna.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>The prehistoric megalithic temple of <a href="/wiki/Monte_d%27Accoddi" title="Monte d'Accoddi">Monte d'Accoddi</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">History of Sardinia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_mining_in_Sardinia" title="History of mining in Sardinia">History of mining in Sardinia</a></div> Sardinia has been inhabited by humans since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> era, around 20–10,000 years ago. The island's most notable civilization is the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a>, which flourished from the 18th century BC to either 238 BC or the 2nd century AD in some parts of the island,<a href="#cite_note-Ugas_2016-38">[36]</a> and to the 6th century AD in that part of the island known as <a href="/wiki/Barbagia" title="Barbagia">Barbagia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> After a period in which the island was ruled by a political and economic alliance between the Nuragic Sardinians and the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, parts of it were conquered by <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> in the late 6th century BC, and by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> in 238 BC. The Roman occupation lasted for 700 years. Beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, the island was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>. In practice, the island was disconnected from Byzantium's territorial influence, which allowed the Sardinians to provide themselves with a self-ruling political organization, the four kingdoms known as <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_maritime_republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian maritime republics">Italian maritime republics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> struggled to impose political control over these indigenous kingdoms, but it was the Iberian <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> which, in 1324, succeeded in bringing the island under its control, consolidating it into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MapSardine1779-2523.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Sardinia, 1779" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/MapSardine1779-2523.jpg/250px-MapSardine1779-2523.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/MapSardine1779-2523.jpg/330px-MapSardine1779-2523.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/MapSardine1779-2523.jpg/500px-MapSardine1779-2523.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="9152" /></a><figcaption>Map of Sardinia, 1779</figcaption></figure> This Iberian kingdom endured until 1718, when it was ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>; the Savoyards would <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Fusion" title="Perfect Fusion">politically merge</a> their insular possession with their domains on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian Mainland</a> which, during the period of <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>, they would go on to expand to include the whole Italian peninsula; their territory was so renamed into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> in 1861, and it was reconstituted as the present-day <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian Republic</a> in 1946. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Nuragic_Sardinia" title="Pre-Nuragic Sardinia">Pre-Nuragic Sardinia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menhir_Monte_Corru_Tundu_Sardinia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Menhir_Monte_Corru_Tundu_Sardinia.png/250px-Menhir_Monte_Corru_Tundu_Sardinia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Menhir_Monte_Corru_Tundu_Sardinia.png/330px-Menhir_Monte_Corru_Tundu_Sardinia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Menhir_Monte_Corru_Tundu_Sardinia.png/500px-Menhir_Monte_Corru_Tundu_Sardinia.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Monte Corru Tundu Menhir in <a href="/wiki/Villa_Sant%27Antonio" title="Villa Sant'Antonio">Villa Sant'Antonio</a> (5.75 meters high)</figcaption></figure> Sardinia is one of the most geologically ancient bodies of land in Europe. The island was populated in various waves of immigration from prehistory until recent times. Remains from <a href="/wiki/Corbeddu_Cave" title="Corbeddu Cave">Corbeddu Cave</a> in eastern Sardinia have been suggested by some authors to represent the earliest evidence of human presence on Sardinia, around 20,000 years ago, during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>. However, other authors contend that there is no solid evidence for the occupation of the island until the early <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>, around 10,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> began on Sardinia during the <a href="/wiki/6th_millennium_BC" title="6th millennium BC">6th millennium BC</a> resulting from the migration of <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a>, replacing the Mesolithic hunter-gatherer populations, with a material culture including the widespread <a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium pottery</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> In the mid-Neolithic period, the <a href="/wiki/Ozieri_culture" title="Ozieri culture">Ozieri culture</a>, probably of <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean origin</a>, flourished on the island spreading the <a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">hypogeum</a> tombs known as <a href="/wiki/Domus_de_Janas" title="Domus de Janas">domus de Janas</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Arzachena_culture" title="Arzachena culture">Arzachena culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gallura" title="Gallura">Gallura</a> built the first <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megaliths</a>: circular tombs. In the early 3rd millennium BC, the <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> began to develop. During the late <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> the so-called <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a>, coming from various parts of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>, appeared in Sardinia. These new people predominantly settled on the west coast, where the majority of the sites attributed to them had been found.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> The Beaker culture was followed in the early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Bonnanaro_culture" title="Bonnanaro culture">Bonnanaro culture</a> which showed both reminiscences of the Beaker and influences by the <a href="/wiki/Polada_culture" title="Polada culture">Polada culture</a>. As time passed the different Sardinian populations appear to have become united in customs, yet remained politically divided into various small, tribal groupings, at times banding together against invading forces from the sea, and at others waging war against each other. Habitations consisted of round thatched stone huts. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuraghe_Losa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Nuraghe_Losa.jpg/250px-Nuraghe_Losa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Nuraghe_Losa.jpg/330px-Nuraghe_Losa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Nuraghe_Losa.jpg/500px-Nuraghe_Losa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuraghe_Losa" title="Nuraghe Losa">Nuraghe Losa</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuragic_civilization">Nuragic civilization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nuragic civilization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></div> From about 1500 BC onwards, villages were built around a kind of round tower-fortress called <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">nuraghe</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> (usually pluralized as nuraghes in English and as nuraghi in Italian). These towers were often reinforced and enlarged with battlements. Tribal boundaries were guarded by smaller lookout Nuraghes erected on strategic hills commanding a view of other territories. Today, some 7,000 Nuraghes dot the Sardinian landscape. While initially these Nuraghes had a relatively simple structure, with time they became extremely complex and monumental (see for example the <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe_Santu_Antine" title="Nuraghe Santu Antine">Nuraghe Santu Antine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Su_Nuraxi_(Barumini)" title="Su Nuraxi (Barumini)">Su Nuraxi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe_Arrubiu" title="Nuraghe Arrubiu">Nuraghe Arrubiu</a>). The scale, complexity and territorial spread of these buildings attest to the level of wealth accumulated by the Nuragic Sardinians, their advances in technology and the complexity of their society, which was able to coordinate large numbers of people with different roles for the purpose of building the monumental Nuraghes. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sa_ena_e_thomes_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sa_ena_e_thomes_2.jpg/250px-Sa_ena_e_thomes_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sa_ena_e_thomes_2.jpg/330px-Sa_ena_e_thomes_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sa_ena_e_thomes_2.jpg/500px-Sa_ena_e_thomes_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giants%27_grave" title="Giants' grave">Giants' grave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dorgali" title="Dorgali">Dorgali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>)</figcaption></figure> The Nuraghes are not the only Nuragic buildings that stand in place, as there are several sacred wells around Sardinia and other buildings with religious purposes such as the <a href="/wiki/Giants%27_grave" title="Giants' grave">Giants' grave</a> (monumental collective tombs) and collections of religious buildings that probably served as destinations for pilgrimage and mass religious rites (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Su_Romanzesu" title="Su Romanzesu">Su Romanzesu</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bitti" title="Bitti">Bitti</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Et%C3%A0_nuragica,_giganti_di_monte_prama,_xiii-ix_secolo_ac_ca.,_da_cabras,_guerriero_05,_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Et%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_giganti_di_monte_prama%2C_xiii-ix_secolo_ac_ca.%2C_da_cabras%2C_guerriero_05%2C_01.jpg/220px-Et%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_giganti_di_monte_prama%2C_xiii-ix_secolo_ac_ca.%2C_da_cabras%2C_guerriero_05%2C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Et%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_giganti_di_monte_prama%2C_xiii-ix_secolo_ac_ca.%2C_da_cabras%2C_guerriero_05%2C_01.jpg/330px-Et%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_giganti_di_monte_prama%2C_xiii-ix_secolo_ac_ca.%2C_da_cabras%2C_guerriero_05%2C_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Et%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_giganti_di_monte_prama%2C_xiii-ix_secolo_ac_ca.%2C_da_cabras%2C_guerriero_05%2C_01.jpg/440px-Et%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_giganti_di_monte_prama%2C_xiii-ix_secolo_ac_ca.%2C_da_cabras%2C_guerriero_05%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="3330" /></a><figcaption>One of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Giants_of_Mont%27e_Prama" title="Giants of Mont'e Prama">Giants of Mont'e Prama</a></figcaption></figure> At the time, Sardinia was at the centre of several commercial routes and it was an important provider of raw materials such as <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and lead, which were pivotal for the manufacture of the time. By controlling the extraction of these raw materials and by trading them with other countries, the ancient Sardinians were able to accumulate wealth and reach a level of sophistication that is not only reflected in the complexity of its surviving buildings, but also in its artworks (e.g. the votive <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> statuettes found across Sardinia or the statues of Mont'e Prama). According to some scholars, the Nuragic people(s) are identifiable with the <a href="/wiki/Sherden" title="Sherden">Sherden</a>, a tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ugas_2016-38">[36]</a> The Nuragic civilization was linked with other contemporaneous megalithic civilization of the western Mediterranean, such as the <a href="/wiki/Talaiotic_culture" title="Talaiotic culture">Talaiotic culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Torrean_civilization" title="Torrean civilization">Torrean civilization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Corse-du-Sud" title="Corse-du-Sud">Southern Corsica</a>. Evidence of trade with the other civilizations of the time is attested by several artefacts (e.g. pots), coming from as far as <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Mainland" title="Geography of Greece">Mainland Greece</a>, Spain and Italy, that have been found in Nuragic sites, bearing witness to the scope of commercial relations between the Nuragic people and other peoples in Europe and beyond. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sardinia_and_Corsica" title="Sardinia and Corsica">Sardinia and Corsica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonne_a_tharros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Colonne_a_tharros.jpg/220px-Colonne_a_tharros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Colonne_a_tharros.jpg/330px-Colonne_a_tharros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Colonne_a_tharros.jpg/440px-Colonne_a_tharros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The Phoenician and subsequently Roman town of <a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Necropoli_di_Tuvixeddu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Necropoli_di_Tuvixeddu.jpg/250px-Necropoli_di_Tuvixeddu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Necropoli_di_Tuvixeddu.jpg/330px-Necropoli_di_Tuvixeddu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Necropoli_di_Tuvixeddu.jpg/500px-Necropoli_di_Tuvixeddu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tuvixeddu_necropolis" title="Tuvixeddu necropolis">Necropolis of Tuvixeddu</a>, Cagliari</figcaption></figure> Around the 9th century BC the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> began visiting Sardinia with increasing frequency, presumably initially needing safe overnight and all-weather anchorages along their trade routes from the coast of modern-day Lebanon as far afield as the African and European Atlantic coasts and beyond. The most common ports of call were <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Caralis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nora,_Italy" title="Nora, Italy">Nora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bithia,_Italy" title="Bithia, Italy">Bithia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulci" title="Sulci">Sulci</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a>. <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Claudianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Claudianus">Claudian</a>, a 4th-century Latin poet, in his poem De bello Gildonico, stated that Caralis was founded by people from <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, probably in the same time of the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, in the 9th or 8th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> In the 6th century BC, after the conquest of western Sicily, the <a href="/wiki/Punics" class="mw-redirect" title="Punics">Carthaginians</a> planned to annex Sardinia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigagliaMastinoOrtu200627-49">[47]</a> A first invasion attempt led by <a href="/wiki/Malchus_(general)" title="Malchus (general)">Malchus</a> was foiled by the victorious Nuraghic resistance. However, from 510 BC, the southern and west-central part of the island were invaded a second time and came under Carthaginian rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigagliaMastinoOrtu200627-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-_Fordongianus_Thermes%2B.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/-_Fordongianus_Thermes%2B.JPG/220px--_Fordongianus_Thermes%2B.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/-_Fordongianus_Thermes%2B.JPG/330px--_Fordongianus_Thermes%2B.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/-_Fordongianus_Thermes%2B.JPG/440px--_Fordongianus_Thermes%2B.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4734" data-file-height="2754" /></a><figcaption>Roman <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">thermae</a> of Forum Traiani, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Fordongianus" title="Fordongianus">Fordongianus</a></figcaption></figure> In 238 BC, taking advantage of Carthage having to face a rebellion of her mercenaries (the <a href="/wiki/Mercenary_War" title="Mercenary War">Mercenary War</a>) after the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> (264–241 BC), the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> annexed Corsica and Sardinia from the Carthaginians. The two islands became the province of <a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Corsica and Sardinia</a>. They were not given a provincial governor until 227 BC. The Romans faced many rebellions, and it took them many years to pacify both islands. The existing coastal cities were enlarged and embellished, and Roman <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Porto_Torres" title="Porto Torres">Turris Lybissonis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posada,_Sardinia" title="Posada, Sardinia">Feronia</a> were founded. These were populated by Roman immigrants. The Roman military occupation brought the Nuragic civilization to an end, except for the mountainous interior of the island, which the Romans called <a href="/wiki/Barbagia" title="Barbagia">Barbaria</a>, meaning '<a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a> land'. Roman rule in Sardinia lasted 694 years, during which time the province was an important source of grain for the capital. <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> came to be the dominant spoken language during this period, though Roman culture was slower to take hold, and Roman rule was often contested by the Sardinian tribes from the mountainous regions.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vandal_conquest">Vandal conquest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vandal conquest">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Sardinia" title="Vandal Sardinia">Vandal Sardinia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vandal_coin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Vandal_coin.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="182" /></a><figcaption>A Vandal-period coin found in Sardinia depicting Godas. Latin legend: REX CVDA.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">East Germanic tribe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> conquered Sardinia in 456. Their rule lasted for 78 years until 534, when, in the <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">Vandalic War</a> 400 <a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">Eastern Roman</a> troops led by Cyril, one of the officers of the <a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a>, retook the island. It is known that the Vandal government continued the forms of the existing Roman Imperial structure. The governor of Sardinia continued to be called the <a href="/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">praeses</a> and apparently continued to manage military, judicial, and civil governmental functions via imperial procedures. The only Vandal governor of Sardinia about whom there is substantial record is the last, <a href="/wiki/Godas" title="Godas">Godas</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Visigoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigoth">Visigoth</a> noble. In AD 530, a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> removed King <a href="/wiki/Hilderic" title="Hilderic">Hilderic</a>, a convert to <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a>, in favor of his cousin <a href="/wiki/Gelimer" title="Gelimer">Gelimer</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian">Arian</a> Christian like most of the elite in his kingdom. Godas was sent to take charge and ensure the loyalty of Sardinia. He did the exact opposite, declaring the island's independence from Carthage<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994133-52">[50]</a> and opening negotiations with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, who had declared war on Hilderic's behalf. In AD 533, Gelimer sent the bulk of his army and navy (120 vessels and 5,000 men) to Sardinia to subdue Godas, with the catastrophic result that the Vandal Kingdom was overwhelmed when Justinian's own army under <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> arrived at Carthage in their absence. The Vandal Kingdom ended and Sardinia was returned to Roman rule.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_era_and_the_rise_of_the_Judicates">Byzantine era and the rise of the Judicates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Byzantine era and the rise of the Judicates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Byzantine Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Sardinian medieval kingdoms</a></div> In 533, Sardinia returned to the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> were defeated by the armies of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> under the General <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tricamarum" title="Battle of Tricamarum">Battle of Tricamarum</a>, in their African kingdom Belisarius sent his general Cyril to Sardinia to retake the island. Sardinia remained in Byzantine hands for the next 300 years<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> aside from a short period in which it was invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> in 551. Under Byzantine rule, the island was divided into districts called mereíai (μερείαι) in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a>, which were governed by a judge residing in Caralis and garrisoned by an army stationed in Forum Traiani (today <a href="/wiki/Fordongianus" title="Fordongianus">Fordongianus</a>) under the command of a <a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">dux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994137–138-55">[53]</a> During this time, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> took deeper root on the island, supplanting the <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> which had survived into the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in the culturally conservative hinterlands. Along with lay Christianity, the followers of monastic figures such as <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a> became established in Sardinia. While Christianity penetrated the majority of the population, the region of <a href="/wiki/Barbagia" title="Barbagia">Barbagia</a> remained largely pagan and, probably, partially non-Latin speaking. They re-established a short-lived independent domain with Sardinian-heathen lay and religious traditions, one of its kings being <a href="/wiki/Hospito" title="Hospito">Hospito</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> wrote a letter to Hospito defining him "Dux Barbaricinorum" and, being Christian, the leader and best of his people.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> In this unique letter about Hospito, the Pope prompts him to convert his people who "living all like irrational animals, ignore the true God and worship wood and stone" (Barbaricini omnes, ut insensata animalia vivant, Deum verum nesciant, ligna autem et lapides adorent).<a href="#cite_note-Sardes-59">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silanus_santa_sabina2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Silanus_santa_sabina2.jpg/220px-Silanus_santa_sabina2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Silanus_santa_sabina2.jpg/330px-Silanus_santa_sabina2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Silanus_santa_sabina2.jpg/440px-Silanus_santa_sabina2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>Santa Sabina Byzantine church and nuraghe in <a href="/wiki/Silanus,_Sardinia" title="Silanus, Sardinia">Silanus</a></figcaption></figure> The dates and circumstances of the end of Byzantine rule in Sardinia are not known. Direct central control was maintained at least through c. 650, after which local legates were empowered in the face of the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Patrician" title="Gregory the Patrician">Gregory the Patrician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarch of Africa</a> and the first invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a>. There is some evidence that senior Byzantine administration in the Exarchate of Africa retreated to Caralis following the final fall of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> in 697.<a href="#cite_note-P._Grierson_1998,_p._287-60">[58]</a> The loss of imperial control in Africa led to escalating raids by <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> on the island, the first of which is documented in 703, forcing increased military self-reliance in the province.<a href="#cite_note-Consentino2004-61">[59]</a> Elsewhere in the central Mediterranean, the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melite_(870)" title="Siege of Melite (870)">conquered</a> the island of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> in 870.<a href="#cite_note-:04-62">[60]</a>: 208  They also attacked or raided Sardinia and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-64">[62]</a>: 153, 244  Some modern references state that Sardinia came under Aghlabid control around 810 or after the beginning of the conquest of Sicily in 827.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Historian Corrado Zedda argues that the island hosted a Muslim presence during the Aghlabid period, possibly a limited foothold along the coasts that forcibly coexisted with the local Byzantine government.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Historian Alex Metcalfe argues that the available evidence for any Muslim occupation or colonisation of the island during this period is limited and inconclusive, and that Muslim attacks were limited to raids.<a href="#cite_note-:42-64">[62]</a> Communication with the central government became daunting if not impossible during and after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Muslim conquest of Sicily</a> between 827 and 902. A letter by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Pope Nicholas I</a> as early as 864 mentions the "Sardinian judges",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994163-70">[68]</a> without reference to the empire and a letter by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">Pope John VIII</a> (reigned 872–882) refers to them as principes ("princes"). By the time of <a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a>, completed in 952, the Byzantine authorities no longer listed Sardinia as an imperial province, suggesting they considered it lost.<a href="#cite_note-P._Grierson_1998,_p._287-60">[58]</a> In all likelihood a local noble family, the <a href="/wiki/Lacon-Gunale" title="Lacon-Gunale">Lacon-Gunale</a>, acceded to the power of <a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">Archon</a>, still identifying themselves as vassals of the Byzantines, but <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> independent as communications with Constantinople were very difficult. Only two names of those rulers are known: Salousios (Σαλούσιος) and the <a href="/wiki/Protospatharios" title="Protospatharios">protospatharios</a> Tourkotourios (Tουρκοτούριος) from two inscriptions),<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> who probably reigned between the 10th and the 11th century. These rulers were still closely linked to the Byzantines, both for a pact of ancient vassalage,<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> and from the ideological point of view, with the use of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> language (in a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> country), and the use of art of Byzantine inspiration. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Gavino_Aussenansicht.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/San_Gavino_Aussenansicht.JPG/250px-San_Gavino_Aussenansicht.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/San_Gavino_Aussenansicht.JPG/330px-San_Gavino_Aussenansicht.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/San_Gavino_Aussenansicht.JPG/500px-San_Gavino_Aussenansicht.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3738" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>The medieval <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Gavino" title="Basilica of San Gavino">Basilica of San Gavino</a> in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Torres" title="Porto Torres">Porto Torres</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saccargia,_interno,_ciclo_del_xiii_sec._02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Saccargia%2C_interno%2C_ciclo_del_xiii_sec._02.JPG/250px-Saccargia%2C_interno%2C_ciclo_del_xiii_sec._02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Saccargia%2C_interno%2C_ciclo_del_xiii_sec._02.JPG/330px-Saccargia%2C_interno%2C_ciclo_del_xiii_sec._02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Saccargia%2C_interno%2C_ciclo_del_xiii_sec._02.JPG/500px-Saccargia%2C_interno%2C_ciclo_del_xiii_sec._02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>12th century frescoes in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Saccargia" title="Basilica di Saccargia">Basilica di Saccargia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Codrongianos" title="Codrongianos">Codrongianos</a></figcaption></figure> In the early 11th century, an attempt to conquer the island was made by <a href="/wiki/Mujahid_al-Amiri" title="Mujahid al-Amiri">Mujahid al-Amiri</a> al-Ṣaqlabī was <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_D%C3%A9nia" title="Taifa of Dénia">the ruler of Dénia and the Balearic Islands</a> based in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> The only records of that war are from Pisan and Genoese chronicles.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pisan%E2%80%93Genoese_expeditions_to_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisan–Genoese expeditions to Sardinia">Christians won</a> but, after that, the previous Sardinian kingdom was undermined and subsequently divided into four smaller states: Cagliari (Calari), Arborea (Arbaree), Gallura, and Torres or Logudoro. Whether this final transformation from imperial civil servant to independent sovereign bodies resulted from imperial abandonment or local assertion, by the 10th century, the so-called "Judges" (<a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>: judikes / <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: iudices, a Byzantine administrative title) had emerged as the autonomous rulers of Sardinia. The title of iudice changed with the language and local understanding of the position, becoming the Sardinian judike, essentially a king or sovereign, while <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>: logu) came to mean 'state'.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Early medieval Sardinian political institutions evolved from the millennium-old Roman imperial structures with relatively little Germanic influence. Although the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> were hereditary lordships, the old Byzantine imperial notion that personal title or honor was separate from the state still remained, so the Judicate was not regarded as the personal property of the monarch as was common in later European <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>. Like the imperial systems, the new order also preserved "semi-democratic" forms, with national assemblies called the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Realm" title="Crown of the Realm">Crown of the Realm</a>. Each Judicate saw to its own defense, maintained its own laws and administration, and looked after its own foreign and trading affairs.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> The history of the four Judicates would be defined by the contest for influence between the two Italian <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">maritime powers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, and later the ambitions of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giudicati_sardi_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Giudicati_sardi_2.svg/220px-Giudicati_sardi_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Giudicati_sardi_2.svg/330px-Giudicati_sardi_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Giudicati_sardi_2.svg/440px-Giudicati_sardi_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>The Sardinian Judicates</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Giudicato_of_Cagliari" class="mw-redirect" title="Giudicato of Cagliari">Judicate of Cagliari</a> or Pluminos, during the regency of <a href="/wiki/Torchitorio_V_of_Cagliari" title="Torchitorio V of Cagliari">Torchitorio V of Cagliari</a> and his successor, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_Cagliari" title="William III of Cagliari">William III</a>, was allied with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>. Because of this it was brought to an end in 1258, when its capital, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Igia" title="Santa Igia">Santa Igia</a>, was stormed and destroyed by an alliance of Sardinian and Pisan forces. The territory then was divided between the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Della_Gherardesca_family" title="Della Gherardesca family">Della Gherardesca family</a> from Italy, and the Sardinian Judicates of Arborea and Gallura. Pisa maintained the control over the fortress of Castel di Cagliari founded by Pisan merchants in 1216–1217 east of Santa Igia;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994209-210-212-79">[77]</a> in the south-west the count <a href="/wiki/Ugolino_della_Gherardesca" title="Ugolino della Gherardesca">Ugolino della Gherardesca</a> promoted the birth of the town of Villa di Chiesa (today <a href="/wiki/Iglesias,_Sardinia" title="Iglesias, Sardinia">Iglesias</a>) to exploit the nearby rich <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> deposits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994293–294-80">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Giudicato_of_Logudoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Giudicato of Logudoro">Judicate of Logudoro</a> (also called Torres) was also allied to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> and came to an end in 1259 after the death of the judikessa (queen) <a href="/wiki/Adelasia_of_Torres" title="Adelasia of Torres">Adelasia</a>. The territory was divided up between the <a href="/wiki/Doria_(family)" title="Doria (family)">Doria</a> and Malaspina families of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and the Bas-Serra family of <a href="/wiki/Giudicato_of_Arborea" class="mw-redirect" title="Giudicato of Arborea">Arborea</a>, while the city of <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a> became <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">a small republic</a>, along the lines of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> (comuni), <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederated</a> firstly with Pisa and then with Genoa.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Giudicato_of_Gallura" class="mw-redirect" title="Giudicato of Gallura">Judicate of Gallura</a> ended in the year 1288, when the last giudice, <a href="/wiki/Nino_Visconti" title="Nino Visconti">Nino Visconti</a> (a friend of <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>), was driven out by the Pisans, who occupied the territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994297-82">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Giudicato_of_Arborea" class="mw-redirect" title="Giudicato of Arborea">Judicate of Arborea</a>, having <a href="/wiki/Oristano" title="Oristano">Oristano</a> as its capital, had the longest life compared to the other kingdoms. Its later history is entwined with the attempt to unify the island into a single Sardinian state (Republica sardisca 'Sardinian Republic' in Sardinian, Nació sarda or sardesca 'Sardinian Nation' in Catalan) against their relatives and former <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a> allies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aragonese_period">Aragonese period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aragonese period">edit</a>]</div> In 1297, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a> established on his own initiative (<a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a>) a hypothetical regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae ("<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica</a>") in order to settle the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a> diplomatically. This had broken out in 1282 between the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capetian House of Anjou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> over the possession of Sicily. Despite the existence of the indigenous states, the Pope offered this newly created crown to <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II of Aragon</a>, promising him support should he wish to conquer Pisan Sardinia in exchange for Sicily. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclamazione_della_Repubblica_sassarese_-_Giuseppe_Sciuti,_1880_-_Sassari,_Palazzo_della_Provincia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Proclamazione_della_Repubblica_sassarese_-_Giuseppe_Sciuti%2C_1880_-_Sassari%2C_Palazzo_della_Provincia.png/300px-Proclamazione_della_Repubblica_sassarese_-_Giuseppe_Sciuti%2C_1880_-_Sassari%2C_Palazzo_della_Provincia.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Proclamazione_della_Repubblica_sassarese_-_Giuseppe_Sciuti%2C_1880_-_Sassari%2C_Palazzo_della_Provincia.png/450px-Proclamazione_della_Repubblica_sassarese_-_Giuseppe_Sciuti%2C_1880_-_Sassari%2C_Palazzo_della_Provincia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Proclamazione_della_Repubblica_sassarese_-_Giuseppe_Sciuti%2C_1880_-_Sassari%2C_Palazzo_della_Provincia.png/600px-Proclamazione_della_Repubblica_sassarese_-_Giuseppe_Sciuti%2C_1880_-_Sassari%2C_Palazzo_della_Provincia.png 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>The proclamation of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a>. The Sassarese republic lasted from 1272 until 1323, when it sided with the new born Kingdom of Sardinia.</figcaption></figure> In 1324, in alliance with the Kingdom of Arborea<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994342-83">[81]</a> and following a <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_conquest_of_Sardinia" title="Aragonese conquest of Sardinia">military campaign</a> that lasted a year or so, the Aragon Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IV_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso IV of Aragon">Alfonso</a> led an Aragonese army that occupied the Pisan territories of Cagliari and Gallura along with the allied city of Sassari, naming them "The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica". The kingdom was to remain a dominion of the Crown of Aragon (under the 16th-century kings of Spain) until the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a>. During this period, the Judicate of Arborea promulgated the legal code of the kingdom in the <a href="/wiki/Carta_de_Logu" title="Carta de Logu">Carta de Logu</a> ('Charter of the Land'). The Carta de Logu was originally compiled by <a href="/wiki/Marianus_IV_of_Arborea" title="Marianus IV of Arborea">Marianus IV of Arborea</a>, and was amended and updated by Mariano's daughter, Female Judge (judikessa or juighissa) <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Arborea" title="Eleanor of Arborea">Eleanor of Arborea</a>. The legal code was written in <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> and established a whole range of citizens' rights. Among the revolutionary concepts in this Carta de Logu was the right of women to refuse marriage and to own property. In terms of civil liberties, the code made provincial 14th century Sardinia one of the most developed societies in all of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> In 1353, <a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon" title="Peter IV of Aragon">Peter IV of Aragon</a>, following Aragonese customs, granted a parliament to the kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica, which was followed by some degree of self-government under a viceroy and judicial independence. This parliament, however, had limited powers. It consisted of high-ranking military commanders, the clergy and the nobility. The kingdom of Aragon also introduced the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> system into the areas of Sardinia that it ruled. The Sardinian Judicates never adopted feudalism, and Arborea maintained its parliament, called the <a href="/wiki/Corona_de_Logu" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona de Logu">Corona de Logu</a> 'Crown of the Realm'. In this parliament, apart from the nobles and military commanders, also sat the representatives of each township and village. The Corona de Logu exercised some control over the king: under the rule of the bannus consensus the king could be deposed or even executed if he did not follow the rules of the kingdom. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleanor_statue_Oristano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Eleanor_statue_Oristano.jpg/220px-Eleanor_statue_Oristano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Eleanor_statue_Oristano.jpg/330px-Eleanor_statue_Oristano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Eleanor_statue_Oristano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Statue of the Juighissa <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Arborea" title="Eleanor of Arborea">Eleanor of Arborea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oristano" title="Oristano">Oristano</a></figcaption></figure> Having broken the alliance with the Crown of Aragon, from 1353<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994349-85">[83]</a> to 1409, the Arborean giudici <a href="/wiki/Marianus_IV_of_Arborea" title="Marianus IV of Arborea">Marianus IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_III_of_Arborea" title="Hugh III of Arborea">Hugh III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brancaleone_Doria" title="Brancaleone Doria">Brancaleone Doria</a> (husband of <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Arborea" title="Eleanor of Arborea">Eleanor of Arborea</a>), succeeded in occupying all of Sardinia except the heavily fortified towns of the Castle of <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a>, which for years remained as the only Aragonese dominions in Sardinia (<a href="/wiki/Sardinian%E2%80%93Aragonese_war" title="Sardinian–Aragonese war">Sardinian–Aragonese war</a>). In 1409, <a href="/wiki/Martin_I_of_Sicily" title="Martin I of Sicily">Martin I of Sicily</a>, king of Sicily and heir to the crown of Aragon, defeated the Sardinians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sanluri" title="Battle of Sanluri">Battle of Sanluri</a>. The battle was fought by about 20,000 Sardinian, Genoese and French knights, enrolled from their kingdom at a time when the population of Sardinia had been greatly depleted by the plague. Despite the Sardinian army outnumbering the Aragonese army, they were defeated. The Judicate of Arborea disappeared in 1420, when its rights were sold by the last king for 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Florin_(Italian_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Florin (Italian coin)">gold florins</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994372-86">[84]</a> and after some of its most notable men switched sides in exchange for privileges. For example, Leonardo Cubello, with some claim to the crown being from a family related to the Kings of Arborea, was granted the title of <a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Oristano" title="Marquisate of Oristano">Marquis of Oristano</a> and feudal rights on a territory that partly overlapped with the original extension of the Kingdom of Arborea in exchange for his subjection to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">Aragonese monarchs</a>. The conquest of Sardinia by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> meant the introduction of the feudal system throughout Sardinia. Thus Sardinia is probably the only European country where feudalism was introduced in the transition period from the Middle Ages to the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, at a time when feudalism had already been abandoned by many other European countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_period">Spanish period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spanish period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_nel_corte_funebre_dell%27Imperatore_Carlo_V.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_nel_corte_funebre_dell%27Imperatore_Carlo_V.jpg/330px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_nel_corte_funebre_dell%27Imperatore_Carlo_V.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_nel_corte_funebre_dell%27Imperatore_Carlo_V.jpg/500px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_nel_corte_funebre_dell%27Imperatore_Carlo_V.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_nel_corte_funebre_dell%27Imperatore_Carlo_V.jpg/960px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_nel_corte_funebre_dell%27Imperatore_Carlo_V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6372" data-file-height="2744" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia (center) at the funeral of Charles I of Spain</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_della_Pelosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Torre_della_Pelosa.jpg/220px-Torre_della_Pelosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Torre_della_Pelosa.jpg/330px-Torre_della_Pelosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Torre_della_Pelosa.jpg/440px-Torre_della_Pelosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>Spanish era coastal tower in <a href="/wiki/Stintino" title="Stintino">Stintino</a> called Torre della Pelosa</figcaption></figure> In 1469, the heir to Sardinia, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Isabel_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel of Castile">Isabel of Castile</a>, and the "<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>" (which was separated from Corsica) was to be inherited by their Habsburg grandson, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Spain">Charles I of Spain</a>, with the state symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Maure" class="mw-redirect" title="Maure">Four Moors</a>. The successors of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Spain">Charles I of Spain</a>, in order to defend their Mediterranean territories from raids of the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a>, fortified the Sardinian shores with a system of coastal lookout towers, allowing the gradual resettlement of some coastal areas. The Kingdom of Sardinia remained Aragonese-Spanish for about 400 years, from 1323 to 1708, assimilating a number of Spanish traditions, customs and linguistic expressions, nowadays vividly portrayed in the folklore parades of Saint Efisio in Cagliari (1 May), the Cavalcade on Sassari (last but one Sunday in May), and the Redeemer in Nuoro (28 August). To this day Catalan is still spoken in the north-western city of <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a> (<a href="/wiki/L%27Alguer" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Alguer">l'Alguer</a>). Many <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a> have been reported in Sardinia. According to Stephen L. Dyson and Robert J. Rowland, "The <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> recorded years during the late 16th century "of such hunger and so sterile that the majority of the people could sustain life only with wild ferns and other weeds" ... During the terrible famine of 1680, some 80,000 people, out of a total population of 250,000, are said to have died, and entire villages were devastated ... "<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Savoyard_period">Savoyard period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Savoyard period">edit</a>]</div> In 1708, as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_War_of_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish War of Succession">Spanish War of Succession</a>, the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> passed from <a href="/wiki/King_Philip_V_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King Philip V of Spain">King Philip V of Spain</a> into the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Austria">Austrians</a>, who occupied the island. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> granted Sardinia to the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Austria">Austrians</a>, but in 1717, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Alberoni" title="Giulio Alberoni">Giulio Alberoni</a>, minister of <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Sardinia" title="Spanish conquest of Sardinia">reoccupied Sardinia</a>. In 1718, with the Treaty of London, Sardinia was eventually handed over to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>; this Alpine dynasty would go on to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> on the island forty years later in 1760, thereby starting a process of <a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> amongst the islanders.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> In 1793, Sardinians repelled the French <a href="/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_de_Sardaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="Expédition de Sardaigne">Expédition de Sardaigne</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. On 23 February 1793, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Millelire" title="Domenico Millelire">Domenico Millelire</a>, commanding the Sardinian fleet, defeated the fleets of the French Republic near the <a href="/wiki/Maddalena_archipelago" title="Maddalena archipelago">Maddalena archipelago</a>, of which then-lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> was a leader.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Millelire became the first recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor" title="Gold Medal of Military Valor">Gold Medal of Military Valor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Italian Armed Forces</a>. In the same month, Sardinians stopped the attempted French landing on the beach of <a href="/wiki/Quartu_Sant%27Elena" title="Quartu Sant'Elena">Quartu Sant'Elena</a>, near the Capital of <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>. Because of these successes, the representatives of the nobility and clergy (Stamenti) formulated five requests addressed to the King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_III_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia">Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia</a>, but they were all met with rejection. Because of this discontent, on 28 April 1794, during an uprising in <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, two Savoyard officials were killed; that was the spark that ignited a revolt (called the "Sardinian Vespers") throughout the island, which started on 28 April 1794 (commemorated today as <a href="/wiki/Sa_die_de_sa_Sardigna" title="Sa die de sa Sardigna">sa die de sa Sardigna</a>) with the expulsion and execution of the Piedmontese officers for a few days from the Capital <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingresso_a_Sassari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ingresso_a_Sassari.jpg/220px-Ingresso_a_Sassari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ingresso_a_Sassari.jpg/330px-Ingresso_a_Sassari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ingresso_a_Sassari.jpg/440px-Ingresso_a_Sassari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>G.M. Angioy entry into Sassari</figcaption></figure> On 28 December 1795 <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a> insurgents demonstrating against feudalism, mainly from the region of <a href="/wiki/Logudoro" title="Logudoro">Logudoro</a>, occupied the city. On 13 February 1796, in order to prevent the spread of the revolt, the viceroy Filippo Vivalda gave the Sardinian magistrate <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Angioy" title="Giovanni Maria Angioy">Giovanni Maria Angioy</a> the role of Alternos, which meant a substitute of the viceroy himself. Angioy moved from Cagliari to Sassari, and during his journey almost all the villages joined the uprising, demanding an end to feudalism and aiming to declare the island to be an independent republic,<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> but once he was outnumbered by <a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">loyalist</a> forces he fled to Paris and sought support for a French annexation of the island. In 1798, the islet near Sardinia was attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisians</a> and over 900 inhabitants were taken away as <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> The final Muslim attack on the island was on <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a> on 16 October 1815, over a millennium since the first.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> In 1799, as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in Italy, the Savoy royal family left <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> and took refuge in Cagliari for some fifteen years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994472–475-96">[94]</a> In 1847, the Sardinian parliaments (Stamenti), in order to get the Piedmontese liberal reforms they could not afford due to their separated legal system, renounced their state autonomy and agreed to <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Fusion" title="Perfect Fusion">form a union</a> with the Italian Mainland States (Stati di Terraferma), ending up with a single parliament, a single magistracy and a single government in Turin; this move aggravated the island's peripheral condition<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> and most of the pro-union supporters, including its leader Giovanni Siotto Pintor, would later regret it.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costumes_of_Sardinia_1880s_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Costumes_of_Sardinia_1880s_01.jpg/250px-Costumes_of_Sardinia_1880s_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Costumes_of_Sardinia_1880s_01.jpg/330px-Costumes_of_Sardinia_1880s_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Costumes_of_Sardinia_1880s_01.jpg/500px-Costumes_of_Sardinia_1880s_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Sardinians wearing <a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">traditional ethnic garments</a>, 1880s</figcaption></figure> In 1820, the Savoyards imposed the Enclosures Act (Editto delle Chiudende) on the island, aimed at turning the land's traditional collective ownership, a cultural and economic cornerstone of Sardinia since the Nuragic times,<a href="#cite_note-chiudende-99">[97]</a> to private property. This gave rise to many abuses, as the reform ended up favouring the landholders while excluding the poor Sardinian farmers and shepherds, who witnessed the abolition of the communal rights and the sale of their lands. Many local rebellions like the <a href="/wiki/Nuoro" title="Nuoro">Nuorese</a> Su Connottu ('The Already Known' in Sardinian) riot in 1868,<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> all repressed by the King's army, resulted in an attempt to return to the past and reaffirm the right to use the once common land. However the <a href="/wiki/Common_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Common lands">common lands</a> (called ademprivios) were never completely abolished, and they are still present in large number to this day (500,000 hectares of common lands were counted in 1956, of which 345,000 constituted by woods).<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Italy">Kingdom of Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Italy">edit</a>]</div> With the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Fusion" title="Perfect Fusion">Perfect Fusion</a> in 1848, the confederation of states powered by the Savoyard kings of Sardinia became a unitary and constitutional state and moved to the <a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">Italian Wars of Independence</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a>, that were led for thirteen years. In 1861, being Italy united by a debated war campaign, the parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia decided by law to change its name and the title of its king to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a>. Most Sardinian forests were cut down at this time, in order to provide the Piedmontese with raw materials, like wood, used to make railway sleepers on the mainland. The primary natural forests, praised by every[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] traveller visiting Sardinia, would in fact be reduced to one-fifth of their original number, being little more than 100,000 hectares at the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> From 1850 onward, taxes more than doubled in Sardinia, which compounded the already severe financial hardships facing the islanders, due to the Italo-French tariff war: between 1885 and 1897, the Sardinians saw their land being confiscated more than the rest of Italy combined as a result of tax evasion.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, the Sardinian soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Sassari_Mechanized_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassari Mechanized Brigade">Brigata Sassari</a> distinguished themselves. It was the first and only regional military unit in Italy, since the people enrolled were only Sardinians. The brigade suffered heavy losses and earned four <a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor" title="Gold Medal of Military Valor">Gold Medals of Military Valor</a>. Sardinia lost more young people than any other Italian region on the front, with 138 casualties per 1000 soldiers compared to the Italian average of 100 casualties. During the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist</a> period, with the implementation of the policy of <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a>, several swamps around the island were reclaimed and agrarian communities founded. The main communities were the village of Mussolinia (now called <a href="/wiki/Arborea" title="Arborea">Arborea</a>), populated by farmers from <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a>, in the area of Oristano and <a href="/wiki/Fertilia" title="Fertilia">Fertilia</a>, populated at first by settlers from the <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a> area, followed, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, by a notable number of <a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatian Italians</a> hailing from territories lost to <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, in the area adjacent the city of <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a>, within the region of <a href="/wiki/Nurra" title="Nurra">Nurra</a>. Also established during that time (1938) was the city of <a href="/wiki/Carbonia,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonia, Italy">Carbonia</a>, which became the main centre of <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a> activity, that attracted thousand of workers from the rest of the Island and the Italian mainland. The Sardinian writer <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a> in 1926. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-468-1415-35,_S%C3%BCditalien,_H%C3%A4userruinen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-468-1415-35%2C_S%C3%BCditalien%2C_H%C3%A4userruinen.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-468-1415-35%2C_S%C3%BCditalien%2C_H%C3%A4userruinen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-468-1415-35%2C_S%C3%BCditalien%2C_H%C3%A4userruinen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-468-1415-35%2C_S%C3%BCditalien%2C_H%C3%A4userruinen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-468-1415-35%2C_S%C3%BCditalien%2C_H%C3%A4userruinen.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-468-1415-35%2C_S%C3%BCditalien%2C_H%C3%A4userruinen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Effect of Allied bombing on <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Sardinia was an important air and naval base and was heavily bombed by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, especially the city of Cagliari. German troops left the island on 8 September 1943, a few days after the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a>, and retired to Corsica without fighting and bloodshed, after a bilateral agreement between the general Antonio Basso (Commander of the Armed Forces of Sardinia) and the German <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hans_Lungerhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hans Lungerhausen (page does not exist)">Karl Hans Lungerhausen</a>, general of the <a href="/wiki/90th_Light_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">90th Panzergrenadier Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Second_World_War_period">Post-Second World War period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-Second World War period">edit</a>]</div> In 1946, by popular referendum, Italy became a republic, with Sardinia being administered since 1948 by a special statute of autonomy. By 1951, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> was successfully eliminated by the ERLAAS, Anti-malaric Regional Authority, and the support of the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a>, which facilitated the commencement of the Sardinian tourist boom.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> With the increase in <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sardinia" title="Tourism in Sardinia">tourism</a>, coal decreased in importance but Sardinia followed the <a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Italian economic miracle</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_luxury_yachts_-_Lady_Anne,_Lady_Moura_and_Pelorus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Three_luxury_yachts_-_Lady_Anne%2C_Lady_Moura_and_Pelorus.jpg/250px-Three_luxury_yachts_-_Lady_Anne%2C_Lady_Moura_and_Pelorus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Three_luxury_yachts_-_Lady_Anne%2C_Lady_Moura_and_Pelorus.jpg/330px-Three_luxury_yachts_-_Lady_Anne%2C_Lady_Moura_and_Pelorus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Three_luxury_yachts_-_Lady_Anne%2C_Lady_Moura_and_Pelorus.jpg/500px-Three_luxury_yachts_-_Lady_Anne%2C_Lady_Moura_and_Pelorus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1644" /></a><figcaption>Super yachts anchored at <a href="/wiki/Porto_Cervo" title="Porto Cervo">Porto Cervo</a> port, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Smeralda" title="Costa Smeralda">Costa Smeralda</a></figcaption></figure> In the early 1960s, an <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> effort was commenced, the so-called Piani di Rinascita (rebirth plans), with the initiation of major infrastructure projects on the island. These included the construction of new dams and roads, reforestation, agricultural zones on reclaimed marshland, and large industrial complexes (primarily oil refineries and related petrochemical operations). With the creation of <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industries</a>, thousands of ex-farmers became industrial workers. The <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> caused the termination of employment for thousands of workers employed in the petrochemical industries, which aggravated the emigration already present in the 1950s and 1960s. Sardinia faced the creation of <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">military bases</a> on the island,<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.com.au-108">[106]</a> like <a href="/wiki/Decimomannu_Air_Base" title="Decimomannu Air Base">Decimomannu Air Base</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salto_di_Quirra" title="Salto di Quirra">Salto di Quirra</a> (the biggest scientific military base in Europe) in the same decades.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Even now, around 60% of all Italian and NATO military installations in Italy are on Sardinia, whose area is less than one-tenth of all the Italian territory and whose population is little more than the 2.5%;<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> furthermore, they comprise over 35,000 hectares used for experimental weapons testing,<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> where 80% of the military explosives in Italy are used.<a href="#cite_note-repubblica.it-113">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian nationalism</a> and local <a href="/wiki/Protest_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Protest movement">protest movements</a> became stronger in the 1970s, and a number of <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_banditry" title="Sardinian banditry">bandits</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anonima_sarda" title="Anonima sarda">anonima sarda</a>) started a long series of <a href="/wiki/Kidnappings" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidnappings">kidnappings</a>, which ended only in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> This also gave rise to various militant groups that blended separatist and <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> ideas, the most famous being Barbagia Rossa and the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_Armed_Movement" title="Sardinian Armed Movement">Sardinian Armed Movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> which perpetrated several bombings and terrorist actions between the 1970s and the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> In the span of just two years (1987–1988), 224 bombing attacks were reported.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_040114-N-8197M-002_The_sun_rises_behind_the_submarine_tender_USS_Emory_S._Land_(AS_39)._Emory_S._Land_is_the_only_forward_deployed_submarine_tender_in_the_Western_hemisphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/US_Navy_040114-N-8197M-002_The_sun_rises_behind_the_submarine_tender_USS_Emory_S._Land_%28AS_39%29._Emory_S._Land_is_the_only_forward_deployed_submarine_tender_in_the_Western_hemisphere.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/US_Navy_040114-N-8197M-002_The_sun_rises_behind_the_submarine_tender_USS_Emory_S._Land_%28AS_39%29._Emory_S._Land_is_the_only_forward_deployed_submarine_tender_in_the_Western_hemisphere.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/US_Navy_040114-N-8197M-002_The_sun_rises_behind_the_submarine_tender_USS_Emory_S._Land_%28AS_39%29._Emory_S._Land_is_the_only_forward_deployed_submarine_tender_in_the_Western_hemisphere.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_(island)" title="Santo Stefano (island)">Santo Stefano</a>'s former NATO naval base</figcaption></figure> In 1983 a prominent activist of a separatist party, the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_Action_Party" title="Sardinian Action Party">Sardinian Action Party</a> (Partidu Sardu – Partito Sardo d'Azione), was elected president of the regional parliament, and in the 1980s several other movements calling for independence from Italy were born; in the 1990s some of them became political parties, even if in a rather disjointed manner. It was not until 1999 that the island's languages (<a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Tabarchino</a>) were recognised, even if just formally, together with <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>. The <a href="/wiki/35th_G8_summit" title="35th G8 summit">35th G8 summit</a> was planned by <a href="/wiki/Prodi_II_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodi II Cabinet">Prodi II Cabinet</a> to be held in Sardinia, on the island of <a href="/wiki/La_Maddalena" title="La Maddalena">La Maddalena</a>, in July 2009; however, in April 2009, the Italian Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>, decided, without convoking the Italian parliament or consulting the Sardinian governor of <a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom" title="The People of Freedom">his own party</a>, to move the summit, even though the works were almost completed, to <a href="/wiki/L%27Aquila" title="L'Aquila">L'Aquila</a>, provoking heavy protests. Today Sardinia is phasing in as an <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> region, with a diversified economy focused on tourism and the tertiary sector. The economic efforts of the last twenty years have reduced the handicap of insularity, especially in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">low-cost air travel</a> and advanced <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/CRS4" title="CRS4">CRS4</a> (Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia) developed the second European <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a> and 1st in Italy in 1991<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Webmail" title="Webmail">webmail</a> in 1995. CRS4 allowed several telecommunication companies and internet service providers based on the island to flourish, such as Videonline in 1994, <a href="/wiki/Tiscali" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiscali">Tiscali</a> in 1998 and <a href="/wiki/3_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Italy">Andala Umts</a> in 1999. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_peonia_del_Gennargentu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/La_peonia_del_Gennargentu.jpg/250px-La_peonia_del_Gennargentu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/La_peonia_del_Gennargentu.jpg/330px-La_peonia_del_Gennargentu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/La_peonia_del_Gennargentu.jpg/500px-La_peonia_del_Gennargentu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paeonia_mascula" title="Paeonia mascula">Paeonia mascula</a></figcaption></figure> Following an enormous reforestation plan Sardinia has become the Italian region with the largest forest extension. 1,213,250 hectares (12,132 km2) or 50% of the island is covered by forested areas.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> The Corpo forestale e di vigilanza ambientale della Regione Sarda is the Sardinian Forestry Corps. Sardinia is one of the regions in Italy which are most affected by <a href="/wiki/Forest_fires" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fires">forest fires</a> during the summer.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> The Regional Landscape Plan prohibits new building activities on the coast (except in urban centers), next to forests, lakes or other environmental or cultural sites and the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoria_delle_Coste" title="Conservatoria delle Coste">Coastal conservation agency</a> ensures the protection of natural areas on the Sardinian coast. <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energies" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energies">Renewable energies</a> have increased noticeably in recent years,<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> mainly <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>, favoured by the windy climate, but also <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Jatropha_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatropha oil">jatropha oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colza_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Colza oil">colza oil</a>. 586.8 megawatts of <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> capacity were installed on the island at the end of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Sardinia" title="List of mammals of Sardinia">List of mammals of Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_plants_of_Sardinia" title="List of endemic plants of Sardinia">List of endemic plants of Sardinia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giara-di-gesturi-wildpferde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Giara-di-gesturi-wildpferde.jpg/250px-Giara-di-gesturi-wildpferde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Giara-di-gesturi-wildpferde.jpg/330px-Giara-di-gesturi-wildpferde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Giara-di-gesturi-wildpferde.jpg/500px-Giara-di-gesturi-wildpferde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Giara horses</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asinello_bianco_sardegna_asinara_3593693026_750d1054eb_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Asinello_bianco_sardegna_asinara_3593693026_750d1054eb_o.jpg/220px-Asinello_bianco_sardegna_asinara_3593693026_750d1054eb_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Asinello_bianco_sardegna_asinara_3593693026_750d1054eb_o.jpg/330px-Asinello_bianco_sardegna_asinara_3593693026_750d1054eb_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Asinello_bianco_sardegna_asinara_3593693026_750d1054eb_o.jpg/440px-Asinello_bianco_sardegna_asinara_3593693026_750d1054eb_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Albino donkeys in Asinara</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felis_Lybica_Sarda_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Felis_Lybica_Sarda_05.JPG/220px-Felis_Lybica_Sarda_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Felis_Lybica_Sarda_05.JPG/330px-Felis_Lybica_Sarda_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Felis_Lybica_Sarda_05.JPG/440px-Felis_Lybica_Sarda_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Sardinian feral cat, long considered a subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/African_wildcat" title="African wildcat">African wildcat</a>, are descended from domesticated cats.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a></figcaption></figure> Due to Sardinia's continual isolation from mainland Europe even during glacial sea level lows (when it was connected to Corsica), Sardinia has a high level of <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemism</a>, with regards to both flora<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> and fauna, including insects<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> and arachnids,<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> as well as terrestrial vertebrates, with endemic amphibians (including those also found on Corsica) including the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_brook_salamander" title="Sardinian brook salamander">Sardinian brook salamander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_cave_salamander" title="Brown cave salamander">brown cave salamander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cave_salamander" title="Imperial cave salamander">imperial cave salamander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monte_Albo_cave_salamander" title="Monte Albo cave salamander">Monte Albo cave salamander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supramonte_cave_salamander" title="Supramonte cave salamander">Supramonte cave salamander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarrabus%27_cave_salamander" title="Sarrabus' cave salamander">Sarrabus' cave salamander</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_tree_frog" title="Sardinian tree frog">Sardinian tree frog</a> (also found in <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>), with lizards endemic to the archipelago including <a href="/wiki/Bedriaga%27s_rock_lizard" title="Bedriaga's rock lizard">Bedriaga's rock lizard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_wall_lizard" title="Tyrrhenian wall lizard">Tyrrhenian wall lizard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fitzinger%27s_algyroides" title="Fitzinger's algyroides">Fitzinger's algyroides</a>. During the Late Pleistocene, Sardinia and Corsica had a highly endemic terrestrial mammal fauna, all of which is now extinct, which included a field mouse (<a href="/wiki/Rhagamys_orthodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhagamys orthodon">Rhagamys orthodon</a>), a vole (<a href="/wiki/Microtus_henseli" title="Microtus henseli">Microtus henseli</a>), a shrew (<a href="/wiki/Asoriculus" title="Asoriculus">Asoriculus similis</a>), a mole (<a href="/wiki/Talpa_tyrrhenica" title="Talpa tyrrhenica">Talpa tyrrhenica</a>), a dwarf mammoth (<a href="/wiki/Mammuthus_lamarmorai" title="Mammuthus lamarmorai">Mammuthus lamarmorai</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_pika" title="Sardinian pika">Sardinian pika</a> (Prolagus sardus), a jackal-sized canine, the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_dhole" title="Sardinian dhole">Sardinian dhole</a> (Cynotherium sardus), a <a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">mustelid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enhydrictis" title="Enhydrictis">Enhydrictis galictoides</a>), three species of otter (<a href="/wiki/Algarolutra_majori" class="mw-redirect" title="Algarolutra majori">Algarolutra majori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardolutra" title="Sardolutra">Sardolutra ichnusae</a>, and the gigantic <a href="/wiki/Megalenhydris_barbaricina" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalenhydris barbaricina">Megalenhydris barbaricina</a>) and a deer (<a href="/wiki/Praemegaceros" title="Praemegaceros">Praemegaceros cazioti</a>).<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Some of these animals were extinct by the beginning of the Holocene, with the deer species suggested to have persisted until around 7,600 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> and the shrew into the Neolithic, while the Sardinian pika, vole and field mouse are suggested to have persisted until around 3000–2000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> The Sardinian pika in particular was historically abundant on the island, and was used by early inhabitants as a source of food.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> On the present-day island, its <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> includes a variety of introduced mammal species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Corsican_red_deer" title="Corsican red deer">Corsican red deer</a>. The island is inhabited by terrestrial tortoises and sea turtles like <a href="/wiki/Hermann%27s_tortoise" title="Hermann's tortoise">Hermann's tortoise</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spur-thighed_tortoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Spur-thighed tortoise">spur-thighed tortoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marginated_tortoise" title="Marginated tortoise">marginated tortoise</a> (Testudo marginata sarda), Nabeul tortoise, <a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">loggerhead sea turtle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green sea turtle</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of prey">birds of prey</a> found here are the <a href="/wiki/Griffon_vulture" class="mw-redirect" title="Griffon vulture">griffon vulture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_buzzard" title="Common buzzard">common buzzard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long-eared_owl" title="Long-eared owl">long-eared owl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_marsh_harrier" title="Western marsh harrier">western marsh harrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_honey_buzzard" title="European honey buzzard">European honey buzzard</a>, Sardinian goshawk (Accipiter gentilis arrigonii), <a href="/wiki/Bonelli%27s_eagle" title="Bonelli's eagle">Bonelli's eagle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleonora%27s_falcon" title="Eleonora's falcon">Eleonora's falcon</a>, whose name comes from <a href="/wiki/Eleonor_of_Arborea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleonor of Arborea">Eleonor of Arborea</a>, national heroine of Sardinia, expert in <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">falconry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> The hundreds of lagoons and coastal lakes that dot the island are home for many species of wading birds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Greater_flamingo" title="Greater flamingo">greater flamingo</a>. Conversely, Sardinia lacks many species common on the European continent, such as the <a href="/wiki/Viperinae" title="Viperinae">viper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marmot" title="Marmot">marmot</a>. The island has also long been used for grazing flocks of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinian sheep">Sardinian sheep</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_Anglo-Arab" title="Sardinian Anglo-Arab">Sardinian Anglo-Arab</a> is a horse breed that was established in Sardinia, where it has been selectively bred for more than one hundred years. Three different breeds of dogs are peculiar to Sardinia: the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_Shepherd_Dog" title="Sardinian Shepherd Dog">Sardinian Shepherd Dog</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dogo_Sardesco" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogo Sardesco">Dogo Sardesco</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Levriero_Sardo" title="Levriero Sardo">Levriero Sardo</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_parks_and_reserves">Natural parks and reserves</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Natural parks and reserves">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardinian_natural_parks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sardinian_natural_parks.jpg/220px-Sardinian_natural_parks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sardinian_natural_parks.jpg/330px-Sardinian_natural_parks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sardinian_natural_parks.jpg/440px-Sardinian_natural_parks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>National and regional parks of Sardinia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punta_Sebera.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Punta_Sebera.JPG/250px-Punta_Sebera.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Punta_Sebera.JPG/330px-Punta_Sebera.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Punta_Sebera.JPG/500px-Punta_Sebera.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Sulcis Regional Park, the largest <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean evergreen forest</a> in Europe[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> Over 600,000 hectares (1,500,000 acres) of Sardinian territory is environmentally preserved<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> (about 25% of the island's territory). The island has three <a href="/wiki/Italian_national_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian national park">national parks</a>:<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Asinara_National_Park" title="Asinara National Park">Asinara National Park</a>,</li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Arcipelago_di_La_Maddalena_National_Park" title="Arcipelago di La Maddalena National Park">Arcipelago di La Maddalena National Park</a>, and</li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Gennargentu_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gennargentu National Park">Gennargentu National Park</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd>The numbers correspond to those in the map to right.</dd></dl> Ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">regional parks</a>: <ul><li>4. Parco del Limbara</li> <li>5. Parco del Marghine e Goceano</li> <li>6. Parco del Sinis – Montiferru</li> <li>7. Parco di Monte Arci</li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Giara_di_Gesturi" title="Giara di Gesturi">Parco della Giara di Gesturi</a></li> <li>9. Parco di Monte Linas – Oridda – Marganai</li> <li>10. Parco dei Sette Fratelli – Monte Genas</li> <li>11. Parco del Sulcis</li> <li>Parco naturale regionale di Porto Conte</li> <li>Parco regionale Molentargius – Saline</li></ul> There are 60 wildlife reserves, 5 W.W.F oases, 25 natural monuments and one Geomineral Park, preserved by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Northern Sardinian Coasts are included in the <a href="/wiki/Pelagos_Sanctuary_for_Mediterranean_Marine_Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals">Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals</a>, a Marine Protected Area, that covers a surface of about 84,000 km2 (32,433 sq mi), aimed at the protection of marine mammals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universit%C3%A0_Sassari.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Universit%C3%A0_Sassari.png/250px-Universit%C3%A0_Sassari.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Universit%C3%A0_Sassari.png/330px-Universit%C3%A0_Sassari.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Universit%C3%A0_Sassari.png/500px-Universit%C3%A0_Sassari.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Main building of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sassari" title="University of Sassari">University of Sassari</a> (which started the university courses in 1562)</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">ISTAT</a> census of 2001, the literacy rate in Sardinia among people below 65 years old is 99.5 percent. Total literacy rate (including people over 65) is 98.2 percent.<a href="#cite_note-edscuola.it-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-140">[138]</a> The illiteracy rate among males below 65 years old is 0.24 percent and among women 0.25 percent;<a href="#cite_note-edscuola.it-139">[137]</a> the number of women that annually graduate at secondary high schools and universities is about 10–20 percent higher than men.<a href="#cite_note-auto-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Sardinia has the 2nd highest rate of school drop-out in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Sardinia has two public universities: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sassari" title="University of Sassari">University of Sassari</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cagliari" title="University of Cagliari">University of Cagliari</a>, founded in the 16th and 17th century. 48,979 students were enrolled at universities in 2007–2008.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_regional_policy_2014.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/European_regional_policy_2014.svg/250px-European_regional_policy_2014.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/European_regional_policy_2014.svg/330px-European_regional_policy_2014.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/European_regional_policy_2014.svg/500px-European_regional_policy_2014.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Economic classification of European regions according to <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Less developed regions</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Transition regions</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  More developed regions</div></figcaption></figure> Of the Italian regions located south of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Sardinia's economy is in the best state. The greatest amount of economic development took place inland, in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a>, characterized by a certain amount of enterprise. According to <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>, the 2014 nominal <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) was €33,356 million, €33,085 million in <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>, resulting in a GDP per capita of €19,900, which is 72% of the EU average. The <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> in Sardinia is the highest of the southern half of Italy. The most populated provincial chief towns have higher incomes: in Cagliari the income per capita is €27,545, in Sassari €24,006, in <a href="/wiki/Oristano" title="Oristano">Oristano</a> €23,887, in <a href="/wiki/Nuoro" title="Nuoro">Nuoro</a> is €23,316 and in <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a> is €20,827.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> Sardinia is <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">the 14th most productive region in the country</a> and is <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GRP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Italian regions by GRP per capita">the 16th for GRP per capita</a> among Italian regions.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> The Sardinian economy is, however, constrained due to the high costs of the transportation of goods and electricity, which is twice that of the continental Italian regions, and triple that of the EU average. Sardinia is the only Italian region that produces a surplus of electricity, and exports electricity to <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian mainland</a>: in 2009, the new <a href="/wiki/Submarine_power_cable" title="Submarine power cable">submarine power cable</a> <a href="/wiki/Sapei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapei">Sapei</a> entered into operation. It links the Fiume Santo Power Station, in Sardinia, to the converter stations in <a href="/wiki/Latina,_Lazio" title="Latina, Lazio">Latina</a>, in the Italian peninsula. The <a href="/wiki/SACOI" class="mw-redirect" title="SACOI">SACOI</a> is another submarine power cable that links Sardinia to Italy, crossing Corsica, from 1965. Small scale <a href="/wiki/Liquified_natural_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified natural gas">liquified natural gas</a> terminals and a 404 km (251 mi) gas pipeline were under construction, and became operational in 2018. They will decrease the current high cost of the electric power in the island.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit">[update]</a>, Sardinia has 2 GigaWatts (GW) of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal power plant">thermal power plants</a>, 1 GW each of wind and solar power, and over 450 MW of <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costa_Paradiso,_spiaggia_di_Li_Cossi_-_panoramio_-_Carlo_Pelagalli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Costa_Paradiso%2C_spiaggia_di_Li_Cossi_-_panoramio_-_Carlo_Pelagalli.jpg/250px-Costa_Paradiso%2C_spiaggia_di_Li_Cossi_-_panoramio_-_Carlo_Pelagalli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Costa_Paradiso%2C_spiaggia_di_Li_Cossi_-_panoramio_-_Carlo_Pelagalli.jpg/330px-Costa_Paradiso%2C_spiaggia_di_Li_Cossi_-_panoramio_-_Carlo_Pelagalli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Costa_Paradiso%2C_spiaggia_di_Li_Cossi_-_panoramio_-_Carlo_Pelagalli.jpg/500px-Costa_Paradiso%2C_spiaggia_di_Li_Cossi_-_panoramio_-_Carlo_Pelagalli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sardinia" title="Tourism in Sardinia">Tourism in Sardinia</a> is one of the fastest growing sectors of the regional economy.</figcaption></figure> Three main banks are headquartered in Sardinia; however, <a href="/wiki/Banco_di_Sardegna" title="Banco di Sardegna">Banco di Sardegna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banca_di_Sassari" title="Banca di Sassari">Banca di Sassari</a>, are both originally from Sassari. There are chances for Sardinia to become a <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a> as the whole island territory is free of <a href="/wiki/Custom_duties" class="mw-redirect" title="Custom duties">custom duties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Value_added_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value added tax">value added tax</a> (VAT) and excise taxes on fuel; since February 2013, the town of <a href="/wiki/Portoscuso" title="Portoscuso">Portoscuso</a> has become the first free trade zone.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> According to the article 12 of the Sardinian Statute modified by the regional parliament in October 2013: "The Territory of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia is located off the customs line and constitutes a Free Trade Zone enclosed by the surrounding sea; the access points consist of the seaports and the airports. The Sardinian Free Trade Zone is regulated by the laws of the European Union and Italy that are in force also in Livigno, Campione D'Italia, Gorizia, Savogna d'Isonzo and the Region of Aosta Valley". <div style="font-size:90%; border:0; padding:0; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:center;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>2000</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Gross domestic product nominal (Million €)</td> <td>25,958.1</td> <td>27,547.6</td> <td>28,151.6</td> <td>29,487.3</td> <td>30,595.5</td> <td>31,421.3</td> <td>32,579.0</td> <td>33,823.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">GDP per capita nominal (Euro)</td> <td>15,861.0</td> <td>16,871.4</td> <td>17,226.5</td> <td>17,975.7</td> <td>18,581.0</td> <td>19,009.8</td> <td>19,654.3</td> <td>20,444.1 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment">Unemployment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Unemployment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> for the fourth quarter of 2008 was 8.6%; by 2012, the unemployment rate had increased to 14.6%.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Its rise was due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> that reduced Sardinian exports, mainly focused on refined oil, chemical products, and also mining and metallurgical products. The unemployment rate dropped to 11.2% at the end of 2018, which is only 1.8 <a href="/wiki/Percentage_point" title="Percentage point">percentage points</a> (pp) higher than the national average (9.4%) and 5.3pp lower than <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italian</a> regions (16.5%), according to <a href="/wiki/Italian_National_Institute_of_Statistics" title="Italian National Institute of Statistics">Italian National Institute of Statistics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_sectors">Economic sectors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economic sectors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentualesettorioccupazionalisardegna.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Percentualesettorioccupazionalisardegna.png/250px-Percentualesettorioccupazionalisardegna.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Percentualesettorioccupazionalisardegna.png/330px-Percentualesettorioccupazionalisardegna.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Percentualesettorioccupazionalisardegna.png/500px-Percentualesettorioccupazionalisardegna.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Percentage distribution of employees in different economic sectors in Sardinia: 8.7% the primary sector (fishing, agriculture, farming), 23.5% the secondary sector (industry, machinery, manufacturing), and 67.8% the tertiary sector (tourism, services, finance)</figcaption></figure> This table shows the sectors of the Sardinian economy in 2011:<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Economic activity</th> <th>GDP (mil. €)</th> <th>% sector </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Agriculture, farming, fishing</td> <td>908</td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Industry</td> <td>2,828</td> <td>9.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Constructions</td> <td>1,722</td> <td>5.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Commerce, hotels and restaurants, transport, services and (tele)communications</td> <td>7,597</td> <td>25.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Financial activity and real estate</td> <td>8,011</td> <td>26.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Other economic activities related to services</td> <td>8,896</td> <td>29.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Total value added</td> <td>29,962</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">GDP of Sardinia</td> <td>33,638</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary">Primary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Primary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheep_near_lula_sardinia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sheep_near_lula_sardinia.jpg/250px-Sheep_near_lula_sardinia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sheep_near_lula_sardinia.jpg/330px-Sheep_near_lula_sardinia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sheep_near_lula_sardinia.jpg/500px-Sheep_near_lula_sardinia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Sheep grazing around <a href="/wiki/Lula,_Sardinia" title="Lula, Sardinia">Lula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuoro" title="Nuoro">Nuoro</a></figcaption></figure> Sardinia is home to nearly four million <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> almost half of the entire Italian assets and that makes the island one of the areas of the world with the highest density of sheep along with some parts of the United Kingdom and New Zealand (135 sheep every square kilometer versus 129 in UK and 116 in New Zealand). Sardinia has been for thousands of years specializing in sheep breeding, and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> that is less productive of agriculture in relation to land use. It is probably in breeding and cattle ownership the economic base of the early proto-historic and monumental Sardinian civilization from <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> to the Iron Age. Agriculture has also played a very important role in the economic history of the island, especially in the great plain of <a href="/wiki/Campidano" title="Campidano">Campidano</a>, particularly suitable for <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> farming. Sardinian soil often has insufficient or brackish water aquifers, even on its more permeable plains. As such, water scarcity was the first problem that was faced for the modernization of the sector, with the construction of a great barrier system of dams, which today contains nearly 2 billion <a href="/wiki/Cubic_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic meter">cubic meters</a> of water.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> The Sardinian agriculture is now linked to specific products such as cheese, wine, <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a> for a growing product export. The reclamations have helped to extend the crops and to introduce other ones such as vegetables and fruit, next to the historical ones, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapes">grapes</a> that are present in the hilly areas. The Campidano plain, the largest lowland Sardinian produces <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durum" class="mw-redirect" title="Durum">durum</a>, of which is one of the most important Italian producers. Among the vegetables, as well as artichokes, has a certain weight the production of <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>, and, before the reform of the <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> sector from the European Union, the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sughero_TempioPausania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sughero_TempioPausania.jpg/250px-Sughero_TempioPausania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sughero_TempioPausania.jpg/330px-Sughero_TempioPausania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sughero_TempioPausania.jpg/500px-Sughero_TempioPausania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Peeled trunks of <a href="/wiki/Cork_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Cork oak">cork oaks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tempio_Pausania" title="Tempio Pausania">Tempio Pausania</a></figcaption></figure> In the forests there is the <a href="/wiki/Cork_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Cork oak">cork oak</a>, which grows naturally; Sardinia produces about 80% of Italian cork. The <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">cork</a> district, in the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Gallura" title="Gallura">Gallura</a> region, around <a href="/wiki/Calangianus" title="Calangianus">Calangianus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tempio_Pausania" title="Tempio Pausania">Tempio Pausania</a>, is composed of 130 companies. Every year in Sardinia 200,000 quintals (20,000 tonnes) of cork are carved, and 40% of the end products are exported. In fresh food, as well as artichokes, the production of tomatoes (including Camoni tomato) and <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> fruit are of a certain weight. Sardinia is the 5th Italian region for <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> production, the main paddy fields are located in the <a href="/wiki/Arborea" title="Arborea">Arborea</a> Plain.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> In addition to meat, Sardinia produces a wide variety of cheese, considering that half of the sheep milk produced in Italy is produced in Sardinia, and is largely worked by the cooperatives of the shepherds and small industries.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Sardinia also produces most of the <a href="/wiki/Pecorino_romano" title="Pecorino romano">pecorino romano</a>, a non-original product of the island, much of which is traditionally addressed to the Italian overseas communities. Sardinia boasts a centuries-old tradition of <a href="/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">horse breeding</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a> domination, whose <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> drew from equine heritage of the island to strengthen their own army or to make a gift to the other sovereigns of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Today the island boasts the highest number of horse herds in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> There is little fishing (and no real maritime tradition), <a href="/wiki/Portoscuso" title="Portoscuso">Portoscuso</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tunas</a> are exported worldwide, but primarily to Japan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industry_and_handicraft">Industry and handicraft</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Industry and handicraft">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porto_Torres_-_chemical_industry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Porto_Torres_-_chemical_industry.jpg/250px-Porto_Torres_-_chemical_industry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Porto_Torres_-_chemical_industry.jpg/330px-Porto_Torres_-_chemical_industry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Porto_Torres_-_chemical_industry.jpg/500px-Porto_Torres_-_chemical_industry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Petrochemical and Green Chemical industries in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Torres" title="Porto Torres">Porto Torres</a></figcaption></figure> The once prosperous mining industry is still active though restricted to <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuraxi_Figus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuraxi Figus">Nuraxi Figus</a>, hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Gonnesa" title="Gonnesa">Gonnesa</a>),<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> (<a href="/wiki/Villasalto" title="Villasalto">Villasalto</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> (<a href="/wiki/Furtei" title="Furtei">Furtei</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olmedo,_Sardinia" title="Olmedo, Sardinia">Olmedo</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iglesiente" title="Iglesiente">Iglesiente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nurra" title="Nurra">Nurra</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> extraction represents one of the most flourishing industries in the northern part of the island. The Gallura granite district is composed of 260 companies that work in 60 quarries, where 75% of the Italian granite is extracted. The principal industries are chemicals (<a href="/wiki/Porto_Torres" title="Porto Torres">Porto Torres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villacidro" title="Villacidro">Villacidro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottana" title="Ottana">Ottana</a>), petrochemicals (<a href="/wiki/Porto_Torres" title="Porto Torres">Porto Torres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarroch" title="Sarroch">Sarroch</a>), metalworking (Portoscuso, Portovesme, <a href="/wiki/Villacidro" title="Villacidro">Villacidro</a>), cement (<a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>), pharmaceutical (<a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a>), shipbuilding (<a href="/wiki/Arbatax" title="Arbatax">Arbatax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porto_Torres" title="Porto Torres">Porto Torres</a>), oil rig construction (<a href="/wiki/Arbatax" title="Arbatax">Arbatax</a>), rail industry (<a href="/wiki/Villacidro" title="Villacidro">Villacidro</a>),<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> arms industries at <a href="/wiki/Domusnovas" title="Domusnovas">Domusnovas</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> and food (sugar refineries at <a href="/wiki/Villasor" title="Villasor">Villasor</a> and Oristano, dairy at <a href="/wiki/Arborea" title="Arborea">Arborea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macomer" title="Macomer">Macomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiesi" title="Thiesi">Thiesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_factory" title="Fish factory">fish factory</a> at Olbia). In Sardinia is located the DASS (Distretto Aerospaziale della Sardegna), a consortium of companies, research centers and universities focused on aerospace industry and research.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> The aerospace manufacturer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitrociset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitrociset (page does not exist)">Vitrociset</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Villaputzu" title="Villaputzu">Villaputzu</a>, is involved in the production of the stealth multirole fighter <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Plans related to industrial conversion are in progress in the main industrial sites, like in Porto Torres, where seven research centres are developing the transformation from traditional fossil fuel related industry to an integrated production chain from vegetable oil using oleaginous seeds to bio-plastics.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> Sardinia is involved in the industrial production of the <a href="/wiki/AIRPod" title="AIRPod">AIRPod</a>, an innovative car powered by compressed air, with the first factory being built in <a href="/wiki/Bolotana" title="Bolotana">Bolotana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> Craft industries include rugs, jewelry, textile, lacework, basket making and coral. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tertiary">Tertiary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tertiary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sardinia" title="Tourism in Sardinia">Tourism in Sardinia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porto_Cervo_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Porto_Cervo_2.JPG/250px-Porto_Cervo_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Porto_Cervo_2.JPG/330px-Porto_Cervo_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Porto_Cervo_2.JPG/500px-Porto_Cervo_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Yachts in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Cervo" title="Porto Cervo">Porto Cervo</a>. Luxury tourism has been an important source of income in Sardinia since the 1960s.</figcaption></figure> The Sardinian economy is today focused on the overdeveloped tertiary sector (67.8% of employment), with <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a> and especially on <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sardinia" title="Tourism in Sardinia">tourism</a> (mainly seaside tourism), which represents the main industry of the island with 2,721 active companies and 189,239 rooms. In 2008 there were 2,363,496 arrivals (up 1.4% on 2007). In the same year, the airports of the island registered 11,896,674 passengers (up 1.24% on 2007).<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> Due to its isolated and insular location, Sardinia focused part of its economy on the development of digital technologies since the dawn of internet era: the first Italian website, one of the first webmail system and one of the first and largest internet providers (Video On Line) were realised by the <a href="/wiki/CRS4" title="CRS4">CRS4</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> the first European online newspaper was developed by <a href="/wiki/L%27Unione_Sarda" title="L'Unione Sarda">L'Unione Sarda</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> and also the first Italian UMTS company was founded on the island. Today Sardinia is the second Italian region, after Lombardy, for investments in <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startups</a> (owning the 20% of the Italian venture capital).<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> Sardinia has many small and picturesque villages, nine of them have been selected by <a href="/wiki/I_Borghi_pi%C3%B9_belli_d%27Italia" title="I Borghi più belli d'Italia">I Borghi più belli d'Italia</a> (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy),<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communications">Communications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Communications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sardinia_Radio_Telescope" title="Sardinia Radio Telescope">Sardinia Radio Telescope</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SRT_SARDINIA_RADIO_TELESCOPE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SRT_SARDINIA_RADIO_TELESCOPE.jpg/250px-SRT_SARDINIA_RADIO_TELESCOPE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SRT_SARDINIA_RADIO_TELESCOPE.jpg/330px-SRT_SARDINIA_RADIO_TELESCOPE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SRT_SARDINIA_RADIO_TELESCOPE.jpg/500px-SRT_SARDINIA_RADIO_TELESCOPE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sardinia_Radio_Telescope" title="Sardinia Radio Telescope">Sardinia Radio Telescope</a></figcaption></figure> On the island are headquartered some telecommunication companies and internet service providers, such as <a href="/wiki/Tiscali" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiscali">Tiscali</a> and the Mediterranean Skylogic Teleport, a <a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">ground station</a> controlled by satellite provider <a href="/wiki/Eutelsat" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Sardinia is the Italian region with the highest e-intensity index after the <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> (index measuring the relative maturity of Internet economies on the basis of three factors: enablement, engagement, and expenditure) and the region with the highest internet performances, such as fastest broadband connection in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Sardinia is also the Italian region with the highest percentage (41%) of 4G <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> users.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> The Chinese multinational telecommunications equipment and systems companies <a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> have development centers and innovation labs in Sardinia.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> Sardinia has become Europe's first region to fully adopt the new <a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Terrestrial Television">Digital Terrestrial Television</a> broadcasting standard. From 1 November 2008 TV channels are broadcast only in digital.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Airports">edit</a>]</div> Sardinia has three international airports (<a href="/wiki/Alghero-Fertilia_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Alghero-Fertilia Airport">Alghero-Fertilia/Riviera del Corallo Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olbia_-_Costa_Smeralda_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia - Costa Smeralda Airport">Olbia-Costa Smeralda Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cagliari-Elmas_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Cagliari-Elmas Airport">Cagliari-Elmas Airport</a>) connected with the principal Italian cities and many European destinations, mainly in the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, Spain and Germany, and two regional airports (<a href="/wiki/Oristano-Fenosu_Airport" title="Oristano-Fenosu Airport">Oristano-Fenosu Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tortol%C3%AC_Airport" title="Tortolì Airport">Tortolì-Arbatax Airport</a>). Internal air connections between Sardinian airports are limited to a daily Cagliari-Olbia flight. Sardinian citizens benefit from special sales on plane tickets for <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> (continuità territoriale),<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">low-cost air companies</a> operate on the island. Airone - Compagnia Trasporti Aerei S.A. was an airline established in Cagliari in October 1944 , its founders intended it to be the answer to the need for fast connections between Sardinia and mainland Italy. The name itself recalled one of the most typical animals of the island's wetlands. It is remembered as the first airline founded in Italy after the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_Italy_(2018%E2%80%932020)" title="Air Italy (2018–2020)">Air Italy</a> (formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Meridiana" title="Meridiana">Meridiana</a>) was an airline headquartered in the airport of <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a>; it was founded as <a href="/wiki/Alisarda" title="Alisarda">Alisarda</a> in 1963 by the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Aga Khan IV</a>. The development of <a href="/wiki/Alisarda" title="Alisarda">Alisarda</a> followed the development of <a href="/wiki/Costa_Smeralda" title="Costa Smeralda">Costa Smeralda</a> in the northeast part of the island, a well known vacation spot among billionaires and film actors worldwide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seaports">Seaports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Seaports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corsica_Express_Seconda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Corsica_Express_Seconda.jpg/250px-Corsica_Express_Seconda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Corsica_Express_Seconda.jpg/330px-Corsica_Express_Seconda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Corsica_Express_Seconda.jpg/500px-Corsica_Express_Seconda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption>A high-speed ferry in the Gulf of <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a></figcaption></figure> The ferry companies operating on the island are <a href="/wiki/Tirrenia_di_Navigazione" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirrenia di Navigazione">Tirrenia di Navigazione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moby_Lines" title="Moby Lines">Moby Lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica_Ferries_-_Sardinia_Ferries" title="Corsica Ferries - Sardinia Ferries">Corsica Ferries - Sardinia Ferries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grandi_Navi_Veloci" title="Grandi Navi Veloci">Grandi Navi Veloci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grimaldi_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimaldi Lines">Grimaldi Lines</a>, Corsica Linea; they link the Sardinian seaports of <a href="/wiki/Porto_Torres" title="Porto Torres">Porto Torres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golfo_Aranci" title="Golfo Aranci">Golfo Aranci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbatax" title="Arbatax">Arbatax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa_Gallura" title="Santa Teresa Gallura">Santa Teresa Gallura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> with <a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piombino" title="Piombino">Piombino</a> in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonifacio,_Corse-du-Sud" title="Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud">Bonifacio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propriano" title="Propriano">Propriano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a> in France and <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> in Spain. Porto Torres is the largest port of Sardinia, while Olbia, Santa Teresa Gallura and Palau are the most popular arrival ports, based on passenger data between 2020-2024.<a href="#cite_note-ferryhopper_2024-202">[200]</a> Caronte & Tourist and Delcomar links the main island to the islands of <a href="/wiki/La_Maddalena" title="La Maddalena">La Maddalena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carloforte" title="Carloforte">San Pietro</a>. About 40 tourist harbours are located along the Sardinian coasts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cable-stayed_bridge_of_the_Monserrato_University_Campus_interchange.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cable-stayed_bridge_of_the_Monserrato_University_Campus_interchange.JPG/220px-Cable-stayed_bridge_of_the_Monserrato_University_Campus_interchange.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cable-stayed_bridge_of_the_Monserrato_University_Campus_interchange.JPG/330px-Cable-stayed_bridge_of_the_Monserrato_University_Campus_interchange.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cable-stayed_bridge_of_the_Monserrato_University_Campus_interchange.JPG/440px-Cable-stayed_bridge_of_the_Monserrato_University_Campus_interchange.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Cable-stayed bridge of the Monserrato University Campus interchange SS 554</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bus_ARST_mercedes_benz_citaro_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bus_ARST_mercedes_benz_citaro_2.jpg/250px-Bus_ARST_mercedes_benz_citaro_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bus_ARST_mercedes_benz_citaro_2.jpg/330px-Bus_ARST_mercedes_benz_citaro_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bus_ARST_mercedes_benz_citaro_2.jpg/500px-Bus_ARST_mercedes_benz_citaro_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>A bus of Sardinia public transport authorities (<a href="/wiki/ARST_(company)" title="ARST (company)">Arst</a>) in Sassari</figcaption></figure> Sardinia is the only Italian region without <a href="/wiki/Autostrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Autostrade">Autostrade</a> (en:<a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorways</a>), but the road network is well developed with a system of no-toll roads with <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual carriageway</a>, called superstrade ('super roads') that connect the principal towns and the main airports and seaports; the speed limit is 90 km/h (56 mph)/110 km/h (68 mph). The principal road is the <a href="/wiki/Strada_statale_131_Charles_Felix" class="mw-redirect" title="Strada statale 131 Charles Felix">SS131</a> "<a href="/wiki/Carlo_Felice" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo Felice">Carlo Felice</a>", linking the south with the north of the island, crossing the most historic regions of <a href="/wiki/Porto_Torres" title="Porto Torres">Porto Torres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>; it is part of <a href="/wiki/European_route" class="mw-redirect" title="European route">European route</a> E25. The <a href="/wiki/Strada_statale_131_Diramazione_Centrale_Nuorese" title="Strada statale 131 Diramazione Centrale Nuorese">SS 131 d.c.n</a> links <a href="/wiki/Oristano" title="Oristano">Oristano</a> with <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a>, crossing the hinterland <a href="/wiki/Nuoro" title="Nuoro">Nuoro</a> region. Other roads designed for high-capacity traffic link <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a> with <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tempio_Pausania" title="Tempio Pausania">Tempio Pausania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a> – <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tortol%C3%AC" title="Tortolì">Tortolì</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> – <a href="/wiki/Iglesias,_Sardinia" title="Iglesias, Sardinia">Iglesias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuoro" title="Nuoro">Nuoro</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lanusei" title="Lanusei">Lanusei</a>. A work in progress is converting the main routes to <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highway</a> standards, with the elimination of all <a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">intersections</a>. The secondary inland and mountain roads are generally narrow with many <a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">hairpin turns</a>, so the speed limits are very low. <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Buses" class="mw-redirect" title="Buses">buses</a> reach every town and village at least once a day; however, due to the low density of population, the smallest territories are reachable only by car. The Azienda Regionale Sarda Trasporti (<a href="/wiki/ARST_(company)" title="ARST (company)">ARST</a>) is the public regional bus transport agency. Networks of city buses serve the main towns (<a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iglesias,_Sardinia" title="Iglesias, Sardinia">Iglesias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oristano" title="Oristano">Oristano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuoro" title="Nuoro">Nuoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonia,_Sardinia" title="Carbonia, Sardinia">Carbonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a>). In Sardinia 1,295,462 vehicles circulate, equal to 613 per 1,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Railways">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FS_ATR_365_003_(Cagliari).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/FS_ATR_365_003_%28Cagliari%29.jpg/220px-FS_ATR_365_003_%28Cagliari%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/FS_ATR_365_003_%28Cagliari%29.jpg/330px-FS_ATR_365_003_%28Cagliari%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/FS_ATR_365_003_%28Cagliari%29.jpg/440px-FS_ATR_365_003_%28Cagliari%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>ATR 365 owned by the Autonomous Region of Sardinia in Cagliari</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FCS_400_auf_dem_Viadukt_bei_Belvi-Aritzo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FCS_400_auf_dem_Viadukt_bei_Belvi-Aritzo.JPG/250px-FCS_400_auf_dem_Viadukt_bei_Belvi-Aritzo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FCS_400_auf_dem_Viadukt_bei_Belvi-Aritzo.JPG/330px-FCS_400_auf_dem_Viadukt_bei_Belvi-Aritzo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FCS_400_auf_dem_Viadukt_bei_Belvi-Aritzo.JPG/500px-FCS_400_auf_dem_Viadukt_bei_Belvi-Aritzo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Tourist railway between <a href="/wiki/Aritzo" title="Aritzo">Aritzo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belv%C3%AC" title="Belvì">Belvì</a></figcaption></figure> The Sardinian railway system was developed starting from the 19th century by the Welsh engineer <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Piercy" title="Benjamin Piercy">Benjamin Piercy</a>. Today there are two different railway operators: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trenitalia" title="Trenitalia">Trenitalia</a> which connects the most populated towns and the main ports. This network is the most modern on the island, running primarily diesel locomotives such as the <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom Minuetto</a> and, from 2015 the faster <a href="/wiki/Tilting_train" title="Tilting train">tilting train</a> <a href="/wiki/Construcciones_y_Auxiliar_de_Ferrocarriles" title="Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles">CAF ATR365 and ATR 465</a>, specifically designed for the Sardinian railway network;<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARST_(company)" title="ARST (company)">ARST</a>: the trains run on <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railways">narrow-gauge</a> track, are generally slow, due to the tortuosity of the lines, except for the electrified <a href="/wiki/Tram-trains" class="mw-redirect" title="Tram-trains">tram-trains</a> operating in the metropolitan areas of <a href="/wiki/Sassari_Tram-train" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassari Tram-train">Sassari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cagliari_Metro-tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cagliari Metro-tramway">Cagliari</a>.</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Trenino_Verde" title="Trenino Verde">Trenino Verde</a> (Little Green Train) is a <a href="/wiki/Tourist_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist railway">railway tourism</a> service operated by ARST. Vintage <a href="/wiki/Railcar" title="Railcar">railcars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a> run through the wildest parts of the island. They allow the traveller to have scenic views impossible to see from the main roads. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinian people">Sardinian people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsican people">Corsican people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalan people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sardinians">List of Sardinians</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1485 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">157,578</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1603 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">266,676</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+69.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1678 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">299,356</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1688 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">229,532</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−23.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1698 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">259,157</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+12.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1728 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">311,902</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1751 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">360,805</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1771 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">360,785</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1776 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">422,647</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1781 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">431,897</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1821 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">461,931</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1824 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">469,831</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1838 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">525,485</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1844 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">544,253</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1848 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">554,717</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1857 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">573,243</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">609,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">636,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">680,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">796,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+17.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">868,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">885,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">984,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,034,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,276,023</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+23.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,419,362</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,473,800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,594,175</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,648,248</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,631,880</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,639,362</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,587,413</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a>, – D.Angioni-S.Loi-G.Puggioni, La popolazione dei comuni sardi dal 1688 al 1991, CUEC, Cagliari, 1997 – F. Corridore, Storia documentata della popolazione di Sardegna, Carlo Clausen, Torino, 1902</td></tr></tbody></table> With a <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> of 69/km2, slightly more than a third of the national average, Sardinia is the fourth-least populated region in Italy. In the recent past the population distribution was anomalous compared to that of other Italian regions lying on the sea. In fact, contrary to the general trend, most urban settlement, with the exception of the fortified cities of <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castelsardo" title="Castelsardo">Castelsardo</a> and few others, has taken place not primarily along the coast but in the subcoastal areas and towards the centre of the island. Historical reasons for this include the repeated <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a> raids during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Barbary" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary">Barbary</a> raids until the early 19th century (making the coast unsafe), widespread pastoral activities inland, and the swampy nature of the coastal plains (reclaimed definitively only in the 20th century). The situation has been reversed with the expansion of seaside tourism; all of Sardinia's major urban centres are now located near the coasts, and the island's interior is very sparsely populated. It is the region with the lowest <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> (1.087 births per woman) and the second-lowest <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> of Italy<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> (which is already one of the lowest in the world). Combined with the aging of population going rather fast (in 2009, people older than 65 were 18.7%), rural <a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">depopulation</a> is quite a big issue: between 1991 and 2001, 71.4% of Sardinian villages have lost population (32 more than 20% and 115 between 10% and 20%), with over 30 of them being at risk to become <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">ghost towns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> It is predicted that at that rate, Sardinia will be the European island with the second-lowest population density, immediately after <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, by 2080.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> Nonetheless, the overall population estimate has remained relatively stable because of a considerable immigration flow, mainly from the Italian mainland, but also from Eastern Europe (especially Romania), Africa and Asia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_expectancy">Life expectancy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Life expectancy">edit</a>]</div> Average <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> is slightly over 82 years (85 for women and 79.7 for men<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a>). Sardinia shares with the Japanese island of <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> the highest rate of <a href="/wiki/Centenarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Centenarians">centenarians</a> in the world (22 centenarians per 100,000 inhabitants). Sardinia is the first discovered <a href="/wiki/Blue_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Zone">Blue Zone</a>, a demographic or geographic area in the world with an oversize concentration of centenarians and supercentenarians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_immigration">Foreign immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Foreign immigration">edit</a>]</div> In 2023, there were 50,211 foreign national residents, forming 3,2% of the total Sardinian population.<a href="#cite_note-Istatstr-211">[209]</a> The most represented nationalities were:<a href="#cite_note-Istatstr-211">[209]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> 11,313</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> 4,289</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> 3,982</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> 3,253</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> 2,885</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> 1,969</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1,795</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> 1,406</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> 1,214</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> 1,047</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> 1,037</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> 946</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> 788</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> 763</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> 762</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> 710</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_cities_and_Functional_Urban_Areas">Main cities and Functional Urban Areas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Main cities and Functional Urban Areas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citt%C3%A0_Sardegna_collage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Citt%C3%A0_Sardegna_collage.png/250px-Citt%C3%A0_Sardegna_collage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Citt%C3%A0_Sardegna_collage.png/330px-Citt%C3%A0_Sardegna_collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Citt%C3%A0_Sardegna_collage.png/500px-Citt%C3%A0_Sardegna_collage.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Cagliari, Alghero, Sassari, Nuoro, Oristano, Olbia</figcaption></figure> Sardinia's most populated cities are Cagliari and Sassari. The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Cagliari" title="Metropolitan City of Cagliari">Metropolitan City of Cagliari</a> has 431,302 inhabitants, or about ¼ of the population of the entire island. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> has identified in Sardinia two <a href="/wiki/Functional_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional Urban Area">Functional Urban Areas</a>:<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> Cagliari, with 477,000 inhabitants, and Sassari, with 222,000 inhabitants. <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Commune </th> <th>Province </th> <th>Population<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> </th> <th>Density (inh./km2) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> / Casteddu (<a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Sardinian</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Cagliari" title="Metropolitan City of Cagliari">Metropolitan City of Cagliari</a> </td> <td>154,460 </td> <td>1,805 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a> / Sassari (<a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a>) / Tatari (<a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Sardinian</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sassari" title="Province of Sassari">Province of Sassari</a> </td> <td>127,525 </td> <td>230 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quartu_Sant%27Elena" title="Quartu Sant'Elena">Quartu Sant'Elena</a> / Cuartu Sant'Aleni<a href="#cite_note-Cagliari_metropolitan_area-214">[212]</a> (Sardinian) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Cagliari" title="Metropolitan City of Cagliari">Metropolitan City of Cagliari</a> </td> <td>71,125 </td> <td>719 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a> / Terranoa (Sardinian) / Tarranoa (<a href="/wiki/Gallurese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallurese dialect">Gallurese</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sassari" title="Province of Sassari">Province of Sassari</a> </td> <td>59,368 </td> <td>146 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a> / L'Alguer (<a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Catalan</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sassari" title="Province of Sassari">Province of Sassari</a> </td> <td>44,019 </td> <td>181 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuoro" title="Nuoro">Nuoro</a> / Nùgoro (Sardinian) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nuoro" title="Province of Nuoro">Province of Nuoro</a> </td> <td>37,091 </td> <td>189 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oristano" title="Oristano">Oristano</a> / Aristanis (Sardinian) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Oristano" title="Province of Oristano">Province of Oristano</a> </td> <td>31,630 </td> <td>380 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonia,_Sardinia" title="Carbonia, Sardinia">Carbonia</a> / Crabònia (Sardinian) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Sardinia" title="Province of South Sardinia">Province of South Sardinia</a> </td> <td>28,755 </td> <td>197 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selargius" title="Selargius">Selargius</a> / Ceraxius<a href="#cite_note-Cagliari_metropolitan_area-214">[212]</a> (Sardinian) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Cagliari" title="Metropolitan City of Cagliari">Metropolitan City of Cagliari</a> </td> <td>28,975 </td> <td>1092 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iglesias,_Sardinia" title="Iglesias, Sardinia">Iglesias</a> / Igrèsias or Bidd'e Cresia (Sardinian) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Sardinia" title="Province of South Sardinia">Province of South Sardinia</a> </td> <td>27,189 </td> <td>133 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assemini" title="Assemini">Assemini</a> / Assèmini<a href="#cite_note-Cagliari_metropolitan_area-214">[212]</a> (Sardinian) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Cagliari" title="Metropolitan City of Cagliari">Metropolitan City of Cagliari</a> </td> <td>26,686 </td> <td>238 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Capoterra" title="Capoterra">Capoterra</a> / Cabuderra<a href="#cite_note-Cagliari_metropolitan_area-214">[212]</a> (Sardinian) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Cagliari" title="Metropolitan City of Cagliari">Metropolitan City of Cagliari</a> </td> <td>23,861 </td> <td>349 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Porto_Torres" title="Porto Torres">Porto Torres</a> / Posthudorra (Sassarese) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sassari" title="Province of Sassari">Province of Sassari</a> </td> <td>22,313 </td> <td>218 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sestu" title="Sestu">Sestu</a><a href="#cite_note-Cagliari_metropolitan_area-214">[212]</a> (Sardinian) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Cagliari" title="Metropolitan City of Cagliari">Metropolitan City of Cagliari</a> </td> <td>20,454 </td> <td>423 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monserrato" title="Monserrato">Monserrato</a> / Pauli<a href="#cite_note-Cagliari_metropolitan_area-214">[212]</a> (Sardinian) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Cagliari" title="Metropolitan City of Cagliari">Metropolitan City of Cagliari</a> </td> <td>20,055 </td> <td>3,180 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sardinia" title="Politics of Sardinia">Politics of Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sardinia" title="List of political parties in Sardinia">List of political parties in Sardinia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Sardinia" title="Regional Council of Sardinia">Regional Council of Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Sardinia" title="List of presidents of Sardinia">List of presidents of Sardinia</a></div> Sardinia is one of the five <a href="/wiki/Italian_autonomous_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian autonomous regions">Italian autonomous regions</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. Its particular statute, which in itself is a <a href="/wiki/Italian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Constitution">constitutional law</a>, gives the region a limited degree of autonomy, entailing the right to carry out the administrative functions of the local body and to create its own laws in a strictly defined number of domains. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_region_of_Sardinia,_Italy,_with_provinces-it_(as_of_2016).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_region_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it_%28as_of_2016%29.svg/250px-Map_of_region_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it_%28as_of_2016%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="424" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_region_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it_%28as_of_2016%29.svg/330px-Map_of_region_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it_%28as_of_2016%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_region_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it_%28as_of_2016%29.svg/500px-Map_of_region_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it_%28as_of_2016%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="4403" /></a><figcaption>Provinces of Sardinia</figcaption></figure> The regional administration is constituted by three authorities: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Sardinia" title="Regional Council of Sardinia">Regional Council</a> (legislative power)</li> <li>the Regional Junta (executive power)</li> <li>the President (chief of executive power)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> Since 2016, Sardinia is divided into four provinces<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nuoro" title="Province of Nuoro">Nuoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Oristano" title="Province of Oristano">Oristano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sassari" title="Province of Sassari">Sassari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Sardinia" title="Province of South Sardinia">South Sardinia</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">metropolitan city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>. <table class="wikitable centered"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ccf;">Province </th> <th style="background:#ccf;">Area (km2) </th> <th style="background:#ccf;">Population </th> <th style="background:#ccf;">Density (inh./km2) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Cagliari" title="Metropolitan City of Cagliari">Cagliari (metropolitan city)</a> </td> <td>1,248 </td> <td>431,568 </td> <td>345.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nuoro" title="Province of Nuoro">Province of Nuoro</a> </td> <td>5,786 </td> <td>213,206 </td> <td>36.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Oristano" title="Province of Oristano">Province of Oristano</a> </td> <td>3,034 </td> <td>160,864 </td> <td>53.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sassari" title="Province of Sassari">Province of Sassari</a> </td> <td>7,692 </td> <td>494,388 </td> <td>64.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Sardinia" title="Province of South Sardinia">Province of South Sardinia</a> </td> <td>6,339 </td> <td>358,229 </td> <td>56.5 </td></tr> </tbody></table> In April 2021, under Sardinian Regional Council's Regional Law Nr. 7,<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> Sardinian administrative divisions were reorganized; the former provinces of Olbia-Tempio (now bearing the name Gallura-North East Sardinia), Ogliastra, Medio Campidano and Carbonia-Iglesias (now bearing the name Sulcis Iglesiente) were restored, the metropolitan city of Cagliari would be expanded with other municipalities from the to-be eliminated Province of South Sardinia, and the western part of the Province of Sassari would be reorganized into the new metropolitan city of Sassari.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> Whilst the Italian government challenged the law,<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> thus stalling its implementation,<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> on 12 March 2022, the Constitutional Court ruled in favor of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> On 13 April 2023, the regional council, at the proposal of the regional government, approved an amendment to the 2021 reform, defining the timeframe and manner of its implementation, which would see its full implementation in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_installations">Military installations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Military installations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20151102_Davide.Passone_U.S._Artillery_Training_(2)_(22126481703).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/20151102_Davide.Passone_U.S._Artillery_Training_%282%29_%2822126481703%29.jpg/250px-20151102_Davide.Passone_U.S._Artillery_Training_%282%29_%2822126481703%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/20151102_Davide.Passone_U.S._Artillery_Training_%282%29_%2822126481703%29.jpg/375px-20151102_Davide.Passone_U.S._Artillery_Training_%282%29_%2822126481703%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/20151102_Davide.Passone_U.S._Artillery_Training_%282%29_%2822126481703%29.jpg/500px-20151102_Davide.Passone_U.S._Artillery_Training_%282%29_%2822126481703%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>US Artillery Live Fire Exercise in Capo <a href="/wiki/Teulada,_Sardinia" title="Teulada, Sardinia">Teulada</a> 2015 during NATO exercise Trident Juncture </figcaption></figure> Around 60% of all the military installations in Italy are in Sardinia, whose area is less than one-tenth of all the Italian territory and whose population is little more than the 2,5%.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> The island hosts <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> joint forces and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli army">Israeli</a> military forces, which use the island's territory to simulate war games; the Inter-service Test and Training Range of Salto di Quirra (PISQ) is one of the most important experimental military training centres in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> The bases, used for manufacturing plants and military testing grounds, totally take up more than 350 km2 of the island's land,<a href="#cite_note-servitu-224">[222]</a> making Sardinia the most militarized region in Italy and the most militarized island in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-sardsecret-227">[225]</a> Besides the land-occupying installations, where 80% of the military explosives in Italy are used,<a href="#cite_note-repubblica.it-113">[111]</a> there are also other military structures located on the sea and along the coastline, roughly equivalent to 20000 km2 (little less than the island's surface), being made inaccessible to the civil population when military exercises are held.<a href="#cite_note-servitu-224">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-sardsecret-227">[225]</a> Among the most notable military bases on the island are the Interagency Polygons in Quirra, Capo Teulada and Capo Frasca, used by Italian and NATO forces to test-fire ballistic missiles and weapons and by <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> to test space vehicles and for orbital launches. Until 2008, the US navy also had a nuclear submarine base in the <a href="/wiki/Maddalena_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Maddalena Archipelago">Maddalena Archipelago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-servitu-224">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.com.au-108">[106]</a> Depleted uranium and thorium dust from missile tests has been linked to an increase in cancers according to activists and local politicians.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> In the late 1980s, a high level of birth defects occurred near the <a href="/wiki/Salto_di_Quirra" title="Salto di Quirra">Salto di Quirra</a> weapons testing site after old munitions were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sardinians">List of Sardinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Sardinia" title="List of tourist attractions in Sardinia">List of tourist attractions in Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_and_artistic_sites_of_Sardinia" title="List of archaeological and artistic sites of Sardinia">List of archaeological and artistic sites of Sardinia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Sardinia" title="List of museums in Sardinia">List of museums in Sardinia</a></div> Sardinia is the only <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">autonomous region</a> in Italy where its special <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">Statute</a> uses the term popolo (distinct people) to refer to its inhabitants. While this formula is also used by <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, which unlike Sardinia is an <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Regions_with_ordinary_statute" title="Regions of Italy">ordinary region</a>, the Sardinian Statute is adopted with a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a>. In both cases, such term is not meant to imply any legal difference between Sardinians and any other citizen of the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sardinia" title="Architecture of Sardinia">Architecture of Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture_in_Sardinia" title="Romanesque architecture in Sardinia">Romanesque architecture in Sardinia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozzo_sacro_di_Santa_Cristina,_la_volta_a_tholos_sopra_il_pozzo._-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pozzo_sacro_di_Santa_Cristina%2C_la_volta_a_tholos_sopra_il_pozzo._-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Pozzo_sacro_di_Santa_Cristina%2C_la_volta_a_tholos_sopra_il_pozzo._-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pozzo_sacro_di_Santa_Cristina%2C_la_volta_a_tholos_sopra_il_pozzo._-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Pozzo_sacro_di_Santa_Cristina%2C_la_volta_a_tholos_sopra_il_pozzo._-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pozzo_sacro_di_Santa_Cristina%2C_la_volta_a_tholos_sopra_il_pozzo._-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Pozzo_sacro_di_Santa_Cristina%2C_la_volta_a_tholos_sopra_il_pozzo._-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4358" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Santa Cristina holy well of <a href="/wiki/Paulilatino" title="Paulilatino">Paulilatino</a>, tholos</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiesa_di_Nostra_Signora_di_Tergu_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chiesa_di_Nostra_Signora_di_Tergu_2009.jpg/250px-Chiesa_di_Nostra_Signora_di_Tergu_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chiesa_di_Nostra_Signora_di_Tergu_2009.jpg/330px-Chiesa_di_Nostra_Signora_di_Tergu_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chiesa_di_Nostra_Signora_di_Tergu_2009.jpg/500px-Chiesa_di_Nostra_Signora_di_Tergu_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Facade of Nostra Signora di Tergu (SS)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borutta_-_Chiesa_di_San_Pietro_di_Sorres_(14).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Borutta_-_Chiesa_di_San_Pietro_di_Sorres_%2814%29.JPG/250px-Borutta_-_Chiesa_di_San_Pietro_di_Sorres_%2814%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Borutta_-_Chiesa_di_San_Pietro_di_Sorres_%2814%29.JPG/330px-Borutta_-_Chiesa_di_San_Pietro_di_Sorres_%2814%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Borutta_-_Chiesa_di_San_Pietro_di_Sorres_%2814%29.JPG/500px-Borutta_-_Chiesa_di_San_Pietro_di_Sorres_%2814%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Interior of San Pietro di Sorres, Borutta (SS)</figcaption></figure> Of the prehistoric architecture in Sardinia there are numerous testimonies such as the <a href="/wiki/Domus_de_janas" class="mw-redirect" title="Domus de janas">domus de janas</a> (hypogeic tombs), the <a href="/wiki/Giants%27_grave" title="Giants' grave">Giants' grave</a>, the megalithic circles, the <a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">menhirs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_holy_well" title="Nuragic holy well">well temples</a>;<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> however, the element that more than any other characterizes the Sardinian prehistoric landscape are the <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">nuraghe</a>;<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> the remains of thousands of these <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> buildings of various types (simple and complex) are still visible today. There are also numerous traces left by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punics" class="mw-redirect" title="Punics">Punics</a> who introduced new urban forms on the coasts. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> gave a new administrative structure to the whole island through the restructuring of several cities, the creation of new centers and the construction of many infrastructures of which the ruins remain, such as the palace of Re Barbaro in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Torres" title="Porto Torres">Porto Torres</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Amphitheatre_of_Cagliari" title="Roman Amphitheatre of Cagliari">Roman Amphitheatre of Cagliari</a>. Even from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">early Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> epoch there are several testimonies throughout the territory both on the coasts and inside, especially linked to buildings of worship. A particular development had <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> period. Starting from 1063 the Sardinian Judges (judikes), through substantial donations, had favored the arrival to the island of monks of different orders from various regions of <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italy</a> and France. These circumstances favored in turn the arrival to the island of workers from <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Spain">Muslim Spain</a>, giving rise to unprecedented artistic manifestations, marked by the fusion of these experiences. The cornerstone in the evolution of Romanesque architectural forms was the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Gavino" title="Basilica of San Gavino">basilica of San Gavino</a> in Porto Torres.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> Among the most relevant examples there are the cathedrals of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco_di_Bisarcio" title="Sant'Antioco di Bisarcio">Sant'Antioco di Bisarcio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ozieri" title="Ozieri">Ozieri</a>), <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_di_Sorres" title="San Pietro di Sorres">San Pietro di Sorres</a> in <a href="/wiki/Borutta" title="Borutta">Borutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Nicola_(Ottana)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Nicola (Ottana)">San Nicola di Ottana</a>, the palatine chapel of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Regno" title="Santa Maria del Regno">Santa Maria del Regno</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ardara,_Sardinia" title="Ardara, Sardinia">Ardara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Giusta_Cathedral" title="Santa Giusta Cathedral">Santa Giusta Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nostra_Signora_di_Tergu" title="Nostra Signora di Tergu">Nostra Signora di Tergu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Saccargia" title="Basilica di Saccargia">Basilica di Saccargia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Codrongianos" title="Codrongianos">Codrongianos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria,_Uta" title="Santa Maria, Uta">Santa Maria di Uta</a> and, of the 13th century, the cathedrals of Santa Maria di Monserrato (<a href="/wiki/Tratalias" title="Tratalias">Tratalias</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dolianova_Cathedral" title="Dolianova Cathedral">San Pantaleo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dolianova" title="Dolianova">Dolianova</a>). As for military architecture, numerous <a href="/wiki/Castles_of_Sardinia" title="Castles of Sardinia">castles</a> to defend the territory were built during this period. At the beginning of the 14th century date the fortifications and towers of Cagliari, designed by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Capula" title="Giovanni Capula">Giovanni Capula</a>. After their arrival in 1324, the Aragonese concentrated the first realizations in <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>; the oldest <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Gothic" title="Catalan Gothic">Catalan Gothic</a> church in Sardinia is the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Bonaria" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Bonaria">shrine of Our Lady of Bonaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> Also in Cagliari in the same years the Aragonese chapel was built inside the cathedral. In the first half of the fifteenth century a real Gothic jewel was built, the complex of San Domenico, which included the church and the convent, almost completely destroyed during the air raids of 1943, and of which only the cloister remains. Other works were the churches of San Francesco of Stampace (of which only a part of the cloister remains), Sant'Eulalia and San Giacomo. In <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a> in the second half of the fifteenth century the construction of the church of San Francesco and in the sixteenth century of the <a href="/wiki/Alghero_Cathedral" title="Alghero Cathedral">cathedral</a> began. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathedrale_Santa_Maria_Cagliari_Krypta.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kathedrale_Santa_Maria_Cagliari_Krypta.JPG/220px-Kathedrale_Santa_Maria_Cagliari_Krypta.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kathedrale_Santa_Maria_Cagliari_Krypta.JPG/330px-Kathedrale_Santa_Maria_Cagliari_Krypta.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kathedrale_Santa_Maria_Cagliari_Krypta.JPG/440px-Kathedrale_Santa_Maria_Cagliari_Krypta.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Crypt of the Cagliari Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a>, although poorly represented, includes notable examples such as the installation of the <a href="/wiki/Sassari_Cathedral" title="Sassari Cathedral">cathedral of San Nicola</a> di <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a> (late Gothic but with a strong Renaissance influence), the church of Sant'Agostino di Cagliari (designed by Palearo Fratino), the church of Santa Caterina in Sassari (designed by Bernardoni, a pupil of Vignola). On the contrary, the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a> has found wide prominence,<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> interesting examples are the Collegiata di Sant'Anna in Cagliari, the facade of the Cathedral of San Nicola in Sassari, the church of San Michele in Cagliari, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Cagliari_Cathedral" title="Cagliari Cathedral">cathedral of Cagliari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ales,_Sardinia" title="Ales, Sardinia">Ales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oristano" title="Oristano">Oristano</a>, rebuilt or modified between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Starting from the nineteenth century, new architectural forms of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> inspiration spread throughout the island. Among the most important figures of this architectural and urban phase is that of the architect from Cagliari <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Cima" title="Gaetano Cima">Gaetano Cima</a>, whose works are scattered throughout the Sardinian territory.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> Alongside the works of Cima, it is worth mentioning those of Giuseppe Cominotti (Palazzo and Civic Theater of Sassari) and Antonio Cano (dome of S. Maria di Betlem in Sassari and the cathedral of Santa Maria della Neve in Nuoro). In the second half of the nineteenth century in Sassari was built the <a href="/wiki/Neo_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Gothic">neo Gothic</a> palace Giordano (1878) which is one of the earliest examples of <a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">revivalism</a> in the island. An interesting realization of <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art" title="Eclecticism in art">eclectic style</a>, derived from the union between revivalist and <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> models, appears to be the <a href="/wiki/City_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="City hall">City hall</a> of Cagliari, completed in the early twentieth century. The advent of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> has strongly influenced architecture in Sardinia in the twenties and thirties:<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> interesting achievements of that period are the new centers of <a href="/wiki/Fertilia" title="Fertilia">Fertilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arborea" title="Arborea">Arborea</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Carbonia,_Sardinia" title="Carbonia, Sardinia">Carbonia</a>, one of the greatest examples of <a href="/wiki/Rationalist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationalist architecture">rationalist architecture</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Michele_arcangelo_del_maestro_di_Castelsardo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/San_Michele_arcangelo_del_maestro_di_Castelsardo.jpg/250px-San_Michele_arcangelo_del_maestro_di_Castelsardo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/San_Michele_arcangelo_del_maestro_di_Castelsardo.jpg/330px-San_Michele_arcangelo_del_maestro_di_Castelsardo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/San_Michele_arcangelo_del_maestro_di_Castelsardo.jpg/500px-San_Michele_arcangelo_del_maestro_di_Castelsardo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="2338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Archangel Michael</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Castelsardo" title="Master of Castelsardo">Master of Castelsardo</a></figcaption></figure> Numerous findings of the typical statues of the <a href="/wiki/Mother_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Goddess">Mother Goddess</a> and pottery engraved with geometric designs testify the artistic expressions of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Nuragic_Sardinia" title="Pre-Nuragic Sardinia">Pre-Nuragic peoples</a>. Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a> produced hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_bronze_statuettes" title="Nuragic bronze statuettes">bronze statuettes</a> and the enigmatic stone statuary of the <a href="/wiki/Giants_of_Mont%27e_Prama" title="Giants of Mont'e Prama">Giants of Mont'e Prama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> The union between the nuragic populations and the merchants coming from every part of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> led to a refined production of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> artifacts, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">rings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earrings" class="mw-redirect" title="Earrings">earrings</a> and jewelry of all kinds, but also votive steles and wall decorations. In addition to architecture linked to public works, the Romans introduced the <a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">mosaics</a> and decorated the rich villas of the <a href="/wiki/Patricians" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricians">patricians</a> with sculptures and paintings.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Age">Middle Ages</a>, during the Judicates period, the architecture of the churches were enriched with <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagi">sarcophagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frescoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Frescoes">frescoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> altars and later embellished with <a href="/wiki/Retable" title="Retable">retables</a>, paintings by important artists such as the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Castelsardo" title="Master of Castelsardo">Master of Castelsardo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Cavaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pietro Cavaro (page does not exist)">Pietro Cavaro</a>, Andrea Lusso, and the school of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Ozieri" title="Master of Ozieri">Master of Ozieri</a> who was headed by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_del_Giglio" title="Giovanni del Giglio">Giovanni del Giglio</a> and Pietro Giovanni Calvano, of <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Senese</a> origin. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_madre_dell%27ucciso_-_Francesco_Ciusa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/La_madre_dell%27ucciso_-_Francesco_Ciusa.jpg/250px-La_madre_dell%27ucciso_-_Francesco_Ciusa.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/La_madre_dell%27ucciso_-_Francesco_Ciusa.jpg/330px-La_madre_dell%27ucciso_-_Francesco_Ciusa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="3428" /></a><figcaption>La madre dell'ucciso ("the mother of the killed") by Francesco Ciusa (1907)</figcaption></figure> In the nineteenth century and in early twentieth century originated the myths of an uncontaminated and timeless island. Recounted by the many travelers who visited Sardinia in that period, like <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>, such myths were celebrated mainly by Sardinian artists such as <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Biasi" title="Giuseppe Biasi">Giuseppe Biasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Ciusa" title="Francesco Ciusa">Francesco Ciusa</a>, Filippo Figari, Mario Delitala and Stanis Dessy. In their works they highlighted the autochthonous values of the agro-pastoral world, not yet homologated to the modernity that was pressing from the outside. Other important Sardinian artists of the second half of the twentieth century were <a href="/wiki/Costantino_Nivola" title="Costantino Nivola">Costantino Nivola</a>, Maria Lai, Albino Manca and <a href="/wiki/Pinuccio_Sciola" title="Pinuccio Sciola">Pinuccio Sciola</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Heritage_Sites">World Heritage Sites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: World Heritage Sites">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuraghe_village.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nuraghe_village.JPG/220px-Nuraghe_village.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nuraghe_village.JPG/330px-Nuraghe_village.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nuraghe_village.JPG/440px-Nuraghe_village.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>Su Nuraxi, <a href="/wiki/Barumini" title="Barumini">Barumini</a></figcaption></figure> Megalithic building structures called <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">nuraghes</a> are scattered in great numbers throughout Sardinia. <a href="/wiki/Su_Nuraxi_di_Barumini" class="mw-redirect" title="Su Nuraxi di Barumini">Su Nuraxi di Barumini</a> is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> since 1997.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese dialect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardinia_Language_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sardinia_Language_Map.png/250px-Sardinia_Language_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sardinia_Language_Map.png/330px-Sardinia_Language_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sardinia_Language_Map.png/500px-Sardinia_Language_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2933" data-file-height="3778" /></a><figcaption>Linguistic map of Sardinia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No-smoking-sardinian.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/No-smoking-sardinian.JPG/250px-No-smoking-sardinian.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/No-smoking-sardinian.JPG/330px-No-smoking-sardinian.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/No-smoking-sardinian.JPG/500px-No-smoking-sardinian.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2287" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>A '<a href="/wiki/Smoke-free_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoke-free laws">no smoking</a>' sign in both <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> and Italian</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, which is the official language throughout Italy, is the most widely spoken language today, followed by the island's indigenous language, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> (sardu).<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> Sardinian is a distinct branch of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a> family, going either by the same name or by <a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Romance">Southern Romance</a>: it is therefore a separate language rather than an Italian dialect,<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> and it is also closer to its <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> roots than Italian itself.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> Sardinian has been formally recognized as one of Italy's twelve historical <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">ethnolinguistic minorities</a> since 1997, by regional and Italian law.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> The language has been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, Spanish and recently Italian, while the once spoken <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian language</a> contributes many features to it in many ancient remnants. In 2006 the regional administration has approved the use of a single standardised writing system, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Limba_Sarda_Comuna" title="Limba Sarda Comuna">Limba Sarda Comuna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> in official acts. As a literary language, Sardinian is gaining importance, despite heated debate about the lack of a commonly acknowledged standard orthography and controversial proposed solutions to this problem.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> The two main orthographies of the language are in fact <a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a> (sardu campidanesu), used in central southern Sardinia, and <a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a> (sardu logudoresu), extending northwards almost to the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a>. The Sardinian language is quite different from the other <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> and is homogeneous in terms of <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>, but it also shows a spectrum of variation in terms of <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a> between the Northern and the Southern <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a> (sassaresu) and <a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a> (gadduresu) are classified as <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language#Corsican_in_Sardinia" title="Corsican language">Corso-Sardinian languages</a>, therefore belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian branch</a> rather than to the Sardinian one, and are spoken in the north. In Sardinia there are a few <a href="/wiki/Language_island" title="Language island">language islands</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese dialect</a> (alguerés) of <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> is spoken in the city of <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a>; on the islands of <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_Island" title="San Pietro Island">San Pietro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a>, located in the extreme south west of Sardinia, the local population speaks a variant of <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> called Tabarchino (tabarchin); fewer and fewer people speak <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arborea" title="Arborea">Arborea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertilia" title="Fertilia">Fertilia</a>, since these villages have been populated in the 1920s and 1930s by mainland colonists who came from <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">northeast Italy</a>, and families from <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> immediately after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Due to the Italian assimilation policies carried out since the late 18th century<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> and the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">absorption</a> into the Italian culture, over the course of time the once prevalent indigenous language has been increasingly losing ground to Italian and the process of ongoing <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a> has led to its <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangerment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> In fact, according to the data published by <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">ISTAT</a> in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> 52.5% of the Sardinian population speaks only Italian in the family environment, while 29.3% alternates Italian and Sardinian and only 16.6% uses Sardinian or other non-Italian languages; outside the circle of family and friends, the last option drops to 5.2%. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> has led to a steep decline of the Sardinian language as well as produced a new non-standard variety of today's majority idiom, Italian: <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian#Sardinia" title="Regional Italian">regional Italian of Sardinia</a> (italiano regionale sardo, IrS). Following the recent growth of the foreign-born population, the presence of other languages, principally <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, is also expanding in some urban areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_literature" title="Sardinian literature">Sardinian literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_Literary_Spring" title="Sardinian Literary Spring">Sardinian Literary Spring</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Grazia_Deledda_by_Plinio_Nomellini,_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Portrait_of_Grazia_Deledda_by_Plinio_Nomellini%2C_1914.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Grazia_Deledda_by_Plinio_Nomellini%2C_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Portrait_of_Grazia_Deledda_by_Plinio_Nomellini%2C_1914.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Grazia_Deledda_by_Plinio_Nomellini%2C_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Portrait_of_Grazia_Deledda_by_Plinio_Nomellini%2C_1914.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Grazia_Deledda_by_Plinio_Nomellini%2C_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="2121" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Grazia Deledda by <a href="/wiki/Plinio_Nomellini" title="Plinio Nomellini">Plinio Nomellini</a>, 1914</figcaption></figure> The first literary work in Sardinian language dates back to the second half of the 15th century: a poem inspired by the life of the holy Porto Torres martyrs by the archbishop of Sassari Antonio Cano. Literary production had a remarkable development in the 16th century, the protagonist was <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lo_Frasso" title="Antonio Lo Frasso">Antonio Lo Frasso</a>, his Los diez libros de Fortuna de Amor is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a> by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>. This work is written mainly in Spanish, but there are parts written in Catalan and in the Sardinian language.<a href="#cite_note-Letteratura-250">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">Multilingualism</a> was a characteristic trait of the islanders of that time, among them Sigismondo Arquer, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Fara" title="Giovanni Francesco Fara">Giovanni Francesco Fara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Delitala" title="Pietro Delitala">Pietro Delitala</a> stood out. Delitala wrote in Italian, then Tuscan, and <a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Araolla" title="Gerolamo Araolla">Gerolamo Araolla</a> in all the three languages (Sardinian, Spanish and Italian).<a href="#cite_note-Letteratura-250">[248]</a> But already in the 17th century there was a total integration in the Iberian world as demonstrated by the works in Spanish of the poets José Delitala y Castelvì, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Zatrillas_Vico" title="Joseph Zatrillas Vico">Joseph Zatrillas Vico</a> and the writers Francesco Angelo de Vico and Salvatore Vidal. From 1720, with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>, Italian became the official language. In the 19th century there is an interest of Sardinian authors for the history and culture of Sardinia: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spano" title="Giovanni Spano">Giovanni Spano</a> undertakes the first archaeological excavations, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Manno" title="Giuseppe Manno">Giuseppe Manno</a> writes the first great general history of the island, <a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Tola" title="Pasquale Tola">Pasquale Tola</a> publishes important documents of the past and writes biographies of illustrious Sardinians. <a href="/wiki/Alberto_La_Marmora" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberto La Marmora">Alberto La Marmora</a> travels the island far and wide, studying in detail and writing a four-part work entitled Voyage en Sardaigne. The Sardinian society of the Early 20th century is told by <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a>, the only italian woman to win a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> to date, Enrico Costa, and the poet <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Satta" title="Sebastiano Satta">Sebastiano Satta</a>. In this century, we must remember also the literary production of political characters of great value such as <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Lussu" title="Emilio Lussu">Emilio Lussu</a>. After the Second World War, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Dess%C3%AC" title="Giuseppe Dessì">Giuseppe Dessì</a> emerged, known mainly for his novel Paese d'ombre. In more recent years, the autobiographical novels of <a href="/wiki/Gavino_Ledda" title="Gavino Ledda">Gavino Ledda</a> Padre Padrone and <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Satta" title="Salvatore Satta">Salvatore Satta</a> Il Giorno del Giudici had a wide echo, in addition to the works of <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Atzeni" title="Sergio Atzeni">Sergio Atzeni</a> and other writers active in the recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-Letteratura-250">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_clothes">Traditional clothes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Traditional clothes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costume_di_Ovodda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Costume_di_Ovodda.jpg/250px-Costume_di_Ovodda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Costume_di_Ovodda.jpg/330px-Costume_di_Ovodda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Costume_di_Ovodda.jpg/500px-Costume_di_Ovodda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4723" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption>Costume from <a href="/wiki/Ovodda" title="Ovodda">Ovodda</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people#Traditional_clothes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinian people">Sardinian people § Traditional clothes</a></div> Colourful and of various and original forms, the Sardinian traditional clothes are a clear symbol of belonging to specific collective identities. Although the basic model is homogeneous and common throughout the island, each town or village has its own traditional clothing which differentiates it from the others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sardinia" title="Music of Sardinia">Music of Sardinia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selargius_-_Costume_tradizionale_(24).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Selargius_-_Costume_tradizionale_%2824%29.JPG/220px-Selargius_-_Costume_tradizionale_%2824%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Selargius_-_Costume_tradizionale_%2824%29.JPG/330px-Selargius_-_Costume_tradizionale_%2824%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Selargius_-_Costume_tradizionale_%2824%29.JPG/440px-Selargius_-_Costume_tradizionale_%2824%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3571" data-file-height="2381" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Launeddas" title="Launeddas">Launeddas</a> players</figcaption></figure> Sardinia is home to one of the oldest forms of vocal <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>, generally known as <a href="/wiki/Canto_a_tenore" class="mw-redirect" title="Canto a tenore">cantu a tenore</a>. In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Unesco" class="mw-redirect" title="Unesco">Unesco</a> classed the cantu a tenore among intangible world heritage. Several famous musicians have found it irresistible, including <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornette_Coleman" title="Ornette Coleman">Ornette Coleman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a>. The latter travelled to the town of <a href="/wiki/Bitti" title="Bitti">Bitti</a> in the central mountainous region and recorded the now world-famous <a href="/wiki/Tenores_di_Bitti" title="Tenores di Bitti">Tenores di Bitti</a> <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CD</a> on his Real World label. The guttural sounds produced in this form make a remarkable sound, similar to <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_throat_singing" title="Tuvan throat singing">Tuvan throat singing</a>. Another polyphonic style of singing, more like the <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> paghjella and liturgic in nature, is found in Sardinia and is known as cantu a cuncordu. Another unique instrument is the <a href="/wiki/Launeddas" title="Launeddas">launeddas</a>. Three reed-canes (two of them glued together with <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a>) produce distinctive harmonies, which have their roots many thousands of years ago, as demonstrated by the bronze statuettes from <a href="/wiki/Ittiri" title="Ittiri">Ittiri</a>, of a man playing the three reed canes, dated to 2000 BC. Beyond this, the tradition of cantu a chiterra (<a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> songs) has its origins in town squares, when artists would compete against one another. The most famous singer of this genre are <a href="/wiki/Maria_Carta" title="Maria Carta">Maria Carta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ledda" title="Elena Ledda">Elena Ledda</a>. Sardinian culture is alive and well, and young people are actively involved in their own music and dancing. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> presenter <a href="/wiki/Andy_Kershaw" title="Andy Kershaw">Andy Kershaw</a> travelled to the island with Sardinian music specialist Pablo Farba and interviewed many artists. His programme can be heard on BBC Radio 3.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> Sardinia has produced a number of notable jazz musicians such as Antonello Salis, Marcello Melis, and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Fresu" title="Paolo Fresu">Paolo Fresu</a>. The main <a href="/wiki/Opera_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera houses">opera houses</a> of the island are the Teatro Lirico in <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> and the Teatro Comunale in <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Cuisine of Sardinia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_wine" title="Sardinian wine">Sardinian wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasta_e_dolci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pasta_e_dolci.jpg/250px-Pasta_e_dolci.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pasta_e_dolci.jpg/330px-Pasta_e_dolci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pasta_e_dolci.jpg/500px-Pasta_e_dolci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>A range of different cakes, pastries, meals, dishes and sweets which are common elements of Sardinian cuisine</figcaption></figure> Meat, dairy products, grains and vegetables constitute the most basic elements of the traditional Sardinian diet, along with, to a lesser extent, seafoods such as <a href="/wiki/Spiny_lobster" title="Spiny lobster">rock lobster</a> (aligusta), <a href="/wiki/Scampi" title="Scampi">scampi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">bottarga</a> (butàriga), squid, and tuna.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Suckling_pig" title="Suckling pig">Suckling pig</a> (porcheddu) and wild boar (sirbone) are roasted on the spit or boiled in stews of beans and vegetables, thickened with bread. Herbs such as <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a> and myrtle are used. Much Sardinian bread is made dry, which keeps longer than high-moisture breads. Those are baked as well, including civraxiu, coccoi pintau, a highly decorative bread and pistoccu made with flour and water only, originally meant for herders, but often served at home with tomatoes, basil, oregano, garlic and a strong cheese.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> Traditional cheeses include <a href="/wiki/Pecorino_Sardo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecorino Sardo">pecorino sardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pecorino_romano" title="Pecorino romano">pecorino romano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casizolu" title="Casizolu">casizolu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricotta" title="Ricotta">ricotta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Casu_martzu" title="Casu martzu">casu martzu</a> (notable for containing live insect larvae). One of the most famous of foods is <a href="/wiki/Pane_carasau" title="Pane carasau">pane carasau</a>, the flat bread of Sardinia, famous for its thin crunchiness.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> Originally the making of this bread was a hard process which needed three women to do the job. This flat bread is always made by hand as it gives a different flavor the more the dough is worked. After working the dough it is rolled out in very thin circles and placed in an extremely hot stone oven where the dough will blow up into a ball shape. Once the dough achieves that state it is then removed from the oven where it is then cut into two thin sheets and stacked to go back into the oven.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> Alcoholic beverages include many indigenous wines such as <a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Cannonau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvasia" title="Malvasia">Malvasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernaccia" title="Vernaccia">Vernaccia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermentino" title="Vermentino">Vermentino</a>, various liquors like <a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Abbardente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">Filu Ferru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mirto_(liqueur)" title="Mirto (liqueur)">Mirto</a>. Beer is the most drunk alcoholic beverage; Sardinia boasts the highest consumption per capita of beer in Italy (twice higher than the national average).<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Birra_Ichnusa" title="Birra Ichnusa">Birra Ichnusa</a> is the most commercialized beer produced in Sardinia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CagliariBrescia2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/CagliariBrescia2019.jpg/220px-CagliariBrescia2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/CagliariBrescia2019.jpg/330px-CagliariBrescia2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/CagliariBrescia2019.jpg/440px-CagliariBrescia2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Unipol_Domus" title="Unipol Domus">Unipol Domus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> is home to <a href="/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio" title="Cagliari Calcio">Cagliari Calcio</a>, which was founded in 1920 and play in <a href="/wiki/Serie_A" title="Serie A">Serie A</a>, the Italian first division; it won the Italian Championship in the <a href="/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_Serie_A" title="1969–70 Serie A">1969–70 Serie A</a> season, becoming the first club in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> to achieve such a result. Today, home matches are played at the <a href="/wiki/Unipol_Domus" title="Unipol Domus">Unipol Domus</a>. The island's other major teams are <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Olbia_Calcio_1905" title="Olbia Calcio 1905">Olbia Calcio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Torres_Calcio" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres Calcio">Torres Calcio</a>; they both usually play in the national lower leagues. However the latter's <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_association_football" title="Women's association football">women's</a> team counterparts <a href="/wiki/A.S.D._FC_Sassari_Torres_Femminile" class="mw-redirect" title="A.S.D. FC Sassari Torres Femminile">Torres Femminile</a> are 7 times <a href="/wiki/Serie_A_(women%27s_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serie A (women's football)">national champions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sardinia_national_football_team" title="Sardinia national football team">Sardinian national football team</a> has also joined <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Independent_Football_Associations" title="Confederation of Independent Football Associations">CONIFA</a>, a football federation for all associations outside <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Basketball">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a> is home to <a href="/wiki/Dinamo_Basket_Sassari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinamo Basket Sassari">Dinamo Basket Sassari</a>, the only Sardinian professional <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> club playing in the <a href="/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A" title="Lega Basket Serie A">Lega Basket Serie A</a>, the highest level club competition in Italian professional basketball. It was founded in 1960, and is also known as Dinamo Banco di Sardegna thanks to a long sponsorship deal with the Sardinian bank. Since its promotion in Lega A in 2010, it has been enjoying the support of fans from Sassari and all over Sardinia with full-house matches on every game played at home. Dinamo Sassari achieved the highest titles in the Italian basketball in 2015, winning the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Basketball_Cup" title="Italian Basketball Cup">Coppa Italia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Basketball_Supercup" title="Italian Basketball Supercup">Supercoppa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Lega_Basket_Serie_A" title="2014–15 Lega Basket Serie A">Italian basketball championship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motor_racing">Motor racing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Motor racing">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sassari" title="Province of Sassari">Province of Sassari</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Autodromo_di_Mores" title="Autodromo di Mores">Mores motor racing circuit</a>, the only <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile" title="Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile">FIA</a> Circuit homologated by CSAI (Cars) and the IMF (Motorcycles), in Sardinia. <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> hosted a <a href="/wiki/Formula_3000" title="Formula 3000">Formula 3000</a> race in 2002 and 2003 on a 2.414-km street circuit around Sant'Elia <a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">stadium</a>. In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> <a href="/wiki/F1" class="mw-redirect" title="F1">F1</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jarno_Trulli" title="Jarno Trulli">Jarno Trulli</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a> driver <a href="/wiki/Jean_Alesi" title="Jean Alesi">Jean Alesi</a> did a spectacular exhibition. At the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Grand_Prix" title="Italian Grand Prix">Grand Prix</a> BMW-F1 driver Robert Kubica took part in a <a href="/wiki/Formula_Three" title="Formula Three">F3</a> car, as did BMW WTCC Augusto Farfus, <a href="/wiki/GP2_Series" title="GP2 Series">GP2</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fairuz_Fauzy" title="Fairuz Fauzy">Fairuz Fauzy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Petrov" title="Vitaly Petrov">Vitaly Petrov</a>. Since 2004 Sardinia has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Rally_d%27Italia_Sardegna" class="mw-redirect" title="Rally d'Italia Sardegna">Rally d'Italia Sardegna</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">rally</a> competition in the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile" title="Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile">FIA</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Rally_Championship" title="World Rally Championship">World Rally Championship</a> schedule. The rally is held on narrow, twisty, sandy and bumpy mountainous roads in the north of the island. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_sports">Water sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Water sports">edit</a>]</div> Sardinia is well known for <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">snorkeling</a> activities also due to the many underwater caves and caverns located in <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cala_Gonone" title="Cala Gonone">Cala Gonone</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capo_Caccia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capo Caccia (page does not exist)">Capo Caccia</a> and Punta Giglio limestone cliffs, and many sunken shipwrecks. Around the island there are many diving centers offering scuba diving services with equipment rental and guided tours. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Maria_Navarrese-regata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Santa_Maria_Navarrese-regata.jpg/220px-Santa_Maria_Navarrese-regata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Santa_Maria_Navarrese-regata.jpg/330px-Santa_Maria_Navarrese-regata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Santa_Maria_Navarrese-regata.jpg/440px-Santa_Maria_Navarrese-regata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Regatta at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Navarrese" title="Santa Maria Navarrese">Santa Maria Navarrese</a></figcaption></figure> On the island of <a href="/wiki/Caprera" title="Caprera">Caprera</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Centro_Velico_Caprera" title="Centro Velico Caprera">Centro Velico Caprera</a>, considered one of the largest sailing schools in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, founded in 1967. The <a href="/wiki/Yacht_Club_Costa_Smeralda" title="Yacht Club Costa Smeralda">Yacht Club Costa Smeralda</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Cervo" title="Porto Cervo">Porto Cervo</a> and founded in 1967, is the main yachting club on the island. Annually the island hosts a Superyacht Regatta, previously sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Loro_Piana" title="Loro Piana">Loro Piana</a>, but from 2021 onwards by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Armani" title="Giorgio Armani">Giorgio Armani</a>, and the Maxi Yacht <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolex_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolex Cup (page does not exist)">Rolex Cup</a>. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Trophy_La_Maddalena" title="Louis Vuitton Trophy La Maddalena">Louis Vuitton Trophy</a> was held in the <a href="/wiki/Maddalena_archipelago" title="Maddalena archipelago">Maddalena archipelago</a> in 2010. Vento di Sardegna ('Wind of Sardinia') was a sailboat sponsored by the Autonomous Region of Sardinia. Its skipper, Andrea Mura, won the <a href="/wiki/Single-Handed_Trans-Atlantic_Race" title="Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race">Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race</a> in 2013 and in 2017, the Two Handed Transatlantic Race (Twostar) regatta in 2012 and the Route du Rhum. <a href="/wiki/Porto_Pollo" title="Porto Pollo">Porto Pollo</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Palau_(OT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palau (OT)">Palau</a>, is a bay well known by <a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">windsurfers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kitesurfing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitesurfing">kitesurfers</a>. The bay is divided by a thin tongue of land that separates it into areas for advanced and beginner/intermediate windsurfers. There is also a restricted area for kitesurfing. Many freestyle windsurfers went to Porto Pollo for training and 2007 saw the finale of the freestyle Pro Kids Europe 2007 contest. Because of the <a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi effect</a> between Sardinia and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, the western wind accelerates between the islands and creates the wind that makes Porto Pollo popular among windsurfing enthusiasts. Cagliari hosts regularly international <a href="/wiki/Regattas" class="mw-redirect" title="Regattas">regattas</a>, such as the RC44 championship, <a href="/wiki/Farr_40" title="Farr 40">Farr 40</a> World championship, <a href="/wiki/Audi_MedCup" title="Audi MedCup">Audi MedCup</a> and Kite Championships.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> In view of the 36th America's Cup, scheduled to take place in New Zealand in 2021, Luna Rossa Challenge<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> has chosen Cagliari as place for its preparation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winter_sports">Winter sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Winter sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BruncuSpina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/BruncuSpina.jpg/220px-BruncuSpina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/BruncuSpina.jpg/330px-BruncuSpina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/BruncuSpina.jpg/440px-BruncuSpina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Skilifts on the Bruncu Spina</figcaption></figure> Four ski resorts are located on the <a href="/wiki/Gennargentu" title="Gennargentu">Gennargentu</a> Range at Separadorgiu, Monte Spada, S'Arena and Bruncu Spina; they are equipped with ski schools, chairlifts, skilifts and ski equipment hire.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_sports">Traditional sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Traditional sports">edit</a>]</div> S'Istrumpa, also known as Sardinian Wrestling, is a traditional Sardinian sport, officially recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_National_Olympic_Committee" title="Italian National Olympic Committee">Italian National Olympic Committee</a> (C.O.N.I.) and the International Federation of Celtic Wrestling (I.F.C.W.).<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> It shows similarities to <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Backhold" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Backhold">Scottish Backhold</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">gouren</a>. Istrumpa's wrestlers participate annually at the championships for Celtic wrestling stiles. Sardinia boasts ancient equestrian traditions and is the Italian region with the highest number of horse riders (29% of population)<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> and boasts also fine <a href="/wiki/Darts" title="Darts">darts</a> tradition, which many believe originated in the <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a> region of the country towards the end of the 15th century. In those days, the darts were carved from <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> (fagus) wood and the flights were feathers drawn from the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Purple_swamphen" title="Purple swamphen">purple swamphen</a> (named in Italian pollo sultano, 'sultana bird'), famed for its spectacular violet-blue plumage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/40px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/60px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/120px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">History of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">List of islands of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sardinia">List of monarchs of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Sardinia" title="List of tourist attractions in Sardinia">List of tourist attractions in Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinian people">Sardinian people</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sardinians">List of Sardinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_Literary_Spring" title="Sardinian Literary Spring">Sardinian Literary Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_literature" title="Sardinian literature">Sardinian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Sardinian medieval kingdoms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1808-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1808-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-1808-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vandals&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1808-1&rft.aulast=Merrills&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Miles%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTIHPoyMOFYC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080123211229/http://www.provinciadelsole.it/eng/bizantina.html">"The Byzantine Age"</a>. www.provinciadelsole.it. Archived from the original on 23 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.provinciadelsole.it&rft.atitle=The+Byzantine+Age&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.provinciadelsole.it%2Feng%2Fbizantina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994137–138-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasula1994137–138_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasula1994">Casula 1994</a>, p. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFItalia" class="citation web cs1">Italia, Stephan Hützen & MT Publisher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924054020/http://www.sardegna.net/docs/cultura/storia_en.html">"Sardinia - History of Sardinia"</a>. www.sardegna.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardegna.net/docs/cultura/storia_en.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sardegna.net&rft.atitle=Sardinia+-+History+of+Sardinia&rft.aulast=Italia&rft.aufirst=Stephan+H%C3%BCtzen+%26+MT+Publisher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardegna.net%2Fdocs%2Fcultura%2Fstoria_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Wolf Heinz J., 1998, Toponomastica barbaricina. Microtoponomastica dei comuni di Fonni, Gavoi, Lodine, Mamoiada, Oliena, Ollolai, Olzai, Orgósolo, Ovodda, Insula Edizioni </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Gregorius I, Epistolae, Liber Quartus, Epistola XXIII: "Ad Hospitonem ducem barbaricinorum: Gregorius Hospitoni duci Barbaricinorum. Cum de gente vestra nemo Christianus sit, in hoc scio quia omni gente tua es melior, quia tu in ea Christianus inveniris. Dum enim Barbaricini omnes, ut insensata animalia vivant, Deum verum nesciant, ligna autem et lapides adorent, in eo ipso quod Deum verum colis, quantum omnes antecedas ostendis. Sed fidem quam percepisti etiam bonis actibus exsequere et verbis, et Christo, cui credis, offer quod praevales, ut ad eum quoscunque potueris adducas, eosque baptizari facias, et aeternam vitam diligere admoneas. Quod si fortasse ipse agere non potes, quia ad aliud occuparis, salutans peto ut hominibus (0692C) nostris, quos illuc transmisimus, fratri scilicet et coepiscopo meo Felici, filioque meo Cyriaco servo Dei, solatiari in omnibus debeas, ut dum eorum labores adiuvas, devotionem tuam omnipotenti Domino ostendas; et ipse tibi in bonis actibus adiutor sit, cuius tu in bono opere famulis solatiaris. Benedictionem vero sancti Petri apostoli per eos vobis transmisimus, quam peto ut debeatis benigne suscipere. Mense Iunio, indictione 12" </li> <li id="cite_note-Sardes-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Sardes_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwardes1889" class="citation book cs1">Edwardes, Charles (1889). Sardinia and the Sardes. London: R. Bentley and Son. p. 249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sardinia+and+the+Sardes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=R.+Bentley+and+Son&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Edwardes&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-P._Grierson_1998,_p._287-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P._Grierson_1998,_p._287_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-P._Grierson_1998,_p._287_60-1">b</a> P. Grierson & L.Travaini, Medieval European Coinage, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-Consentino2004-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Consentino2004_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConsentino2004" class="citation journal cs1">Consentino, Salvatore (16 December 2004). "Byzantine Sardinia between West and East: Features of a Regional Culture". Millennium – Jahrbuch (2004). 1 (2004): 351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110180350.329">10.1515/9783110180350.329</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201121903">201121903</a>. <q>... Walter Kaegi has convincingly argued that an Arab raid against Sardinia took place in the second half of the seventh century. This is an important contribution, because until now scholars commonly believe the first Arab raids against Sardinia to have taken place in 703. The majority of Muslim raids against the island, according to Muslims sources, is concentrated in the first half of the eighth century (703–704, 705–706, 707–708, 710–711, 732, 735, 752), at the same time of one of the most enduring period of Arab pressure against Anatolia and Constantinople.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Millennium+%E2%80%93+Jahrbuch+%282004%29&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Sardinia+between+West+and+East%3A+Features+of+a+Regional+Culture&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2004&rft.pages=351&rft.date=2004-12-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110180350.329&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201121903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Consentino&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-62"><a href="#cite_ref-:04_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNef2021" class="citation book cs1">Nef, Annliese (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo8cEAAAQBAJ&dq=amantea+aghlabid&pg=PA208">"Byzantium and Islam in Southern Italy (7th-11th Century)"</a>. A Companion to Byzantine Italy. Brill. pp. 200–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30770-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30770-4"><bdi>978-90-04-30770-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantium+and+Islam+in+Southern+Italy+%287th-11th+Century%29&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Byzantine+Italy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30770-4&rft.aulast=Nef&rft.aufirst=Annliese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQo8cEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Damantea%2Baghlabid%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2004" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The Aghlabids". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&q=new+islamic+dynasties">The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual</a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748696482" title="Special:BookSources/9780748696482"><bdi>9780748696482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Aghlabids&rft.btitle=The+New+Islamic+Dynasties%3A+A+Chronological+and+Genealogical+Manual&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780748696482&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKpz_2CkoWEC%26q%3Dnew%2Bislamic%2Bdynasties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfe2021" class="citation book cs1">Metcalfe, Alex (2021). "Early Muslim Raids on Byzantine Sardinia". In Metcalfe, Alex; Fernández- Aceves, Hervin; Muresu, Marco (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8lAEAAAQBAJ">The Making of Medieval Sardinia</a>. Brill. pp. 126–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46754-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46754-5"><bdi>978-90-04-46754-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Muslim+Raids+on+Byzantine+Sardinia&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Medieval+Sardinia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-46754-5&rft.aulast=Metcalfe&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA8lAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSetton1969" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfO1J6hjcdgC&dq=aghlabid+sardinia&pg=PA43">A History of the Crusades</a>. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-04834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-04834-1"><bdi>978-0-299-04834-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-299-04834-1&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRfO1J6hjcdgC%26dq%3Daghlabid%2Bsardinia%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgiusAgius1996" class="citation book cs1">Agius, Dionisius A.; Agius (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RVLAF4b_62oC&dq=aghlabid+central+Mediterranean+island+sardinia&pg=PA27">Siculo Arabic</a>. Routledge. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0497-1"><bdi>978-0-7103-0497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siculo+Arabic&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0497-1&rft.aulast=Agius&rft.aufirst=Dionisius+A.&rft.au=Agius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRVLAF4b_62oC%26dq%3Daghlabid%2Bcentral%2BMediterranean%2Bisland%2Bsardinia%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2002" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Stefan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=up9Fy-NBiLAC&dq=sardinia+aghlabid&pg=PA16">Malta, Mediterranean Bridge</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1"><bdi>978-0-89789-820-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malta%2C+Mediterranean+Bridge&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-820-1&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dup9Fy-NBiLAC%26dq%3Dsardinia%2Baghlabid%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeaRowe2001" class="citation book cs1">Lea, David; Rowe, Annamarie (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ROR1xreEJTsC&dq=A+Political+Chronology+of+Africa+aghlabid+sardinia&pg=PA437">A Political Chronology of Africa</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 437. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-116-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-116-2"><bdi>978-1-85743-116-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+Chronology+of+Africa&rft.pages=437&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-116-2&rft.aulast=Lea&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Rowe%2C+Annamarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DROR1xreEJTsC%26dq%3DA%2BPolitical%2BChronology%2Bof%2BAfrica%2Baghlabid%2Bsardinia%26pg%3DPA437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZedda2017" class="citation book cs1">Zedda, Corrado (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WuEzDwAAQBAJ&dq=sardinia+aghlabid&pg=PA119">"A Revision of Sardinian History between the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries"</a>. In Hobart, Michelle (ed.). A Companion to Sardinian History, 500–1500. Brill. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34124-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34124-1"><bdi>978-90-04-34124-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Revision+of+Sardinian+History+between+the+Eleventh+and+Twelfth+Centuries&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Sardinian+History%2C+500%E2%80%931500&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-34124-1&rft.aulast=Zedda&rft.aufirst=Corrado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWuEzDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsardinia%2Baghlabid%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994163-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasula1994163_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasula1994">Casula 1994</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Κύριε βοήθε τοῦ δοῦλου σου Tουρκοτουρίου ἅρχωντος Σαρδινίας καί τής δούλης σου Γετιτ 2) Tουρκοτουρίου βασιλικου πρωτοσπαθαρίου και Σαλουσίου των ευγενεστάτων αρχόντων. R. CORONEO, Scultura mediobizantina in Sardegna, Nuoro, Poliedro, 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Antiquitas nostra primum Calarense iudicatum, quod tunc erat caput tocius Sardinie, armis subiugavit, et regem Sardinie Musaitum nomine civitati Ianue captum adduxerunt, quem per episcopum qui tunc Ianue erat, aule sacri palatii in Alamanniam mandaverunt, intimantes regnum illius nuper esse additum ditioni Romani imperii." – Oberti Cancellarii, Annales p 71, Georg Heinrich (a cura di) MGH, Scriptores, Hannoverae, 1863, XVIII, pp. 56–96 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Crónica del califa 'Abd ar-Rahmân III an-Nâsir entre los años 912–942,(al-Muqtabis V), édicion. a cura de P. CHALMETA – F. CORRIENTE, Madrid,1979, p. 365 Tuesday, 24 August 942 (A.D.), a messenger of the Lord of the island of Sardinia appeared at the gate of al-Nasir (...) asking for a treaty of peace and friendship. With him were the merchants, people Malfat, known in al-Andalus as from Amalfi, with the whole range of their precious goods, ingots of pure silver, brocades etc. ... transactions which drew gain and great benefits </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> To the Archont of Sardinia: a bulla worth two gold <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidi</a> with this written: from the very Christian Lords to the Archont of Sardinia. (εὶς τὸν ἄρχοντα Σαρδανίας. βούλλα κρυσῆ δισολδία. "κέλευσις ὲκ τῶν φιλοχρίστων δεσποτῶν πρὸς τὸν ἄρχοντα Σαρδανίας.") Reiske, Johann Jakob: Leich, Johannes Heinrich, eds. (1829). Constantini Porphyrogeniti Imperatoris De Ceremoniis Aulae Byzantinae libri duo graece et latini e recensione Io. Iac. Reiskii cum eiusdem commentariis integris. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae 1 (Leipzig (1751–54) ed.). Bonn: Weber. pag. 690 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> F. CODERA, Mochéid, conquistador de Cerdeña, in Centenario della nascita di Michele Amari. Scritti di filologia e storia araba; geografia, storia, diritto della Sicilia medioevale; studi bizantini e giudaici relativi all'Italia meridionale nel medio evo; documenti sulle relazioni fra gli Stati italiani e il Levante, vol. II, Palermo 1910, pp. 115–33, p. 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> B. Maragonis, Annales pisani a. 1004–1175, ed. K. PERTZ, in MGH, Scriptores, 19, Hannoverae, 1861/1963, pp. 236–2 and Gli Annales Pisani di Bernardo Maragone, a cura di M. L. Gentile, in Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, n.e., VI/2, Bologna 1930, pp. 4–7. 1017. «Fuit Mugietus reversus in Sardineam, et cepit civitatem edificare ibi atque homines Sardos vivos in cruce murare. Et tunc Pisani et Ianuenses illuc venere, et ille propter pavorem eorum fugit in Africam. Pisani vero et Ianuenses reversi sunt Turrim, in quo insurrexerunt Ianuenses in Pisanos, et Pisani vicerunt illos et eiecerunt eos de Sardinea». </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Almanacco scolastico della Sardegna, p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBirocchiMattone2004" class="citation book cs1">Birocchi, I.; Mattone, A. (2004). La carta de logu d'Arborea nella storia del diritto medievale e moderno. Laterza.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+carta+de+logu+d%27Arborea+nella+storia+del+diritto+medievale+e+moderno&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Birocchi&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Mattone%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994209-210-212-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasula1994209-210-212_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasula1994">Casula 1994</a>, p. 209-210-212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994293–294-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasula1994293–294_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasula1994">Casula 1994</a>, p. 293–294. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203005816/http://www.sardegnacultura.it/j/v/258?s=20317&v=2&c=2695&t=7">"Sardegna Cultura - Lingua sarda - Letteratura - Dalle origini al '700"</a>. www.sardegnacultura.it. 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Retrieved 17 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sardegnacultura.it&rft.atitle=Sardegna+Cultura+-+Lingua+sarda+-+Letteratura+-+Dalle+origini+al+%27700&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardegnacultura.it%2Fj%2Fv%2F258%3Fs%3D20317%26v%3D2%26c%3D2695%26t%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994297-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasula1994297_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasula1994">Casula 1994</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994342-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasula1994342_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasula1994">Casula 1994</a>, p. 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815145033/http://traveler.nationalgeographic.com/2009/09/drives/italy-emerald-coast-text">"Sardinia, Italy, Drive – National Geographic Traveler"</a>. Traveler.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traveler.nationalgeographic.com/2009/09/drives/italy-emerald-coast-text">the original</a> on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sardinia%2C+Italy%2C+Drive+%E2%80%93+National+Geographic+Traveler&rft.pub=Traveler.nationalgeographic.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraveler.nationalgeographic.com%2F2009%2F09%2Fdrives%2Fitaly-emerald-coast-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994349-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasula1994349_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasula1994">Casula 1994</a>, p. 349. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994372-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasula1994372_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasula1994">Casula 1994</a>, p. 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDysonRowland2007" class="citation book cs1">Dyson, Stephen L; Rowland, Robert J. (2007). Archaeology and history in Sardinia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages: shepherds, sailors & conquerors. Philadelphia: UPenn Museum of Archaeology, 2007. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934536-02-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934536-02-5"><bdi>978-1-934536-02-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+history+in+Sardinia+from+the+Stone+Age+to+the+Middle+Ages%3A+shepherds%2C+sailors+%26+conquerors&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=UPenn+Museum+of+Archaeology%2C+2007&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-934536-02-5&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L&rft.au=Rowland%2C+Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> The phonology of Campidanian Sardinian : a unitary account of a self-organizing structure, Roberto Bolognesi, The Hague : Holland Academic Graphics </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> S'italianu in Sardìnnia , Amos Cardia, Iskra </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meilogunotizie.net/focus/storia/161/la-limba-proibita-nella-sardegna-del-700">"La limba proibita nella Sardegna del '700"</a>. www.meilogunotizie.net. 11 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.meilogunotizie.net&rft.atitle=La+limba+proibita+nella+Sardegna+del+%27700&rft.date=2013-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meilogunotizie.net%2Ffocus%2Fstoria%2F161%2Fla-limba-proibita-nella-sardegna-del-700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/battles/1793/c_maddalena.html">"La Maddalena, February 1793"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Maddalena%2C+February+1793&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon-series.org%2Fmilitary%2Fbattles%2F1793%2Fc_maddalena.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Sardinia, Dana Facaros & Michael Pauls, 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Idee di Sardegna, Carlo Pala, Carocci Editore, 2016, pp.77 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5q9zcB3JS40C&pg=PA45">Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800</a>". Robert Davis (2004). p.45. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-4551-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-4551-9">1-4039-4551-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203065736/http://ricerca.gelocal.it/lanuovasardegna/archivio/lanuovasardegna/2003/02/02/SW203.html">"Nel 1815 difese l'isola dagli assalti barbareschi Sant'Antioco, una targa in ricordo dell'eroe Efisio Melis Alagna"</a>. Archivio – La Nuova Sardegna. 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La Sardegna e i sardi nel tempo, Arkadia, pp.172 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.libero.it/07061944/12535085.html">"29 novembre 1847: la Fusione perfetta, una data infausta per i Sardi e la Sardegna su Truncare sas cadenas"</a>. 07061944.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=07061944&rft.atitle=29+novembre+1847%3A+la+Fusione+perfetta%2C+una+data+infausta+per+i+Sardi+e+la+Sardegna+su+Truncare+sas+cadenas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.libero.it%2F07061944%2F12535085.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chiudende-99"><a href="#cite_ref-chiudende_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sardegnaforeste.it/notizia/editto-delle-chiudende-1820-una-pagina-di-conflittualit%C3%A0-nella-storia-sarda">"Editto delle chiudende 1820: una pagina di conflittualità nella storia sarda. | SardegnaForeste"</a>. www.sardegnaforeste.it.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sardegnaforeste.it&rft.atitle=Editto+delle+chiudende+1820%3A+una+pagina+di+conflittualit%C3%A0+nella+storia+sarda.+%26%23124%3B+SardegnaForeste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardegnaforeste.it%2Fnotizia%2Feditto-delle-chiudende-1820-una-pagina-di-conflittualit%25C3%25A0-nella-storia-sarda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contusu.it/a-su-connottu-la-ribellione-del-1868/">"A su connottu: la ribellione del 1868 – Contus Antigus"</a>. 7 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+su+connottu%3A+la+ribellione+del+1868+%E2%80%93+Contus+Antigus&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contusu.it%2Fa-su-connottu-la-ribellione-del-1868%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://love.sardegne.com/sardegna-info/citta-e-paesi/nuoro/226-su-connottu-la-rivolta-nuorese-contro-i-savoia/">"Su Connottu, la rivolta nuorese contro i Savoia – I love Sardinia"</a>. 14 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Su+Connottu%2C+la+rivolta+nuorese+contro+i+Savoia+%E2%80%93+I+love+Sardinia&rft.date=2005-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flove.sardegne.com%2Fsardegna-info%2Fcitta-e-paesi%2Fnuoro%2F226-su-connottu-la-rivolta-nuorese-contro-i-savoia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060824041554/http://www.sardegnaforeste.it:80/enteforeste/compiti/storia.html">"Storia delle foreste demaniali"</a> (in Italian). 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Retrieved 14 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Villacidro.info&rft.atitle=La+Keller+Elettromeccanica+ha+riaperto+i+battenti&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villacidro.info%2F2013%2F09%2Fla-keller-elettromeccanica-ha-riaperto-i-battenti%2F%23.UjShotJ7J_A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rheinmetall-defence.com/en/rheinmetall_defence/company/divisions_and_subsidiaries/rwm_italia/">"Rheinmetall Defence - RWM Italia"</a>. www.rheinmetall-defence.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rheinmetall-defence.com&rft.atitle=Rheinmetall+Defence+-+RWM+Italia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rheinmetall-defence.com%2Fen%2Frheinmetall_defence%2Fcompany%2Fdivisions_and_subsidiaries%2Frwm_italia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardiniapost.it/cronaca/armi-export-in-crescita-in-sardegna-terra-promessa-dellindustria-bellica/">"Armi, export in crescita in Sardegna. 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Cappellacci "Opportunità unica per attrarre investimenti" - Regione Autonoma della Sardegna"</a>. www.regione.sardegna.it.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.regione.sardegna.it&rft.atitle=Nasce+Distretto+aerospaziale+Sardegna.+Cappellacci+%22Opportunit%C3%A0+unica+per+attrarre+investimenti%22+-+Regione+Autonoma+della+Sardegna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regione.sardegna.it%2Fj%2Fv%2F25%3Fs%3D240859%26v%3D2%26c%3D247%26t%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardegnaricerche.it/index.php?xsl=370&s=240801&v=2&c=3169&nc=1&sc=&qr=1&qp=2&vd=2&t=3">"Nasce ufficialmente il Distretto aerospaziale sardo"</a>. 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href="http://www.tuttogreen.it/airpod-la-prima-auto-ad-aria-compressa-trova-casa-in-sardegna/">"Airpod, la prima auto ad aria compressa, trova casa in Sardegna"</a>. 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Sardegna Oggi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardegnaoggi.it/Scienza_e_Tecnologia/2013-09-20/22916/Airpod_a_Bolotana_la_prima_auto_ad_aria_compressa_made_in_Sardegna.html">the original</a> on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sardegna+Oggi&rft.atitle=Airpod%2C+a+Bolotana+la+prima+auto+ad+aria+compressa+made+in+Sardegna&rft.aulast=Vacca&rft.aufirst=Eleonora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardegnaoggi.it%2FScienza_e_Tecnologia%2F2013-09-20%2F22916%2FAirpod_a_Bolotana_la_prima_auto_ad_aria_compressa_made_in_Sardegna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ansa.it/motori/notizie/rubriche/industriamercato/2013/09/20/Air-Pod-aria-compressa-verso-produzione-Sardegna_9332857.html">"Air-Pod auto ad aria compressa, verso produzione in Sardegna - Industria e Mercato - Motori - ANSA.it"</a>. www.ansa.it. 20 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ansa.it&rft.atitle=Air-Pod+auto+ad+aria+compressa%2C+verso+produzione+in+Sardegna+-+Industria+e+Mercato+-+Motori+-+ANSA.it&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Fmotori%2Fnotizie%2Frubriche%2Findustriamercato%2F2013%2F09%2F20%2FAir-Pod-aria-compressa-verso-produzione-Sardegna_9332857.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/25?s=107552&v=2&c=3692&t=1">"Il turismo in Sardegna è cresciuto anche nel 2008 – Regione Autonoma della Sardegna"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Pietro+Zanarini+and+the+first+Italian+website&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Ftecnologia%2F2016%2F04%2F29%2Fnews%2Fpietro_zanarini_e_il_primo_sito_web_italiano_testi_e_link_quanta_novita_in_quella_pagina_-138691701%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> comp.internet.net-happenings, WebMail – Source code release, 30 March 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagrini2002" class="citation book cs1">Magrini, Daniele (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5z-RCofYrUYC&pg=PA112">Sbatti il Web in prima pagina: dati e opinioni</a>. 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Ghilarza: Iskra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%27italianu+in+Sard%C3%ACnnia+candu%2C+cumenti+e+poita+d%27ant+impostu+%3A+1720-1848%3B+poderi+e+l%C3%ACngua+in+Sard%C3%ACnnia+in+edadi+spanniola&rft.place=Ghilarza&rft.pub=Iskra&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Amos+Cardia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> La Nuova Sardegna, 04/11/10, Per salvare i segni dell'identità – di Paolo Coretti </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722142548/http://www3.istat.it/salastampa/comunicati/non_calendario/20070420_00/testointegrale.pdf">"La lingua italiana, i dialetti e le lingue straniere. Istat, 2006"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 21 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+lingua+italiana%2C+i+dialetti+e+le+lingue+straniere.+Istat%2C+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.istat.it%2Fsalastampa%2Fcomunicati%2Fnon_calendario%2F20070420_00%2Ftestointegrale.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letteratura-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letteratura_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letteratura_250-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letteratura_250-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606081310/http://www.sardegnacultura.it/argomenti/letteratura/">"Letteratura"</a>. sardegnacultura.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardegnacultura.it/argomenti/letteratura/">the original</a> on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sardegnacultura.it&rft.atitle=Letteratura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardegnacultura.it%2Fargomenti%2Fletteratura%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005y0zf">"BBC Radio 3 - Andy Kershaw, Corsica and Sardinia"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+Radio+3+-+Andy+Kershaw%2C+Corsica+and+Sardinia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp005y0zf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Piras, 457, 460. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBourdain2009" class="citation web cs1">Bourdain, Anthony (14 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qRL47lXOuk8">"No Reservations- Sardinia"</a>. Anthony Bourdain's No Reservations Season 5 Episode 20: Sardinia. Retrieved 24 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anthony+Bourdain%27s+No+Reservations+Season+5+Episode+20%3A+Sardinia&rft.atitle=No+Reservations-+Sardinia&rft.date=2009-09-14&rft.aulast=Bourdain&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqRL47lXOuk8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theprimalist.com/flavors-of-sardinia-roasted-cheese-bitter-honey/">"Flavors of Sardinia: Roasted Cheese, Bitter Honey"</a>. The Primalist. 17 May 2012. 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Retrieved 23 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Federation+of+Celtic+wrestling&rft.pub=Celtic-wrestling.tripod.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceltic-wrestling.tripod.com%2Fid17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924042344/http://www.sardegnacavalli.it/component/content/article/240-ricerca-ispo-conferma-che-lasardegna-e-la-regione-piu-equestre-ditalia.html">"Ricerca Ispo conferma che la Sardegna è la regione più equestre d' Italia"</a>. sardegnacavalli.it (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardegnacavalli.it/component/content/article/240-ricerca-ispo-conferma-che-lasardegna-e-la-regione-piu-equestre-ditalia.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sardegnacavalli.it&rft.atitle=Ricerca+Ispo+conferma+che+la+Sardegna+%C3%A8+la+regione+pi%C3%B9+equestre+d%27+Italia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardegnacavalli.it%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F240-ricerca-ispo-conferma-che-lasardegna-e-la-regione-piu-equestre-ditalia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-srd-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-srd_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-srd_1-1">b</a> Dialectal varieties of the Sardinian-language name include Sardìnnia <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sardinian" title="Help:IPA/Sardinian">[saɾˈdinːja]</a>, Saldigna, Sardìngia, Sardinna, Sardinza. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Names in other local languages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a>: Sardegna;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a>: Sardhigna;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallurese language">Gallurese</a>: Saldigna;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a>: Sardenya.</li></ul> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrigagliaMastinoOrtu2006" class="citation book cs1">Brigaglia, Manlio; Mastino, Attilio; Ortu, Gian Giacomo (2006). Storia della Sardegna. Dalle origini al Settecento. Roma-Bari: Laterza Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-420-7839-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-420-7839-5"><bdi>978-88-420-7839-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+della+Sardegna.+Dalle+origini+al+Settecento&rft.place=Roma-Bari&rft.pub=Laterza+Editore&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-88-420-7839-5&rft.aulast=Brigaglia&rft.aufirst=Manlio&rft.au=Mastino%2C+Attilio&rft.au=Ortu%2C+Gian+Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCasula1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cesare_Casula" title="Francesco Cesare Casula">Casula, Francesco Cesare</a> (1994). La Storia di Sardegna. Sassari, it: Carlo Delfino Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7138-084-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7138-084-1"><bdi>978-88-7138-084-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Storia+di+Sardegna&rft.place=Sassari%2C+it&rft.pub=Carlo+Delfino+Editore&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-88-7138-084-1&rft.aulast=Casula&rft.aufirst=Francesco+Cesare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOngCacciafoco2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ong, Brenda Man Qing; Cacciafoco, Francesco Perono (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flanguages7020131">"Unveiling the Enigmatic Origins of Sardinian Toponyms"</a>. Languages. 7 (2): 131: 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flanguages7020131">10.3390/languages7020131</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10356%2F159558">10356/159558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Languages&rft.atitle=Unveiling+the+Enigmatic+Origins+of+Sardinian+Toponyms&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131%3A+1-19&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10356%2F159558&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Flanguages7020131&rft.aulast=Ong&rft.aufirst=Brenda+Man+Qing&rft.au=Cacciafoco%2C+Francesco+Perono&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Flanguages7020131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>UNESCO World Heritage Site inscription data for Su Nuraxi di Barumini (2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/833">"Su Nuraxi di Barumini – UNESCO World Heritage Centre"</a>. Whc.unesco.org. 7 December 1997. Retrieved 23 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Su+Nuraxi+di+Barumini+%E2%80%93+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.pub=Whc.unesco.org&rft.date=1997-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Further reading</a>" section may need cleanup. Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">editing guide</a> and help improve the section. (December 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Edward Burman. Sardinia: Island of Myths, Giants and Magic (2019) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-432-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-432-9">978-1-78831-432-9</a></li> <li>Robert Tennant. Sardinia and its Resources (2010)</li> <li>Nick Bruno. Insight Guide Sardinia(2010)</li> <li>Tracey Heatherington. Wild Sardinia: Indigeneity and the Global Dreamtimes of Environmentalism (2010) 314 pages; examines the clash between conservation efforts and traditional commons; focuses on resistance in the town of Orgosolo to Gennargentu National Park.</li> <li>Fabrizio Arditio. Sardinia (Eyewitness Travel Guide) (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1405327693">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Duncan Garwood. Sardinia (Regional Guide) (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1741048192">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charmingitaly.com/free-travel-guides-italy/">Sardinia in Five Senses</a> by Charming Italy Publishers (2008)</li> <li>Robert Andrews. The Rough Guide to Sardinia (Rough Guide Travel Guides) (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1843537419">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyson2021" class="citation web cs1">Dyson, S. L. (2 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/472014">"Places: 472014 (Sardinia Ins.)"</a>. Pleiades.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Places%3A+472014+%28Sardinia+Ins.%29&rft.pub=Pleiades&rft.date=2021-04-02&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpleiades.stoa.org%2Fplaces%2F472014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bernard Lortat-Jacob. Sardinian Chronicles (1995)</li> <li>Mary Delane. Sardinia: The Undefeated Island (1968)</li> <li>Margaret Guido. Sardinia, Ancient Peoples and Places (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelie_Posse_Brazdova" class="mw-redirect" title="Amelie Posse Brazdova">Amelie Posse Brazdova</a>. Sardinia Side Show (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smyth" title="William Henry Smyth">William Henry Smyth</a>. Sketch of the present state of the island of Sardinia (1928) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IowLjTthXZ4C&pg=PP1">From Google books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sea_and_Sardinia" title="Sea and Sardinia">Sea and Sardinia</a> (1921)</li> <li>The Island of Sardinia by John Warre Tyndale vol I (1849) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HjhEBJT73TkC&pg=PR5">From Google books</a></li> <li>The Island of Sardinia by John Warre Tyndale vol II (1849) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l6nVQmu6XzkC&pg=PA41">From Google books</a></li> <li>The Island of Sardinia by John Warre Tyndale vol III (1849) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUYOAAAAQAAJ">From Google books</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Sardinia at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sardinia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Sardinia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sardegna" class="extiw" title="c:Sardegna">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sardinia" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Sardinia">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sardinia" class="extiw" title="q:Sardinia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sardinia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Sardinia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sardinia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Sardinia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sardinia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Sardinia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sardinia" class="extiw" title="voy:Sardinia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sardegnaturismo.it/en/">Department of Tourism, Crafts and Commerce of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/">Sardegna Digital Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110226184523/http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/">Archived</a> 26 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Italian)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Archdiocese_of_Cagliari" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Archdiocese of Cagliari">Archdiocese of Cagliari</a>". <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archdiocese+of+Cagliari&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardinia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Sardinia" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sardinia">Sardinia</a>". <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sardinia&#124;link=Sardinia_Sardinia288" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sardinia" title="Template:Sardinia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sardinia" title="Template talk:Sardinia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sardinia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sardinia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sardinia&#124;link=Sardinia_Sardinia288" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia"><img alt="Sardinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sardinia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Administrative divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communes of Sardinia">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Cagliari" title="Metropolitan City of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nuoro" title="Province of Nuoro">Nuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Oristano" title="Province of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sassari" title="Province of Sassari">Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Sardinia" title="Province of South Sardinia">South Sardinia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Sardegna-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sardegna-Stemma.svg/120px-Sardegna-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sardegna-Stemma.svg/250px-Sardegna-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="679" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia_and_Corsica" title="Sardinia and Corsica">Sardinia and Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Sardinia" title="List of viceroys of Sardinia">Viceroys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sardinia">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mining_in_Sardinia" title="History of mining in Sardinia">Mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sardinia" title="Politics of Sardinia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sardinia" title="Elections in Sardinia">Elections in Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Sardinia" title="List of presidents of Sardinia">List of presidents of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sardinia" title="List of political parties in Sardinia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sardinia" title="Flag of Sardinia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sardinia" title="Music of Sardinia">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Su_patriottu_sardu_a_sos_feudatarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Su patriottu sardu a sos feudatarios">Anthem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_die_de_sa_Sardigna" title="Sa die de sa Sardigna">Sa die de sa Sardigna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Sardinia" title="List of tourist attractions in Sardinia">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_and_artistic_sites_of_Sardinia" title="List of archaeological and artistic sites of Sardinia">Archaeological and artistic sights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Demographics">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsicans" title="Corsicans">Corsicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia_national_football_team" title="Sardinia national football team">National football team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Sardinia" title="Category:Languages of Sardinia">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Logudorese dialect">Logudorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corso-Sardinian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallurese language">Gallurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Sardinia" title="Category:Sardinia">Categories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Italy188" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Italy" title="Template:Regions of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Regions of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_Italy188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Italy" title="South Italy">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Insular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sardinia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mediterranean_cuisine100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Template:Mediterranean cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Template talk:Mediterranean cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mediterranean cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mediterranean_cuisine100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakhchoukha" title="Chakhchoukha">Chakhchoukha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bazin_(bread)" title="Bazin (bread)">Bazin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9choui" title="Méchoui">Méchoui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajine">Tajine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakshouka" title="Shakshouka">Shakshouka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Regional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ful_medames" title="Ful medames">Ful medames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushari">Kushari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulukhiyah" title="Mulukhiyah">Mulukhiyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamin" title="Hamin">Hamin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mansaf" title="Mansaf">Mansaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">Kibbeh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musakhan" title="Musakhan">Musakhan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_ghanoush" title="Baba ghanoush">Baba ghanoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">Hummus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine#Cheeses" title="Turkish cuisine">Cheeses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_desserts" title="List of Turkish desserts">Desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine#Kebabs" title="Turkish cuisine">Kebabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_Turkey" title="Tea in Turkey">Turkish tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyros_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyros (food)">Gyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stifado" class="mw-redirect" title="Stifado">Stifado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skordalia" title="Skordalia">Skordalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loukaniko" title="Loukaniko">Loukaniko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Ionian islands">Ionian Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourdeto" title="Bourdeto">Bourdeto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastitsada" title="Pastitsada">Pastitsada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Crete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakos" title="Dakos">Dakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paximathia" title="Paximathia">Paximadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian and Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Regional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">Pita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shish_kebab" title="Shish kebab">Shish kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">Baklava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussaka" title="Moussaka">Moussaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Regional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">Pasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">Pizza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrosticini" title="Arrosticini">Arrosticini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortadella_di_Campotosto" title="Mortadella di Campotosto">Mortadella di Campotosto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccheroni_alla_chitarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Maccheroni alla chitarra">Maccheroni alla chitarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzelle" title="Pizzelle">Pizzelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timballo" title="Timballo">Timballo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocconotto" title="Bocconotto">Bocconotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrozzo" title="Parrozzo">Parrozzo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_cuisine" title="Arbëreshë cuisine">Arbëreshë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_cuisine" title="Emilian cuisine">Emilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciuppin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciuppin">Ciuppin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focaccia" title="Focaccia">Focaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesto" title="Pesto">Pesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravioli" title="Ravioli">Ravioli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Mantua" title="Cuisine of Mantua">Mantuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_rag%C3%B9" title="Neapolitan ragù">Neapolitan ragù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta_e_fagioli" title="Pasta e fagioli">Pasta e fagioli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonara" title="Carbonara">Carbonara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinian cuisine">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pane_carasau" title="Pane carasau">Pane carasau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malloreddus" title="Malloreddus">Malloreddus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirto_(liqueur)" title="Mirto (liqueur)">Mirto (liqueur)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbamele" title="Abbamele">Abbamele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecorino_sardo" title="Pecorino sardo">Pecorino sardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culurgi%C3%B2nes" class="mw-redirect" title="Culurgiònes">Culurgiònes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seada" title="Seada">Seada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannoli" title="Cannoli">Cannoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caponata" title="Caponata">Caponata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta_alla_Norma" title="Pasta alla Norma">Pasta alla Norma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaccia" title="Scaccia">Scaccia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_cuisine" title="Tuscan cuisine">Tuscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribollita" title="Ribollita">Ribollita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_cuisine" title="Venetian cuisine">Venetian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpaccio" title="Carpaccio">Carpaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">Polenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">Risotto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocciu" title="Brocciu">Brocciu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassoulet" title="Cassoulet">Cassoulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandade" title="Brandade">Brandade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provencal_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Provencal cuisine">Provencal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouillabaisse" title="Bouillabaisse">Bouillabaisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratatouille" title="Ratatouille">Ratatouille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salade_ni%C3%A7oise" title="Salade niçoise">Salade niçoise</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gazpacho" title="Gazpacho">Gazpacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldereta" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldereta">Caldereta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombet" title="Tombet">Tombet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escalivada" title="Escalivada">Escalivada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escudella_i_carn_d%27olla" class="mw-redirect" title="Escudella i carn d'olla">Escudella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollada" title="Ollada">Ollada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">Paella</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afelia" title="Afelia">Afelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloumi" title="Halloumi">Halloumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">Pasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">Pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">Semolina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shared</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">Anise spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">Elizabeth David</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Book_of_Mediterranean_Food" title="A Book of Mediterranean Food">A Book of Mediterranean Food</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Category:Mediterranean cuisine">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266661725" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islands_of_Italy_in_the_Mediterranean66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islands_of_Italy" title="Template:Islands of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islands_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Islands of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islands_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islands of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islands_of_Italy_in_the_Mediterranean66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands of Italy in the Mediterranean</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegadian_Islands" title="Aegadian Islands">Aegadian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asinara" title="Asinara">Asinara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbana,_Italy" title="Barbana, Italy">Barbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergeggi_(island)" title="Bergeggi (island)">Bergeggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanian_Archipelago" title="Campanian Archipelago">Campanian Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheradi_Islands" title="Cheradi Islands">Cheradi Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopean_Isles" title="Cyclopean Isles">Cyclopean Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinandea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinandea">Ferdinandea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flegrean_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Flegrean Islands">Flegrean Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallinara" title="Gallinara">Gallinara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiola_Island" title="Gaiola Island">Gaiola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grado,_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grado, Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Grado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isola_Bella_(Sicily)" title="Isola Bella (Sicily)">Isola Bella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maddalena_archipelago" title="Maddalena archipelago">Maddalena archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_di_Ventre" title="Mal di Ventre">Mal di Ventre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molara_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Molara island">Molara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortygia" title="Ortygia">Ortygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmaria_(island)" title="Palmaria (island)">Palmaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontine_Islands" title="Pontine Islands">Pontine Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porto_Buso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porto Buso (page does not exist)">Porto Buso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_Island" title="Sant'Andrea Island">Sant'Andrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_Island" title="San Pietro Island">San Pietrro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Pietro_d%27Orio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Pietro d'Orio (page does not exist)">San Pietro d'Orio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scola_Tower" title="Scola Tower">Scola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenuse" title="Sirenuse">Sirenuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavolara_Island" title="Tavolara Island">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinetto" title="Tinetto">Tinetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tino_(island)" title="Tino (island)">Tino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremiti_Islands" title="Tremiti Islands">Tremiti Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_Archipelago" title="Tuscan Archipelago">Tuscan Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Brothers_Rocks" title="Two Brothers Rocks">Two Brothers Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustica" title="Ustica">Ustica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Lagoon" title="Venetian Lagoon">Venetian Lagoon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/40px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/60px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266661725" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_largest_islands193" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template talk:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_largest_islands193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">World's largest islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000 km2 (38,610 sq mi) and greater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greenland" title="Geography of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Island" title="Victoria Island">Victoria Island</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/40px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/60px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000–99,999 km2 (7,722–38,610 sq mi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banks_Island" title="Banks Island">Banks Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tasmania" title="Geography of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Island" title="Devon Island">Devon Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Island" title="Alexander Island">Alexander Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severny_Island" title="Severny Island">Severny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Grande_de_Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego">Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island" title="Axel Heiberg Island">Axel Heiberg Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northwest_Territories_and_Nunavut)" title="Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)">Melville Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Island" title="Southampton Island">Southampton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraj%C3%B3" title="Marajó">Marajó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)">Prince of Wales Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhny_Island" title="Yuzhny Island">Yuzhny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan#Geography" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily#Geography" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Somerset Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotelny_Island" title="Kotelny Island">Kotelny Island</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Geography">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bananal_Island" title="Bananal Island">Bananal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2480" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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[\"CITEREFFagiani2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrisFilighedduMotroniFiori2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoisFarrisCalviaCampus2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancesco2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbermann1913\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHogan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItalia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeaRowe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLugliè2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadeddu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagrini2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcusPosthRingbauerLai2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrillsMiles2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalfe2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNef2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuragica2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECD\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOngCacciafoco2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPadel_MaximeSébastien_ClausenJosé-Javier_AlvaroJosep_Maria_Casas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmas2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalomboAntonioliLo_PrestiMannino2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalomboRozzi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaolo_Fiore2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPei1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosnerGreen1993\"] = 1,\n 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