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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Urban and spatial planning in the Russian Federation</div> <p><b>Urban planning in Russia</b> is the practice of <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of the Russian Federation">legislation</a> and is influenced by various factors such as <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">historical legacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">traditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">climate</a> and involves various actors including the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">federal</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">regional</a> and local governments. The direct translation to Russian is <i>Gradoplanirovaniye</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Градопланирование</span>) but also common is the term <i>Gradostraitelstvo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Градостроительство</span>) which literally translated as urban construction. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_planning_in_Russia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> period, settlements which were located in strategic places, such as <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of rivers or sitting on important routes grew in importance and transformed into towns. Concurrently they became gravity center of political, economic and military power. From the 10th century markets and <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicraft</a> trade developed, a process which contributed to the growth of towns and around them grew settlements which were <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a> of the core town,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheremetovLagunin201621_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheremetovLagunin201621-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gravitated towards them<sup id="cite_ref-Sorokin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorokin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were called (<i><a href="/wiki/Posad" title="Posad">Posad</a></i>). In some cases, cities of Kievan Rus' had radial structure made of two parts, one is the Kremlin and the other the Posad.<sup id="cite_ref-Lapina_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapina-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In connection with these processes the number of dwellers in towns increased. These cities of the Kievan Rus' <a href="/wiki/Military_fortification" class="mw-redirect" title="Military fortification">military fortifications</a> built by the princes so that the population can escape there in case of Nomadic raids.<sup id="cite_ref-Schukin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schukin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core city fortresses, known as <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> were built in strategic places, elevated from its surroundings, often located in the confluence of rivers or lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-Schukin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schukin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kremlins were not only the fortress itself but a defined area in the city center which gathered in it range of buildings of political, religious and social importance. While some were built from <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, they were later rebuilt from stone and were surrounded by moats and earthworks fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheremetovLagunin201625_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheremetovLagunin201625-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a>, one of the important cities of ancient Russia, streets were built from north to south and sometimes several buildings were connected to each other forming voids between them.<sup id="cite_ref-Lapina_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapina-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, after 1350, there was a change in the trend of urban planning with clearer divisions based on social status and professional affiliation, which implied on a politically strong prince.<sup id="cite_ref-Lapina_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapina-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">centralized Russian state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">its military</a> as well as its <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">expansion towards the east</a>, new military-defensive towns and cities which were constructed in the newly aquuired lands.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novgorod_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Novgorod_1862.jpg/200px-Novgorod_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Novgorod_1862.jpg/300px-Novgorod_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Novgorod_1862.jpg/400px-Novgorod_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8077" data-file-height="8759" /></a><figcaption>City plan of <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a>, dating 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>The emergence of new cities continued further in the 16th century and 17th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a>, and during the second half of the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a> 50 new cities appeared, while by the mid 17th century there were 254 cities in total, of them about 180 had status of Possad.<sup id="cite_ref-Alferova_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alferova-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, urban planning concepts and regulations such as location of the buildings relatively to the terrian, sufficient distance between them and accurate <a href="/wiki/Land_lot" title="Land lot">parcellation</a> were not integral part of the system. Following the rise to power of <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I the Great">Peter I the Great</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Government_reform_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Government reform of Peter the Great">Far-fledging reforms</a>, urban planning system in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> went through major overhaul with the introduction of new concepts and regulations. Those reforms occurred altogether with the enhancing of the regional and local administration system<sup id="cite_ref-Zolotareva_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zolotareva-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 January 1721, Articles of Chief Magistrate were published, which laid down the basics principles of city types categorization, ranking them by parameters of geographic location and population. Another major change occurred in the first half of the 18th century with the rising of the "regularity" concept, which called for creation of <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a> cities with emphasized ensembles and geometry trend.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city plans which came into force from now on were geometrically lined, creating perpendicular streets, which was influenced, among others by the philosophy of Descartes by the French military engineer <a href="/wiki/Sebastien_Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastien Vauban">Sebastien Vauban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zolotareva_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zolotareva-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New city plans were signed off for different cities throughout the Russian Empire such as <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolomna" title="Kolomna">Kolomna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The urban planning went into much more details with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> have put their signatures on various general city plans which regulated the width of central streets, straightened streets and called for high level of <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">composition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city plans were developed by various architects and planners, among them <a href="/wiki/William_Heste" title="William Heste">William Heste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matvey_Kazakov" title="Matvey Kazakov">Matvey Kazakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Starov" title="Ivan Starov">Ivan Starov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Bazhenov" title="Vasily Bazhenov">Vasily Bazhenov</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petr_Nikitin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petr Nikitin (page does not exist)">Petr Nikitin</a> and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_period">Soviet period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_planning_in_Russia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Soviet period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_urban_planning_ideologies_of_the_1920s" title="Soviet urban planning ideologies of the 1920s">Soviet urban planning ideologies of the 1920s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sotsgorod:_Cities_for_Utopia" title="Sotsgorod: Cities for Utopia">Sotsgorod: Cities for Utopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5.jpg/200px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5.jpg/300px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5.jpg/400px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="3243" /></a><figcaption>Typical Moscow suburb built during Soviet period with highly-dense microdistricts separated by radial roads</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">establishment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, urban planning in Soviet Russia went through massive changes. Huge emphasis was given to the creation of industrial base and urbanization with mass influx of populations from rural areas to the cities. Old cities grew and expanded beyond their historical borders and completely new cities created from scratch. The Soviet government distanced itself from the old concepts inherited from the Tsarist period and already in 1918, a decree which abolished <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> in urban areas came into force,<sup id="cite_ref-urbanhousing_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanhousing-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> practically municipalizing and nationalizing large parts of the housing stocks. While the Soviet government called for the upbringing of the workers and farmers at the expense of the old <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, even by 1925 there was no centrally imposed, unified concept of urban planning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZile196325_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZile196325-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formulating steps were taken in the form of the enactment of the <i>Statue on Urban Land Management</i> of 13 April 1925 which laid down the foundations of the urban planning system which placed the lands and the city plans under the jurisdiction of the city councils which had the authority to issue construction leases based on it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZile196324_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZile196324-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1920s" title="1920s">1920s</a> and <a href="/wiki/1930s" title="1930s">1930s</a> saw many reforms related to urban planning and new master plans (city plans) for urban settlements across Russia and the other republics of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> with the help of large design institutes, among them Moscow-based <a href="/wiki/Giprogor_Russian_Institute_of_Urban_and_Investment_Development" title="Giprogor Russian Institute of Urban and Investment Development">Giprogor Russian Institute of Urban and Investment Development</a>, Leningrad-based <a href="/wiki/Russian_State_Research_and_Design_Institute_of_Urbanism" title="Russian State Research and Design Institute of Urbanism">Russian State Research and Design Institute of Urbanism</a>, Gorstroyproyekt (Russian: <span lang="ru">Горстройпроект</span>) and Giprograd (Russian: <span lang="ru">Гипроград</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noteworthy is the Moscow <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture#Moscow_Master_Plan_(1935)" title="Stalinist architecture">1935 Master Plan</a>. Another major law regulating and directing the urban planning in the country was the All-Union Law <i>On Regional and City PLanning</i> and law <i>On Preparation and Approval of Plans for Design and Socialist Reconstruction of Cities and Other Populated Places</i> adopted in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZile196333_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZile196333-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet government pushed for regulation and uniformity of planning and design, standardizing the rules and centrally imposed concepts to all the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">republics of the Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settlements were planned and treated as centrally planned component being part of the national economic system, often destroying the uniqueness of them in favour of standardization.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> halted many of the urban planning activities as the authorities have allocated the entire resources to the war efforts, urbanization especially in cities deeper in Russia continued, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">relocation of factories</a> into them, which led to the relocation of population employed in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_industry_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet industry in World War II">those factories</a> and the construction of new workers' settlements around those cities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the war management consumed most of Stalin's <a href="/wiki/State_Defense_Committee" title="State Defense Committee">time and efforts</a>, urban planning decision which previously were handled by him, were not taken care by <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union#Heads_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1922–1991)" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chmelnizki_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chmelnizki-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already before the end of the war, in 1943, city planners began proposing their concepts for the rebuilding of the cities destroyed in the fighting, such as <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chmelnizki_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chmelnizki-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war urban planning politics continued again, alongside the massive reconstruction efforts. The post-war period was marked by active urban planning activities related to the transformation of the historically established settlements together with the emergence of new cities. In order No. 294 of the <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Construction" title="State Committee for Construction">Committee for Architecture</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Council of Ministers of the USSR</a> issued on 31 March 1949, special attention was paid to improving the quality of design and planning work, city planning projects. The importance of urban improvement and the introduction of standard projects was emphasized.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meeting of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR convened an All-Union Conference of Builders and City Planners. The meeting which took place<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in April 1958 discussed the pressing problems of planning and urban development and outlined ways to solve them. In 1959, the relevance of this problem at the <a href="/wiki/22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd Congress</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU</a> was emphasized by Khrushchev, who advocated for the massive construction of pre-fabricated apartment buildings of 5 floors and nicknamed <i><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevka" title="Khrushchevka">Khrushchevka</a></i>, designed by the architect <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Lagutenko" title="Vitaly Lagutenko">Vitaly Lagutenko</a> in order to overcome to extreme housing deficit. In May 1961 the Third All-Union Congress of Soviet Architects convened and called for accelerating the approval of general city plans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZile196354_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZile196354-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general tendencies from the 1960s until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> saw continued expansion of the outer areas of the cities with construction of even higher apartment buildings nicknamed <i><a href="/wiki/Brezhnevka" title="Brezhnevka">Brezhnevki</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Federation">Russian Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_planning_in_Russia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Russian Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1991-2000">1991-2000</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_planning_in_Russia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1991-2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorsky_Microdistrict,_Novosibirsk_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gorsky_Microdistrict%2C_Novosibirsk_13.jpg/200px-Gorsky_Microdistrict%2C_Novosibirsk_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gorsky_Microdistrict%2C_Novosibirsk_13.jpg/300px-Gorsky_Microdistrict%2C_Novosibirsk_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gorsky_Microdistrict%2C_Novosibirsk_13.jpg/400px-Gorsky_Microdistrict%2C_Novosibirsk_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4081" data-file-height="2617" /></a><figcaption>Gorsky Microdistrict in Novosibirsk</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, urban planning system in Russia went through dramatic change. Due to the country's move to a more <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">liberalized</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">political preferences</a> and direction for the urban planning has changed as well with the state needed to address marketization and <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalization</a> issues.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economic policies implemented by successive <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russian governments</a> in that period led to spatial inequality by which certain groups in a given city experienced increase in their district while other groups experienced sharp decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirt_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country went through major changes including in its urban planning system and the ideological layer, of constructing a <i>Socialist city</i> was eliminated,<sup id="cite_ref-Mezentsev_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mezentsev-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet the planning pattern of the Soviet period which implied construction of tall buildings with high density continued as in the Soviet period, though with more emphasis on leisure and aesthetics in later periods. In the 1990s-2000s, the rush demand for housing in large cities led to an increase in the height and density of buildings. In all major cities of Russia, 25 or more storey residential buildings began to be built. The so-called "densification development" has become widespread, which increases the load on urban infrastructure and negatively affects the aesthetics of the urban environment. The extensive growth of built-up urban areas and <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> due to the reproduction of Soviet microdistrict development also continued. Another trend is the construction of residential and office real estate in former industrial zones.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economic liberalization also led to the growth of street markets and retail trade activities, either regulated or not.<sup id="cite_ref-Brade_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brade-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlement_patterns">Settlement patterns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_planning_in_Russia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Settlement patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Russia is the largest country on earth, its population is spread unevenly on the territory. Three-fourths of Russia's territory is located in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, while one-fourth is located in <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a>, west of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, but the population distribution is the opposite, with 75% of the country's population is located at the western, <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European part of the country</a>, and only about 15 million is located east of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nefedova_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nefedova-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main settlement zone in <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> had formed in accordance with the patterns of the development of industry and transport route, in cities between <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>. Nefedova specifies five main zones of settlement and urbanization pattern:<sup id="cite_ref-Nefedova_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nefedova-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Poorly developed territory – This zone is a large external periphery. It went through rapid forced development 1920s to the 1960s using the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> system. During the 1970s and 1980s people were attracted to these areas due to the higher average salaries. Following <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, severe economic depression hit these areas and led to massive emigration to the western and southern areas. Those centers are now regional capitals or settlements associated with oil and gas production, especially in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Western_Siberia" title="Western Siberia">Western Siberia</a>.</li> <li>Zone of focal and linear selective development with forestry and mining – This area stretches out on a wide strip starting from the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> located in the north west to the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a> located in the east. There are 11 large cities around which small areas of suburban agriculture is formed. The other settlements are small and built around transport, fishing, mining and timber industry in the deep <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a>. The settlements or clusters of settlements are separated by vast territories of empty space.</li> <li>Zone of mosaic industrial-urban and small-scale agricultural development – This area covers the rest of the non-<a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">Chernozem</a> zone and the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>-steppe transition zone. It occupies about 13% of the country's territory, from <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad</a> to <a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Oblast" title="Smolensk Oblast">Smolensk Oblast</a> in the west to the southern <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>. It is home to 53% of Russia's urban population and about 30% of its rural population. The country's main industrial backbone is located here in more than 70 large cities, of which about 20 located in <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>. This zone suffers from high disparity between large and small cities in terms of infrastructure and development. The territory consists of the inner periphery between large cities with small towns suffering from depopulation and low density of rural population.</li> <li>Zone of agricultural-urban development – This zone includes the flatlands in the Kursk-Krasnodar-Krasnoyarsk triangle. It is stretched in <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> and much more compressed in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. The large cities are more equally spaced. It is more developed, and its <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">provinces</a> have lower socioeconomic gaps.</li> <li>Mountain and foothill areas – This zone includes the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasian</a> and Siberian regions. The zone is the very periphery of the country both politically and economically.</li></ul> <p>Within the different regions, during the last decades, the rise of agglomarations has taken place which takes places concurrently with the de-population of villages and small towns, thus mass immigration of people from small towns and villages to larger cities, with the boldest example of Moscow. <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Agglomarations</a> grow as the built-up areas of core cities and nearby settlements adjoins. Most of the agglomarations are located in <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> rather than in Siberia or the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Soviet government encouraged urbanization as part of the <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">mass industrialization</a>, shifting the population from being <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">employed in agriculture</a> in rural areas to industry, mainly heavy one, it also controlled the cities' population, encouraging the spreading of the population and creating huge number of small and mid-sized cities (among them Urban-type settlements).<sup id="cite_ref-urbanhousing_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanhousing-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of the urban agglomarations is a process that gathered pace after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> and is a result of liberalization of the <a href="/wiki/Resident_registration_in_Russia" title="Resident registration in Russia">country's resident registration system</a> which made it easier to move from one place to another, both trends rising from below, mainly people searching access to better paid jobs and higher quality public utilities, and encouruged by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">federal government</a> in order to cut costs, increasing effectiveness and optimizing transport and infrastructure development.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another aspect which characterizes the settlement patterns in Russia is the existence of <a href="/wiki/Monotown#Russia" title="Monotown">monotowns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Closed_city#Russia" title="Closed city">closed cities</a> which are located throughout the country, especially in remote areas with <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">harsh climate</a> or limited infrastructure, are based around single factory associated with heavy industry or <a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">defense industry</a>. Their establishment and planning was not based on logical, economic and spatial considerations such as proximity to transport routes or continuation of existing urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to tackle the economic problem of these types of cities, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russian Government</a> compelled in 2014 a list of 319 mono towns and divided them into three sub-groups by <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socio-economic risk</a>: high, medium and low. It also created the Monotown Development Fund as a tool for the development and regulations of these cities in the years to come.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urban_structure">Urban structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_planning_in_Russia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Urban structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the cities in contemporary Russia have a centralized structure, a legacy of Soviet planning which tended to emphasize the public areas in city center with concentration of governmental and commercial as well as other public functions. Around the very city center are the old periphery districts which have mixture of commercial, residential and transport use. These districts include brick houses and tenement buildings built in the late tsarist period as well as buildings built during Soviet times. In recent decades they are going through waves of reconstruction and <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around them are vast mono-functional districts which contain residential areas (<a href="/wiki/Microdistrict" title="Microdistrict">microdistrict</a>) and industrial areas mainly of heavy industry, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Concentric_zone_model" title="Concentric zone model">concentric zone model</a> of urban land use,<sup id="cite_ref-urbanhousing_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanhousing-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with radiating out wide, geometrically lined roads<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZile196328_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZile196328-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> separating between them.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirt_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the built-up area in the cities is generally dense, some spots of old wooden housing and dacha remain.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirt_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Old cities, which were built around a Kremlin, have a clear "old city" part, or a distinctive city center, while cities that were built from scratch or grew from small villages do not have a clear historical core and are more uniform in their urban layout and architecture. Many cities in Russia have high dispersion index which indicates the effectiveness of the distribution pattern across the administrative borders of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaveleva2022233_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaveleva2022233-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is as a result of sprawling whereby high-density residential districts were constructed around factories thus expanding the cities' borders, a process which occurred from the 1920s and 1930s and kept the pattern during the later years of the Soviet Union, having the effects on the contemporary structure of Russian cities. As a result, in contrast to the Capitalist countries, where the density drops in the suburbs while the peak is at the city centers, in Russia the situation is opposite with the highest urban density is rather at the city edges. </p><p>The large cities are characterized by wide arteries separating between districts, containing a peculiar street patterns with low share of street and road network and internal streets which are mostly not connected to the main streets.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While all cities in Russia grew and expanded significantly during the early Soviet period with the annexation of surrounded villages and construction of industry and housing at the suburbs, different conditions specific to each city that determined their different urban layout, being more compact or sprawling.<sup id="cite_ref-types_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-types-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Savelyeva divided them into three groups: <i>Extended</i> urban structure, which includes <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, <i>Discrete</i> urban structure which includes <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a> and <i>Compact</i> which includes <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk" title="Chelyabinsk">Chelyabinsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-types_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-types-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_framework">Legal framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_planning_in_Russia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legal framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Town_Planning_Code_of_Russia" title="Town Planning Code of Russia">Town Planning Code of Russia</a></div> <p>Russia inherited from the Soviet Union a complex system of urban planning. At the top is the <a href="/wiki/Town_Planning_Code_of_Russia" title="Town Planning Code of Russia">Urban Development Code of the Russian Federation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Градостроительный Кодекс Российской Федерации</span>), adopted on 29 December 2004 and later amended.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document is used as an umbrella tool which lays down the general concepts. Beneath it are Territorial Comprehensive Schemes and district schemes at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">regional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Russia" title="Districts of Russia">district level</a>. At the municipal level there are city plans (Russian: <span lang="ru">Генеральный план</span>) prepared by the respective planning departments of the city halls and which are then approved by the <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city councils</a> and at the lowest leve, even more detailed plan for specific territory (Russian: <span lang="ru">Градостроительный план земельного участка</span>). The master plan (general city plan) is approved by the <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a> (local parliament) and is the highest binding legal tool within the framework of local legislation concerning urban planning.<sup id="cite_ref-lawtheses_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawtheses-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town planning regulations is a description specifying the types and parameters of the use of land plots and other objects within a certain territory (<a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-lawtheses_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawtheses-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_planning_in_Russia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Planning_Code_of_Russia" title="Town Planning Code of Russia">Town Planning Code of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_communist_countries" title="Urban planning in communist countries">Urban planning in communist countries</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_planning_in_Russia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_planning_in_Russia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheremetovLagunin201621-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheremetovLagunin201621_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheremetovLagunin2016">Sheremetov & Lagunin 2016</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorokin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sorokin_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLachininsky,_Stanislav_S.;_Sorokin,_Ivan_S.2021" class="citation web cs1">Lachininsky, Stanislav S.; Sorokin, Ivan S. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/73590/ssoar-balticreg-2021-1-lachininsky_et_al-Spatial_structure_and_the_development.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-balticreg-2021-1-lachininsky_et_al-Spatial_structure_and_the_development.pdf">"Spatial structure and the development of settlements in the Saint Petersburg agglomeration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spatial+structure+and+the+development+of+settlements+in+the+Saint+Petersburg+agglomeration&rft.pages=51&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Lachininsky%2C+Stanislav+S.%3B+Sorokin%2C+Ivan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssoar.info%2Fssoar%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Fdocument%2F73590%2Fssoar-balticreg-2021-1-lachininsky_et_al-Spatial_structure_and_the_development.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy%26lnkname%3Dssoar-balticreg-2021-1-lachininsky_et_al-Spatial_structure_and_the_development.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+planning+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lapina-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lapina_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lapina_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lapina_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarya_Lapina2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Darya Lapina (2023). "Социальные и политические основы формирования градостроительства и архитектуры городов Древней Руси". <i>Genesis: исторические исследования</i> (in Russian). <b>4</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25136%2F2409-868X.2023.4.37944">10.25136/2409-868X.2023.4.37944</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258542830">258542830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genesis%3A+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25136%2F2409-868X.2023.4.37944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258542830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Darya+Lapina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+planning+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schukin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schukin_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schukin_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasily_Schukin" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vasily Schukin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/bitstream/handle/item/14937/szczukin_drevnerusskij_gorod_kak_kul%27turnaa_problema_2012.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Древнерусский Город Как Культурная Проблема - Исторический Обзор"</a> [Old Russian City as a Cultural Problem - Historical Review] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). Jagiellonian University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+-+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80&rft.pub=Jagiellonian+University&rft.au=Vasily+Schukin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruj.uj.edu.pl%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Fitem%2F14937%2Fszczukin_drevnerusskij_gorod_kak_kul%2527turnaa_problema_2012.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+planning+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheremetovLagunin201625-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheremetovLagunin201625_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheremetovLagunin2016">Sheremetov & Lagunin 2016</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniela_Szymanska2004" class="citation journal cs1">Daniela Szymanska (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repozytorium.umk.pl/bitstream/handle/item/505/Some%20problems%20of%20urbanization_Russia_19_2.pdf">"Some Problems of Urbanization in Russia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Politics and Economics of Russia, Eastern and Central Europe</i>: 77. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1057-2295">1057-2295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Politics+and+Economics+of+Russia%2C+Eastern+and+Central+Europe&rft.atitle=Some+Problems+of+Urbanization+in+Russia&rft.pages=77&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=1057-2295&rft.au=Daniela+Szymanska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepozytorium.umk.pl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Fitem%2F505%2FSome%2520problems%2520of%2520urbanization_Russia_19_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+planning+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alferova-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alferova_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFГ.В._Алферова1989" class="citation book cs1">Г.В. Алферова (1989). <i>Русские Города XVI – XVII Веков</i>. Moscow: Стройиздат. pp. 4–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+XVI+%E2%80%93+XVII+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82&rft.date=1989&rft.au=%D0%93.%D0%92.+%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+planning+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zolotareva-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zolotareva_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zolotareva_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilena_Zolotareva2017" class="citation journal cs1">Milena Zolotareva (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3846%2F20297955.2017.1296792">"New Trends of Urban Development in Russia in the 18th Century"</a>. <i>Journal of Architecture and Urbanism</i>. <b>41</b>: 71–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3846%2F20297955.2017.1296792">10.3846/20297955.2017.1296792</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2029-7955">2029-7955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Architecture+and+Urbanism&rft.atitle=New+Trends+of+Urban+Development+in+Russia+in+the+18th+Century&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=71-77&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3846%2F20297955.2017.1296792&rft.issn=2029-7955&rft.au=Milena+Zolotareva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3846%252F20297955.2017.1296792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+planning+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_J._Schmidt1989" class="citation book cs1">Albert J. 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Russia Beyond<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+look+at+Soviet-era+housing&rft.pub=Russia+Beyond&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft.au=Marina+Obrazovka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Farts%2F2013%2F12%2F03%2Fa_look_at_soviet-era_housing_31327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+planning+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadir_Kinossian2022" class="citation journal cs1">Nadir Kinossian (May 2022). 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"Evolution of Kremlins as evolution of Russian urban settlements". <i>Architecture and Engineering</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 18–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23968%2F2500-0055-2016-1-4-18-25">10.23968/2500-0055-2016-1-4-18-25</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architecture+and+Engineering&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Kremlins+as+evolution+of+Russian+urban+settlements&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=18-25&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23968%2F2500-0055-2016-1-4-18-25&rft.aulast=Sheremetov&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Lagunin%2C+Igor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+planning+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZile1963" class="citation journal cs1">Zile, Zigurds L. 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"Quantifying Spatial Structure of the Largest Regional Centers in Russia: General Patterns and Typological Features". <i>Regional Research of Russia</i>. <b>12</b> (2). Pleiades Publishing: 227–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS2079970522020216">10.1134/S2079970522020216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252285381">252285381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regional+Research+of+Russia&rft.atitle=Quantifying+Spatial+Structure+of+the+Largest+Regional+Centers+in+Russia%3A+General+Patterns+and+Typological+Features&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-240&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS2079970522020216&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252285381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Saveleva&rft.aufirst=Ekaterina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+planning+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_planning_in_Russia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumoShadrina2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kumo, Kazuhiro; Shadrina, Elena (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu132011389">"On the Evolution of Hierarchical Urban Systems in Soviet Russia, 1897–1989"</a>. <i>Sustainability</i>. <b>13</b> (20): 11389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu132011389">10.3390/su132011389</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=On+the+Evolution+of+Hierarchical+Urban+Systems+in+Soviet+Russia%2C+1897%E2%80%931989&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=11389&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu132011389&rft.aulast=Kumo&rft.aufirst=Kazuhiro&rft.au=Shadrina%2C+Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu132011389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+planning+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_planning_in_Russia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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href="/wiki/Outline_of_urban_planning" title="Outline of urban planning">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_and_zoning_commission" title="Planning and zoning commission">Planning and zoning commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_management" title="Growth management">Growth management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Urbanism_Day" title="World Urbanism Day">World Urbanism Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_area" title="Labor market area">Labor market area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_planning" title="Comprehensive planning">Comprehensive planning</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History of urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">Spatial planning</a> (Eur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">Urbanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Rural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">Conservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_development" title="Preservation development">Preservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_housing" title="Rural housing">Rural housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_design_statement" title="Village design statement">Village design statement</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Planning_Association_of_America" title="Regional Planning Association of America">Regional Planning Association of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_resource_planning" title="Recreation resource planning">Recreation resource planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_forecasting" title="Transportation forecasting">Transportation forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_distribution" title="Trip distribution">Trip distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_planning_model" title="Rational planning model">Rational planning model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_transportation_planner" title="Professional transportation planner">Professional transportation planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_freight_distribution" title="Urban freight distribution">Urban freight distribution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_economic_development" title="Community economic development">Community economic development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts/ <br />theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Charter" title="Athens Charter">Athens Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-sky_movement" title="Dark-sky movement">Dark-sky movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_planning" title="Indigenous planning">Indigenous planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">Settlement movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition towns">Transition towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="YIMBY movement">YIMBY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative planning">Collaborative planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekistics" title="Ekistics">Ekistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Intelligent urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livable_streets" class="mw-redirect" title="Livable streets">Livable streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market urbanism">Market urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical planning">Radical planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_by_type" title="Category:Cities by type">Cities by type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a> / <a href="/wiki/Monotown" title="Monotown">Monotown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_community" title="Mining community">Mining community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pit_village" title="Pit village">Pit village</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_camp" title="Man camp">Man camp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logging_camp" title="Logging camp">Logging camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a> (New town)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_village" title="Urban village">Urban village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">Boomtown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">Affordable housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">Cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_development" title="Cluster development">Cluster development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Communities">Complete Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_city" title="Creative city">Creative city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtering_(housing)" title="Filtering (housing)">Filtering (housing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brusselization" title="Brusselization">Brusselization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infill" title="Infill">Infill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_city" title="Healthy city">Healthy cities</a> / <a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEED-ND" class="mw-redirect" title="LEED-ND">LEED-ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leapfrog_development" title="Leapfrog development">Leapfrog development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(spatial_and_transport_planning)" title="Permeability (spatial and transport planning)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placemaking" title="Placemaking">Placemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_gain" title="Planning gain">Planning gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Permission" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Permission">Planning Permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Rural flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_use" title="Temporary use">Temporary use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_place" title="Third place">Third place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferable_development_rights" title="Transferable development rights">Transferable development rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary" title="Urban growth boundary">Urban growth boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peri-urbanisation" title="Peri-urbanisation">Peri-urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_vitality" title="Urban vitality">Urban vitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verticalization" title="Verticalization">Verticalization</a> / <a href="/wiki/High-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise">High-rise urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Theorists/<br />practitioners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Duany" title="Andrés Duany">Andrés Duany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Perry" title="Clarence Perry">Clarence Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Stein" title="Clarence Stein">Clarence Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Buchanan_(town_planner)" title="Colin Buchanan (town planner)">Colin Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Appleyard" title="Donald Appleyard">Donald Appleyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bacon_(architect)" title="Edmund Bacon (architect)">Edmund Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Benveniste" title="Guy Benveniste">Guy Benveniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rouse" title="James Rouse">James Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Apostolos_Doxiadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis">Konstantinos Doxiadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_A._Lynch" title="Kevin A. Lynch">Kevin A. Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lees" title="Loretta Lees">Loretta Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Calthorpe" title="Peter Calthorpe">Peter Calthorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Adams_(architect)" title="Thomas Adams (architect)">Thomas Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_theorists" title="List of urban theorists">List of urban theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_planners" title="List of urban planners">List of urban planners</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farrelly" title="Elizabeth Farrelly">Elizabeth Farrelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Howard_Kunstler" title="James Howard Kunstler">James Howard Kunstler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randal_O%27Toole" title="Randal O'Toole">Randal O'Toole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_education" title="Urban planning education">Planning education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Accreditation_Board" title="Planning Accreditation Board">Planning Accreditation Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_real_estate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate real estate education">Real estate education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_planning_institutes" title="Category:Professional planning institutes">Professional organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Australia" title="Urban planning in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_China" title="Urban planning in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Urban planning in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning_in_Serbia" title="Spatial planning in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Singapore" title="Urban planning in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Town and country planning in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Barcelona" title="Urban planning of Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Shanghai" title="Urban planning of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Sydney" title="Urban planning of Sydney">Sydney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Africa" title="Urban planning in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_communist_countries" title="Urban planning in communist countries">Communist countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Urban planning in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_spatial_planning" title="Marine spatial planning">Marine spatial planning </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">Social sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Urban_planning" title="Category:Urban planning">Category</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">List of planned cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planning_journals" title="List of planning journals">List of planning journals</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urban_planning" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Urban planning"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia_topics" title="Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia_topics" title="Template talk:Russia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li>Feudal Rus' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian state">Russian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia" title="History of the Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Judicial system of the Russian Empire">Judicial system of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_city_of_Russia" title="Historical city of Russia">Historical cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ rights in Russia">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification 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