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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current situation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_situation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current situation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Public opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Same-sex_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-sex_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Same-sex unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same-sex_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Military service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gay_pride_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_pride_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Gay pride events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gay_pride_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chechnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chechnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Chechnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chechnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Public opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment_discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment_discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Employment discrimination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viewpoints_of_political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viewpoints_of_political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Viewpoints of political parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viewpoints_of_political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hate_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hate_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hate crimes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hate_crimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hate crimes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hate_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Increase_in_hate_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increase_in_hate_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Increase in hate crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increase_in_hate_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Some_notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Some notable cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transgender_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transgender_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transgender issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transgender_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda_bans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda_bans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Propaganda bans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Propaganda_bans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Propaganda bans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Propaganda_bans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Regional laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>National laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Domestic reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reactions_and_boycott" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reactions_and_boycott"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>International reactions and boycott</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reactions_and_boycott-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2.1</span> <span>Political figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Summary table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ rights in Russia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT-regte_in_Rusland" title="LGBT-regte in Rusland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="LGBT-regte in Rusland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="معاملة المثليين في روسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاملة المثليين في روسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_pr%C3%A1va_v_Rusku" title="LGBT práva v Rusku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="LGBT práva v Rusku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawliau_LHDT_yn_Rwsia" title="Hawliau LHDT yn Rwsia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hawliau LHDT yn Rwsia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%9B%CE%9F%CE%91%CE%A4_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δικαιώματα ΛΟΑΤ στη Ρωσία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δικαιώματα ΛΟΑΤ στη Ρωσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_del_colectivo_LGBT_en_Rusia" title="Derechos del colectivo LGBT en Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derechos del colectivo LGBT en Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="حقوق ال‌جی‌بی‌تی در روسیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حقوق ال‌جی‌بی‌تی در روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_LGBT_en_Russie" title="Droits LGBT en Russie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droits LGBT en Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D4%B3%D4%B2%D5%8F_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="ԼԳԲՏ իրավունքները Ռուսաստանում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԼԳԲՏ իրավունքները Ռուսաստանում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prava_LGBT_osoba_u_Rusiji" title="Prava LGBT osoba u Rusiji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prava LGBT osoba u Rusiji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritti_LGBT_in_Russia" title="Diritti LGBT in Russia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritti LGBT in Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%98%22%D7%91_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="זכויות להט"ב ברוסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זכויות להט"ב ברוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maf%C3%AAn_kes%C3%AAn_LGBT_li_R%C3%BBsyay%C3%AA" title="Mafên kesên LGBT li Rûsyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mafên kesên LGBT li Rûsyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8BLGBT%E3%81%AE%E6%A8%A9%E5%88%A9" title="ロシアにおけるLGBTの権利 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシアにおけるLGBTの権利" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82" title="په روسيه کې د هم‌جنس پالونکو حقوق – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په روسيه کې د هم‌جنس پالونکو حقوق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sytuacja_prawna_i_spo%C5%82eczna_os%C3%B3b_LGBT_w_Rosji" title="Sytuacja prawna i społeczna osób LGBT w Rosji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sytuacja prawna i społeczna osób LGBT w Rosji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direitos_LGBT_na_R%C3%BAssia" title="Direitos LGBT na Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direitos LGBT na Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%93%D0%91%D0%A2_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Права ЛГБТ в России – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Права ЛГБТ в России" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0%D2%95%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%93%D0%91%D0%A2_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D2%A5%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Арассыыйаҕа ЛГБТ көҥүлэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Арассыыйаҕа ЛГБТ көҥүлэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBT rights in Russia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="LGBT rights in Russia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="vcard" style="background:none; font-size:100%; padding:0.15em 0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">LGBTQ rights in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Federation_(orthographic_projection)_-_All_Territorial_Disputes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_All_Territorial_Disputes.svg/220px-Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_All_Territorial_Disputes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_All_Territorial_Disputes.svg/330px-Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_All_Territorial_Disputes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_All_Territorial_Disputes.svg/440px-Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_All_Territorial_Disputes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="537" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Status</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Same-sex sexual activity legal since 1993 for consenting men and not criminalised for women.<sup id="cite_ref-RUS33940_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RUS33940-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Promotion" of LGBT identity illegal since 2013 (homosexuality) and 2022 (trans identity)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Penalty</th><td class="infobox-data">In <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>: up to death since 2017<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gender change legal between 1997 and 2023, illegal afterwards</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_military_service" title="LGBT people and military service">Military</a></th><td class="infobox-data">LGBT people can serve in the army, there are no restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-ksmrus.ru_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ksmrus.ru-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Discrimination protections</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Family rights</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Template:Same-sex_unions" title="Template:Same-sex unions">Recognition of relationships</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Russia" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Russia">No recognition of same-sex unions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Restrictions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> constitutionally banned since 2020<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Allowed to adopt by a single person<sup id="cite_ref-adoption_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adoption-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_rights" title="Category:LGBTQ rights">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#9d4d98;"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory"><span style="color:white;">LGBTQ rights</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lambda-letter-lowercase-symbol-Garamond.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Greek letter "lambda""><img alt="The Greek letter "lambda"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lambda-letter-lowercase-symbol-Garamond.svg/60px-Lambda-letter-lowercase-symbol-Garamond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lambda-letter-lowercase-symbol-Garamond.svg/90px-Lambda-letter-lowercase-symbol-Garamond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lambda-letter-lowercase-symbol-Garamond.svg/120px-Lambda-letter-lowercase-symbol-Garamond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="698" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border: none; padding-bottom: 3px;"> <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f2c9e2; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">Student</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">Germany (pre-1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ movements in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Social attitudes</a></li> <li>Transgender rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f2c9e2; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Legal status of same-sex marriage">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_military_service" title="LGBT people and military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_organization" title="LGBTQ rights organization">Organizations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of LGBTQ-related organizations and conferences">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_parenting" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT parenting">Parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkwashing_(LGBTQ)" title="Pinkwashing (LGBTQ)">Pinkwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Relationship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship#State_recognition_of_same-sex_couples" title="Same-sex relationship">Recognition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f2c9e2; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Opposition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBTQ_issues" title="Censorship of LGBTQ issues">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Execution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobic_propaganda" title="Homophobic propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against LGBT people">Violence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f2c9e2; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bisexuality-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of bisexuality-related organizations and conferences">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_civil_society_organizations" title="Intersex civil society organizations">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_community_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT community centre">Community centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_military_and_veteran_organizations" title="List of LGBT military and veteran organizations">Military and Veteran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender-rights_organizations" title="List of transgender-rights organizations">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations_in_the_United_States" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li>Religious <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_Christian_organizations" title="Category:LGBTQ Christian organizations">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_Jewish_organizations" title="Category:LGBTQ Jewish organizations">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_Muslim_organizations" title="Category:LGBTQ Muslim organizations">Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f2c9e2; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_politics" title="Bisexual politics">Bisexual politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_ecology" title="Queer ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_radicalism" title="Queer radicalism">Radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_wing" title="LGBTQ wing">Political parties affiliates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies#LGBTQ_social_movements" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies regarding LGBTQ</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f2c9e2; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_years_in_LGBTQ_rights" title="Table of years in LGBTQ rights">Years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_LGBTQ_rights" title="List of years in LGBTQ rights">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_rights_by_year" title="Category:LGBTQ rights by year">Category</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f2c9e2; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Freedom_in_the_World" title="Index of Freedom in the World">Freedom Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minority rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison" title="LGBTQ people in prison">LGBTQ people in prison</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top: none;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal_LGBT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/25px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/38px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/50px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="442" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_rights_sidebar" title="Template:LGBTQ rights sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_rights_sidebar" title="Template talk:LGBTQ rights sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_rights_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ rights sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> face severe legal and social challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although sexual activity between consenting adults of the same sex is legal,<sup id="cite_ref-RUS33940_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RUS33940-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> homosexuality is disapproved of by most of the population and pro-LGBTQ advocacy groups are deemed "extremist" and banned. It is illegal for individuals to "promote homosexuality" and same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are ineligible for the legal protections available to opposite-sex couples. Russia provides no anti-discrimination protections for LGBTQ people and does not have a designation for <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crimes</a> based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Transgender people are not allowed to change their legal gender and all gender-affirming care is banned. There are currently no laws prohibiting discrimination based on gender identity or expression, and recent laws could be used to discriminate against transgender residents. </p><p>Russia has long held strongly negative views regarding homosexuality, with recent polls indicating that a majority of Russians are against the acceptance of homosexuality and have shown support for laws discriminating against homosexuals. Despite receiving international criticism for the recent increase in social discrimination, crimes, and violence against homosexuals, larger cities such as <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a><sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-dailyxtra.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailyxtra.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been said<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to have a thriving <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">LGBTQ community</a>. However, there has been a historic resistance to <a href="/wiki/Gay_pride_parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride parade">gay pride parades</a> by local governments; despite being fined by the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> in 2010 for interpreting it as discrimination, the city of Moscow denied 100 individual requests for permission to hold <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Pride" title="Moscow Pride">Moscow Pride</a> through 2012, citing a risk of violence against participants. In 2016, Russia was rated the second least LGBT-friendly nation in Europe by <a href="/wiki/ILGA-Europe" title="ILGA-Europe">ILGA-Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-litvinova_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-litvinova-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the status of LGBTQ rights in Russia was ranked the worst out of the 49 countries surveyed within Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1917, after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Republic</a> (later the Russian SFSR) decriminalised homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> would later recriminalise sex between men in March 1934 with the addition of Article 154-a to the Soviet criminal code, which punished consensual anal sex between men with three to five years' imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelstein1995169_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelstein1995169-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revised criminal code of 1961 continued to classify sexual relations between men as a crime, relocating it to Article 121 and providing for only a maximum of five years' imprisonment for consensual sex.<sup id="cite_ref-1961code_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1961code-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western observers estimated that, during the Soviet era, between 800 and 1000 men were imprisoned per year under Article 121.<sup id="cite_ref-RUS98001.zar_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RUS98001.zar-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, homosexual acts between consenting males were re-legalised in 1993 (they had not been criminalised for women), removing Article 121 from the RSFSR penal code.<sup id="cite_ref-RUS33940_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RUS33940-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2006, under <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, regions in Russia have enacted varying laws restricting the distribution of materials promoting LGBTQ relationships to minors; in June 2013, a <a href="/wiki/Russian_LGBT_propaganda_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian LGBT propaganda law">federal law criminalizing the distribution of materials among minors</a> in support of non-traditional sexual relationships was enacted as an amendment to an <a href="/wiki/On_Protecting_Children_from_Information_Harmful_to_Their_Health_and_Development" title="On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development">existing child protection law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ie-hunted_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ie-hunted-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law has resulted in the numerous arrests of Russian LGBTQ citizens publicly opposing the law and there has reportedly been a surge of anti-gay protests, <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Hate_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hate crimes">hate crimes</a>. It has received international criticism from <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> observers, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT social movements">LGBTQ activists</a>, and media outlets and has been viewed as a <i>de facto</i> means of criminalizing <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">LGBTQ culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardianpropaganda_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianpropaganda-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law was ruled to be inconsistent with protection of freedom of expression by the European Court of Human Rights but as of 2021 has not been repealed.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the law was extended to apply to anyone regardless of age, thus making any expression deemed a promotion of non-traditional sexual relationships illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a report issued on 13 April 2017, a panel of five expert advisors to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a>—<a href="/wiki/Vitit_Muntarbhorn" title="Vitit Muntarbhorn">Vitit Muntarbhorn</a>, Sètondji Roland Adjovi; <a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Callamard" title="Agnès Callamard">Agnès Callamard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nils_Melzer" title="Nils Melzer">Nils Melzer</a>; and <a href="/wiki/David_Kaye_(law_professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kaye (law professor)">David Kaye</a>—condemned <a href="/wiki/Anti-gay_purges_in_Chechnya" title="Anti-gay purges in Chechnya">the wave of torture and killings of gay men in Chechnya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHRApril2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHRApril2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the authorities have <a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_people_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGBTQ people during the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">stepped up reactionary measures</a>, particularly against trans people.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 July 2023, President Putin signed into law a bill <a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_banning_gender_transition_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law banning gender transition in Russia (page does not exist)">banning</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Закон о запрете трансгендерного перехода в России">ru</a>]</span> <a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">gender-affirming care</a> in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-NBC_News_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 November 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Supreme Court</a> ruled the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT movements">international LGBTQ movement</a> to be "extremist", outlawing it in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-skynews_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skynews-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, Russian security forces raided bars, male saunas and nightclubs across Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ history in Russia">LGBTQ history in Russia</a></div> <p>Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> in the 18th, who introduced a wide range of reforms aimed at modernizing and Westernizing Russia, there was a ban on male homosexual activity, but only in military statutes for soldiers. In 1832, the criminal code included Article 995, which stated that <i>muzhelozhstvo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">мужеложство</span>, '<a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>'), or men lying with men, was a criminal act punishable by exile to Siberia for up to 5 years. Men lying with men was interpreted by courts as meaning anal sex. Application of the laws was rare, and the turn of the century found a relaxation of these laws and a general growing of tolerance and visibility.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, the Bolshevik regime decriminalized homosexuality. The Bolsheviks rewrote the constitution and "produced two Criminal Codes – in 1922 and 1926 – and an article prohibiting homosexual sex was left off both."<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> government removed the old laws regarding sexual relations, effectively legalising homosexual intercourse within Russia, although it remained illegal in other territories of the Soviet Union, and the homosexuals in Russia were still persecuted and sacked from their jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, the Soviet Union recriminalized homosexuality in a decree signed in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-star_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Article 154-a,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelstein1995169_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelstein1995169-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later relocated to Article 121 in 1961,<sup id="cite_ref-1961code_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1961code-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> punished sexual relations between men with up to five years' imprisonment and led to several raids and arrests. Female homosexuals were sent to mental institutions. The decree was part of a broader campaign against "deviant" behavior and "Western degeneracy".<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Stalin's death, there was <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">a liberalisation</a> of attitudes toward sexual issues in the Soviet Union, but homosexual acts remained illegal. Discrimination against LGBT individuals persisted in the Soviet era, and homosexuality was not officially declassified as a mental illness until 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet Article 121 was often commonly used to extend prison sentences and to control dissidents. Among those imprisoned were the well-known film director <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Parajanov" title="Sergei Parajanov">Sergei Paradjanov</a> and the poet Gennady Trifonov. Under <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s administration in the late 1980s, the first gay organisation came into being. The Moscow Gay & Lesbian Alliance was headed by Yevgeniya Debryanskaya and Roman Kalinin, who became the editor of the first officially registered gay newspaper, <i>Tema</i>. The fall of the USSR accelerated the progress of the gay movement in Russia. Gay publications and plays appeared. In 1993, a new Russian Criminal Code was signed, without Article 121. Men who had been imprisoned began to be released.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_situation">Current situation</h2></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a> currently <a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe#Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">stands at 16</a> since 2003, regardless of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Homosexuality was officially removed from the Russian list of <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illnesses</a> in 1999 (after the endorsement of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s <a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a> classifications). However, there is a movement within Russia to bring it back.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian government introduced new laws on 1 July 2023 to effectively reinstate the classification of homosexuality as a mental illness.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_person" title="Single person">Single persons</a> living within Russia, regardless of their <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, can adopt children. Russian children can be adopted by a single person who lives in a foreign country provided that country does not recognize same-sex marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-AdobtionFromAbroad_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdobtionFromAbroad-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A couple can adopt children together, as a couple, only if they are a married heterosexual couple.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Russian constitution guarantees the right of peaceful association.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, organs of authority in Russia refuse to register LGBTQ organisations,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pro-LGBTQ advocacy groups have been declared extremist organisations and therefore prohibited from operating within Russian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-skynews_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skynews-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h3></div> <p>Public opinion in Russia tends to be hostile toward homosexuality and the level of intolerance has been rising.<sup id="cite_ref-morello_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morello-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2022 survey found that 74% of Russians said homosexuality should not be accepted by society (up from 60% in 2002), compared to 14% who said that homosexuality should be accepted by society.<sup id="cite_ref-pew2013_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew2013-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2015 survey of 2,471 Russians, 86% said homosexuality should not be accepted by society.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2007 survey, 68% of Russians said homosexuality is always wrong (54%) or almost always wrong (14%).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2005 poll, 44% of Russians were in favour of making homosexual acts between consenting adults a criminal act;<sup id="cite_ref-PollAll2005_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PollAll2005-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the same time, 43% of Russians supported a legal ban on discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-PollAll2005_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PollAll2005-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, 16% of Russians surveyed said that gay people should be isolated from society, 22% said they should be forced to undergo treatment, and 5% said homosexuals should be "liquidated".<sup id="cite_ref-liquidated_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liquidated-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Russian psychiatry, Soviet mentality about homosexuality has endured into the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-Savenko,_Perekhov_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savenko,_Perekhov-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, in spite of the removal of homosexuality from the nomenclature of mental disorders, 62.5% of 450 surveyed psychiatrists in the <a href="/wiki/Rostov_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostov Region">Rostov Region</a> view it as an illness, and up to three-quarters view it as immoral behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Savenko,_Perekhov_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savenko,_Perekhov-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The psychiatrists sustain the objections to pride parades and the use of veiled schemes to lay off openly lesbian and gay persons from schools, child care centres, and other public institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Savenko,_Perekhov_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savenko,_Perekhov-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Russian motorcycle club called the <a href="/wiki/Night_Wolves" title="Night Wolves">Night Wolves</a>, which is closely associated with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and which suggests "Death to faggots" as an alternate name for itself,<sup id="cite_ref-GN150115_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GN150115-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> organised a large <a href="/wiki/Anti-Maidan" title="Anti-Maidan">Anti-Maidan</a> rally in February 2015 at which a popular slogan was "We don't need Western ideology and gay parades!"<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Same-sex_unions">Same-sex unions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Russia" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Russia">Recognition of same-sex unions in Russia</a></div> <p>Neither <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriages" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex marriages">same-sex marriages</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Civil_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil unions">civil unions</a> of same-sex couples are allowed in Russia. In July 2013, <a href="/wiki/Kirill_I_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirill I of Moscow">Patriarch Kirill</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, of which approximately 71% of Russians are adherents,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said that the idea of same-sex marriage was "a very dangerous sign of the Apocalypse".<sup id="cite_ref-nytreactions_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytreactions-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a 2011 press conference, the head of the Moscow Registry Office, <a href="/wiki/Irina_Muravyova" title="Irina Muravyova">Irina Muravyova</a>, declared: "Attempts by same-sex couples to marry both in Moscow and elsewhere in Russia are doomed to fail. We live in a civil society, we are guided by the federal law, [and] by the Constitution that clearly says: marriage in Russia is between a man and a woman. Such a marriage [same-sex] cannot be contracted in Russia."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of the Russian public are also against same-sex marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-PollAll2005_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PollAll2005-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PollSSM2005_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PollSSM2005-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2020, Russian voters approved a Constitution amendment banning same-sex marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2021 case <i><a href="/wiki/Fedotova_and_Others_v._Russia" title="Fedotova and Others v. Russia">Fedotova and Others v. Russia</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> ruled that it was a violation of human rights for Russia not to offer any form of legal recognition to same-sex relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Fedele_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fedele-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Russia left the court in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_service">Military service</h3></div> <p>Before 1993, homosexual acts between consenting males were against the law in Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-RUS33940_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RUS33940-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and homosexuality was considered a mental disorder until adoption of <a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a> in 1999,<sup id="cite_ref-ILGA_RFDHO_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILGA_RFDHO-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but even after that military medical expertise statute was in force to continue considering homosexuality a mental disorder which was a reason to deny homosexuals to serve in the military. On 1 July 2003, a new military medical expertise statute was adopted; it said people "who have problems with their identity and sexual preferences" can only be drafted during war times.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this clause contradicted another clause of the same statute which stated that different sexual orientation should not be considered a deviation. This ambiguity was resolved by the Major-General of the Medical Service Valery Kulikov who clearly stated that the new medical statute "does not forbid people of non-standard sexual orientation from serving in the military."<sup id="cite_ref-PravdaOL_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PravdaOL-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he added that people of non-standard sexual orientation should not reveal their sexual orientation while serving in the army because "other soldiers are not going to like that; they can be beaten".<sup id="cite_ref-kulikov_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kulikov-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Vladimir Putin said in a U.S. television interview in 2010 that openly <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay men</a> were not excluded from military service in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcarmy_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcarmy-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, it was reported that the Defense Ministry had issued a guideline on assessment of new recruits' mental health that recommends recruits be asked about their sexual history and be examined for certain types of tattoos, especially genital or buttocks tattoos, that would allegedly indicate a homosexual orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcarmy_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcarmy-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of April and May 2023 there has been a proposed crackdown on the changing of genders. The Russian <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> is considering passing new laws to prevent men from changing their gender from male to female without surgery. The proposed changes, as first discussed by the Russian Minister of Justice, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chuychenko" title="Konstantin Chuychenko">Konstantin Chuychenko</a>, in April are to "rule out the possibility of changing a person’s gender purely by changing the documents.” Duma Committee on Family, Women, and Children's Affairs head <a href="/wiki/Nina_Ostanina" title="Nina Ostanina">Nina Ostanina</a> said: "Amendments will soon be introduced in the State Duma to officially ban gender reassignment without surgery," In part it is to protect "family values" in Russia. However Russian men have considered changing their genders to avoid being called by the military authorities. According to one Russian source "In connection with the special operation, many young people have turned to private clinics to provide a sex change to avoid conscription..."<a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Volodin" title="Vyacheslav Volodin">Vyacheslav Volodin</a>, Speaker of the Duma, claims that some "2,700" such decisions have been made in "recent times".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gay_pride_events">Gay pride events</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_of_May_2017_in_Saint_Petersburg_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1st_of_May_2017_in_Saint_Petersburg_15.jpg/280px-1st_of_May_2017_in_Saint_Petersburg_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1st_of_May_2017_in_Saint_Petersburg_15.jpg/420px-1st_of_May_2017_in_Saint_Petersburg_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1st_of_May_2017_in_Saint_Petersburg_15.jpg/560px-1st_of_May_2017_in_Saint_Petersburg_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>LGBT activists in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia, 1 May 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>There have been notable objections to the organisation of <a href="/wiki/Gay_pride_parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride parade">gay pride parades</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in several Russian cities, most prominently <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, where authorities have never approved a request to hold a gay pride rally.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Moscow mayor <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Luzhkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Luzhkov">Yuri Luzhkov</a> supported the city's refusal to authorize the first two editions of <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Alexeyev" title="Nikolay Alexeyev">Nikolay Alexeyev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Pride" title="Moscow Pride">Moscow Pride</a> events, calling them as "satanic". The events still went on as planned, in defiance of their lack of authorisation.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-satanicparade_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-satanicparade-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Russia was fined by the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>, ruling that, as alleged by Alexeyev, Russian cities were discriminating against the gay community by refusing to authorize pride parades. Although authorities had claimed allowing pride events to be held would pose a risk of violence, the Court ruled that their decisions "effectively approved of and supported groups who had called for [their] disruption."<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews-fined_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-fined-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2012, contravening the previous ruling, the Moscow City Court upheld a ruling blocking requests by the organisers of Moscow Pride for authorisation to hold the parade yearly through 2112, citing the possibility of public disorder and a lack of support for such events by residents of Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-paradefine_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-paradefine-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chechnya">Chechnya</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Chechnya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGBTQ rights in Chechnya (page does not exist)">LGBTQ rights in Chechnya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-gay_purges_in_Chechnya" title="Anti-gay purges in Chechnya">Anti-gay purges in Chechnya</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/210px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/315px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/420px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Chechen leader <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a> (<i>right</i>) with Chechnya's parliamentary chairman <a href="/wiki/Magomed_Daudov" title="Magomed Daudov">Magomed Daudov</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Anti-gay purges in the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen Republic">Chechen Republic</a> have included <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearances</a> — secret abductions, imprisonment, and <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> — by authorities targeting persons based on their perceived <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>. An unknown number of men, who authorities detained on suspicion of being gay or bisexual, have reportedly died after being held in what <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> groups and eyewitnesses have called <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Advocate_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advocate-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allegations were initially reported on 1 April 2017 in <i><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-NovayaGazeta_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NovayaGazeta-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Russian-language <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">opposition</a> newspaper, which reported that since February 2017 over 100 men had allegedly been detained and tortured and at least three had died in an <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killing</a>. The paper, citing its sources in the Chechen special services, called the wave of detentions a "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prophylactic" class="extiw" title="wikt:prophylactic">prophylactic</a> sweep".<sup id="cite_ref-NovayaGazeta_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NovayaGazeta-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KramerNYT_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KramerNYT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journalist who first reported on the subject went into hiding.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been calls for reprisals against journalists who report on the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As news spread of Chechen authorities' actions, which have been described as part of a systematic anti-<a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> <a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">purge</a>, Russian and international activists scrambled to evacuate survivors of the camps and other vulnerable Chechens but were met with difficulty obtaining visas to conduct them safely beyond Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_ponniah_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_ponniah-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reports of the persecution were met with a variety of reactions worldwide. The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Chechen_Republic" title="Head of the Chechen Republic">Head of the Chechen Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a> denied not only the occurrence of any persecution but also the existence of gay men in Chechnya, adding that such people would be killed by their own families.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker2April_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker2April-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officials in Moscow were sceptical, although in late May the Russian government reportedly agreed to send an investigative team to Chechnya.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_walker26may_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_walker26may-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous national leaders and other public figures in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a> condemned Chechnya's actions, and protests were held in Russia and elsewhere. A report released in December 2018 by the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> (OSCE) confirmed claims that persecution of LGBTQ persons had taken place and was ignored by authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gessen_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gessen-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 January 2019, it was reported that another 'gay purge' had begun in the country in December 2018, with several gay men and women being detained.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_LGBT_Network" title="Russian LGBT Network">Russian LGBT Network</a> believes that around 40 persons were detained and two killed.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2021, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> imposed <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">economic sanctions</a> on two Chechen officials accused of persecuting LGBTQ people in Chechnya.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion_2">Public opinion</h2></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#808080; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 252.57116894473px; border-left-color:#008000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#008000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 93.906250581749px; border-left-color:#FF0000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF0000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF0000"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Support for same-sex marriage in the Russian Federation (2019 poll)<sup id="cite_ref-June_2019_poll_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-June_2019_poll-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> Oppose (87%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> Support (7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;"> </span> Other (6%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Russia has traditionally been <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> on LGBT rights, with 2013 polls indicating a large majority of Russians oppose legal recognition of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, and support for laws restricting the distribution of "propaganda" that promotes non-traditional sexual relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, a survey showed that 47% of Russian respondents agreed that "gays and lesbians should enjoy the same rights as other citizens," while 43 percent disagreed, a rise from 39% in 2013. This marks the highest level of support in 14 years.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, a poll showed that only 2% would show interest and a willingness to communicate if the neighbour was a homosexual couple or a member of a religious sect, the last of the category of people presented.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2019 poll carried out by the Russian Public Opinion Foundation (FOM), 7% of Russians agreed that same-sex marriages should be allowed in Russia, while 87% opposed the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-June_2019_poll_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-June_2019_poll-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Demographics </th> <th colspan="2">Support for same-sex marriage<sup id="cite_ref-June_2019_poll_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-June_2019_poll-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Yes </th> <th>No </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Total </td> <td align="center">7% </td> <td>87% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="3"><b>Gender</b> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Male </td> <td align="center">5% </td> <td>89% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Female </td> <td align="center">8% </td> <td>85% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><b>Age</b> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">18–30 </td> <td align="center">12% </td> <td>82% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">31–45 </td> <td align="center">6% </td> <td>90% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">46–60 </td> <td align="center">7% </td> <td>87% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">60 and older </td> <td align="center">3% </td> <td>88% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><b>Federal district</b> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Central </td> <td align="center">9% </td> <td>84% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left"><i>– Moscow</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>11%</i> </td> <td><i>80%</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">North West </td> <td align="center">10% </td> <td>84% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">South </td> <td align="center">2% </td> <td>94% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">North Caucasus </td> <td align="center">4% </td> <td>90% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Volga </td> <td align="center">8% </td> <td>83% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Ural </td> <td align="center">6% </td> <td>88% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Siberia </td> <td align="center">6% </td> <td>89% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Far East </td> <td align="center">5% </td> <td>89% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Employment_discrimination">Employment discrimination</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anton_Krasovsky" title="Anton Krasovsky">Anton Krasovsky</a>, a television news anchor at government-run KontrTV, was immediately fired<sup id="cite_ref-cnn-krasovsky_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-krasovsky-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from his job in January 2013 when he announced during a live broadcast that he is gay and disgusted by the national anti-gay propaganda legislation that had been proposed although had not yet passed.<sup id="cite_ref-nytreactions_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytreactions-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2013, a <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a> teacher and gay rights activist, Alexander Yermoshkin, was fired from his two jobs as school teacher and university researcher.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week earlier, he had been attacked by members of a local <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a> group "Shtolz Khabarovsk".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An activist group called "Movement against the propaganda of sexual perversions" had campaigned for his dismissal.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viewpoints_of_political_parties">Viewpoints of political parties</h2></div> <p>The federal law banning LGBT propaganda among minors was passed unanimously by the Russian Duma; as the bill amended an existing child protection law, it is difficult to know whether or not all of the MPs, and their respective political parties, supported every aspect of the bill or not. A few political parties without members in the Duma have expressed some limited support for LGBT rights.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yabloko" title="Yabloko">Yabloko</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a>, and has organised public demonstrations against intolerance under the banner of building a "Russia without pogroms".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Russia" title="Libertarian Party of Russia">Libertarian Party of Russia</a>, formed in 2007, has objected to the government ban on "gay propaganda" as a violation of people's right to freedom of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, two openly gay men ran for seats in the Russian duma. While they admit that they probably will not win a seat, they were supported by a liberal coalition. They are also probably the first openly gay candidates to run for seats in the Russian parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LGBT rights organisation <a href="/wiki/Gayrussia.ru" title="Gayrussia.ru">Gayrussia.ru</a> has been monitoring homophobic political parties since 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the middle of 2013 their list included:<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of Russian Federation</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_(Russia)" title="People's Union (Russia)">Narodnaya Volya</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Front" title="National Bolshevik Front">National Bolshevik Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriots_of_Russia" title="Patriots of Russia">Patriots of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Youth_Union" title="Eurasian Youth Union">Eurasian Youth Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Just_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="A Just Russia">Fair Russia</a>. </p><p>President Vladimir Putin has used the existence of transgender rights in other countries as justification for the potential deployment of nuclear weapons against Ukraine. In a speech given on September 30, 2022, Putin said "Do we want things that lead to degradation and extinction to be imposed on children from elementary school? Do we want them to be taught that instead of men and women, there are supposedly some other genders and to be offered sex-change surgeries? This is unacceptable to us." before following up by stating that Russia would be willing to use "all means at our disposal" against Ukraine, and saying that the United States "created a precedent" when it used nuclear weapons against Japan in 1945, mirroring comments by other Russian officials that nuclear weapons were on the table.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hate_crimes">Hate crimes</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crimes</a> against LGBTQ individuals are on the rise in Russia. They became more prevalent as a direct consequence of the "gay propaganda law". The introduction of this discriminatory legislation caused a disturbing chain reaction. Across the country, numerous individuals, sometimes with implicit support from authorities, engaged in acts of violence against LGBTQ individuals. Some of those individuals organized <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Pedophilia" title="Occupy Pedophilia">hate groups</a> that viewed the elimination of LGBTQ people as a means of restoring societal order.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian government does not officially record hate crimes against the LGBTQ community, perpetuating a narrative that such individuals do not exist.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, the number of crimes is triple that prior to the law. This has been reported by a number of research projects and NGOs (2 Russian NGOs - LGBT Initiative Group Stimul and SOVA Center and 1 international organization - OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights – ODIHR).<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this quantitative change, crimes against LGBTQ people have become more violent, and more are perpetrated by groups rather than individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increase_in_hate_crime">Increase in hate crime</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hate_crimes_against_LGBTQ_in_Russia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hate_crimes_against_LGBTQ_in_Russia.png/220px-Hate_crimes_against_LGBTQ_in_Russia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hate_crimes_against_LGBTQ_in_Russia.png/330px-Hate_crimes_against_LGBTQ_in_Russia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hate_crimes_against_LGBTQ_in_Russia.png/440px-Hate_crimes_against_LGBTQ_in_Russia.png 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>Number of hate crimes against LGBTQ individuals in Russia (2010–2020)<sup id="cite_ref-:7_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Between 2013 and 2018 the number of hate crimes against LGBTQ people tripled. Such crimes existed before 2013, but the level of violence increased significantly after the introduction of the discriminatory legislation. The increase was recorded in the following year,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it remained on a higher level throughout the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported that between 2010 and 2020 there were 1056 hate crimes committed against 853 individuals, with 365 fatalities. The number of crimes after the "gay propaganda" law was enacted is three times higher than before (46 in 2010 compared to 138 in 2015).<sup id="cite_ref-:33_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These incidents include violent attacks, murders, threats, destruction of property, robberies and others.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 2013 crime against gay people was found by research to have become more violent, with 67% of hate crime incidents having indications of "extreme violence".<sup id="cite_ref-:33_119-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, the crimes became more elaborate, there were more premeditated crimes, committed with preparation (oftentimes by a group of perpetrators with a purposeful selection of a homosexual target) - for 3 years in a row (2017, 2018, 2019) there was an increase in organized hate crimes against LGBTQ, attributed to the activity of homophobic hate groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_119-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most of the cases those hate groups used dating apps and websites in order to "hunt" homosexuals. Those attacks would oftentimes include physical abuse and harassment, the videos of attacks are disseminated on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> One of the most prevalent hate group - <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Pedophilia" title="Occupy Pedophilia">Occupy Pedophilia</a> became very active in the aftermath of "the gay propaganda law". Launched by <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Martsinkevich" title="Maxim Martsinkevich">Maxim Martsinkevich</a>, a.k.a. Tesak, at the peak of its activity it was present in 40 regions of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideology of this hate group was described in Tesak's book Restruct (2012), where he specifically addresses homosexuality, stating that it “cannot be cured” and therefore needs to be exterminated:</p><blockquote><p>Restrukt [Tesak's follower] is heterosexual. In all his actions, he relies on the laws of nature, therefore he does not allow any tolerance for homosexuals. He hates them, like all other vices. However, this one, unlike some of the others, cannot be cured. There might be former smokers and former alcoholics, but there cannot be former faggots<sup id="cite_ref-:42_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Between 2010 and 2020 the research identified 205 cases of hate crimes committed by various homophobic hate groups. Moreover, the introduction of the "gay propaganda law" had a noticeable effect on this - the number of cases grew from 2 in 2010 to 38 in 2014. Many of those crimes are committed by Tesak, his followers or copycat movements.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Some_notable_cases">Some notable cases</h3></div><p> The crimes committed by the numerous hate groups follow the same scenario.</p><blockquote><p>The presumed paedophile is subjected to a filmed interrogation in which the microphone is replaced by a dildo or a toilet brush. Tesak asks him to identify himself, to hold his passport up to the screen, to indicate his address, to say whether or not he is married and if he has children. After the naming and shaming stage, the questions are then aimed at making the presumed paedophile admit his intentions in going to the date and, more generally, his sexual preferences: ‘are you a paedophile or a paederast?’ […] “Congratulations, you have just completely ruined your life”, jokes Tesak while filming another of his prey lying motionless in his bathtub and being subjected to this pretence of an investigation. The presumed paedophile must often call close people in his life – his wife, children, brother or employer – and has to confess his guilt in front of the camera. His head is sometimes shaved or his hair dyed green. Homophobic and defamatory inscriptions are written on his forehead (‘Fuck LGBT’, or a rainbow flag). He is made to simulate fellatio with a dildo, and to prance around and sing silly songs. Sometimes he is filmed without any clothes on. He is slapped, shouted at and roughed up. The punishment known as ‘urotherapy’ is a common practice in all of Occupy Paedophilia’s videos and a hallmark of neo-Nazi vigilantes. It involves throwing urine in the prey’s face or making them drink it.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>On 20 January 2013, six demonstrating LGBT activists in the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a> were attacked by over 500 people. The protest by these agitators, who appeared with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Hitler salutes</a> and hate slogans and threw snowballs, bottles and other objects at the demonstrators and then beat them up, was not registered. The police assigned 10 officers to this event. The employees of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a> sports shop staged its <a href="/wiki/Mannequin" title="Mannequin">mannequins</a> with Hitler salutes in solidarity with the beating. At least three LGBT activists, including women, were injured and hospitalized during the resistance. On the same day, the author of the Petersburg law against 'homosexual propaganda', <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Milonov" title="Vitaly Milonov">Vitaly Milonov</a>, posted on his Twitter that "Voronezh is great".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protesta_por_la_homofobia_institucional_de_Rusia-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Protesta_por_la_homofobia_institucional_de_Rusia-3.jpg/280px-Protesta_por_la_homofobia_institucional_de_Rusia-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Protesta_por_la_homofobia_institucional_de_Rusia-3.jpg/420px-Protesta_por_la_homofobia_institucional_de_Rusia-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Protesta_por_la_homofobia_institucional_de_Rusia-3.jpg/560px-Protesta_por_la_homofobia_institucional_de_Rusia-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Activists in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> protest LGBT rights violations in Russia. 'El amor siempre gana' translates as 'Love always wins'.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike in many western nations, LGBT persons in Russia are not protected by specific legal protections. Violent criminal acts carried out against LGBT people are prosecuted as criminal offences under Russian law, but the fact that these crimes are motivated by the sexual orientation or gender identity of the victim is not considered an aggravating factor when the court determines the sentence. Among the more vicious crimes that would qualify as hate crimes outside of Russia and are reported in the press would include the following; </p> <ul><li>On 9 May 2013, after <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a> parades in <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, the body of a 23-year-old man was found tortured and murdered by three males who stated anti-homosexual motivations, even though family and friends state the victim had no behavior inclination.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 29 May 2013, the body of 38-year-old deputy director of <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamchatka">Kamchatka</a> airport Oleg Serdyuk (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Language">rus:</a> Олег Сердюк) was found in his burned-out car, having been beaten and stabbed the previous day.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local authorities said the murder was motivated by <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three suspects (who were local residents) were tried and sentenced to prison terms of 9 to 12 years.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>From October 2013 – February 2014, anti-gay attacks targeting the LGBT community in Moscow were reported at Russia's largest gay nightclub Central Station, including gunfire and gas attacks. Several attacks and victim responses were documented in an ABC News Nightline special "Moscow is Burning".<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several employees of the club subsequently left the country.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transgender_issues">Transgender issues</h2></div> <p>In Tsarist Russia, young women would sometimes pose as men or act like <a href="/wiki/Tomboys" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomboys">tomboys</a>. This was often tolerated among the educated middle classes, with the assumption that such behavior was asexual and would stop when the girl married.<sup id="cite_ref-glbtq_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glbtq-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a> was widely seen as sexually immoral behavior, punishable by God promoted through the Church and later criminalized by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-glbtq_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glbtq-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Soviet Russia, sex reassignment surgeries were first tried during the 1920s<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but became prohibited until the 1960s. Later they were performed by Irina Golubeva, an endocrinologist, authorized by psychiatrist Aron Belkin, who was the strongest Soviet advocate for transgender people until his death in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-glbtq_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glbtq-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 December 2014, Russia passed a road safety law, allowing the government to deny <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_license" title="Driver's license">driver's licenses</a> to people with several classes of mental disorders according to ICD-10.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Class "F60-69 Disorders of adult personality and behaviour" includes "F64 Transsexualism"<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian and foreign critics perceived the law as a ban on transgender drivers: journalist <a href="/wiki/Yelena_Masyuk" title="Yelena Masyuk">Yelena Masyuk</a> questioned the relevance of a person's transgender identity in regards to their ability to drive.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-drivinglaw_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-drivinglaw-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian-transdrivinglaw_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-transdrivinglaw-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 January 2015, Russia's Health Ministry clarified the law, stating that it would only deny licenses to those with disorders that would impair their ability to drive safely, and explicitly stated that one's sexual orientation would not be considered a factor under the law, as it is not considered a psychiatric disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-moscowtimes-transdriving_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moscowtimes-transdriving-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Health (Russia)">Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</a> developed a draft medical certificate that will help transgender people with confirming their gender identity on their legal documents. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Justice (Russia)">Ministry of Justice</a> approved this document on January 19, 2018. Up to this point, changes related to the gender change could only be made to the documents on the basis of a court decision. The Ministry of Health explained that, in accordance with the legislation, the registry offices make changes to the birth certificate if a mentioned certificate is submitted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A certificate of gender change required to change person's gender in documents such as a birth certificate and passport, and can be obtained on the basis of a medical commission consisting of a psychiatrist, a sexologist and a medical psychologist. Neither sex-affirmative surgery nor hormone replacement therapy are required. The minimum duration of psychiatric observation is not specified in the final document of the Ministry of Health.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, the commission lasts from 2 days to 1 month.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 31 May 2023, a bill to legally ban individuals having any sex change and reassignments within Russia, annulling marriages with partners that have changed gender and banning said individuals from adopting children was introduced in the State Duma.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 July, the bill unanimously passed its three required readings in the State Duma (lower house of parliament).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LeMonde_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMonde-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 July, the upper house of parliament unanimously approved the bill as well.<sup id="cite_ref-LeMonde_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMonde-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 July, the bill was signed into law by Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State Duma Speaker <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Volodin" title="Vyacheslav Volodin">Vyacheslav Volodin</a> said the number of gender reassignment surgeries in the U.S. has increased by 50 times over the past 10 years, and around 1.4% of all US teenagers aged between 13 and 17 identified themselves as transgender in 2022. He said “<i>This is the path leading to the degradation of a nation</i>”, stating that the newly adopted law was designed to avoid such a scenario<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2023, Russia enacted the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_banning_gender_transition_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law banning gender transition in Russia (page does not exist)">"Law Banning Gender Transition in Russia"</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Закон о запрете трансгендерного перехода в России">ru</a>]</span>, which includes the following provisions:<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>doctors are prevented from offering gender-affirming healthcare and sexual reassignment surgery to any individual, regardless of age.</li> <li>changing gender markers on official documents is not allowed.</li> <li>people suffering from gender dysphoria have been deprived of the right to adopt children.</li> <li>a marriage by a trans individual with a person who shares the same birth sex as them is deemed null.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In January 2024, <a href="/wiki/Meduza" title="Meduza">Meduza</a> reported that Russia's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">MVD</a> had begun bringing transgender people in for questioning. According to one transgender subject, he was questioned about where he got the medical certificate approving his transition, how much it cost, who was on the committee to approve it, and if he had attended any LGBT parties. After answering that he didn't remember the answer to the last question, he was told that they would keep bringing him in until he did. He was also told that if his approval certificate turned out to be invalid, that he would be forcibly detransitioned.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propaganda_bans">Propaganda bans</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg/250px-World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg/375px-World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg/500px-World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Displayed in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#decd87; color:black;"> </span> are countries where homosexuality is not illegal, but where freedom of expression and association is censored or prohibited. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3B367; color:black;"> </span> are countries where such laws result in arrest or detention. Russia is listed in this category.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_laws">Regional laws</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legislative_bans_on_%22propaganda%22_of_LGBT_in_Russian_regions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Legislative_bans_on_%22propaganda%22_of_LGBT_in_Russian_regions.svg/350px-Legislative_bans_on_%22propaganda%22_of_LGBT_in_Russian_regions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Legislative_bans_on_%22propaganda%22_of_LGBT_in_Russian_regions.svg/525px-Legislative_bans_on_%22propaganda%22_of_LGBT_in_Russian_regions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Legislative_bans_on_%22propaganda%22_of_LGBT_in_Russian_regions.svg/700px-Legislative_bans_on_%22propaganda%22_of_LGBT_in_Russian_regions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Ten Russian regions passed laws banning the distribution of "propaganda" relating to homosexuality, and/or other LGBT relationships, to minors. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#aa0000; color:white;"> </span> Ban on the promotion of homosexuality, bisexuality and transidentity</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d40000; color:white;"> </span> Ban on the promotion of homosexuality and bisexuality</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> Ban on the promotion of homosexuality</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>Between 2006 and 2013, ten regions enacted a ban on "propaganda of homosexualism" among minors. The laws of nine of them prescribe punishments of administrative sanctions and/or fines. The laws in some of the regions also forbid so-called "propaganda of bisexualism and transgenderism" to minors. As of May 2013 the regions that had enacted these various laws, and the years in which they had passed the laws, included: <a href="/wiki/Ryazan_Oblast" title="Ryazan Oblast">Ryazan Oblast</a> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk Oblast</a> (2011), <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Kostroma_Oblast" title="Kostroma Oblast">Kostroma Oblast</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Magadan_Oblast" title="Magadan Oblast">Magadan Oblast</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk_Oblast" title="Novosibirsk Oblast">Novosibirsk Oblast</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Samara_Oblast" title="Samara Oblast">Samara Oblast</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a> (2012),<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> (February 2013).<sup id="cite_ref-Kaliningrad_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaliningrad-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, Arkhangelsk (2013) and Saint Petersburg (2014) removed the law.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2019, Russia cut and censored gay sex scenes in the movie musical <i><a href="/wiki/Rocketman_(film)" title="Rocketman (film)">Rocketman</a></i> based on the life of British singer <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, a decision he criticized, saying it is "cruelly unaccepting of the love between two people."<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_laws">National laws</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-LGBT_law" title="Russian anti-LGBT law">Russian anti-LGBT law</a></div> <p>Federal laws passed on 29 June 2013 ban the distribution of "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships" among minors.<sup id="cite_ref-135-FZ_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135-FZ-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardianpropaganda_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianpropaganda-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-LGBT_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-LGBT-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RBC-LGBT_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBC-LGBT-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics contend the law makes illegal holding any sort of public demonstration in favour of gay rights, speak in defence of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a>, and distribute material related to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">LGBT culture</a>, or to state that same-sex relationships are equal to heterosexual relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsjpropagandabill_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsjpropagandabill-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally the laws have received international condemnation from <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> campaigners, and media outlets that even display of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT symbols">LGBT symbols</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow flag (LGBT movement)">rainbow flag</a>, have resulted in arrests, and incited homophobic violence.<sup id="cite_ref-ie-hunted_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ie-hunted-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law subjects Russian citizens found guilty to fines of up to 5,000 roubles and public officials to fines of up to 50,000 roubles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Organisations or businesses will be fined up to 1 million rubles and be forced to cease operations for up to 90 days. Foreigners may be arrested and detained for up to 15 days then deported, as well as fined up to 100,000 rubles. Russian citizens who have used the Internet or media to promote "non-traditional relations" will be fined up to 100,000 rubles.<sup id="cite_ref-guardianpropaganda_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianpropaganda-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The statute amended a law that is said to protect children from pornography and other "harmful information".<sup id="cite_ref-bloombergputinsigns_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloombergputinsigns-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the authors of the statute, <a href="/wiki/Yelena_Mizulina" title="Yelena Mizulina">Yelena Mizulina</a>, who is the chair of the Duma's Committee on Family, Women, and Children and who has been described by some as a moral crusader,<sup id="cite_ref-sonne_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sonne-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vcmizulina_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vcmizulina-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newyorker_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorker-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> told lawmakers as the bill was being considered, "Traditional sexual relations are relations between a man and a woman.... These relations need special protection".<sup id="cite_ref-wsjpropagandabill_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsjpropagandabill-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mizulina argued that a recent poll had shown 88% of the public were in support of the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/210px-%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/315px-%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/420px-%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Member of the Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg, <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Milonov" title="Vitaly Milonov">Vitaly Milonov</a>. Milonov is interviewed in the 2014 American documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Hate:_Russia_and_Gay_Propaganda" title="Campaign of Hate: Russia and Gay Propaganda">Campaign of Hate: Russia and Gay Propaganda</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Commenting on the bill prior to its passage, President Putin said, during a visit to Amsterdam in April 2013, "I want everyone to understand that in Russia there are no infringements on sexual minorities' rights. They're people, just like everyone else, and they enjoy full rights and freedoms".<sup id="cite_ref-bbcq&a_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcq&a-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on to say that he fully intended to sign the bill because the Russian people demanded it.<sup id="cite_ref-wsjpropagandabill_155-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsjpropagandabill-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he put it, "Can you imagine an organization promoting pedophilia in Russia? I think people in many Russian regions would have started to take up arms.... The same is true for sexual minorities: I can hardly imagine same-sex marriages being allowed in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>. Can you imagine it? It would have resulted in human casualties."<sup id="cite_ref-wsjpropagandabill_155-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsjpropagandabill-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Putin also mentioned that he was concerned about Russia's low birth-rate and that same-sex relationships do not produce children.<sup id="cite_ref-bloombergputinsigns_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloombergputinsigns-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics say that the statute is written so broadly that it is in effect a complete ban on the gay rights movement and any public expression of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">LGBT culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytreactions_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytreactions-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsjpropagandabill_155-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsjpropagandabill-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbcq&a_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcq&a-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2013, four Dutch tourists were arrested for allegedly discussing gay rights with Russian youths. The four were arrested for allegedly spreading "propaganda of nontraditional relationships among the under-aged" after talking to teens at a camp in the northern city of <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2018 the Russian authorities forbade the biggest gay website Gay.ru because of "propaganda of nontraditional sexual relationships".<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2022, an amendment to the propaganda law was signed into law by Putin,<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extending it to all age groups. It also prohibits the distribution of materials that promote "pedophilia", or give minors a "<a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria_in_children" title="Gender dysphoria in children">desire to change their sex</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2023, the Russian government introduced the AI program Oculus to scan the internet for illegal content, including “LGBT propaganda.”<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2023, Russia's Supreme Court declared the "international LGBT movement" an extremist organisation, following a Ministry of Justice lawsuit citing "various signs of an extremist orientation." This decision raised concerns for LGBTQ+ individuals and organisations in Russia, as it could lead to criminal prosecution for simple acts like displaying the rainbow flag, and was seen as part of President Putin's campaign to emphasize "Russian traditional values." The ruling has been criticized by human rights groups, including <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, as "shameful and absurd."<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 March 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Supreme Court of Russia</a> declared the "international LGBT social movement and its structural units,” to be a terrorist and <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremist</a> organization.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domestic_reactions">Domestic reactions</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiwar_Democratic_March_in_St._Petersburg_on_1_May_2014_(100_3452).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Antiwar_Democratic_March_in_St._Petersburg_on_1_May_2014_%28100_3452%29.JPG/300px-Antiwar_Democratic_March_in_St._Petersburg_on_1_May_2014_%28100_3452%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Antiwar_Democratic_March_in_St._Petersburg_on_1_May_2014_%28100_3452%29.JPG/450px-Antiwar_Democratic_March_in_St._Petersburg_on_1_May_2014_%28100_3452%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Antiwar_Democratic_March_in_St._Petersburg_on_1_May_2014_%28100_3452%29.JPG/600px-Antiwar_Democratic_March_in_St._Petersburg_on_1_May_2014_%28100_3452%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> protest march, 1 May 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>According to a survey conducted in June 2013 by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Public_Opinion_Research_Center" title="Russian Public Opinion Research Center">Russian Public Opinion Research Center</a> (VTsIOM), at least 90% of those surveyed were in favor of the law.<sup id="cite_ref-nytreactions_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytreactions-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fthomophobicviolence_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fthomophobicviolence-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian historian and human rights activist <a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Alexeyeva" title="Lyudmila Alexeyeva">Lyudmila Alexeyeva</a> has called it "a step toward the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-guardianpropaganda_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianpropaganda-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2016, the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> rejected a proposal by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party</a> to punish people who publicly express their homosexuality with fines and arrests.<sup id="cite_ref-rferl.org_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rferl.org-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_reactions_and_boycott">International reactions and boycott</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_protests_surrounding_the_2014_Winter_Olympics" title="LGBT rights protests surrounding the 2014 Winter Olympics">LGBT rights protests surrounding the 2014 Winter Olympics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Embassy_in_Helsinki,_LGBT_pavement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Russian_Embassy_in_Helsinki%2C_LGBT_pavement.jpg/290px-Russian_Embassy_in_Helsinki%2C_LGBT_pavement.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Russian_Embassy_in_Helsinki%2C_LGBT_pavement.jpg/435px-Russian_Embassy_in_Helsinki%2C_LGBT_pavement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Russian_Embassy_in_Helsinki%2C_LGBT_pavement.jpg/580px-Russian_Embassy_in_Helsinki%2C_LGBT_pavement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Activists painted the pedestrian pavement in front of the Russian Embassy in Finland with rainbow colours to protest Russian's anti-LGBT sentimentality and legislation. Similar activism has been done in Sweden.</figcaption></figure> <p>International human rights organisations and the governments of developed democracies around the world have strongly condemned this Russian law.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> has condemned this Russian statute and another similar one in Moldova (which was later repealed) as discriminatory and has made clear that the Russian statute in question is a violation of international human rights law, including the right of gay children to receive proper information.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> has condemned Russia for homophobic discrimination and censorship<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> has called on Russia to protect LGBT rights properly.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> had previously fined Russia for other infringements of LGBT rights.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012 the UN Human Rights Committee ruled that a similar statute in the Russia's Ryazan Region was discriminatory, infringed on freedom of expression, and was inadmissible under international law – a Russian court in Ryazan later agreed and struck it down.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some members of the gay community commenced a boycott of Russian goods, particularly Russian vodka.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> celebrities and activists are openly opposed to the law and have encouraged a <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> of Russian products – notably Russian vodka – as well as a boycott of the <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympic Games</a>, which were scheduled to be held in <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, unless the Games were <a href="/wiki/Concerns_and_controversies_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics" title="Concerns and controversies at the 2014 Winter Olympics">relocated</a> out of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNvodka_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNvodka-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stephen_Fry_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephen_Fry-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonboycott_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonboycott-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Political_figures">Political figures</h5></div> <p>United States President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> said that while he did not favour boycotting the Sochi Olympics over the law, "Nobody's more offended than me about some of the anti-gay and lesbian legislation that you've been seeing in Russia".<sup id="cite_ref-Obama_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obama-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obama subsequently, in September 2013, met with Russian gay rights activists during a visit to St. Petersburg to attend a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/G-20_major_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="G-20 major economies">G-20 nations'</a> leaders. Obama said that he was proud of the work the activists were doing. His aides had said that Obama's opposition to the anti-gay propaganda law was one reason Obama had canceled a meeting previously planned to have been held with Russian President Putin during the trip.<sup id="cite_ref-Obama_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obama-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law was also condemned by German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> and German cabinet secretaries,<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr" title="Bob Carr">Bob Carr</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> and Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_table">Summary table</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/LGBTQ rights in Russia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22LGBTQ+rights+in+Russia%22">"LGBTQ rights in Russia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22LGBTQ+rights+in+Russia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22LGBTQ+rights+in+Russia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22LGBTQ+rights+in+Russia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22LGBTQ+rights+in+Russia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22LGBTQ+rights+in+Russia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Same-sex sexual activity legal </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Legal since 1993 for men, never criminalised for women.<sup id="cite_ref-RUS33940_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RUS33940-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <i>De facto</i> illegal in <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Chechnya" title="LGBT rights in Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, often punished with life in prison, torture, vigilante execution, vigilante attacks and forced labor camp internment. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Equal age of consent (16) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> (since 2003)<sup id="cite_ref-:6_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Freedom of expression </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> (Federal ban on distribution of "propaganda" for "non-traditional" relationships and "sex change" to minors since 2013 and to adults since 2022; Public expression of LGBT identity banned since 2023) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anti-discrimination laws in employment </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (including indirect discrimination, hate speech) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Same-sex marriage(s) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> (Constitutional ban since 2020) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Recognition of same-sex couples </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adoption by a single LGBT person </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Legal for single cisgender LGB people <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Illegal for trans people since 24.07.2023<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Joint adoption by same-sex couples </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a> banned on minors </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>LGB people allowed to serve openly in the military </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <p><sup id="cite_ref-ksmrus.ru_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ksmrus.ru-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Right to change legal gender </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> (Banned since 2023) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Homosexuality declassified as an illness </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> (not classified as an illness from 1999 to 2022; new laws introduced on 1 July 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Access to IVF for lesbians </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">MSM</a> allowed to donate blood </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> (Since 2008) <sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">LGBT rights in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Europe">LGBT rights in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Russia">LGBT culture in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">LGBT history in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Chechnya" title="LGBT rights in Chechnya">LGBT rights in Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_Human_Rights_Project_Gayrussia.ru" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT Human Rights Project Gayrussia.ru">LGBT Human Rights Project Gayrussia.ru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_books_banned_in_Russia" title="List of LGBT books banned in Russia">List of LGBT books banned in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Watch_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Helsinki Watch Group">Moscow Helsinki Watch Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Alexeyev" title="Nikolay Alexeyev">Nikolay Alexeyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Russia" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Russia">Recognition of same-sex unions in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_of_the_children" title="Think of the children">Think of the children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Milonov" title="Vitaly Milonov">Vitaly Milonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_LGBT_Network" title="Russian LGBT Network">Russian LGBT Network</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chechen authorities have reportedly arrested, imprisoned and killed persons based on their perceived sexual orientation in <a href="/wiki/Anti-gay_purges_in_Chechnya" title="Anti-gay purges in Chechnya">anti-gay purges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NovayaGazeta_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NovayaGazeta-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KramerNYT_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KramerNYT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <a href="/wiki/2020_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Russia" title="2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia">2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia</a>, marriage is defined as being between a man and woman, thereby banning same-sex marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Times-3Mar20_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times-3Mar20-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adoption-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-adoption_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adoption is regulated by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Procedure_Code_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Procedure Code of Russia (page does not exist)">Civil Procedure Code of Russia</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416161159/http://www.consultant.ru/online/base/?req=doc;base=LAW;n=86520;p=10%23p2117">Chapter 29</a>); <a href="/wiki/Family_Code_of_Russia" title="Family Code of Russia">Family Code of Russia</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416185802/http://www.consultant.ru/online/base/?req=doc;base=LAW;n=76582;p=5%23p1007">Chapter 19</a>); Federal Law <i>On Acts of Civil Status</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416161442/http://www.consultant.ru/online/base/?req=doc;base=LAW;n=78668;p=2%23p443">Chapter V</a>). None of these documents contain any direct restriction or ban for homosexual people to adopt, though unmarried couples are not allowed to adopt children (Article 127.2 of the <a href="/wiki/Family_Code_of_Russia" title="Family Code of Russia">Family Code of Russia</a>), and since <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> is not officially recognized, gay couples cannot adopt children together; nevertheless, single individuals can adopt (see also the <u>Parent Relations</u> section of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_LGBT_Network_2009_Report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian LGBT Network 2009 Report (page does not exist)">Russian LGBT Network 2009 Report</a>). The Court makes the decision to allow or deny adoption considering many documents and testimonies, so it is unclear whether <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> affiliation of the candidate adopter can be in fact an issue for a judge to make a negative decision.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a> is the only region where the law does not include any kind of administrative sanctions or fines.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaliningrad-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaliningrad_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>'s measure bans "propaganda of homosexualism" not only among minors, but among the population in general.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The age of consent for homosexual acts was never specifically mentioned in the old <i>Criminal Code of <a href="/wiki/RSFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFSR">RSFSR</a></i>, which was replaced with the new <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal Code of Russia</a> in 1996, and this new Code mentions the age of consent regardless of sexual orientation (although harsher penalties applies in case of an illicit same-sexual intercourse with a person younger than 16) in Article 134.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RUS33940-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RUS33940_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RUS33940_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RUS33940_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RUS33940_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RUS33940_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6ad788c.html">"Russia: Update to RUS13194 of 16 February 1993 on the treatment of homosexuals"</a>. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 29 February 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008022812/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6ad788c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+Update+to+RUS13194+of+16+February+1993+on+the+treatment+of+homosexuals&rft.pub=Immigration+and+Refugee+Board+of+Canada&rft.date=2000-02-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Fdocid%2F3ae6ad788c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NovayaGazeta-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NovayaGazeta_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NovayaGazeta_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NovayaGazeta_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilashina2017" class="citation news cs1">Milashina, Elena (1 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/04/01/71983-ubiystvo-chesti">"Murder of honor: the ambitions of a well-known LGBT activist awake a terrible ancient custom in Chechnya"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509141953/https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/04/01/71983-ubiystvo-chesti">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2017</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Novaya Gazeta" became aware of mass detentions of residents of Chechnya in connection with their unconventional sexual orientation – or suspicion of such. At the moment, more than a hundred men have been informed of the detention. "Novaya Gazeta" knows the names of the three dead, but our sources say that there are many more victims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Murder+of+honor%3A+the+ambitions+of+a+well-known+LGBT+activist+awake+a+terrible+ancient+custom+in+Chechnya&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft.aulast=Milashina&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novayagazeta.ru%2Farticles%2F2017%2F04%2F01%2F71983-ubiystvo-chesti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KramerNYT-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KramerNYT_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KramerNYT_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2017" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Andrew E. (1 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/01/world/europe/chechen-authorities-arresting-and-killing-gay-men-russian-paper-says.html">"Chechen Authorities Arresting and Killing Gay Men, Russian Paper Says"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428122004/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/01/world/europe/chechen-authorities-arresting-and-killing-gay-men-russian-paper-says.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chechen+Authorities+Arresting+and+Killing+Gay+Men%2C+Russian+Paper+Says&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F04%2F01%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fchechen-authorities-arresting-and-killing-gay-men-russian-paper-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ksmrus.ru-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ksmrus.ru_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ksmrus.ru_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ksmrus.ru/info/berut-li-geev-v-armiyu/">"Геи, гомосексулисты и армия || Комитет солдатских матерей России"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B8%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%26%23124%3B%26%23124%3B+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fksmrus.ru%2Finfo%2Fberut-li-geev-v-armiyu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times-3Mar20-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Times-3Mar20_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2020" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Andrew E. (3 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/03/world/europe/putin-proposes-constitutional-ban-on-gay-marriage.html">"Putin Proposes Constitutional Ban on Gay Marriage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118115735/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/03/world/europe/putin-proposes-constitutional-ban-on-gay-marriage.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>By including an amendment defining marriage as between a man and a woman, "they are reinventing the vote as a referendum for traditional values," said Ekaterina Schulmann, a Moscow-based political scientist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Putin+Proposes+Constitutional+Ban+on+Gay+Marriage&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F03%2F03%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fputin-proposes-constitutional-ban-on-gay-marriage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoyce2023" class="citation web cs1">Noyce, Eleanor (7 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/12/07/russia-my-little-pony-18/">"Russia declares My Little Pony 18+ in ongoing anti-LGBTQ crackdown"</a>. <i>PinkNews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>Russia's crackdown on LGBTQ+ rights has continued unabated for a number of years, with President Vladimir Putin introducing a long line of homophobic legislation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PinkNews&rft.atitle=Russia+declares+My+Little+Pony+18%2B+in+ongoing+anti-LGBTQ+crackdown&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft.aulast=Noyce&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepinknews.com%2F2023%2F12%2F07%2Frussia-my-little-pony-18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaska2024" class="citation web cs1">Baska, Maggie (23 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/02/23/russia-police-raid-alleged-anti-war-lgbtq-party-state-media/">"Russian police raid alleged 'anti-war LGBTQ+ party', say state media"</a>. <i>PinkNews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PinkNews&rft.atitle=Russian+police+raid+alleged+%27anti-war+LGBTQ%2B+party%27%2C+say+state+media&rft.date=2024-02-23&rft.aulast=Baska&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepinknews.com%2F2024%2F02%2F23%2Frussia-police-raid-alleged-anti-war-lgbtq-party-state-media%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian.com-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jun/13/gay-putin-moscow-life-nightlife-clubbing-law-lgbt">"Gay in Putin's Moscow: why the city is pinker than you think"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 13 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520141100/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jun/13/gay-putin-moscow-life-nightlife-clubbing-law-lgbt">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gay+in+Putin%27s+Moscow%3A+why+the+city+is+pinker+than+you+think&rft.date=2015-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2015%2Fjun%2F13%2Fgay-putin-moscow-life-nightlife-clubbing-law-lgbt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dailyxtra.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dailyxtra.com_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyxtra.com/world/travel/inside-the-gay-club-scene-in-st-petersburg-russia-86049">"Inside the gay club scene in St Petersburg, Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Xtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Xtra">Daily Xtra</a></i>. 31 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170604153436/http://www.dailyxtra.com/world/travel/inside-the-gay-club-scene-in-st-petersburg-russia-86049">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Xtra&rft.atitle=Inside+the+gay+club+scene+in+St+Petersburg%2C+Russia&rft.date=2014-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyxtra.com%2Fworld%2Ftravel%2Finside-the-gay-club-scene-in-st-petersburg-russia-86049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-litvinova-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-litvinova_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvinova2017" class="citation news cs1">Litvinova, Daria (21 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-lgbt-crime/lgbt-hate-crimes-double-in-russia-after-ban-on-gay-propaganda-idUSKBN1DL2FM">"LGBT hate crimes double in Russia after ban on 'gay propaganda'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712042317/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-lgbt-crime/lgbt-hate-crimes-double-in-russia-after-ban-on-gay-propaganda-idUSKBN1DL2FM">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=LGBT+hate+crimes+double+in+Russia+after+ban+on+%27gay+propaganda%27&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft.aulast=Litvinova&rft.aufirst=Daria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-russia-lgbt-crime%2Flgbt-hate-crimes-double-in-russia-after-ban-on-gay-propaganda-idUSKBN1DL2FM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rainbowmap.ilga-europe.org/">"Rainbow Map"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ILGA-Europe" title="ILGA-Europe">ILGA-Europe</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rainbow+Map&rft.pub=ILGA-Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frainbowmap.ilga-europe.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. E.H. Carr. 1994]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelstein1995169-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelstein1995169_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelstein1995169_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngelstein1995">Engelstein 1995</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1961code-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1961code_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1961code_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_(1960)" class="extiw" title="s:Criminal Code of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1960)">Criminal Code of the RSFSR (1960)</a></i>, p. 49, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469075" class="extiw" title="d:Q4469075">Q4469075</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Code+of+the+RSFSR+%281960%29&rft.pages=49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RUS98001.zar-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RUS98001.zar_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/archive/archived-resources/resource-information-center-russia-2">"Resource Information Center: Russia"</a>. <i>USCIS</i>. 14 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523114704/https://www.uscis.gov/archive/archived-resources/resource-information-center-russia-2">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USCIS&rft.atitle=Resource+Information+Center%3A+Russia&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscis.gov%2Farchive%2Farchived-resources%2Fresource-information-center-russia-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ie-hunted-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ie-hunted_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ie-hunted_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_GallagherVanessa_Thorpe2014" class="citation web cs1">Paul Gallagher; Vanessa Thorpe (2 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/shocking-footage-of-antigay-groups-29971549.html">"Shocking footage of anti-gay groups"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023014050/https://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/shocking-footage-of-antigay-groups-29971549.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Shocking+footage+of+anti-gay+groups&rft.date=2014-02-02&rft.au=Paul+Gallagher&rft.au=Vanessa+Thorpe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fworld-news%2Feurope%2Fshocking-footage-of-antigay-groups-29971549.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardianpropaganda-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardianpropaganda_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianpropaganda_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianpropaganda_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianpropaganda_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElder2013" class="citation news cs1">Elder, Miriam (11 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/russia-law-banning-gay-propaganda">"Russia passes law banning gay 'propaganda'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200410184402/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/russia-law-banning-gay-propaganda">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russia+passes+law+banning+gay+%27propaganda%27&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft.aulast=Elder&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjun%2F11%2Frussia-law-banning-gay-propaganda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/article/dismantling-lgbt-rights-means-control-russia">"Dismantling LGBT+ rights as a means of control in Russia"</a>. <i>Freedom House</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813003422/https://freedomhouse.org/article/dismantling-lgbt-rights-means-control-russia">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Dismantling+LGBT%2B+rights+as+a+means+of+control+in+Russia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Farticle%2Fdismantling-lgbt-rights-means-control-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrant2022" class="citation web cs1">Farrant, Theo (6 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/12/06/from-museums-to-book-publishing-how-russias-new-anti-lgbtq-laws-will-impact-culture">"From museums to books: How Russia's anti-LGBT laws will impact culture"</a>. <i>euronews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208045708/https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/12/06/from-museums-to-book-publishing-how-russias-new-anti-lgbtq-laws-will-impact-culture">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euronews&rft.atitle=From+museums+to+books%3A+How+Russia%27s+anti-LGBT+laws+will+impact+culture&rft.date=2022-12-06&rft.aulast=Farrant&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fculture%2F2022%2F12%2F06%2Ffrom-museums-to-book-publishing-how-russias-new-anti-lgbtq-laws-will-impact-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvana_KottasováAnna_Chernova2022" class="citation web cs1">Ivana Kottasová; Anna Chernova (5 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/05/europe/russia-lgbtq-propaganda-law-signed-by-putin-intl/index.html">"Putin signs expanded anti-LGBTQ laws in Russia, in latest crackdown on rights"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208045715/https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/05/europe/russia-lgbtq-propaganda-law-signed-by-putin-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Putin+signs+expanded+anti-LGBTQ+laws+in+Russia%2C+in+latest+crackdown+on+rights&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft.au=Ivana+Kottasov%C3%A1&rft.au=Anna+Chernova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F12%2F05%2Feurope%2Frussia-lgbtq-propaganda-law-signed-by-putin-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chan-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chan_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sewell Chan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/13/world/europe/un-chechnya-gay-men-killing-abuse.html">U.N. Experts Condemn Killing and Torture of Gay Men in Chechnya</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428072951/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/13/world/europe/un-chechnya-gay-men-killing-abuse.html">Archived</a> 28 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>New York Times</i> (13 April 2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHCHRApril2017-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNHCHRApril2017_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21501&LangID=E">End abuse and detention of gay men in Chechnya, UN human rights experts tell Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710050620/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21501&LangID=E">Archived</a> 10 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> (April 13, 2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230530222924/https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/369814-8#bh_note">"Ban gender change"</a>. 31 May 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/369814-8#bh_note">the original</a> on 30 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ban+gender+change&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsozd.duma.gov.ru%2Fbill%2F369814-8%23bh_note&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBC_News-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NBC_News_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/russian-president-signs-legislation-outlawing-gender-affirming-procedu-rcna96017">"Russian president signs legislation outlawing gender-affirming procedures"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 24 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724200633/https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/russian-president-signs-legislation-outlawing-gender-affirming-procedu-rcna96017">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Russian+president+signs+legislation+outlawing+gender-affirming+procedures&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnbc-out%2Fout-news%2Frussian-president-signs-legislation-outlawing-gender-affirming-procedu-rcna96017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skynews-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skynews_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skynews_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/russian-supreme-court-bans-the-whole-lgbtq-movement-and-brands-activists-extremists-13019582">"Russian Supreme Court bans the whole LGBTQ movement and brands activists 'extremists'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Sky News</i>. 30 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130214612/https://news.sky.com/story/russian-supreme-court-bans-the-whole-lgbtq-movement-and-brands-activists-extremists-13019582">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Russian+Supreme+Court+bans+the+whole+LGBTQ+movement+and+brands+activists+%27extremists%27&rft.date=2023-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Frussian-supreme-court-bans-the-whole-lgbtq-movement-and-brands-activists-extremists-13019582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carolinacoastonline.com/national/article_20dd437e-9105-11ee-ba1e-cf1d6bf05536.html">"Police raid Moscow gay bars after a Supreme Court ruling labeled LGBTQ+ movement 'extremist'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Carolina Coast Online</i>. Associated Press. 2 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202114321/https://www.carolinacoastonline.com/national/article_20dd437e-9105-11ee-ba1e-cf1d6bf05536.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carolina+Coast+Online&rft.atitle=Police+raid+Moscow+gay+bars+after+a+Supreme+Court+ruling+labeled+LGBTQ%2B+movement+%27extremist%27&rft.date=2023-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carolinacoastonline.com%2Fnational%2Farticle_20dd437e-9105-11ee-ba1e-cf1d6bf05536.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarasovaTuysuzDeaton2023" class="citation web cs1">Tarasova, Darya; Tuysuz, Gul; Deaton, Jen (4 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/04/europe/police-raid-gay-venues-russia-intl-hnk/index.html">"Police raid gay venues in Russia after top court bans 'international LGBTQ movement'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204031704/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/04/europe/police-raid-gay-venues-russia-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russian+parliament+begins+legalising+ban+on+same-sex+marriage&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-russia-politics-gaymarriage-idUSKCN24G1CJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fedele-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fedele_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedele2021" class="citation web cs1">Fedele, Giulio (23 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-gay-elephant-in-the-room-is-there-a-positive-obligation-to-legally-recognise-same-sex-unions-after-fedotova-v-russia/">"The (Gay) Elephant in the Room: Is there a Positive Obligation to Legally Recognise Same-Sex Unions after Fedotova v. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pravda.ru&rft.atitle=Gays+are+not+willingly+accepted+in+the+Russian+army&rft.date=2003-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.pravda.ru%2Fbusiness%2Ffinance%2F01-12-2003%2F4207-gayarmy-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcarmy-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcarmy_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcarmy_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21194719">"Russian army put on alert for tell-tale tattoos"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201232656/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21194719">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=New+soldiers+face+gay+tattoo+check&rft.date=2013-01-25&rft.aulast=Spinella&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fnew-soldiers-face-gay-tattoo-check%2F474484.html%3Fphoto%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyndrila_Banerjee2023" class="citation news cs1">Ayndrila Banerjee (5 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/world/duma-to-ban-gender-reassignment-without-surgery-as-russian-men-go-for-sex-change-to-avoid-fighting-ukraine-12551312.html">"Duma to ban gender reassignment without surgery as Russian men go for sex change to avoid fighting Ukraine"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gay+Pride+parade+%27satanic%27%3A+mayor&rft.date=2007-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fgay-pride-parade-satanic-mayor%2F2007%2F01%2F30%2F1169919305743.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcnews-fined-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews-fined_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11598590">"European court fines Russia for banning gay parades"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002201959/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11598590">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Gay Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190909041944/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/community/117320/chechnya-has-reportedly-launched-a-new-gay-purge/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610201807/http://www.mk.ru/incident/crime/article/2013/05/11/852504-v-volgograde-otprazdnovali-9-maya-zhestokim-ubiystvom-geya.html">Archived</a> 10 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, MK: In Volgograd, 9 May was celebrated by murdering a gay.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echo.msk.ru/blog/vladimir_khitrov/1087640-echo/">Murder in Kamchatka: homophobes or rednecks?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809201358/http://echo.msk.ru/blog/vladimir_khitrov/1087640-echo/">Archived</a> 9 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Echo_of_Moscow" title="Echo of Moscow">Echo of Moscow</a> radio station, 3 June 2013, 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russia+says+drivers+must+not+have+%27sex+disorders%27&rft.date=2015-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-30735673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-transdrivinglaw-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian-transdrivinglaw_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/09/transgender-people-russia-banned-driving-legal-amendment-dmitry-medvedev">"transgender people in Russia banned from driving, says legal amendment"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428102359/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/09/transgender-people-russia-banned-driving-legal-amendment-dmitry-medvedev">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=transgender+people+in+Russia+banned+from+driving%2C+says+legal+amendment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjan%2F09%2Ftransgender-people-russia-banned-driving-legal-amendment-dmitry-medvedev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moscowtimes-transdriving-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moscowtimes-transdriving_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/health-ministry-says-transsexuals-can-still-drive-in-russia/514313.html">"Health Ministry Says Transsexuals Can Still Drive in Russia"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i>. 14 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160716194846/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/health-ministry-says-transsexuals-can-still-drive-in-russia/514313.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Health+Ministry+Says+Transsexuals+Can+Still+Drive+in+Russia&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fhealth-ministry-says-transsexuals-can-still-drive-in-russia%2F514313.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.ru/obschestvo/4896437">"Минздрав разъяснил новую процедуру получения документов о смене пола"</a>. <i>Tacc</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228195428/https://tass.ru/obschestvo/4896437">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tacc&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.ru%2Fobschestvo%2F4896437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo-trans.eu/">"Проект правовой помощи трансгендерным людям"</a>. <i>pravo-trans.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301185250/http://pravo-trans.eu/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pravo-trans.eu&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravo-trans.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-parliament-expected-back-sex-reassignment-surgery-ban-2023-06-14/">"Russian parliament gives initial backing to law banning gender change surgery"</a>. <i>reuters.com</i>. 14 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230617114259/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-parliament-expected-back-sex-reassignment-surgery-ban-2023-06-14/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reuters.com&rft.atitle=Russian+parliament+gives+initial+backing+to+law+banning+gender+change+surgery&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussian-parliament-expected-back-sex-reassignment-surgery-ban-2023-06-14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeMonde-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LeMonde_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeMonde_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/russia/article/2023/07/19/russia-s-upper-house-of-parliament-approves-ban-on-gender-changes_6059081_140.html">"Russia's upper house of parliament approves ban on gender changes"</a>. <i>Le Monde</i>. 19 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724154626/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/russia/article/2023/07/19/russia-s-upper-house-of-parliament-approves-ban-on-gender-changes_6059081_140.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+upper+house+of+parliament+approves+ban+on+gender+changes&rft.date=2023-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Frussia%2Farticle%2F2023%2F07%2F19%2Frussia-s-upper-house-of-parliament-approves-ban-on-gender-changes_6059081_140.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-lgbtq-transgender-procedures-banned-21b88f53b9a74a646400d63ce93bde6f">"Russian president signs legislation marking the final step outlawing gender-affirming procedures"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. 24 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724230906/https://apnews.com/article/russia-lgbtq-transgender-procedures-banned-21b88f53b9a74a646400d63ce93bde6f">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Russian+president+signs+legislation+marking+the+final+step+outlawing+gender-affirming+procedures&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Frussia-lgbtq-transgender-procedures-banned-21b88f53b9a74a646400d63ce93bde6f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saharareporters.com/2023/07/24/president-putin-signs-new-law-against-transgender-banning-sex-change-russia">"President Putin Signs New Law Against Transgender, Banning Sex Change In Russia"</a>. <i>Sahara Reporters</i>. 24 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726141017/https://saharareporters.com/2023/07/24/president-putin-signs-new-law-against-transgender-banning-sex-change-russia">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sahara+Reporters&rft.atitle=President+Putin+Signs+New+Law+Against+Transgender%2C+Banning+Sex+Change+In+Russia&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaharareporters.com%2F2023%2F07%2F24%2Fpresident-putin-signs-new-law-against-transgender-banning-sex-change-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar2023" class="citation news cs1">MacFarquhar, Neil (24 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106172705/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/24/world/europe/putin-transgender-transition-surgery-russia.html">"Putin signs a harsh new law targeting transgender people in Russia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/24/world/europe/putin-transgender-transition-surgery-russia.html">the original</a> on 6 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Putin+signs+a+harsh+new+law+targeting+transgender+people+in+Russia.&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F07%2F24%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fputin-transgender-transition-surgery-russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirgerMacFarquhar2023" class="citation news cs1">Birger, Georgy; MacFarquhar, Neil (1 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215223925/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/01/world/europe/russia-transgender-ban.html">"Putin's Crackdown Leaves Transgender Russians Bracing for Worse"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/01/world/europe/russia-transgender-ban.html">the original</a> on 15 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+Crackdown+Leaves+Transgender+Russians+Bracing+for+Worse&rft.date=2023-08-01&rft.aulast=Birger&rft.aufirst=Georgy&rft.au=MacFarquhar%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F08%2F01%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-transgender-ban.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/russian-president-signs-legislation-outlawing-gender-affirming-procedu-rcna96017">"Russian president signs legislation outlawing gender-affirming procedures"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>. 24 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724200633/https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/russian-president-signs-legislation-outlawing-gender-affirming-procedu-rcna96017">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Russian+president+signs+legislation+outlawing+gender-affirming+procedures&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnbc-out%2Fout-news%2Frussian-president-signs-legislation-outlawing-gender-affirming-procedu-rcna96017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meduza.io/en/news/2024/01/19/russia-s-internal-affairs-ministry-has-reportedly-begun-calling-transgender-people-in-for-questioning">"Russia's Internal Affairs Ministry has reportedly begun calling transgender people in for questioning"</a>. <i>Meduza</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meduza&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Internal+Affairs+Ministry+has+reportedly+begun+calling+transgender+people+in+for+questioning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeduza.io%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2024%2F01%2F19%2Frussia-s-internal-affairs-ministry-has-reportedly-begun-calling-transgender-people-in-for-questioning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.trust.org/item/20190531215506-iaz7d/">"Elton John slams Russian cuts to 'Rocketman' gay scenes"</a>. <i>news.trust.org</i>. Thomson Reuters Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602163551/http://news.trust.org/item/20190531215506-iaz7d/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.trust.org&rft.atitle=Elton+John+slams+Russian+cuts+to+%27Rocketman%27+gay+scenes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.trust.org%2Fitem%2F20190531215506-iaz7d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135-FZ-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135-FZ_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Российская Федерация. Федеральный закон №436-ФЗ от 24 декабря 2010 г. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&vkart=card&nd=102281181&rdk=&backlink=1">О защите детей от информации, причиняющей вред их здоровью и развитию</a>», в ред. Федерального закона №135-ФЗ от 29 июня 2013 г. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&vkart=card&nd=102337335&rdk=&intelsearch=135-%D4%C7">О внесении изменений в статью 5 Федерального закона "О защите детей от информации, причиняющей вред их здоровью и развитию" и отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации в целях защиты детей от информации, пропагандирующей отрицание традиционных семейных ценностей</a>». Вступил в силу с 1 сентября 2012 года. Опубликован: Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (www.pravo.gov.ru) от 30 June 2013 г. (№ 0001201306300001), 29 декабря 2010 г..</span></span> (The Russian Federation. Federal law #436-FZ of 24 December 2010 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&vkart=card&nd=102281181&rdk=&backlink=1">On the protection of children from information harmful to their health and development</a></i>, as amended by the Federal law #135-FZ of 29 June 2013 <i>On the introduction of amendments to Article 5 of the Federal law "On the protection of children from information harmful to their health and development" and divers legislative acts of the Russian Federation aimed at protecting children from information which propagandises the rejection of traditional family values</i>. Effective as of 1 September 2012.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-LGBT-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-LGBT_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301045821/http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/russia/2013/06/130611_duma_gay_propaganda.shtml?print=1">"Госдума приняла закон о "нетрадиционных отношениях"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Russia. 11 June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/russia/2013/06/130611_duma_gay_propaganda.shtml">the original</a> on 1 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%BE+%22%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85%22&rft.pub=BBC+Russia&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Frussian%2Frussia%2F2013%2F06%2F130611_duma_gay_propaganda.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RBC-LGBT-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RBC-LGBT_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003040126/http://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/20130611172814.shtml?print">"ГД приняла закон об усилении наказания за пропаганду гомосексуализма среди подростков"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RBC_Information_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="RBC Information Systems">РБК</a>. 11 June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/20130611172814.shtml">the original</a> on 3 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%94+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%91%D0%9A&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbc.ru%2Frbcfreenews%2F20130611172814.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/putin-signs-blasphemy-and-gay-propaganda-bills/482516.html">"Putin signs 'blasphemy' and 'gay propaganda' bills"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a></i>. 2 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417035152/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/putin-signs-blasphemy-and-gay-propaganda-bills/482516.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Putin+signs+%27blasphemy%27+and+%27gay+propaganda%27+bills&rft.date=2013-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fputin-signs-blasphemy-and-gay-propaganda-bills%2F482516.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/09/05/russia-use-leadership-repeal-discriminatory-propaganda-law">"Russia: Use Leadership to Repeal Discriminatory Propaganda Law"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 5 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201035902/https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/09/05/russia-use-leadership-repeal-discriminatory-propaganda-law">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+Use+Leadership+to+Repeal+Discriminatory+Propaganda+Law&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2013%2F09%2F05%2Frussia-use-leadership-repeal-discriminatory-propaganda-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura2013" class="citation web cs1">Nakamura, David (6 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/09/06/obama-meets-with-gay-rights-activists-in-russia/">"Obama meets with gay rights activists in Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513205328/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/09/06/obama-meets-with-gay-rights-activists-in-russia/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+meets+with+gay+rights+activists+in+Russia&rft.date=2013-09-06&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2013%2F09%2F06%2Fobama-meets-with-gay-rights-activists-in-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsjpropagandabill-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wsjpropagandabill_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsjpropagandabill_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsjpropagandabill_155-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsjpropagandabill_155-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsjpropagandabill_155-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpert2013" class="citation news cs1">Alpert, Lukas I. (11 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323495604578539220032220406">"Russia passes bill banning gay 'propaganda'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520040958/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323495604578539220032220406">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Russia+passes+bill+banning+gay+%27propaganda%27&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft.aulast=Alpert&rft.aufirst=Lukas+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424127887323495604578539220032220406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloombergputinsigns-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloombergputinsigns_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloombergputinsigns_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2013" class="citation news cs1">Rose, Scott (1 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-30/putin-signs-law-banning-gay-propaganda-among-children.html">"Putin signs law banning gay 'propaganda' among children"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150112022900/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-30/putin-signs-law-banning-gay-propaganda-among-children.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Putin+signs+law+banning+gay+%27propaganda%27+among+children&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2013-06-30%2Fputin-signs-law-banning-gay-propaganda-among-children.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sonne-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sonne_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonne2013" class="citation news cs1">Sonne, Paul (27 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2013/08/27/parody-painting-of-putin-in-womens-underwear-seized/">"Parody painting of Putin in women's underwear seized in Russian raid"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190811145243/https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2013/08/27/parody-painting-of-putin-in-womens-underwear-seized/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/news/Morality+crusader+fuels+fire/8773256/story.html">the original</a> on 30 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=Morality+crusader+fuels+the+fire&rft.date=2013-08-10&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Fnews%2FMorality%2Bcrusader%2Bfuels%2Bfire%2F8773256%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newyorker-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newyorker_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipman2013" class="citation news cs1">Lipman, Masha (11 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/08/the-battle-over-russias-anti-gay-law.html">"The battle over Russia's anti-gay law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106005344/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/08/the-battle-over-russias-anti-gay-law.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+battle+over+Russia%27s+anti-gay+law&rft.date=2013-08-11&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Masha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fonline%2Fblogs%2Fnewsdesk%2F2013%2F08%2Fthe-battle-over-russias-anti-gay-law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlintoff2013" class="citation news cs1">Flintoff, Corey (18 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=193194578">"Russian parliament may pass anti-gay law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180107125542/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=193194578">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Russian+parliament+may+pass+anti-gay+law&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft.aulast=Flintoff&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D193194578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcq&a-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcq&a_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcq&a_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23604142">"Q&A: Gay rights in Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i>. 13 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406024203/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23604142">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Gay+rights+in+Russia&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-23604142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world.time.com/2013/08/05/russia-faults-in-first-test-of-anti-gay-propaganda-law-but-future-remains-bleak/">"Russia's Anti-Gay Laws: How a Dutch Activist Got Caught in the Crosshairs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 5 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020171117/http://world.time.com/2013/08/05/russia-faults-in-first-test-of-anti-gay-propaganda-law-but-future-remains-bleak/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Anti-Gay+Laws%3A+How+a+Dutch+Activist+Got+Caught+in+the+Crosshairs&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld.time.com%2F2013%2F08%2F05%2Frussia-faults-in-first-test-of-anti-gay-propaganda-law-but-future-remains-bleak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5abe321c9a79471c0e95d28f">"Роскомнадзор внес сайт Gay.ru в реестр запрещенных ресурсов"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RBK_Group" title="RBK Group">RBC</a></i> (in Russian). 30 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215103056/https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5abe321c9a79471c0e95d28f">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RBC&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+Gay.ru+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbc.ru%2Frbcfreenews%2F5abe321c9a79471c0e95d28f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zona.media/news/2022/12/05/prop">"Путин подписал закон о запрете "пропаганды нетрадиционных сексуальных отношений и смены пола"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> ["Putin signed the law about the ban of 'propaganda of nontraditional sexual relations and gender change'"]. <i><a href="/wiki/Mediazona" title="Mediazona">Mediazona</a></i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205140122/https://zona.media/news/2022/12/05/prop">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mediazona&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5+%22%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzona.media%2Fnews%2F2022%2F12%2F05%2Fprop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63410127">"Russia to ban sharing LGBT 'propaganda' with adults as well as children"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125052112/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63410127">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russia+to+ban+sharing+LGBT+%27propaganda%27+with+adults+as+well+as+children&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-63410127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/g5vmeb/russia-lgbt-law">"Russia Wants to Ban Any Positive Discussion of LGBTQ People"</a>. <i>www.vice.com</i>. 26 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124131128/https://www.vice.com/en/article/g5vmeb/russia-lgbt-law">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vice.com&rft.atitle=Russia+Wants+to+Ban+Any+Positive+Discussion+of+LGBTQ+People&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fg5vmeb%2Frussia-lgbt-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/10/27/russian-lawmakers-vote-in-favor-of-anti-lgbt-bill-a79209">"Russian Lawmakers Vote in Favor of 'LGBT Propaganda' Expansion"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i>. 27 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205054845/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/10/27/russian-lawmakers-vote-in-favor-of-anti-lgbt-bill-a79209">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Russian+Lawmakers+Vote+in+Favor+of+%27LGBT+Propaganda%27+Expansion&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2022%2F10%2F27%2Frussian-lawmakers-vote-in-favor-of-anti-lgbt-bill-a79209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-system-scan-internet-undesired-content-dissent-2023-02-13/">"Russian system to scan internet for undesired content and dissent"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 13 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216060417/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-system-scan-internet-undesired-content-dissent-2023-02-13/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russian+system+to+scan+internet+for+undesired+content+and+dissent&rft.date=2023-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussian-system-scan-internet-undesired-content-dissent-2023-02-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVainilavičius2023" class="citation news cs1">Vainilavičius, Justinas (15 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cybernews.com/news/russia-oculus-tool-lgbt-ukraine/">"Russia launches "Oculus" tool to monitor banned information online"</a>. <i>CyberNews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323054456/https://cybernews.com/news/russia-oculus-tool-lgbt-ukraine/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1697/file/0cc1acff8241216090943e97d5b4.htm/preview">the original</a> on 15 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+criminal+code+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.date=1996-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislationline.org%2Fdownload%2Faction%2Fdownload%2Fid%2F1697%2Ffile%2F0cc1acff8241216090943e97d5b4.htm%2Fpreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_8982/ef34350ac8a228c304eaa8540e308acc341f29c8">СК РФ Статья 127. Лица, имеющие право быть усыновителями</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polit.ru/news/2008/05/23/donors/">"Россиянам вольют "голубую кровь"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>polit.ru</i> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=polit.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82+%22%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolit.ru%2Fnews%2F2008%2F05%2F23%2Fdonors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=244756&set=0058EDE0FB_3_252&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002447/244756e.pdf"><i>Out in the Open: Education sector responses to violence based on sexual orientation and gender identity/expression</i></a>, 45, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO. </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dub89" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Duberman, Martin</a>; Vicinus, Martha; <a href="/wiki/George_Chauncey" title="George Chauncey">Chauncey, George</a> (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiddenfromhisto100dube"><i>Hidden from history: reclaiming the gay and lesbian past</i></a></span>. New York: New American Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-453-00689-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-453-00689-7"><bdi>978-0-453-00689-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19669484">19669484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+from+history%3A+reclaiming+the+gay+and+lesbian+past&rft.pub=New+York%3A+New+American+Library&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19669484&rft.isbn=978-0-453-00689-7&rft.aulast=Duberman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Vicinus%2C+Martha&rft.au=Chauncey%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhiddenfromhisto100dube&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelstein1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Engelstein" title="Laura Engelstein">Engelstein, Laura</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8666753/">"Soviet Policy Toward Male Homosexuality: Its Origins and Historical Roots"</a>. <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i>. <b>29</b> (2–3). Philadelphia: Hayworth Press: 155–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ082v29n02_06">10.1300/J082v29n02_06</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-3602">1540-3602</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8666753">8666753</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Homosexuality&rft.atitle=Soviet+Policy+Toward+Male+Homosexuality%3A+Its+Origins+and+Historical+Roots&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=155-178&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=1540-3602&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8666753&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ082v29n02_06&rft.aulast=Engelstein&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F8666753%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="LGBTReport2009" class="citation web cs1">Petrov, Igor; Kirichenko, Ksenia (5 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110601043745/http://www.lgbtnet.ru/news/detail.php?ID=4336">"Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in Russia"</a>. <i>Report by the [http://www.mhg.ru/english Moscow Helsinki Group] in cooperation with the [http://lgbtnet.ru/ Russian LGBT Network]</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lgbtnet.ru/news/detail.php?ID=4336">the original</a> on 1 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Report+by+the+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhg.ru%2Fenglish+Moscow+Helsinki+Group%5D+in+cooperation+with+the+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Flgbtnet.ru%2F+Russian+LGBT+Network%5D&rft.atitle=Discrimination+based+on+sexual+orientation+and+gender+identity+in+Russia&rft.date=2009-04-05&rft.aulast=Petrov&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft.au=Kirichenko%2C+Ksenia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flgbtnet.ru%2Fnews%2Fdetail.php%3FID%3D4336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Russian_history_(1991-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Russian history (1991-present)">Bibliography of Russian history (1991-present)</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBubola,_E.2022" class="citation cs2">Bubola, E. (5 December 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/world/europe/russia-ban-lgbtq-propaganda.html">"Putin Signs Law Banning Expressions of L.G.B.T.Q. Identity in Russia"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Putin+Signs+Law+Banning+Expressions+of+L.G.B.T.Q.+Identity+in+Russia&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft.au=Bubola%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F12%2F05%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-ban-lgbtq-propaganda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Clark, F. (2014). "Discrimination against LGBT people triggers health concerns." <i>Lancet,</i> 383(9916), 500–502.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngle2013" class="citation journal cs1">Engle, Eric Allen (2013). "Gay Rights in Russia? Russia's Ban on Gay Pride Parades and the General Principle of Proportionality in International Law". <i>Journal of Eurasian Law</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 165–186. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2296803">2296803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eurasian+Law&rft.atitle=Gay+Rights+in+Russia%3F+Russia%27s+Ban+on+Gay+Pride+Parades+and+the+General+Principle+of+Proportionality+in+International+Law&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-186&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2296803%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Engle&rft.aufirst=Eric+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlyushina,_M.Gelman,_M.2023" class="citation cs2">Ilyushina, M., Gelman, M. (7 January 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/07/russia-war-gay-persecution-homophobia/">"Moscow's war in Ukraine brought harsh tactics against gay Russians at home"</a>, <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Moscow%27s+war+in+Ukraine+brought+harsh+tactics+against+gay+Russians+at+home&rft.date=2023-01-07&rft.au=Ilyushina%2C+M.&rft.au=Gelman%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2F01%2F07%2Frussia-war-gay-persecution-homophobia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style 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href="https://archive.today/20070712075348/http://old.exile.ru/2007-June-15/russophobe_homo.html">Is HOMO what OMON sees in the mirror? – The eXile (en)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706005831/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/russia,8.html">LGBT History: Russia (en)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.gay.ru/news/rainbow/2004/02/14-10528.htm">State Duma rejected "sexual hatred" to be the reason for criminal prosecution 14 February 2004 (en)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106011349/http://english.gay.ru/news/rainbow/2004/02/14-10528.htm">Archived</a> 6 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.gay.ru/news/rainbow/2004/05/22-10508.htm">Bashkortostan Parliament's deputy proposes legitimating homosexual marriages 22 May 2004 (en)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106011632/http://english.gay.ru/news/rainbow/2004/05/22-10508.htm">Archived</a> 6 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xtramagazine.com/power/gay-and-lesbian-parents-afraid-to-send-kids-to-school-in-russia-61346">Gay and lesbian parents afraid to send kids to school in Russia</a>, Xtra Magazine, 14 June 2014 (en)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBT_in_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBT_in_Russia" title="Template:LGBT in Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBT_in_Russia" title="Template talk:LGBT in Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBT_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBT in Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBT_in_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_in_Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGBT in Saint Petersburg (page does not exist)">Saint Petersburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%93%D0%91%D0%A2_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:ЛГБТ в Санкт-Петербурге">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_violence_against_homosexuals_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of violence against homosexuals in Russia (page does not exist)">Violence against homosexuals</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:История преследования гомосексуалов в России">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Pride_%2706" title="Moscow Pride '06">Moscow Pride '06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_protests_surrounding_the_2014_Winter_Olympics" title="LGBT rights protests surrounding the 2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympics protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principle_6_campaign" title="Principle 6 campaign">Principle 6 campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="LGBT people in the Russo-Ukrainian War">In the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Russia">Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Chechnya" title="LGBT rights in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_infection_among_MSM_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV infection among MSM in Russia (page does not exist)">HIV infection among MSM</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A7-%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%A1%D0%9C_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:ВИЧ-инфекция среди МСМ в России">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Russia" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Russia">Recognition of same-sex unions in Russia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Case_law" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alekseyev_v._Russia" title="Alekseyev v. Russia">Alekseyev v. Russia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayev_and_Others_v._Russia" title="Bayev and Others v. Russia">Bayev and Others v. Russia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fedotova_and_Others_v._Russia" title="Fedotova and Others v. Russia">Fedotova and Others v. Russia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Violence and<br />discrimination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gay_purges_in_Chechnya" title="Anti-gay purges in Chechnya">Anti-gay purges in Chechnya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zelim_Bakaev" title="Zelim Bakaev">Zelim Bakaev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_gay_propaganda_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian gay propaganda law">"Gay propaganda" law</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_gay_propaganda_law_in_Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian gay propaganda law in Saint Petersburg (page does not exist)">Saint Petersburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%93%D0%91%D0%A2_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Закон о запрете пропаганды ЛГБТ в Санкт-Петербурге">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayrope" title="Gayrope">Gayrope</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_banning_gender_transition_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law banning gender transition in Russia (page does not exist)">Law banning gender transition</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Закон о запрете трансгендерного перехода в России">ru</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gayrussia.ru" title="Gayrussia.ru">Gayrussia.ru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_Russia" title="Intersex Russia">Intersex Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_LGBT_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian LGBT network">Russian LGBT network</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Straight_Alliance_for_LGBT_Equality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Straight Alliance for LGBT Equality (page does not exist)">Straight Alliance for LGBT Equality</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%93%D0%91%D0%A2" class="extiw" title="ru:Альянс гетеросексуалов за равноправие ЛГБТ">ru</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Pride" title="Moscow Pride">Moscow Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_by_Side_(film_festival)" title="Side by Side (film festival)">Side by Side (film festival)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kvir" title="Kvir">Kvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Moscow <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Station_(gay_club,_Moscow,_Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Station (gay club, Moscow, Russia)">Central Station</a></li></ul></li> <li>Saint-Petersburg <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Oyster_(Saint-Petersburg,_Russia)" title="Blue Oyster (Saint-Petersburg, Russia)">Blue Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Station_(gay_club,_Saint-Petersburg,_Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Station (gay club, Saint-Petersburg, Russia)">Central Station</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia_topics" title="Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia_topics" title="Template talk:Russia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li>Feudal Rus' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian state">Russian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia" title="History of the Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Judicial system of the Russian Empire">Judicial system of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_city_of_Russia" title="Historical city of Russia">Historical cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet 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War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Union" title="Category:Soviet Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_rights_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_rights_in_Europe" title="Template:LGBTQ rights in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_rights_in_Europe" title="Template talk:LGBTQ rights in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_rights_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ rights in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_rights_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Europe" title="LGBTQ rights in Europe">LGBTQ rights in Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Albania" title="LGBTQ rights in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Andorra" title="LGBTQ rights in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Armenia" title="LGBTQ rights in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Austria" title="LGBTQ rights in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="LGBTQ rights in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Belarus" title="LGBTQ rights in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Belgium" title="LGBTQ rights in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="LGBTQ rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Bulgaria" title="LGBTQ rights in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Croatia" title="LGBTQ rights in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Cyprus" title="LGBTQ rights in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="LGBTQ rights in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Denmark" title="LGBTQ rights in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Estonia" title="LGBTQ rights in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Finland" title="LGBTQ rights in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_France" title="LGBTQ rights in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" title="LGBTQ rights in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Germany" title="LGBTQ rights in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Greece" title="LGBTQ rights in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Hungary" title="LGBTQ rights in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Iceland" title="LGBTQ rights in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="LGBTQ rights in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Italy" title="LGBTQ rights in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Kazakhstan" title="LGBTQ rights in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Latvia" title="LGBTQ rights in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Liechtenstein" title="LGBTQ rights in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Lithuania" title="LGBTQ rights in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Luxembourg" title="LGBTQ rights in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Malta" title="LGBTQ rights in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Moldova" title="LGBTQ rights in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Monaco" title="LGBTQ rights in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Montenegro" title="LGBTQ rights in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="LGBTQ rights in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_North_Macedonia" title="LGBTQ rights in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Norway" title="LGBTQ rights in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Poland" title="LGBTQ rights in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Portugal" title="LGBTQ rights in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Romania" title="LGBTQ rights in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_San_Marino" title="LGBTQ rights in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Serbia" title="LGBTQ rights in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Slovakia" title="LGBTQ rights in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Slovenia" title="LGBTQ rights in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Spain" title="LGBTQ rights in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Sweden" title="LGBTQ rights in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Switzerland" title="LGBTQ rights in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Turkey" title="LGBTQ rights in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Ukraine" title="LGBTQ rights in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="LGBTQ rights in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Vatican_City" title="LGBTQ rights in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Abkhazia" title="LGBTQ rights in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Kosovo" title="LGBTQ rights in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="LGBTQ rights in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_South_Ossetia" title="LGBTQ rights in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Transnistria" title="LGBTQ rights in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ rights in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="LGBTQ rights in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Gibraltar" title="LGBTQ rights in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Guernsey" title="LGBTQ rights in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="LGBTQ rights in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Jersey" title="LGBTQ rights in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ rights in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="LGBTQ rights in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBT_rights_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBT_rights_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">LGBT rights in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="LGBT rights in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="LGBT rights in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_topics" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ" title="Template:LGBTQ"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ" title="Template talk:LGBTQ"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">LGBTQ topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Academic_fields_*_Discourse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines" title="Outline of academic disciplines">Academic fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Education and the LGBTQ community">LGBTQ topics in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_literature" title="Gay literature">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_literature" title="Lesbian literature">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_psychology" title="LGBTQ psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Community_*_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay anthem">Anthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_awards" title="List of LGBTQ-related awards">Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_literary_awards" title="List of LGBTQ literary awards">Literary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_bar" title="Lesbian bar">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_community" title="Bisexual community">Bisexual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community_centre" title="LGBTQ community centre">Community centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_king" title="Drag king">Drag king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">Drag queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_film_festivals" title="List of LGBTQ film festivals">Film festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay-friendly" title="Gay-friendly">Gay-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_icon" title="Gay icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_music" title="LGBTQ music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBT-related_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of LGBT-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Portrayal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of LGBTQ-related organizations and conferences">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Lists of LGBTQ people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pets_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Pets and the LGBTQ community">Pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Pride parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">Religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gay_Rodeo_Association" title="International Gay Rodeo Association">Rodeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slogans" title="LGBTQ slogans">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_modern_sports" title="Homosexuality in modern sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_theatre" title="LGBTQ theatre">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_theatre_companies" title="List of LGBTQ theatre companies">Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaysper" title="Gaysper">Gaysper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_plaque" title="Rainbow plaque">Rainbow plaque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Pride flags</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromantic_flag" title="Aromantic flag">Aromantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexual_flag" title="Asexual flag">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_flag_(gay_culture)" title="Bear flag (gay culture)">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_flag" title="Bisexual flag">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_flag_of_South_Africa" title="Gay flag of South Africa">Gay flag of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men%27s_flags" title="Gay men's flags">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_flag" title="Intersex flag">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_pride_flag" title="Leather pride flag">Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_flags" title="Lesbian flags">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_flag" title="Non-binary flag">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexual_flag" title="Pansexual flag">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow flag (LGBT)">Rainbow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_crossing" title="Rainbow crossing">Rainbow crossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Gender_identities_*_Sexual_identities_*_Sexual_diversities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversities</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gender_identity" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">Androgyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyby" title="Theyby">Theyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womxn" title="Womxn">Womxn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenogender" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenogender">Xenogender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third sex / Third gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Balkan sworn virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bissu">Bissu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexual_orientations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">Sexual minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom (gender identity)">Tom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dee_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee (gender identity)">Dee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_acronyms" title="List of LGBTQ acronyms">Acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">Effeminacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_target_location_error" title="Erotic target location error">Erotic target location error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Gender and sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_men" title="Sexual practices between men">Sexual practices between men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ally" title="Straight ally">Straight ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomboy" title="Tomboy">Tomboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_women" title="Sexual practices between women">Sexual practices between women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">History of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">History of gay men in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">History of lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Social movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="History of Christianity and homosexuality">History of Christianity and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">History of same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history" title="Category:LGBTQ history">Category:LGBTQ history</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphopoiesis" title="Adelphopoiesis">Adelphopoiesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Homosexuality in pre-Columbian Peru">pre-Columbian Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_19th_century" title="LGBT rights in the 19th century">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molly_house" title="Molly house">Molly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_377" title="Section 377">Section 377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">First homosexual movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_20th_century" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Forty-One" title="Dance of the Forty-One">Dance of the Forty-One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_scandal" title="Cadet scandal">Cadet scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee" title="Florida Legislative Investigation Committee">Florida Legislative Investigation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_queen" title="Sea queen">Sea queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handkerchief_code" title="Handkerchief code">Handkerchief code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Gay_Liberation_Front_1971_Festival_of_Light_action" title="UK Gay Liberation Front 1971 Festival of Light action">Festival of Light action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Night_riots" title="White Night riots">White Night riots</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_homosexuel_d%27action_r%C3%A9volutionnaire" title="Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire">Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977%E2%80%931980_Florida_orange_juice_boycott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977–1980 Florida orange juice boycott (page does not exist)">Florida orange juice boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Soap" title="Operation Soap">Operation Soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28" title="Section 28">Section 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasty_nightclub_raid" title="Tasty nightclub raid">Tasty nightclub raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Abanicos_police_raid" title="Bar Abanicos police raid">Bar Abanicos police raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history,_21st_century" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history, 21st century">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline of same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-LGBT_law" title="Russian anti-LGBT law">Russian anti-LGBT law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014" title="Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014">Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_wave" title="Rainbow wave">Rainbow wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Night" title="Rainbow Night">Rainbow Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Rights_and_legal_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights and legal issues</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights by country or territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_articles_by_region" title="List of LGBTQ rights articles by region">List of LGBTQ rights articles by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBTQ rights topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">Censorship of LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil unions and partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">decriminalization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_military_service" title="LGBT people and military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Same-sex parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBT_people" title="Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBT people">Assisted reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_same-sex_married_couples" title="List of same-sex married couples">List of couples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQI%2B_rights_at_the_United_Nations" title="LGBTQI+ rights at the United Nations">United Nations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">LGBTQ rights movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">Homophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations">LGBTQ rights groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_activists" title="List of LGBTQ rights activists">LGBTQ rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_capitalism" title="Rainbow capitalism">Rainbow capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Separatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_separatism" title="Gay separatism">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian separatism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="Sexual_orientation_—_Medicine,_science_and_sexology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> — Medicine, science and sexology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Autism and LGBTQ identities">Autism and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_birth_order_and_male_sexual_orientation" title="Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Disability and LGBTQ identities">Disability and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology" title="Homosexuality and psychology">Homosexuality and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_DSM" title="Homosexuality in the DSM">Homosexuality in the DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Sexual_Orientation_Grid" title="Klein Sexual Orientation Grid">Klein Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_and_sexual_orientation" title="Neuroscience and sexual orientation">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_hormones_and_sexual_orientation" title="Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation">Prenatal hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_inversion_(sexology)" title="Sexual inversion (sexology)">Sexual inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual orientation identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Societal_attitudes_*_Prejudice_*_Violence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></li> <li>Prejudice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkwashing_(LGBTQ)" title="Pinkwashing (LGBTQ)">Pinkwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_panic_defense" title="Gay panic defense">Gay panic defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_of_LGBTQ_people" title="List of suicides of LGBTQ people">Suicides of LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide among LGBTQ youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:LGBTQ monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerbaiting" title="Queerbaiting">Queerbaiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people and religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prejudice and discrimination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal homophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_lesbians" title="Discrimination against lesbians">Discrimination against lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Discrimination against non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle_scale" title="Riddle scale">Riddle scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom">History of violence in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people_in_the_United_States" title="History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States">History of violence in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="List of acts of violence against LGBTQ people">Acts of violence against LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Unlawfully killed transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/16px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/24px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/32px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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