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</div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Brian Mulroney</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Brian_Mulroney" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li 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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Martin Brian Mulroney<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> (March 20, 1939 – February 29, 2024) was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician who served as the 18th <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Canada">prime minister of Canada</a> from 1984 to 1993. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Brian Mulroney</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec" title="National Order of Quebec">GOQ</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulroney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mulroney.jpg/220px-Mulroney.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mulroney.jpg/330px-Mulroney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mulroney.jpg/440px-Mulroney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1368"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Mulroney in 1984</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">18th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 17, 1984 – June 25, 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Jeanne Sauvé</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Ray Hnatyshyn</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Erik Nielsen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Don Mazankowski</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office August 29, 1983 – September 17, 1984</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Erik Nielsen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">John Turner</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 11, 1983 – June 13, 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Erik Nielsen (interim)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Kim Campbell </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">House of Commons constituencies </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Charlevoix_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Charlevoix (federal electoral district)">Charlevoix</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office November 21, 1988 – October 25, 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin" title="Charles-André Hamelin">Charles-André Hamelin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Asselin" title="Gérard Asselin">Gérard Asselin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Manicouagan_(electoral_district)" title="Manicouagan (electoral district)">Manicouagan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 4, 1984 – November 21, 1988</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maltais" title="André Maltais">André Maltais</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Langlois_(politician)" title="Charles Langlois (politician)">Charles Langlois</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Central_Nova" title="Central Nova">Central Nova</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office August 29, 1983 – September 4, 1984</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elmer_MacKay" title="Elmer MacKay">Elmer MacKay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Elmer MacKay</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Martin Brian Mulroney</div> (1939-03-20)March 20, 1939 <a href="/wiki/Baie-Comeau" title="Baie-Comeau">Baie-Comeau</a>, Quebec, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 29, 2024(2024-02-29) (aged 84) <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach, Florida</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_des_Neiges_Cemetery" title="Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery">Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery</a>, Montreal, Quebec</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (1955–2003)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (from 2003)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mila_Mulroney" title="Mila Mulroney">Mila Pivnički</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1973)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Mulroney" title="Caroline Mulroney">Caroline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Mulroney" title="Ben Mulroney">Ben</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Mulroney" title="Jessica Mulroney">Jessica Mulroney</a> (daughter-in-law)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University" title="St. Francis Xavier University">St. Francis Xavier University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie University</a> (no degree)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Laval_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Laval University">Laval University</a> (<a href="/wiki/LLB" class="mw-redirect" title="LLB">LLB</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Brian_Mulroney_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brian Mulroney's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Brian_Mulroney_Signature.svg/128px-Brian_Mulroney_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Brian_Mulroney_Signature.svg/192px-Brian_Mulroney_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Brian_Mulroney_Signature.svg/256px-Brian_Mulroney_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="160"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Born in the eastern Quebec city of <a href="/wiki/Baie-Comeau" title="Baie-Comeau">Baie-Comeau</a>, Mulroney studied <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> and law. He then moved to <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and gained prominence as a <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">labour lawyer</a>. After placing third in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Progressive_Conservative_leadership_election" title="1976 Progressive Conservative leadership election">1976 Progressive Conservative leadership election</a>, he was appointed president of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Ore_Company_of_Canada" title="Iron Ore Company of Canada">Iron Ore Company of Canada</a> in 1977. He held that post until <a href="/wiki/1983_Progressive_Conservative_leadership_election" title="1983 Progressive Conservative leadership election">1983</a>, when he became leader of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservatives</a>. He led the party to a <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslide victory</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">1984 federal election</a>, winning the second-largest percentage of seats in Canadian history (at 74.8 percent) and receiving over 50 percent of the popular vote. He later won a second <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a> in <a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">1988</a>. Mulroney's tenure as prime minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services_tax_(Canada)" title="Goods and services tax (Canada)">goods and services tax</a> (GST) that was created to replace the manufacturers' sales tax, and the privatization of 23 of 61 <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporations</a> including <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petro-Canada" title="Petro-Canada">Petro-Canada</a>. However, he was unsuccessful in reducing Canada's chronic <a href="/wiki/Budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficit">budget deficit</a>. Mulroney sought Quebec's endorsement of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">1982 constitutional amendments</a> by first introducing the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a>. Both proposed recognizing Quebec as a <a href="/wiki/Distinct_society" title="Distinct society">distinct society</a>, extending <a href="/wiki/Canadian_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian provinces">provincial</a> powers, and extensively changing the constitution. Both of the accords failed to be ratified, and the Meech Lake Accord's demise revived <a href="/wiki/Quebec_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec separatism">Quebec separatism</a>, leading to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>. In foreign policy, Mulroney strengthened <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada's ties with the United States</a> and opposed the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> regime in South Africa, leading an effort within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> to sanction the country. Mulroney's tenure was marked by the <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182" title="Air India Flight 182">Air India Flight 182</a> bombing, the largest <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killing</a> in Canadian history, though his response to the attack came under criticism. Mulroney made <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a> a priority by securing <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Canada_Air_Quality_Agreement" title="U.S.–Canada Air Quality Agreement">a treaty with the United States on acid rain</a>, making Canada the first <a href="/wiki/Industrialized_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialized country">industrialized country</a> to ratify the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a>, adding significant national parks, and passing the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Assessment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Environmental Assessment Act">Environmental Assessment Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Protection_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Environmental Protection Act">Environmental Protection Act</a>. The unpopularity of the GST and the controversy surrounding its passage in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a>, combined with the <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">early 1990s recession</a>, the collapse of the Charlottetown Accord, and growing <a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">Western alienation</a> that triggered the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party</a>, caused a stark decline in Mulroney's popularity, which induced him to resign and <a href="/wiki/1993_Progressive_Conservative_leadership_election" title="1993 Progressive Conservative leadership election">hand over power</a> to his cabinet minister <a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a> in June 1993. In <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">the election later that year</a>, the Progressive Conservatives were reduced from a majority government of 156 seats to two, with its support being eroded by the Bloc and Reform parties. In his retirement, Mulroney served as an international business consultant and sat on the board of directors of multiple corporations. Although he places above average in <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada">rankings of Canadian prime ministers</a>, his legacy remains controversial. He was criticized for his role in the resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a> and accused of corruption in the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_affair" title="Airbus affair">Airbus affair</a>, a scandal that came to light only several years after he left office. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_(1939%E2%80%931955)">1 Early life (1939–1955)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Family">2 Family</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Education_(1955%E2%80%931964)">3 Education (1955–1964)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Labour_lawyer_(1964%E2%80%931976)">4 Labour lawyer (1964–1976)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1976_Progressive_Conservative_leadership_election">4.1 1976 Progressive Conservative leadership election</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Business_leadership_(1976%E2%80%931983)">5 Business leadership (1976–1983)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Opposition_leader_(1983%E2%80%931984)">6 Opposition leader (1983–1984)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Prime_Minister_(1984%E2%80%931993)">7 Prime Minister (1984–1993)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Economic_policy">7.1 Economic policy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Social_programs_and_spending">7.1.1 Social programs and spending</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Deficit">7.1.2 Deficit</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Taxation">7.1.3 Taxation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Privatizations">7.1.4 Privatizations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Energy_policy">7.1.5 Energy policy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Environmental_policy">7.2 Environmental policy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Social_policy">7.3 Social policy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Attempted_constitutional_reform">7.4 Attempted constitutional reform</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Meech_Lake_Accord">7.4.1 Meech Lake Accord</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Charlottetown_Accord">7.4.2 Charlottetown Accord</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Foreign_policy">7.5 Foreign policy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Apartheid">7.5.1 Apartheid</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Free_trade_and_1988_re-election">7.5.2 Free trade and 1988 re-election</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Gulf_War">7.5.3 Gulf War</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Unpopularity_and_retirement">7.6 Unpopularity and retirement</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Fracturing_of_electoral_coalition">7.6.1 Fracturing of electoral coalition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Resignation">7.6.2 Resignation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Aftermath">7.6.3 Aftermath</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#After_politics_(1993%E2%80%932024)">8 After politics (1993–2024)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Airbus/Schreiber_affair">8.1 Airbus/Schreiber affair</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Conservative_Party_of_Canada">8.2 Conservative Party of Canada</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Other_political_interventions">8.3 Other political interventions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Memoir">8.4 Memoir</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Death_and_state_funeral">8.5 Death and state funeral</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Legacy">9 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Supreme_Court_appointments">10 Supreme Court appointments</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Honours">11 Honours</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Honorary_degrees">11.1 Honorary degrees</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Order_of_Canada_Citation">11.2 Order of Canada Citation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Other_awards">11.3 Other awards</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Coat_of_arms">12 Coat of arms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Electoral_record">13 Electoral record</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#See_also">14 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Footnotes">15 Footnotes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#References">16 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Works_cited">16.1 Works cited</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Further_reading">17 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Archives">17.1 Archives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Scholarly_studies">17.2 Scholarly studies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Popular_books">17.3 Popular books</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#External_links">18 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life_(1939–1955)">Early life (1939–1955)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life (1939–1955)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Mulroney was born on March 20, 1939, in <a href="/wiki/Baie-Comeau" title="Baie-Comeau">Baie-Comeau</a>, Quebec, a remote and isolated town of the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Nord" title="Côte-Nord">Côte-Nord</a> region, in the eastern part of the province. He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Canadian">Irish Canadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> parents, Mary Irene (née O'Shea) and Benedict Martin Mulroney,<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> who was a <a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper mill</a> electrician. As there was no English-language Catholic high school in Baie-Comeau, Mulroney completed his high school education at a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_New_Brunswick" title="Chatham, New Brunswick">Chatham, New Brunswick</a>, operated by <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_University_(Canada)" title="St. Thomas University (Canada)">St. Thomas University</a>. In 2001, St. Thomas University named its newest academic building in his honour. Benedict Mulroney worked overtime and ran a repair business to earn extra money for his children's education, and he encouraged his oldest son to attend university.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3">[2]</a> Mulroney would frequently tell stories about newspaper publisher <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._McCormick" title="Robert R. McCormick">Robert R. McCormick</a>, whose company had founded Baie-Comeau. Mulroney would sing <a href="/wiki/Irish_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish music">Irish songs</a> for McCormick,<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> and the publisher would slip him $50.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Mulroney grew up speaking English and French fluently.<a href="#cite_note-Donaldson310-6">[5]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> On May 26, 1973, Mulroney married <a href="/wiki/Mila_Pivni%C4%8Dki" class="mw-redirect" title="Mila Pivnički">Mila Pivnički</a>, the daughter of a <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbian</a>-Canadian doctor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Pivni%C4%8Dki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimitrije Pivnički (page does not exist)">Dimitrije Pivnički</a> [<a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="sr:Димитрије Пивнички">sr</a>], from <a href="/wiki/Novi_Be%C4%8Dej" title="Novi Bečej">Novi Bečej</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Many PC campaign buttons featured both Mulroney's face and hers, and Ontario <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Ontario" title="Premier of Ontario">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Davis" title="Bill Davis">Bill Davis</a> commented to Brian, "Mila will get you more votes for you than you will for yourself."<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> The Mulroneys have four children: <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Mulroney_Lapham" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Mulroney Lapham">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Mulroney" title="Ben Mulroney">Benedict (Ben)</a>, Mark and Nicolas. Caroline unsuccessfully ran for the <a href="/wiki/2018_Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario_leadership_election" title="2018 Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election">2018 Ontario PC leadership race</a> and represents the party in the provincial legislature as the member for <a href="/wiki/York%E2%80%94Simcoe_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="York—Simcoe (provincial electoral district)">York—Simcoe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> She served as <a href="/wiki/Ontario%27s_minister_of_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario's minister of transportation">Ontario's minister of transportation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Francophone_Affairs" title="Ministry of Francophone Affairs">minister of Francophone affairs</a>. She moved from transportation to being <a href="/wiki/Treasury_Board_Secretariat_(Ontario)" title="Treasury Board Secretariat (Ontario)">President of the Treasury Board</a> while continuing on as the minister of Francophone affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Ford_Cabinet_Shuffle-10">[9]</a> Ben was the host of the CTV morning show <a href="/wiki/Your_Morning" title="Your Morning">Your Morning</a> from June 2016 to October 2021.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Ben is married to stylist <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Mulroney" title="Jessica Mulroney">Jessica</a>, and their three children served as page boys and bridesmaids during the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Harry_and_Meghan_Markle" title="Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle">wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle</a> on May 19, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Mark and Nicolas both work in the financial industry in Toronto.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Education_(1955–1964)">Education (1955–1964)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education (1955–1964)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Mulroney entered <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University" title="St. Francis Xavier University">St. Francis Xavier University</a> in the fall of 1955 as a 16-year-old first-year student. His political life began when he was recruited to the campus Progressive Conservative group by <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Murray" title="Lowell Murray">Lowell Murray</a> and others early in his first year. Murray, who was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a> in 1979, became Mulroney's close friend, mentor, and adviser. Mulroney made other important, lasting friendships with <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Doucet" title="Gerald Doucet">Gerald Doucet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Doucet" title="Fred Doucet">Fred Doucet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Wakim" title="Sam Wakim">Sam Wakim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_MacAdam" title="Patrick MacAdam">Patrick MacAdam</a>. Mulroney enthusiastically embraced political organization and assisted the local PC candidate in his successful 1956 Nova Scotia provincial election campaign; the PCs, led provincially by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Robert Stanfield</a>, won a surprise victory.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3">[2]</a> Mulroney became a youth delegate and attended the 1956 leadership convention in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>. While initially undecided, Mulroney was captivated by <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a>'s powerful oratory and easy approachability. Mulroney joined the Youth for Diefenbaker committee, which was led by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Samuel_Rogers" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Samuel Rogers">Ted Rogers</a>, a future <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">scion</a> of Canadian business. Mulroney struck an early friendship with Diefenbaker (who won the leadership) and received telephone calls from him.<a href="#cite_note-Donaldson310-6">[5]</a> Mulroney won several public speaking contests at St. Francis Xavier University, was a star member of the school's <a href="/wiki/Debating" class="mw-redirect" title="Debating">debating</a> team, and never lost an inter-university debate. He was also very active in campus politics, serving with distinction in several <a href="/wiki/Model_Parliament" title="Model Parliament">Model Parliaments</a>, and was campus prime minister in a <a href="/wiki/Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritimes">Maritimes</a>-wide Model Parliament in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3">[2]</a> Mulroney assisted with the 1958 national election campaign at the local level in Nova Scotia. This campaign led to the largest majority in the history of the Canadian House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> After graduating from St. Francis Xavier with a degree in political science in 1959, Mulroney at first pursued a law degree from <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalhousie Law School">Dalhousie Law School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Municipality">Halifax</a>. It was around this time that Mulroney also cultivated friendships with the Tory <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Premier of Nova Scotia">premier of Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Robert Stanfield</a>, and his chief adviser <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Camp" title="Dalton Camp">Dalton Camp</a>. In his role as an advance man, Mulroney assisted with Stanfield's successful 1960 re-election campaign. Mulroney neglected his studies, fell seriously ill during the winter term, was hospitalized, and, despite getting extensions for several courses because of his illness, left his program at Dalhousie after the first year.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3">[2]</a> He then applied to <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a> in Quebec City and continued his legal studies there later in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, Mulroney befriended future Quebec <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec" title="Premier of Quebec">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Johnson_Sr." title="Daniel Johnson Sr.">Daniel Johnson Sr.</a> and frequented the provincial legislature, making connections with politicians, aides, and journalists. At Laval, Mulroney built a network of friends, including <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Roy" title="Bernard Roy">Bernard Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Cogger" title="Michel Cogger">Michel Cogger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Meighen" title="Michael Meighen">Michael Meighen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bazin" title="Jean Bazin">Jean Bazin</a>, that would play a prominent role in Canadian politics for years to come.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Mulroney secured a temporary appointment in Ottawa during the summer of 1962 as the executive assistant to <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hamilton" title="Alvin Hamilton">Alvin Hamilton</a>, minister of agriculture. Then, a federal election was called. Hamilton took Mulroney with him on the campaign trail, where the young organizer gained valuable experience.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Labour_lawyer_(1964–1976)">Labour lawyer (1964–1976)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Labour lawyer (1964–1976)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> After graduating from Laval in 1964, Mulroney moved to <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> to join the law firm <a href="/wiki/Howard,_Cate,_Ogilvy_et_al." class="mw-redirect" title="Howard, Cate, Ogilvy et al.">Howard, Cate, Ogilvy et al.</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[17]</a> The firm at the time was the largest law firm in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. Despite twice failing his bar exams, the firm kept him due to his charming personality.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3">[2]</a> Mulroney finally passed the exam and was admitted to the Quebec bar in 1965, after which he began practising as a labour lawyer.<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[17]</a> He worked on <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Picard" title="Laurent Picard">Laurent Picard</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission of Inquiry">Commission of Inquiry</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Montreal" title="Port of Montreal">St. Lawrence Ports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[17]</a> He was noted for ending several strikes along the Montreal waterfront, where he met fellow lawyer <a href="/wiki/W._David_Angus" title="W. David Angus">W. David Angus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stikeman_Elliott" title="Stikeman Elliott">Stikeman Elliott</a>, who would later become a valuable fundraiser for his campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> In addition, he met fellow then Stikeman Elliott lawyer <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Hartt" title="Stanley Hartt">Stanley Hartt</a>, who later played a vital role assisting him during his political career as Mulroney's Chief of Staff.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Camp" title="Dalton Camp">Dalton Camp</a>, who by then was president of the Progressive Conservative Party, ran for re-election in what many believed to be a referendum on Diefenbaker's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-camp-21">[20]</a> Diefenbaker had reached his 70th birthday in 1965. Mulroney joined with most of his generation in supporting Camp and opposing Diefenbaker, but due to his past friendship with Diefenbaker, he attempted to stay out of the spotlight. With Camp's narrow victory, Diefenbaker called for a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_leadership_convention,_1967" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Conservative leadership convention, 1967">1967 leadership convention</a> in Toronto.<a href="#cite_note-camp-21">[20]</a> Mulroney joined with Joe Clark and others in supporting former Justice minister <a href="/wiki/E._Davie_Fulton" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Davie Fulton">E. Davie Fulton</a>. Once Fulton dropped off the ballot, Mulroney helped in swinging most of his organization over to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Robert Stanfield</a>, who won. Mulroney, then 28, would soon become a chief adviser to the new leader in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-camp-21">[20]</a> Mulroney's professional reputation was further enhanced when he ended a strike that was considered impossible to resolve at the Montreal newspaper <a href="/wiki/La_Presse_(Canadian_newspaper)" title="La Presse (Canadian newspaper)">La Presse</a>. In doing so, Mulroney and the paper's owner, Canadian business mogul <a href="/wiki/Paul_Desmarais" title="Paul Desmarais">Paul Desmarais</a>, became friends. After his initial difficulties, Mulroney's reputation in his firm steadily increased, and he was made a partner in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3">[2]</a> Mulroney's big break came during the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cliche" title="Robert Cliche">Cliche Commission</a> in 1974,<a href="#cite_note-Lotz-22">[21]</a> which was set up by Quebec premier <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Robert Bourassa</a> to investigate the situation at the <a href="/wiki/James_Bay_Project" title="James Bay Project">James Bay Project</a>, Canada's largest <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> project. Violence and dirty tactics had broken out as part of a union accreditation struggle. To ensure the commission was non-partisan, Bourassa, the Liberal premier, placed Robert Cliche, a former leader of the provincial <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Quebec" title="New Democratic Party of Quebec">New Democratic Party</a> in charge. Cliche asked Mulroney, a Progressive Conservative and a former student of his, to join the commission. Mulroney asked <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a> to join as counsel. The committee's proceedings, which showed <a href="/wiki/Rizzuto_crime_family" title="Rizzuto crime family">Mafia</a> infiltration of the unions, made Mulroney well known in Quebec, as the hearings were extensively covered in the media.<a href="#cite_note-Lotz-22">[21]</a> The Cliche Commission's report was largely adopted by the Bourassa government. A notable incident included the revelation that the controversy may have involved the office of the Premier of Quebec when it emerged that Paul Desrochers, Bourassa's special executive assistant, had met with the union boss <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Desjardins" title="André Desjardins">André Desjardins</a>, known as the "King of Construction," to ask for his help with winning a by-election in exchange guaranteeing that only companies employing workers from his union would work on the James Bay project.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Although Bouchard favoured calling in Robert Bourassa as a witness, Mulroney refused, deeming it a violation of 'executive privilege.'<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3">[2]</a> Mulroney and Bourassa would later cultivate a friendship that would turn out to be extremely beneficial when Mulroney ran for re-election in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1976_Progressive_Conservative_leadership_election">1976 Progressive Conservative leadership election</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1976 Progressive Conservative leadership election" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Stanfield-led Progressive Conservatives lost the <a href="/wiki/1974_Canadian_federal_election" title="1974 Canadian federal election">1974 election</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>-led Liberals, leading to Stanfield's resignation as leader. Mulroney, despite never having run for elected office, entered the contest to replace him. Mulroney and provincial rival <a href="/wiki/Claude_Wagner" title="Claude Wagner">Claude Wagner</a> were both seen as potentially able to improve the party's standing in Quebec, which had supported the federal Liberals for decades. Mulroney had played the lead role in recruiting Wagner to the PC party a few years earlier, and the two wound up as rivals for Quebec delegates, most of whom were snared by Wagner, who even blocked Mulroney from becoming a voting delegate at the convention.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3">[2]</a> In the leadership race, Mulroney spent an estimated $500,000, far more than the other candidates, and earned himself the nickname 'Cadillac candidate.' At the <a href="/wiki/1976_Progressive_Conservative_leadership_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Progressive Conservative leadership convention">1976 leadership convention</a>, Mulroney placed second on the first ballot behind Wagner. His expensive campaign, slick image, lack of parliamentary experience, and vague policy positions did not endear him to many delegates, and he was unable to build upon his base support, being overtaken by eventual winner Joe Clark on the second ballot. Mulroney was the only one of the eleven leadership candidates who did not provide full financial disclosure on his campaign expenses, and his campaign finished deeply in debt.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3">[2]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Business_leadership_(1976–1983)">Business leadership (1976–1983)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Business leadership (1976–1983)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Mulroney took the job of executive vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Ore_Company_of_Canada" title="Iron Ore Company of Canada">Iron Ore Company of Canada</a>, a joint subsidiary of three major U.S. steel corporations. Mulroney earned a salary well into the six-figure range. In 1977, he was appointed company president. Drawing upon his labour law experience, he instituted improved labour relations, and, with commodity prices on the rise, company profits soared during the next several years. In 1983, Mulroney successfully negotiated the closing of the <a href="/wiki/Schefferville" title="Schefferville">Schefferville</a> mine, winning a generous settlement for the affected workers.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> In the wake of his loss in the 1976 leadership race, Mulroney battled alcohol abuse and depression for several years; he credits his loyal wife Mila with helping him recover. In 1979, he permanently became a teetotaller. During his IOC term, he made liberal use of the company's executive jet, frequently flying business associates and friends on fishing trips.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3">[2]</a> Mulroney also maintained and expanded his extensive political networking among business leaders and conservatives across the country. As his business reputation grew, he was invited onto several corporate boards.<a href="#cite_note-camp-21">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Opposition_leader_(1983–1984)">Opposition leader (1983–1984)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opposition leader (1983–1984)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Joe Clark led the Progressive Conservative party to a minority government in the <a href="/wiki/1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="1979 Canadian federal election">1979 federal election</a>, which ended 16 years of continuous Liberal rule. The government fell after a successful no-confidence motion over his minority government's budget in December 1979. The PCs subsequently lost the federal election held two months later to Trudeau and the Liberals. Many Tories were also annoyed with Clark over his slowness in dispensing patronage appointments after he became prime minister in June 1979. By late 1982, Joe Clark's leadership of the Progressive Conservatives was being questioned in many party circles and among many Tory members of Parliament, despite his solid national lead over Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in opinion polls.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulroney_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mulroney_1983.jpg/275px-Mulroney_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="413" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 275px;height: 413px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mulroney_1983.jpg/275px-Mulroney_1983.jpg" data-width="275" data-height="413" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mulroney_1983.jpg/413px-Mulroney_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mulroney_1983.jpg/550px-Mulroney_1983.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mulroney on the floor of the 1983 leadership convention</figcaption></figure> Mulroney, while publicly endorsing Clark at a press conference in 1982, organized behind the scenes to defeat him at the party's <a href="/wiki/Leadership_review" title="Leadership review">leadership review</a>. Clark's key Quebec organizer, Rodrigue Pageau, was, in fact, a double agent, working for Mulroney, undermining Clark's support.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3">[2]</a> When Clark received an endorsement by only 66.9 percent of delegates at the party convention in January 1983 in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, he resigned and ran to regain his post at the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_leadership_convention,_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Conservative leadership convention, 1983">1983 leadership convention</a>. Despite still not being a member of Parliament, Mulroney ran against him, campaigning more shrewdly than he had done seven years before. Mulroney had been criticized in 1976 for lacking policy depth and substance, a weakness he addressed by making several major speeches across the country in the early 1980s, which were collected into a book, Where I Stand, published in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3">[2]</a> Mulroney also avoided most of the flash of his earlier campaign, for which he had been criticized. Mulroney was elected party leader on June 11, 1983, beating Clark on the fourth ballot, attracting broad support from the many factions of the party and especially from representatives of his native Quebec. Pundits noted that a poll of delegates on the final ballot showed that Mulroney had won a bare majority of Clark's home province of Alberta and that Clark had won a bare majority in Mulroney's home province of Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin,_Gregg,_Perlin237-28">[27]</a> Mulroney's strong showing amongst Ontario delegates (65 percent to 35 percent) seemed to account for most of his margin of victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin,_Gregg,_Perlin237-28">[27]</a> A New York Times article from 1984 argued that Mulroney was elected from "the right-wing elements" within the party.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tasha_Kheiriddin" title="Tasha Kheiriddin">Tasha Kheiriddin</a>, writing in La Presse, argued that "Brian Mulroney's injuries to Joe Clark in 1983 took more than 15 years to heal, as various factions continued to compete for leadership roles in the field and youth wings."<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Two months later, Mulroney entered Parliament as the MP for <a href="/wiki/Central_Nova" title="Central Nova">Central Nova</a> in Nova Scotia, winning a by-election in what was then considered a safe Tory seat after <a href="/wiki/Elmer_MacKay" title="Elmer MacKay">Elmer MacKay</a> stood aside in his favour. The Progressive Conservatives only had one seat in Mulroney's home province of Quebec at the time.<a href="#cite_note-plamo-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[32]</a> Throughout his political career, Mulroney's fluency in English and French, with Quebec roots in both cultures, gave him an advantage that eventually proved decisive.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3">[2]</a> By the start of 1984, as Mulroney began learning the realities of parliamentary life in the House of Commons, the Tories took a substantial lead in opinion polling. It was almost taken for granted that Trudeau would be heavily defeated by Mulroney in the general election due no later than 1985. Trudeau announced his retirement in February and <a href="/wiki/1984_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1984 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">was succeeded</a> as Liberal leader and prime minister by his former finance minister, <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a>, in June. The Liberals then surged in the polls to take a lead after trailing by more than 20 percentage points. Only four days after being sworn in as prime minister, Turner called <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">a general election for September</a>. But the Liberal election campaign machinery was in disarray, leading to a weak campaign.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> In the early days of the campaign, Mulroney made several gaffes regarding patronage, including the reference to Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Bryce_Mackasey" title="Bryce Mackasey">Bryce Mackasey</a> as "there's no whore like an old whore".<a href="#cite_note-mackasey-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Most of the campaign is best remembered for his attacks on a raft of Liberal patronage appointments. In his final days in office, Trudeau had controversially appointed a flurry of <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">senators</a>, judges, and executives on various governmental and <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporation" title="Crown corporation">crown corporation</a> boards, widely seen as a way to offer 'plum jobs' to loyal members of the Liberal Party. Upon assuming office, Turner had been under pressure to advise Governor General <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Jeanne Sauvé</a> to cancel the appointments—which convention would then have required Sauvé to do. Turner did not, instead appointing several more Liberals to prominent political offices per a signed legal agreement with Trudeau.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Ironically, Turner had planned to attack Mulroney over the patronage machine that the latter had set up in anticipation of victory. In a televised leaders' debate, Turner launched what appeared to be the start of a blistering attack on Mulroney by comparing his patronage machine to that of the old <a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_(Quebec)" title="Union Nationale (Quebec)">Union Nationale</a> in Quebec. Mulroney successfully turned the tables by pointing to the recent raft of Liberal patronage appointments.<a href="#cite_note-Secret7172-38">[37]</a> He demanded that Turner apologize to the country for making "these horrible appointments." Turner replied that, "I had no option" except to let the appointments stand. Mulroney famously responded: <blockquote><a href="/wiki/You_had_an_option,_sir" title="You had an option, sir">You had an option, sir</a>. You could have said, 'I am not going to do it. This is wrong for Canada, and I am not going to ask Canadians to pay the price.' You had an option, sir—to say 'no'—and you chose to say 'yes' to the old attitudes and the old stories of the Liberal Party. That, sir, if I may say respectfully, is not good enough for Canadians.<a href="#cite_note-Secret7172-38">[37]</a></blockquote> Turner froze and wilted under this withering riposte from Mulroney.<a href="#cite_note-Secret7172-38">[37]</a> He could repeat only, "I had no option." A visibly angry Mulroney called this "an avowal of failure" and "a confession of non-leadership." The exchange led most papers the next day, with most of them paraphrasing Mulroney's counterattack as "You had an option, sir—you could have said 'no.'" Many observers believe that at this point, Mulroney assured himself of becoming prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-Secret7172-38">[37]</a> On September 4, Mulroney and the Tories won the second largest majority government (in terms of percentage of seats) in Canadian history, winning 74.8 percent of seats in the House of Commons (behind the Tories' <a href="/wiki/1958_Canadian_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Canadian election">1958 landslide</a> in which they won 78.5 percent of seats). They took 211 seats, three more than their previous record in 1958 and the highest number of seats ever won by any party in Canadian history. The Liberals won only 40 seats, which, at the time, was their worst performance ever and the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level in Canadian history. The Progressive Conservatives won just over half of the <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">popular vote</a> (compared to 53.4 percent in 1958) and led in every province, emerging as a national party for the first time since 1958. Especially important was the Tories' performance in Mulroney's home province, Quebec. The Tories had only won the most seats in that province once since <a href="/wiki/1896_Canadian_federal_election" title="1896 Canadian federal election">1896</a> – the 1958 Tory landslide. Largely out of anger at Trudeau and Mulroney's promise of a new deal for Quebec, the province swung over dramatically to support him. The Tories had only won one seat out of 75 in 1980 but took 58 seats in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Mulroney yielded Central Nova back to MacKay and instead ran and won in the eastern Quebec riding of <a href="/wiki/Manicouagan_(electoral_district)" title="Manicouagan (electoral district)">Manicouagan</a>, which included Baie-Comeau.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[32]</a> In 1984, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Press">Canadian Press</a> named Mulroney "<a href="/wiki/Newsmaker_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsmaker of the Year">Newsmaker of the Year</a>" for the second straight year, making him only the second prime minister to have received the honour both before becoming prime minister and when prime minister (the other being <a href="/wiki/Lester_Pearson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester Pearson">Lester Pearson</a>).<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1984–1993)">Prime Minister (1984–1993)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1984–1993)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> The first Conservative majority victory in 26 years—and only the second in 54 years—initially seemed to give Mulroney a very formidable position. The Tories had won just over half the popular vote, and no other party crossed the 50-seat mark. He had wide discretion to take Canada in virtually any direction he wanted. His position was far more precarious than his parliamentary majority would suggest. Mulroney's support was based on a grand coalition of <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">socially conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Populists" class="mw-redirect" title="Populists">populists</a> from the West, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec nationalists">Quebec nationalists</a>, and fiscal conservatives from Ontario and Atlantic Canada. Such diverse interests became difficult for him to juggle.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Most of Mulroney's ministers had little government experience, resulting in conflicts of interest and embarrassing scandals. Many Tories expected patronage appointments due to the long time out of government.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Mulroney included a large number of Westerners in his Cabinet (including Clark as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs of Canada">minister of external affairs</a>). He was not completely successful, even aside from economic and constitutional policy. For example, he moved <a href="/wiki/CF-18" class="mw-redirect" title="CF-18">CF-18</a> servicing from Manitoba to Quebec in 1986, even though the Manitoba bid was lower and the company was better rated.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Mulroney also received death threats for exerting pressure on Manitoba over French language rights.<a href="#cite_note-Newman427-44">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulroney_DF-SC-85-12406.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mulroney_DF-SC-85-12406.jpg/220px-Mulroney_DF-SC-85-12406.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1890"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mulroney_DF-SC-85-12406.jpg/220px-Mulroney_DF-SC-85-12406.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mulroney_DF-SC-85-12406.jpg/330px-Mulroney_DF-SC-85-12406.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mulroney_DF-SC-85-12406.jpg/440px-Mulroney_DF-SC-85-12406.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mila (left) and Brian (right) Mulroney at <a href="/wiki/Andrews_Air_Force_Base" title="Andrews Air Force Base">Andrews Air Force Base</a> in September 1984</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic policy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_programs_and_spending">Social programs and spending</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social programs and spending" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Despite Mulroney referring to social programs as a "sacred trust" when he was Opposition leader in 1983,<a href="#cite_note-Making_medicare_%E2%80%93_Brian_Mulroney-45">[44]</a> he began to reduce expenditures on the programs when he came into office. In terms of <a href="/wiki/Old_age_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Old age security">old age security</a>, Mulroney's government gradually reduced its benefits at middle-income levels and above. Mulroney's government cut spending for <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">unemployment insurance</a> (UI) and reduced the range of workers covered by the benefits from the program. In their <a href="/wiki/1985_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1985 Canadian federal budget">first budget in 1985</a>, the Mulroney government announced that <a href="/wiki/Registered_home_ownership_savings_plan" title="Registered home ownership savings plan">Registered home ownership savings plan</a> (RHOSP) contributions would not be deductible if made after May 22, 1985, (funds left in the RHOSP after this date could be withdrawn tax-free, "regardless of the use"<a href="#cite_note-46">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.C._1986,_ch._6s_82-48">[46]</a>) and no contribution could be made after December 31, 1985;<a href="#cite_note-49">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.C._1986,_ch._6s_82(10)-50">[47]</a> the government also announced that income earned in an RHOSP after December 31, 1985, was to be included in the owner's taxable income, effectively ending the last desirable feature of RHOSPs.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> In 1990, the government limited cost-sharing under the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Assistance_Plan" title="Canada Assistance Plan">Canada Assistance Plan</a> in three provinces in response to their concerns that unemployed workers would apply for cost-shared provincial social assistance (as a result of rising unemployment).<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Also in 1990, Mulroney's government eliminated its financial contribution to UI, making all UI costs covered by worker and employer contributions.<a href="#cite_note-CanadianLabourUI-53">[50]</a> In Spring 1993, the government lowered benefits for unemployed Canadians and eliminated benefits for the unemployed who failed to prove the reason they left their job. In 1985, Mulroney's government introduced a four-year plan to restructure family benefits. Starting in 1986, <a href="/wiki/Family_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Family allowance">family allowances</a> were partially <a href="/wiki/Index_(economics)" title="Index (economics)">indexed</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a>. For three years, from 1986 to 1988, the refundable <a href="/wiki/Child_tax_credit" title="Child tax credit">child tax credits</a> were increased to $549 per year. Starting in 1989, the tax credits were partially indexed in the same manner as family allowances. That same year, as part of the government's program to target social benefits to low or middle-income Canadians, universal family allowances ended as high-income parents were required to repay all of their benefits at tax-filing time. This system maintained and increased a tax deduction for childcare expenses, benefiting high-income families the most. In 1992, the government replaced family allowances with a new Child Tax Benefit that included the family allowance, the Refundable Child Tax Credit, and a non-refundable child tax credit. The new benefit paid a maximum of $85 per month per child up to the age of 18 and was tax-free. It was income-tested on the net family income reported in the preceding year's income tax returns.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Mulroney's government reduced the federal workforce by 1 percent each year from 1986 to 1991, resulting in the laying off of 11,000 federal employees. Mulroney's government transferred the costs of <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">higher education</a> to the provinces, breaking the tradition of the two levels of government splitting the costs. As a result, some provinces had to drop insurance coverage for certain medical procedures and drugs. Mulroney's government eliminated subsidies to government-owned passenger rail and postal services, resulting in the closing of post offices in some small towns and the elimination of certain train routes. The government also introduced fees for forwarding misdirected letters. Under Mulroney, military spending growth was reduced to 1.5 percent per year and foreign aid growth was reduced to 3 percent per year.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-55">[52]</a> Mulroney also put spending limits on <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Canada)" title="Medicare (Canada)">medicare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Making_medicare_%E2%80%93_Brian_Mulroney-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deficit">Deficit</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Deficit" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> One of Mulroney's priorities was to lower the <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Government budget deficit">deficit</a>, which under Pierre Trudeau had increased from $667 million in the <a href="/wiki/1968_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1968 Canadian federal budget">1968 budget</a> to $37.2 billion in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1984 Canadian federal budget">1984 budget</a>. By <a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1988 Canadian federal budget">1988</a>, Mulroney's government cut the deficit to $28 billion, though it would never decrease beyond that point and the deficit would instead increase. The Progressive Conservatives' <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1993 Canadian federal budget">final budget in 1993</a> produced a deficit of $38.5 billion, about the same level that it was when Trudeau left office. As a percent of GDP, the deficit was reduced from 8.3 percent to 5.6 percent during Mulroney's tenure.<a href="#cite_note-:CBCgraph-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of budgets passed by the Mulroney government $ represent <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian</a> billions of <a href="/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Real versus nominal value (economics)">unadjusted</a> dollars </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Budget</th> <th><a href="/wiki/1985_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1985 Canadian federal budget">1985</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/1986_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1986 Canadian federal budget">1986</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/1987_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1987 Canadian federal budget">1987</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1988 Canadian federal budget">1988</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/1989_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1989 Canadian federal budget">1989</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/1990_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1990 Canadian federal budget">1990</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/1991_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1991 Canadian federal budget">1991</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/1992_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1992 Canadian federal budget">1992</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1993 Canadian federal budget">1993</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Deficit</td> <td>$33.389</td> <td>$29.842</td> <td>$29.017</td> <td>$27.947</td> <td>$29.143</td> <td>$33.899</td> <td>$32.319</td> <td>$39.019</td> <td>$38.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">worldwide recession of the early 1990s</a> significantly damaged the government's financial situation. Mulroney's inability to improve the government's finances, as well as his use of tax increases to deal with it, were major factors in alienating the Western conservative portion of his power base – this contrasted with his tax cuts earlier as part of his 'pro-business' plan which had increased the deficit. At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a> began to raise interest rates in order to meet a <a href="/wiki/Zero_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero inflation">zero inflation</a> target; the experiment was regarded as a failure that exacerbated the effect of the recession in Canada. Annual budget deficits ballooned to record levels, reaching $42 billion in his last year of office. These deficits grew the national debt dangerously close to the psychological benchmark of 100 percent of GDP, further weakening the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian dollar</a> and damaging Canada's international credit rating.<a href="#cite_note-Blake_2007-58">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taxation">Taxation</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Taxation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Mulroney's government de-indexed <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_Canada#Personal_income_taxes" title="Income tax in Canada">personal income tax</a> <a href="/wiki/Tax_brackets" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax brackets">brackets</a> and eliminated open corporate tax loopholes. The government also increased taxes on alcohol, tobacco and gasoline.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-55">[52]</a> In 1988, Mulroney's government reduced the corporate income tax from 36 percent to 28 percent.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> That year, his government increased the <a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax" title="Capital gains tax">capital gains tax</a> inclusion rate from 50 percent to 66.67 percent before increasing it to 75 percent in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Mulroney's government passed a major tax reform bill, Bill C-139, which was made effective on January 1, 1988. It included reforms for personal and corporate income taxes. The bill expanded the tax base for personal and corporate income; lowered rates applicable to taxable income; supplanted exemptions with credits; and removed certain deductions for personal income tax. The bill replaced the 1987 rate schedule of 10 brackets (with rates ranging from 6 to 34 percent) with a schedule of only three brackets (with rates of 17 percent, 26 percent, and 29 percent). The bill also limited the lifetime capital gains exemption to $100,000; lowered capital cost allowances; established limitations on deductible business expenses; and cut the dividend tax credit.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> In August 1989, Mulroney's government announced the introduction of a nine percent national sales tax, the <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services_tax_(Canada)" title="Goods and services tax (Canada)">goods and services tax</a> (GST), to replace the hidden 13.5 percent manufacturers' sales tax (MST). The government argued that the MST damaged the Canadian economy's competitiveness as it only applied to domestically manufactured goods, as opposed to the new GST, which applied to domestic and imported goods. The GST did not apply to basic groceries, prescription drugs, health and dental care, educational services, daycare, and legal aid. Following public backlash, Mulroney's government changed the tax rate to seven percent. Although the government argued the tax was not a tax increase, but a tax shift, the highly visible nature of the tax was extremely unpopular, and many polls showed that as many as 80 percent of Canadians were opposed to the tax. Two Progressive Conservative MPs from Alberta, <a href="/wiki/David_Kilgour" title="David Kilgour">David Kilgour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Kindy" title="Alex Kindy">Alex Kindy</a>, left the party in protest of the tax.<a href="#cite_note-LA_Times_Canada's_9%_Sales_Tax-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raymond_B._Blake_2007-64">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> with a Liberal majority refused to pass the GST. Mulroney used Section 26 (the Deadlock Clause), a little-known Constitutional provision, allowing him in an emergency situation to ask the Queen to appoint eight new senators. On September 27, 1990, at the Queen's approval, Mulroney added the eight new senators, thus giving the Tories their first majority in the Senate in nearly 50 years. In December 1990, the GST was passed in the Senate and was made effective on January 1, 1991. Mulroney's use of an "emergency" clause in the constitution was controversial and contributed to his decline in popularity.<a href="#cite_note-Raymond_B._Blake_2007-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> One of the causes of the early 1990s recession was several tax increases instituted by Mulroney's government between 1989 and 1991. The introduction of the goods and services tax and increases related to excise and payroll taxes were modelled to have reduced real GDP growth by 1.6, 2.4 and 5.1 percentage points in 1990, 1991 and 1992, respectively. Had these tax increases had not been implemented, the national debt would have increased significantly.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_Dugan_and_Murphy-66">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Privatizations">Privatizations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Privatizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Mulroney's government privatized many of Canada's <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">crown corporations</a>. In 1984, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> held 61 crown corporations. Under Mulroney, it sold off 23 of them,<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a>, which was completely privatized by 1989,<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> although the Air Canada Public Participation Act continued to make certain requirements of the airline.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> Mulroney's government also privatized <a href="/wiki/Connaught_Laboratories" title="Connaught Laboratories">Connaught Laboratories</a> in 1984 through two public issues (one in 1984 and one in 1987)<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petro-Canada" title="Petro-Canada">Petro-Canada</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy_policy">Energy policy</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Energy policy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On June 1, 1985, Mulroney's government negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western</a> Accord on Energy with the governments of the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">oil-producing</a> provinces. It permitted the full deregulation of oil prices and allowed the market forces of international and local supply and demand to determine prices. This accord abolished the <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Program" title="National Energy Program">National Energy Program</a>, which was a policy of Trudeau's Liberal government that was highly unpopular in the Western provinces.<a href="#cite_note-OilFreedomDay-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Budget_1985-74">[71]</a>: 12–15 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_policy">Environmental policy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Environmental policy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The environment was a key focus of Mulroney's government. His government added eight new national parks (including <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Peninsula_National_Park" title="Bruce Peninsula National Park">Bruce Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Moresby" class="mw-redirect" title="South Moresby">South Moresby</a>), and passed the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Assessment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Environmental Assessment Act">Canadian Environmental Assessment Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Protection_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Environmental Protection Act">Canadian Environmental Protection Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raymond_B._Blake_2007-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> In 1987, Mulroney hosted an international climate conference in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec. There, 46 nations signed the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a> to limit the use and production of <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorofluorocarbons">chlorofluorocarbons</a> (CFCs); this agreement came after the discovery that CFCs were burning a hole through the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> Mulroney secured the <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Canada_Air_Quality_Agreement" title="U.S.–Canada Air Quality Agreement">U.S.–Canada Air Quality Agreement</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental treaty">environmental treaty</a> on <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, with United States President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> in 1991. Both nations committed to reducing the emissions of the air pollutants (sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide) that caused acid rain through a <a href="/wiki/Cap-and-trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap-and-trade">cap-and-trade</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> Negotiations began in 1986 when Mulroney first discussed the issue with then-president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. Mulroney repeatedly pressed the issue in public meetings with Reagan in 1987<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> and 1988.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> Under Mulroney, Canada became the first industrialized country to ratify the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit</a> in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Conference experts claimed that Canada's signing of the treaty motivated the United Kingdom and Germany to pledge their support and thus avoid the convention's defeat. The conference also introduced the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a>, which sought to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to an environmentally friendly level; Canada was the first <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">Group of Seven</a> (G7) nation to sign the treaty. At the convention, Mulroney pledged $260 million from Canada toward advancing sustainable development for developing nations; this included an offer to forgive $145 million in debts owed to Canada by Latin American nations on the condition that the sum of money be used for sustainable development and social programs. At the end of the conference, Mulroney stated, "I leave this conference believing we have a better chance of saving the world than we had when we came here."<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> By 1992, Newfoundland and Labrador cod of breeding age dropped to one percent of its estimated peak. Concerned about the <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> of cod stocks off the coast of the province, Mulroney's government, in the summer of that year imposed a <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> on cod fishing; they initially set the ban for a minimum of two years, but later expanded it indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-CodEncyclopedia-85">[82]</a> This resulted in the layoff of 30,000–40,000 workers. Mulroney's government introduced the Northern Cod Adjustment and Recovery Program (NCARP) that provided <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">unemployment insurance</a> payments and retraining to workers; most of the workers viewed this as insufficient. In the first decade of the ban, Newfoundland and Labrador's population fell by 10 percent as people left to search for work.<a href="#cite_note-CodEncyclopedia-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_policy">Social policy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Social policy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On September 22, 1988, Mulroney issued an official apology on behalf of the Canadian government for <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadian_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Canadian internment">Japanese Canadian internment</a> during World War II. Mulroney's government provided a 300 million dollar compensation package, which included $21,000 to each of the remaining 13,000 survivors, $12 million for a Japanese community fund, and $24 million to create a Canadian race relations foundation.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> Mulroney argues he set up the <a href="/wiki/Desch%C3%AAnes_Commission" title="Deschênes Commission">Deschênes Commission</a> of inquiry on Nazi war criminals soon after he was first elected in 1984, even though it was controversial among "communities where Nazi criminals posed as respectable citizens."<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> On issues of <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">abortion</a>, Mulroney declared he was opposed to "abortion on demand" but gave no details on what that meant legally.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> In the Spring of 1988, the Mulroney government offered a compromise solution that would give easy access to abortion in the early stages of pregnancy and criminalize late-term ones. The law in the House of Commons was defeated 147 to 76 in a <a href="/wiki/Free_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Free vote">free vote</a>, voted against by both MPs who opposed easy access to abortions and those who opposed adding any abortion rules to the Criminal Code. Some pro-life social conservatives who played a role in Mulroney's 1984 landslide were disappointed by this move, as they were in favour of outlawing abortion completely, regardless of the circumstance. In 1989, the government introduced a much stricter bill. If enacted, it would ban all abortions unless a doctor ruled the woman's life or health would be threatened. Anyone found in violation of the law could be imprisoned for up to two years.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> In another free vote, the House of Commons passed the new bill by nine votes.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> A few months later, the bill failed in the Senate on a tie vote. Under the rules of the Senate, a tie meant the measure was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> This was the last time the federal government attempted to enact abortion laws. Today, abortion in Canada remains completely legal at all stages of pregnancy, regardless of the reason.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Frank_(magazine)" title="Frank (magazine)">Frank</a> magazine ran a satirical advertisement for a contest inviting young Tories to "Deflower <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Mulroney" title="Caroline Mulroney">Caroline Mulroney</a>." Her father was incensed and threatened physical harm toward those responsible before joining several women's groups in denouncing the ad as an incitement to rape on national television. Frank's editor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bate" title="Michael Bate">Michael Bate</a>, called the spoof, intended to mock her unpopular father for bringing her to public adult-oriented events, "clumsy" but had no regrets. Bate also shared sympathy toward her father's reaction over the spoof.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_constitutional_reform">Attempted constitutional reform</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Attempted constitutional reform" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meech_Lake_Accord">Meech Lake Accord</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Meech Lake Accord" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a></div> A major undertaking by Mulroney's government was an attempt to resolve the divisive issue of national unity. In 1981, Quebec Premier <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">René Lévesque</a>, leader of the Quebec nationalist <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> government, had been the only provincial premier not to agree to the package of constitutional amendments which <a href="/wiki/Patriated" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriated">patriated</a> the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1985_Quebec_general_election" title="1985 Quebec general election">1985 Quebec provincial election</a>, the Parti Québécois government suffered a landslide defeat to the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Liberals</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Robert Bourassa</a>. Some believed that the new Quebec government's moderate stance on nationalism would allow the province to formally endorse the constitution. Mulroney wanted Quebec to endorse the constitution and wanted to include Quebec in a new agreement with the rest of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-MeechLakeEncyclopedia-96">[93]</a> In August 1986, Mulroney met with <a href="/wiki/Premier_(Canada)" title="Premier (Canada)">provincial premiers</a> in Edmonton, Alberta, where the ministers agreed to the "Edmonton Declaration". It stated that a "Quebec Round" of constitutional talks based on Bourassa's five conditions that would have to be met for Quebec's endorsement of the constitution (recognition of Quebec's distinct character (as primarily Catholic and French-speaking); a veto for Quebec in constitutional matters; input from Quebec into the appointment of Supreme Court justices; entrenchment of Quebec's role in immigration; and a limit on the federal spending power<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald249-97">[94]</a>) would occur before further reforms would be undertaken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald251%E2%80%93252-98">[95]</a> Mulroney called a <a href="/wiki/First_Ministers%27_conference" title="First Ministers' conference">First Ministers' conference</a> with the ten provincial premiers for April 30, 1987, at Willson House, located on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake" title="Meech Lake">Meech Lake</a>, Quebec, in the <a href="/wiki/Gatineau_Hills" title="Gatineau Hills">Gatineau Hills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald253-99">[96]</a> During the conference, Mulroney negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a>, a package of constitutional amendments designed to satisfy Quebec's demand for recognition as a "<a href="/wiki/Distinct_society" title="Distinct society">distinct society</a>" within Canada. The Accord also devolved some powers to the provinces such as giving provinces a role in nominating people to serve in some federal institutions (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>); allowing provinces to withdraw from federally-financed social programs on the conditions that the province establish its own program that meets national standards; giving constitutional status to federal–provincial immigration agreements; and mandating annual First Ministers' conferences (the Accord also required that <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada#Senate_reform" title="Senate of Canada">Senate reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">fisheries</a> be discussed at the conferences), which made the federal-provincial consultative process constitutional.<a href="#cite_note-MeechLakeEncyclopedia-96">[93]</a> At a final roll call at 4:45 a.m. on June 3, 1987, hours before the signing ceremony, Mulroney knowingly breached convention by taking the vote in reverse order around the table instead of the traditional order of a province's entry into confederation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald280-100">[97]</a> At the symbolic signing ceremony, the premiers signed the Accord.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald281-101">[98]</a> The agreement would have changed the <a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Canada" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Canada">constitution's amending formula</a>. It therefore needed to be ratified by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">federal parliament</a> and the legislatures of all ten provinces.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> As well, other parts of the Accord were made under the general amendment provision.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> That meant that there was a three-year deadline for those amendments to pass.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> On June 23, 1987, Quebec became the first province to approve of the Accord, triggering the three-year time limit provided for by the Section 39(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982; this meant that June 22, 1990, would be the last possible day the Accord could pass.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Opinion polls showed that a majority of Canadians supported the Accord. Some believed the Accord would weaken <a href="/wiki/Quebec_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec separatism">Quebec separatism</a>. Critics believed the Accord would weaken the federal government's authority, and some from <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English Canada</a> argued the "distinct society" clause would give Quebec special status and not make it equal to the other nine provinces. Mulroney told the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>, "You can have the old style of warring federalism, or you can have genuine co-operative federalism, on which we're trying to build a new country."<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> As criticism grew, support for the Accord declined outside of Quebec; some there feared its failure would spark a backlash in the province and damage national unity.<a href="#cite_note-MeechLakeEncyclopedia-96">[93]</a> A commission headed by Mulroney's former cabinet minister, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Jean Charest</a>, recommended a companion accord that would address the concerns of other provinces, assert that the distinct society clause would be subject to the Charter, and would feature greater protections for minority language rights in the provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald303-107">[104]</a> Mulroney's <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Environment_and_Climate_Change" title="Minister of Environment and Climate Change">environment minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_lieutenant" title="Quebec lieutenant">Quebec lieutenant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a>, viewed the companion accord as a betrayal of Meech and subsequently praised the Parti Québécois in a telegram. Mulroney reportedly demanded Bouchard clarify the remark or resign, and Bouchard supplied a lengthy letter of resignation on May 22, 1990.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald304%E2%80%93305-108">[105]</a> Mulroney claimed he fired Bouchard. Bouchard left the Progressive Conservatives soon afterward. After the failure of the Accord, Bouchard convinced several other Tories and Liberals to join him to form the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>, a pro-sovereigntist party.<a href="#cite_note-CBCAug2014-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-G&MNov2015-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-CTV-111">[108]</a> In early June 1990, all premiers finally agreed to ratify the Accord<a href="#cite_note-112">[d]</a> provided there be further constitutional discussions revolving around an elected Senate, the amending formula, equality, and Indigenous issues. Around that time, New Brunswick agreed to ratify the agreement. Manitoba and, Newfoundland, and Labrador remained the only provinces to have not ratified it; they only had a few weeks left. Unanimous support from every member of the <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Manitoba Legislative Assembly">Manitoba Legislative Assembly</a> was required to bypass the necessary public consultations in the assembly and proceed with ratification. On June 12, 1990, Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Harper" title="Elijah Harper">Elijah Harper</a> announced his opposition to the Accord on the grounds that <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous groups</a> had not been consulted. Harper's opposition prevented the amendment from proceeding; thus, the Accord failed to pass in the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-MeechLakeEncyclopedia-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> This allowed the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador">premier of Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kirby_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Clyde Kirby Wells">Clyde Wells</a> (who revoked the province's previous assent though reluctantly agreed to ratify the Accord in June 1990<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a>), to excuse himself from bringing the Accord to a vote in the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly" title="Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly">Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly</a>. The Accord failed to be ratified as Manitoba and Newfoundland and Labrador did not approve of it by the June 23, 1990, deadline.<a href="#cite_note-MeechLakeEncyclopedia-96">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charlottetown_Accord">Charlottetown Accord</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Charlottetown Accord" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a></div> Following the Meech Lake failure, Mulroney sought a second attempt to get Quebec's endorsement of the constitution. He appointed his foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a>, as the first <a href="/wiki/Minister_responsible_for_Constitutional_Affairs" title="Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs">minister responsible for constitutional affairs</a> on April 21, 1991.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> Clark was responsible for establishing a new accord to end the constitutional deadlock with Quebec. Mulroney's government appointed two Quebec bodies (the <a href="/wiki/Allaire_Report" title="Allaire Report">Allaire Committee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Political_and_Constitutional_Future_of_Quebec" title="Commission on the Political and Constitutional Future of Quebec">Belanger-Campeau Committee</a>) and two national bodies (the Beaudoin-Edwards Committee and the <a href="/wiki/Spicer_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Spicer Commission">Spicer Commission</a>) to engage in discussions regarding constitutional reform. These bodies generated various reports, including the federal document titled Shaping Canada's Future Together. The Mulroney government then held five national conferences to discuss the proposals in the document. The conferences led to another federal report titled A Renewed Canada.. Afterward, negotiations between the federal, provincial, and territorial governments occurred. Unlike the Meech Lake Accord, Indigenous peoples were included in the discussions. Quebec was included in the final stages. The negotiations culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a>, which was unveiled in <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown" title="Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a>, Prince Edward Island, on August 28, 1992.<a href="#cite_note-CharlottetownEncyclopedia-116">[112]</a> The Accord gave provinces jurisdiction over <a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Canada" title="Forestry in Canada">foresty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Canada" title="Mining in Canada">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">cultural affairs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[e]</a> and other areas; required the federal government to negotiate policy with the provinces in certain areas such as telecommunications, labour and training, regional development, and immigration; abolished <a href="/wiki/Disallowance_and_reservation_in_Canada" title="Disallowance and reservation in Canada">disallowance</a> (which gives the federal <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a> power to overrule provincial legislation within one year of it being passed); and required provincial consent for the federal government gaining power over provincial infrastructure projects. The Accord allowed provinces to create their own social programs and mandated the federal government to compensate provinces as long as the provincial social programs met national standards. It also mandated the federal government to compensate provinces that withdrew from any constitutional amendment that transferred provincial powers to the federal government; the compensation would allow provinces to fund their own programs. In addition, the Accord addressed <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous self-government</a> and contained the "Canada Clause" that determines Canadian values including egalitarianism, <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">multiculturalism</a>, and recognition of Quebec as a distinct society. Finally, the Accord entrenched the structure and appointment process for the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> in the constitution; changed the Senate into a <a href="/wiki/Triple-E_Senate" title="Triple-E Senate">Triple-E Senate</a> with reduced powers (such as requiring a majority of all senators and a majority of <a href="/wiki/Francophone_Canadians" title="Francophone Canadians">Francophone</a> senators in certain votes); increased the number of seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a>; guaranteed Quebec at least a quarter of the Commons' seats; and increased the number of matters that require unanimous approval for a constitutional amendment.<a href="#cite_note-CharlottetownEncyclopedia-116">[112]</a> The Accord was supported by the federal government and all ten provincial governments. Although it could have been ratified as a constitutional amendment, Mulroney's government insisted on holding a national <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> to avoid a repetition of the criticism that the Meech Lake Accord was agreed upon without public approval. On October 26, 1992, two referendums, one national (without Quebec) and one in Quebec, were held, asking if Canadians agreed with the Charlottetown Accord. Nationally, 54.3 percent opposed the Accord. In Quebec, 56.7 percent opposed it. Many saw the Accord's defeat as a protest against Mulroney's government, which was heavily unpopular due to the failure of the previous Meech Lake Accord, the introduction of the GST, and the early 1990s recession.<a href="#cite_note-CharlottetownEncyclopedia-116">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Foreign policy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As prime minister, Mulroney strengthened Canada's relations with the United States, moving away from Pierre Trudeau's <a href="/wiki/Third_Option" title="Third Option">Third Option</a> policy of reducing American influence on Canada. Mulroney established a close relationship with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> On March 17 and 18, 1985, the "<a href="/wiki/Shamrock_Summit" title="Shamrock Summit">Shamrock Summit</a>" between Mulroney and Reagan was held in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>. The summit gained its name from the two leaders' Irish background, and because the meeting started on <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Day">St. Patrick's Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> In the summit, Mulroney and Reagan sang <a href="/wiki/When_Irish_Eyes_are_Smiling" class="mw-redirect" title="When Irish Eyes are Smiling">When Irish Eyes are Smiling</a>; this signified the camaraderie between the two leaders and a turning point in <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada–United States relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182" title="Air India Flight 182">Air India Flight 182</a> bombing, which originated in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, occurred on June 23, 1985. This was the largest terrorist act before the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, with the majority of the 329 victims being Canadian citizens. Mulroney sent a letter of condolence to Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, sparking an uproar in Canada since he did not call the families of the actual victims to offer condolences. Furthermore, there were several warnings from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government">Indian government</a> to the Mulroney government about terrorist threats toward Air India flights. Questions remain as to why these warnings were not taken more seriously and whether the events leading to the bombing could have been prevented.<a href="#cite_note-story-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-ctv_story-124">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> In November 1984, Mulroney sent his newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Canada_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations">Canadian ambassador to the United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lewis" title="Stephen Lewis">Stephen Lewis</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">Headquarters of the United Nations</a> in New York City to persuade the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> to take action against <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia" title="1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia">the ongoing Ethiopian famine</a>. Days later, the UN and <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> launched an effort to save seven million starving Ethiopians and 22 million others in Africa. The Mulroney government's efforts to aid Ethiopia differed Canada from the United States and the United Kingdom, two Western nations which avoided taking action against the famine due to Ethiopia's <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> regime. Mulroney's foreign affairs minister, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a>, became the first senior Western official to visit Ethiopia during the famine, ahead of UN officials. Mulroney's government spent tens of millions of dollars to match private donations to combat the famine. Canada contributed to over 10 percent of international aid to Ethiopia. After the famine, Mulroney's government increased aid and development funding to Africa.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_The_Reagans_and_Mulroneys_in_Quebec,_Canada_-_NARA_-_198561.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Photograph_of_The_Reagans_and_Mulroneys_in_Quebec%2C_Canada_-_NARA_-_198561.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_The_Reagans_and_Mulroneys_in_Quebec%2C_Canada_-_NARA_-_198561.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2361" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 280px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Photograph_of_The_Reagans_and_Mulroneys_in_Quebec%2C_Canada_-_NARA_-_198561.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_The_Reagans_and_Mulroneys_in_Quebec%2C_Canada_-_NARA_-_198561.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="280" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Photograph_of_The_Reagans_and_Mulroneys_in_Quebec%2C_Canada_-_NARA_-_198561.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_The_Reagans_and_Mulroneys_in_Quebec%2C_Canada_-_NARA_-_198561.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Photograph_of_The_Reagans_and_Mulroneys_in_Quebec%2C_Canada_-_NARA_-_198561.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_The_Reagans_and_Mulroneys_in_Quebec%2C_Canada_-_NARA_-_198561.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Mulroneys with the Reagans in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, Canada, on March 18, 1985, the second day of the "<a href="/wiki/Shamrock_Summit" title="Shamrock Summit">Shamrock Summit</a>."</figcaption></figure> On December 2, 1991, Canada became the first Western nation to recognize Ukraine as an independent country, next day after the <a href="/wiki/1991_Ukrainian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Ukrainian independence referendum">landslide referendum in favour of independence in Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apartheid">Apartheid</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Apartheid" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Mulroney's government opposed the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> regime in South Africa. Beginning in 1985, Mulroney led an effort within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> to <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">sanction</a> the South African government with the goal of pressuring them to end apartheid and release <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">anti-apartheid</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> from prison. This put Mulroney at odds with British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, who opposed apartheid but believed the sanctions would hurt Britain (which had economic ties with South Africa) and that the measures would hurt South Africans and cause job losses. United States President Ronald Reagan also opposed sanctions, believing that Mandela and other leaders of the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> were communists.<a href="#cite_note-NaPoapartheid-128">[123]</a> At an October 23, 1985, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> meeting, Mulroney stated, "if there is no progress in the dismantling of apartheid, <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Canada–South Africa relations">[Canada]'s relations with South Africa</a> may have to be severed completely"; he restored this line in his speech after he originally removed it at the advice of External Affairs.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> After an August 1986 meeting in London, Canada, along with other Commonwealth nations, implemented 11 new sanctions on South Africa including bans on new air links, new investment, promotion of <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Africa" title="Tourism in South Africa">tourism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NaPoapartheid-128">[123]</a> and imports of South African coal, metals and agricultural goods.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> The day after Mandela was released on February 11, 1990, he spoke with Mulroney through the telephone, thanking him for his efforts to end apartheid. Mandela made the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> his first legislature in the world to make a speech. On June 18 that year, Mandela spoke in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>, where he thanked Mulroney and Canadians. The two remained in contact after they left politics; during his annual business trips to South Africa, Mulroney visited Mandela.<a href="#cite_note-NaPoapartheid-128">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free_trade_and_1988_re-election">Free trade and 1988 re-election</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Free trade and 1988 re-election" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Critics noted that Mulroney had originally professed opposition to <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> during the 1983 leadership campaign<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-131">[126]</a> though the 1985 report of the <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDonald Commission">MacDonald Commission</a> suggested free trade as an idea to him.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> Negotiations between Canada and the United States for a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Free trade treaty">free trade treaty</a> started in May 1986. In October 1987, a deal was reached;<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement</a> (CUSFTA) stated that all <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> between the two countries would be eliminated by 1998. This deal was achieved not least because of Mulroney's close relationship with U.S. President Ronald Reagan.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> This agreement was controversial; while Mulroney used his massive majority in the House of Commons to pass the bill, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a>-dominated <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> demanded an election before proceeding to a ratification vote.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> This induced Mulroney to ask <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Jeanne Sauvé</a> on October 1 to dissolve <a href="/wiki/33rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="33rd Canadian Parliament">Parliament</a> and call <a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">an election for November 21</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1988CanadianElection-136">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush,_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/220px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2601" data-file-height="1617"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/220px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/330px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/440px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>NAFTA Initialling Ceremony, October 1992; From left to right: (Standing) Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Salinas">Salinas</a>, US President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a>, Prime Minister Mulroney, (Seated) <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Serra_Puche" title="Jaime Serra Puche">Jaime Serra Puche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carla_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Carla Hills">Carla Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Michael Wilson</a>.</figcaption></figure> The trade deal was the main issue of the election, with the Liberals and <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> (NDP) opposing it; Liberal leader <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a> (who was preparing for his second campaign after Mulroney defeated him in <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">1984</a>) believed that the agreement would "Americanize" Canada and cost many Canadian jobs. A week after the October 25 debate, the Liberals were six points ahead of the PCs. To combat this Liberal surge, the PCs began running a more negative campaign, capitalizing on the perceived lack of public confidence in Turner, his perceived inability to lead the Liberal Party, and arguing that he only opposed free trade because of political opportunism. The Progressive Conservatives poll numbers began to rebound, and they were re-elected with a greatly reduced majority, winning 169 out of 295 seats and 43 percent of the popular vote.<a href="#cite_note-1988CanadianElection-136">[131]</a> Mulroney became the first and only federal Canadian Conservative party leader since <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a> to lead his party to a second majority government.<a href="#cite_note-137">[f]</a> The trade deal gained the support of Quebec Premier <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Robert Bourassa</a>, which helped the PCs maintain their standing in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> In this election, Mulroney transferred to another eastern Quebec seat, <a href="/wiki/Charlevoix_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Charlevoix (federal electoral district)">Charlevoix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> Also on November 21, Mulroney made a controversial <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a> which allowed the establishment of the AMEX Bank of Canada (owned by <a href="/wiki/American_Express" title="American Express">American Express</a>), despite Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Michael Wilson</a> rejecting AMEX's application to open a Canadian bank in 1986. The Amex Bank of Canada started operating on July 1, 1990. <a href="/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Bank" title="Toronto-Dominion Bank">Toronto-Dominion Bank</a> chairman Richard Thomson accused Mulroney's government of favouritism toward Amex as its Chief Executive Officer, James Robinson, supported free trade.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> The government implemented the deal; it was made effective on January 1, 1989. In 1994, CUSFTA was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA), which now included Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gulf_War">Gulf War</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gulf War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the early 1990s, Mulroney played a vital part in upholding international law to stop <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s aggression in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dewing00-142">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-hampson-143">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampson2018-144">[138]</a> Along with Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Yves_Fortier_(lawyer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yves Fortier (lawyer)">Yves Fortier</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hampson-143">[137]</a> Mulroney was instrumental in drafting <a href="/wiki/UNSCR_678" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSCR 678">UNSCR 678</a> which later led to the war when Iraq failed to heed the resolution,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman200510-145">[139]</a> and Canada supported the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert Storm">armed UN coalition</a> during the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> through Operation SCIMITAR and through Operation FRICTION.<a href="#cite_note-oscim-146">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> When the UN authorized full use of force in the operation, Canada sent a <a href="/wiki/CF-18" class="mw-redirect" title="CF-18">CF-18</a> squadron with support personnel and a field hospital to deal with casualties from the ground war as well as a company of <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Canadian_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Canadian Regiment">The Royal Canadian Regiment</a> to safeguard these ground elements. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a> code-named Canada's participation <a href="/wiki/Operation_Friction" title="Operation Friction">Operation Friction</a>. In August, Mulroney sent the destroyers <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Terra_Nova" title="HMCS Terra Nova">HMCS Terra Nova</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Athabaskan_(DDG_282)" title="HMCS Athabaskan (DDG 282)">HMCS Athabaskan</a> to enforce the trade blockade against Iraq. The supply ship <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Protecteur" title="HMCS Protecteur">HMCS Protecteur</a> was also sent to aid the gathering coalition forces. When the air war began, Canada's planes were integrated into the coalition force and, provided air cover and attacked ground targets. This was the first time since the fighting on Cyprus in 1974 that Canadian forces participated directly in combat operations.<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unpopularity_and_retirement">Unpopularity and retirement</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Unpopularity and retirement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fracturing_of_electoral_coalition">Fracturing of electoral coalition</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fracturing of electoral coalition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In late 1987, the Western Canada-based <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing populist">right-wing populist</a> <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party of Canada</a> was founded. The creation of the party was motivated by Western Canadian discontent with Mulroney's government and the Progressive Conservatives in general. The Reform Party opposed the Mulroney government's promotion of the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords as well as their introduction of the goods and services tax. Although the party won only 2 percent of the popular vote and no seats in the 1988 election, it won its first seat in the Commons on <a href="/wiki/1989_Beaver_River_federal_by-election" title="1989 Beaver River federal by-election">the May 6, 1989, by-election</a> in the Alberta riding of <a href="/wiki/Beaver_River_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Beaver River (federal electoral district)">Beaver River</a>, where Reform candidate <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Deborah Grey</a> defeated Progressive Conservative candidate <a href="/wiki/Dave_Broda" title="Dave Broda">Dave Broda</a> by a nearly 20 percent margin. This was the first sign that Mulroney's coalition was fracturing; the PCs had dominated Alberta's federal politics since the <a href="/wiki/1958_Canadian_federal_election" title="1958 Canadian federal election">1958 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> In June 1991, the pro-Quebec sovereigntist <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> was founded by Mulroney's former <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Environment_and_Climate_Change" title="Minister of Environment and Climate Change">environment minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_lieutenant" title="Quebec lieutenant">Quebec lieutenant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a>. The party's foundation was motivated by the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a>, which would have benefited Quebec if it had been ratified. The party attracted a few other PC and Liberal members of parliament.<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resignation">Resignation</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Resignation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Widespread public resentment of the goods and services tax, the early 1990s recession, the fracturing of his political coalition, and his lack of results regarding the Quebec situation caused Mulroney's popularity to decline severely during his second term. Mulroney entered 1993 facing <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">a statutory general election</a>. By this time, his approval ratings had dipped into the tens, and were at 12 percent in a 1992 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a>, making him the most unpopular prime minister since opinion polling began in Canada in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> On February 24, 1993, Mulroney announced his intention to resign as prime minister and retire from politics. In his announcement, Mulroney stated, "Whether you agree with our solutions or not, none will accuse us, I think, of having chosen to evade our responsibilities by sidestepping the most controversial issues of our time." Mulroney claimed his resignation was not related to the consensus that he would be heavily defeated by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>'s Liberals if he led the Tories into the next election and rather argued he could defeat the Liberals if he sought another term.<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-MulroneyLATimes-154">[148]</a> The last Gallup Poll taken before Mulroney's announcement of resignation showed the PCs' polling numbers had rebounded to 21 percent.<a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a> In his final days in office, Mulroney conducted a European "farewell" tour using Canadian federal funds.<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-APNov1993-157">[151]</a> On <a href="/wiki/1993_Progressive_Conservative_leadership_election" title="1993 Progressive Conservative leadership election">June 13, 1993</a>, Mulroney was replaced as leader of the Progressive Conservatives by Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a>. On June 25, 1993, Mulroney resigned as prime minister and chose not to run for reelection at the Commons.<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Aftermath" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_1993_Federal_Election_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Canada_1993_Federal_Election_seats.svg/300px-Canada_1993_Federal_Election_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="246"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Canada_1993_Federal_Election_seats.svg/300px-Canada_1993_Federal_Election_seats.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Canada_1993_Federal_Election_seats.svg/450px-Canada_1993_Federal_Election_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Canada_1993_Federal_Election_seats.svg/600px-Canada_1993_Federal_Election_seats.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The House of Commons after the <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 election</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Red: Liberals (177)</li><li>Blue: Bloc Québécois (54)</li><li>Green: Reform (52)</li><li>Orange: New Democratic Party (9)</li><li>Mauve: Progressive Conservatives (2)</li><li>Grey: Independent (1)</li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> In the October 25, 1993, election, the Progressive Conservative Party was reduced from 156 seats to two seats in the worst defeat ever suffered for a governing party at the federal level in Canada. The Tories were no longer recognized as an official caucus in the House of Commons since the required minimum number of seats for <a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">official party status</a> is 12. As an example of the antipathy toward Mulroney, his former riding fell to the Bloc by a lopsided margin; the Tory candidate finished a distant third, with only 6,800 votes out of nearly 40,000 cast.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> The more right-wing Reform Party won over <a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">alienated Western Canadians</a> and replaced the PCs as the major conservative party in Canada; they won 52 seats and 18.7 percent of the popular vote, which was greater than the PCs (which won 16 percent of the popular vote). The Bloc replaced Mulroney's voting base in Quebec, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">Official opposition</a> (at 54 seats). In the election, Chrétien's Liberals won a strong majority government. Mulroney claimed he was not responsible for the obliteration of the PCs, and instead blamed Campbell and her relationship with her boyfriend. In <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Mulroney_Tapes" title="The Secret Mulroney Tapes">The Secret Mulroney Tapes</a>, it was revealed Mulroney said of Campbell, "Throughout the whole goddam thing she's been screwing around with this Russian guy. The guy was sneaking into hotel rooms and the campaign bus"; he also said it was "the most incompetent campaign I've seen in my life."<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-MulroneyG&M-161">[155]</a> In the following <a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997</a> and <a href="/wiki/2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="2000 Canadian federal election">2000</a> elections, the Progressive Conservatives would continue being the smallest party in the House of Commons, holding on to fifth-place status though regaining official party status. In 2003, the party merged with Reform's successor, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a>, to create today's <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-162">[156]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="After_politics_(1993–2024)">After politics (1993–2024)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: After politics (1993–2024)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> After leaving office, Mulroney served as an international business consultant and was a partner with the law firm <a href="/wiki/Norton_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Norton Rose">Norton Rose</a>. He, up until his death in 2024, sat on the board of directors of multiple corporations, including <a href="/wiki/The_Blackstone_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blackstone Group">The Blackstone Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrick_Gold" title="Barrick Gold">Barrick Gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebecor_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Quebecor Inc.">Quebecor Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archer_Daniels_Midland" title="Archer Daniels Midland">Archer Daniels Midland</a>, Cendant Corp. (New York), AOL Latin America, Inc. (New York), Cognicase Inc. (<a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>) and Acreage Holdings, one of the largest vertically integrated cannabis companies in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> He was a senior counsellor to Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst, a global private equity fund in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, chairman of Forbes Global (New York), and was a paid consultant and lobbyist for <a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Schreiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl-Heinz Schreiber">Karl-Heinz Schreiber</a> beginning in 1993. He was also chairman of various international advisory boards and councils for many international companies, including Power Corp. (Montreal), Bombardier (Montreal), the China International Trust and Investment Corp. (Beijing), <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan_Chase_and_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Morgan Chase and Co.">J.P. Morgan Chase and Co.</a> (New York), Violy, Byorum and Partners (New York), VS&A Communications Partners (New York), Independent Newspapers (<a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>) and General Enterprise Management Services Limited (<a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a>).<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> In 1998, Mulroney was accorded Canada's highest civilian honour when he was made a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Companions_of_the_Order_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Companions of the Order of Canada">Companion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulroney_Thatcher_and_Gorbachev_at_Reagan%27s_funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mulroney_Thatcher_and_Gorbachev_at_Reagan%27s_funeral.jpg/220px-Mulroney_Thatcher_and_Gorbachev_at_Reagan%27s_funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="343"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mulroney_Thatcher_and_Gorbachev_at_Reagan%27s_funeral.jpg/220px-Mulroney_Thatcher_and_Gorbachev_at_Reagan%27s_funeral.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mulroney_Thatcher_and_Gorbachev_at_Reagan%27s_funeral.jpg/330px-Mulroney_Thatcher_and_Gorbachev_at_Reagan%27s_funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mulroney_Thatcher_and_Gorbachev_at_Reagan%27s_funeral.jpg/440px-Mulroney_Thatcher_and_Gorbachev_at_Reagan%27s_funeral.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>At the <a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral of Ronald Reagan">funeral of Ronald Reagan</a> with former Soviet president <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, former Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Yasuhiro Nakasone</a> and former British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></figcaption></figure> In 2003, Mulroney received the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Awards" title="Woodrow Wilson Awards">Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> at a ceremony in Montreal.<a href="#cite_note-woodrow-166">[160]</a> The award was in recognition of his career in politics.<a href="#cite_note-woodrow-166">[160]</a> In January 2004, Mulroney delivered a keynote speech in Washington, D.C., celebrating the tenth anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> In June 2004, Mulroney presented a eulogy for former U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">latter's state funeral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a> Two years later, at the request of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>, Mulroney travelled to Washington, D.C., along with Michael Wilson, Canada's ambassador to the United States, as Canada's representatives at the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">state funeral</a> of former president <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> In February 2005, as part of a physical examination, a CT scan revealed two small lumps in one of Mulroney's lungs. In his youth, Mulroney had been a heavy smoker. His doctors performed a biopsy, which ruled out cancer (his surgery is sometimes cited as an example of the dangers of unnecessary testing).<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> He recovered well enough to tape a speech for the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a>'s 2005 Policy Convention in Montreal in March, though he could not attend in person. He later developed <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>, and he remained in hospital for several weeks. It was not until April 19 that his son, Ben Mulroney, announced he was recovering and would soon be released.<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a> On September 12, 2005, veteran writer and former Mulroney confidant <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Newman" title="Peter C. Newman">Peter C. Newman</a> released <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Mulroney_Tapes:_Unguarded_Confessions_of_a_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="The Secret Mulroney Tapes: Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister">The Secret Mulroney Tapes: Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister</a>. Based largely on remarks from the former prime minister, which Newman had taped with Mulroney's knowledge, the book set off national controversy. Newman had been given unfettered access to Mulroney for a thorough biography and claims Mulroney did not honour an agreement to allow him access to confidential papers.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> This led Mulroney to respond at the annual Press Gallery Dinner, which is noted for comedic moments, in Ottawa on October 22, 2005. The former prime minister appeared on tape and very formally acknowledged the various dignitaries and audience groups before delivering the shortest speech of the night: "Peter Newman: Go fuck yourself. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen, and good night."<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> In 2014, Mulroney became the chairman of <a href="/wiki/Quebecor" title="Quebecor">Quebecor</a> and defused tensions resulting from the continuing influence of former president and CEO <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Karl_P%C3%A9ladeau" title="Pierre Karl Péladeau">Pierre Karl Péladeau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> On December 5, 2018, Mulroney presented a eulogy for former U.S. President George H. W. Bush during the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">latter's state funeral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airbus/Schreiber_affair">Airbus/Schreiber affair</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Airbus/Schreiber affair" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Airbus_affair" title="Airbus affair">Airbus affair</a></div> On September 29, 1995, the Canadian Department of Justice, acting on behalf of the RCMP, sent a Letter of Request to the Swiss Government asking for information related to allegations that Mulroney was involved in a criminal conspiracy to defraud the Government of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> The investigation pertained to "improper commissions" allegedly paid to German-Canadian businessman <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Schreiber" title="Karlheinz Schreiber">Karlheinz Schreiber</a> (or to companies controlled by him), Brian Mulroney and former Newfoundland premier <a href="/wiki/Frank_Moores" title="Frank Moores">Frank Moores</a> in exchange for three government contracts.<a href="#cite_note-oliph-177">[171]</a> These contracts involved the purchase of Airbus Industrie aircraft by Air Canada; the purchase of helicopters by the Canadian Coast Guard from Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm GmbH (MBB) in 1986; and the establishment of a manufacturing plant for Thyssen Light Armoured Vehicles (Bear Head Project) in the province of Nova Scotia, a project which Mulroney as prime minister had cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-oliph-177">[171]</a> This Letter of Request (LOR) "and its contents were to be kept confidential" but the letter was leaked to the media.<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a> As a result, Mulroney launched a $50 million libel lawsuit against the Government of Canada and the RCMP on November 20, 1995.<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> On January 5, 1997, Mulroney agreed to an out-of-court settlement of $2.1 million with the Government of Canada and the RCMP.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> The Oliphant Commission Report in 2010 stated that Mulroney accepted $225 000 from Schreiber, and former justice minister <a href="/wiki/Allan_Rock" title="Allan Rock">Allan Rock</a> said he would have used a different litigation strategy in the libel case had he known about these payments.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_Jun_2010-181">[175]</a> Mulroney did not disclose that he had received money from Schreiber (which Schreiber alleges was a total of $300,000 in instalments of $100,000 in three separate occurrences between 1993 and 1994 given to Mulroney under the code name "Britan" in brown paper envelopes/bags in denominations of $1,000 during secret hotel exchanges). Later, on February 2, 1998, Schreiber met with Mulroney at Mulroney's invitation to the hotel Savoy in Zurich, where, before a spread of smoked salmon and appetizers, Mulroney tried to get Schreiber to verify that nothing could connect Mulroney to the money.<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> Later on, when further information was leaked to the public, Mulroney stated that there was nothing wrong with accepting envelopes of $1,000 bills (which he put into safes and safe deposit boxes without reporting tax on it as income for years after).<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> The Oliphant Commission, presided over by Justice Jeffrey Oliphant, reported on May 31, 2010, that Mulroney "failed to live up to the standard of conduct that he himself adopted in the 1995 ethics code. Oliphant J. said he could not accept Mulroney's testimony that his acceptance of $225,000 cash was an error in judgment. Rather, it was an attempt to hide the transactions.<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_Party_of_Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Conservative Party of Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Mulroney played an influential role by supporting the merger of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a> (successor of the Reform Party) with the Progressive Conservatives to form the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a>; Mulroney joined the new party upon its formation in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-merger-185">[179]</a> This distinguished him from other prominent PC politicians, such as former prime ministers Joe Clark and Kim Campbell, who became <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independents</a> as they believed that the Conservative Party was too right-wing and drifting toward social conservatism.<a href="#cite_note-merger-185">[179]</a> According to press reports, Mulroney's membership lapsed in 2006. In early 2009, Mulroney "called a high-ranking person in the party and asked that his name be removed from all party lists" due to his anger at the continued inquiry into his financial affairs,<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> although he denies this claim.<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> A Mulroney confidant, speaking on condition of anonymity, called the party's claims preposterous. "He's part of the history of this party; you can't rewrite history. If they're worried about branding, then shut the inquiry down. They're the ones who called the inquiry."<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a> Months before the <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 federal election</a>, Mulroney endorsed Prime Minister Stephen Harper.<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> Mulroney campaigned for Conservative Leader <a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">Erin O'Toole</a> in the run-up of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Canadian election">2021 Canadian election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> Just a month and a bit later, Mulroney criticized him on the matter of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Canada">COVID-19 vaccinations</a>, stating that he should show "leadership" and expel unvaccinated MPs from the Conservative caucus.<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> In October 2022, Mulroney said he supported the Conservatives' new leader, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Pierre Poilievre</a>, but urged him to move closer to the <a href="/wiki/Political_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Political centre">political centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_political_interventions">Other political interventions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other political interventions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2003, Mulroney criticized the Chrétien government's foreign policy. He expressed his disappointment with the Liberals strengthening relations with China, Russia, and Germany. Instead, he voiced his support for the United States, stating, "I want to stick with my old friends and allies." He also voiced his support for the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and said Canada would have supported the United States in Iraq if he was still prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> In June 2023, Mulroney praised Liberal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>'s handling of negotiations of the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a> (USMCA) and Trudeau's handling of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Mulroney also criticized former US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, saying that he "was out to sabotage Canada."<a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memoir">Memoir</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Memoir" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulroney-Reismann_Shill.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mulroney-Reismann_Shill.JPG/220px-Mulroney-Reismann_Shill.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="764"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mulroney-Reismann_Shill.JPG/220px-Mulroney-Reismann_Shill.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mulroney-Reismann_Shill.JPG/330px-Mulroney-Reismann_Shill.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mulroney-Reismann_Shill.JPG/440px-Mulroney-Reismann_Shill.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mulroney appears during an interview with <a href="/wiki/Heather_Reisman" title="Heather Reisman">Heather Reisman</a>, speaking about his memoirs.</figcaption></figure> Mulroney's <a href="/wiki/Memoirs:_1939%E2%80%931993" class="mw-redirect" title="Memoirs: 1939–1993">Memoirs: 1939–1993</a> was released on September 10, 2007. Mulroney criticizes Pierre Elliot Trudeau for avoiding military service in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and favourably references sources that describe the young Trudeau as holding <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> nationalist views and having an admiration for fascist dictators.<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Axworthy" title="Tom Axworthy">Tom Axworthy</a>, a prominent Liberal strategist, responded that Trudeau should be judged on his mature views. Historian and former MP and Trudeau biographer <a href="/wiki/John_English_(Canadian_politician)" title="John English (Canadian politician)">John English</a> said, "I don't think it does any good to do this kind of historical ransacking to try to destroy reputations."<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_state_funeral">Death and state funeral</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Death and state funeral" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Brian_Mulroney" title="Death and state funeral of Brian Mulroney">Death and state funeral of Brian Mulroney</a></div> Mulroney had suffered several years of declining health leading up to his death. He had been hospitalized as the result of a fall at his home in <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach, Florida</a>, and died on February 29, 2024, at the age of 84.<a href="#cite_note-CP-March-15-200">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a> Mulroney's remains were repatriated on March 8, 2024, at <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Macdonald%E2%80%93Cartier_International_Airport" title="Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport">Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport</a>. A tribute in the House of Commons of Canada was held on March 18, after MPs agreed to suspend sitting.<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> Mulroney lay in state at the <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_A._Macdonald_Building" title="Sir John A. Macdonald Building">Sir John A. Macdonald Building</a> in Ottawa on March 19–20, before laying in repose at <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Basilica,_Montreal" title="St. Patrick's Basilica, Montreal">St. Patrick's Basilica, Montreal</a> on March 21–22. A state funeral was held at the <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_Basilica_(Montreal)" title="Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)">Notre-Dame Basilica</a> on March 23 and was attended by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> as well as former prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a>, hockey player <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky" title="Wayne Gretzky">Wayne Gretzky</a>, former UK Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah,_Duchess_of_York" title="Sarah, Duchess of York">Sarah, Duchess of York</a>, and actor <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds" title="Ryan Reynolds">Ryan Reynolds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a> He was buried at <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_des_Neiges_Cemetery" title="Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery">Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery</a> in Montreal.<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> Mulroney's legacy as prime minister is considered to be mixed. Mulroney made the case that his once-radical policies on the economy and free trade were not reversed by subsequent governments and regarded this as vindication.<a href="#cite_note-Newman,_p._361-205">[199]</a> His deputy prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Don Mazankowski</a>, said that his greatest accomplishment would be seen as "dragging Canada kicking and screaming into the 21st century". His legacy in Canada is associated mostly with the 1989 Free Trade Agreement<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-131">[126]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goods and Services Tax (Canada)">Goods and Services Tax</a> (GST). Mulroney argued his government's economic policies helped the subsequent government eliminate the deficit.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> During his announcement of his intention to resign as prime minister, Mulroney responded to criticism of his policies: "I tried to do what I thought would be right for Canada in the long term, not what I thought would be politically popular in the short term."<a href="#cite_note-MulroneyLATimes-154">[148]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Mulroney_Tapes" title="The Secret Mulroney Tapes">The Secret Mulroney Tapes</a>, it was revealed he said of his accomplishments: "You cannot name a Canadian prime minister who has done as many significant things as I did, because there are none."<a href="#cite_note-MulroneyG&M-161">[155]</a> Mulroney's intense unpopularity at the time of his resignation led many Conservative politicians to distance themselves from him for some years. His government had flirted with 10 percent approval ratings in the early 1990s when Mulroney's honesty and intentions were frequently questioned in the media, by Canadians in general and by his political colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a> In the 1993 election, the Progressive Conservative Party was reduced to two seats, which was seen as partially due to a backlash against Mulroney, as well as due to the fracturing of his "Grand Coalition." In the 1993 election, nearly all of the Tories' Western support shifted to Reform, which replaced the PCs as the major right-wing force in Canada. The Tories only won two seats west of Quebec in the next decade and kept remaining in fifth (last) place. The Canadian right was not reunited until the PCs merged with Reform's successor, the Canadian Alliance, in December 2003 to form the new Conservative Party of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-162">[156]</a> In her memoirs, <a href="/wiki/Time_and_Chance_(Kim_Campbell)" class="mw-redirect" title="Time and Chance (Kim Campbell)">Time and Chance</a>, and in her response in the <a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a> to The Secret Mulroney Tapes, Kim Campbell said that Mulroney left her with almost no time to salvage the Tories' reputation once the bounce from the leadership convention wore off. Campbell claimed Mulroney knew the Tories would be defeated regardless of who led them into the election and wanted a "scapegoat who would bear the burden of his unpopularity" rather than a true successor. In a 2019 interview with <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a>, Campbell described Mulroney as "a pragmatist, not an ideologue."<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Premier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario Premier">Ontario Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Peterson" title="David Peterson">David Peterson</a>, who supported both of Mulroney's attempts at constitutional reform while premier, told journalist <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Newman" title="Peter C. Newman">Peter C. Newman</a> of Mulroney, "I would never trust or respect him. He is a pathological liar. In fairness, I don't believe he knows he's lying ... Oh God, you couldn't take anything he said at face value. His essential Achilles heel is his baloney."<a href="#cite_note-MulroneyG&M-161">[155]</a> In 2006, Mulroney was named the "greenest" Prime Minister in Canadian history by a 12-member panel at an event organized by <a href="/wiki/Corporate_Knights" title="Corporate Knights">Corporate Knights</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> Military historians Norman Hillmer and <a href="/wiki/J._L._Granatstein" title="J. L. Granatstein">J. L. Granatstein</a> ranked Mulroney eighth out of 20 among Canada's prime ministers in their 1999 book Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders. In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">CAQ</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">MNA</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Journal_de_Montreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal de Montreal">Journal de Montreal</a> journalist, <a href="/wiki/Sylvain_L%C3%A9vesque" title="Sylvain Lévesque">Sylvain Lévesque</a>, referred to Mulroney as a political influence when criticizing the relatability of progressive decisions made by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> In that same year, former Bloc Québécois leader <a href="/wiki/Michel_Gauthier" title="Michel Gauthier">Michel Gauthier</a> said he considered Mulroney to be the greatest prime minister of the last 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-lapresse.ca-211">[205]</a> In 2019, St. Francis Xavier University in Nova Scotia inaugurated the Brian Mulroney Institute of Government, a $100-million initiative designed to provide undergraduates with degrees in public policy and governance.<a href="#cite_note-G&M_Sept_2019-212">[206]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Supreme_Court_appointments">Supreme Court appointments</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Supreme Court appointments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> Mulroney chose the following jurists to be appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_advice" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional advice">Governor-in-Council</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Puisne_judge" title="Puisne judge">puisne justices</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>, one of whom, Beverley McLachlin, was subsequently elevated to <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Canada" title="Chief Justice of Canada">Chief Justice of Canada</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_La_Forest" title="Gérard La Forest">Gérard La Forest</a> (January 16, 1985 – September 30, 1997)<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_L%27Heureux-Dub%C3%A9" title="Claire L'Heureux-Dubé">Claire L'Heureux-Dubé</a> (April 15, 1987 – July 1, 2002)<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sopinka" title="John Sopinka">John Sopinka</a> (May 24, 1988 – November 24, 1997)<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gonthier" title="Charles Gonthier">Charles Gonthier</a> (February 1, 1989 – August 1, 2003)<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cory" title="Peter Cory">Peter Cory</a> (February 1, 1989 – June 1, 1999)<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverley_McLachlin" title="Beverley McLachlin">Beverley McLachlin</a> (March 30, 1989 – December 15, 2017; subsequently appointed Chief Justice of Canada on the advice of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, from January 7, 2000)<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevenson_(judge)" title="William Stevenson (judge)">William Stevenson</a> (September 17, 1990 – June 5, 1992)<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Iacobucci" title="Frank Iacobucci">Frank Iacobucci</a> (January 7, 1991 – June 30, 2004)<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Major" title="John C. Major">John C. Major</a> (November 13, 1992 – December 25, 2005)<a href="#cite_note-:2-221">[215]</a></li></ul> Mulroney also advised the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lamer" title="Antonio Lamer">Antonio Lamer</a> (as Chief Justice, July 1, 1990 – January 6, 2000. Lamer had been appointed a <a href="/wiki/Puisne_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Puisne Justice">Puisne Justice</a> on the advice of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, March 28, 1980).<a href="#cite_note-:2-221">[215]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Honours" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> According to Canadian protocol, as a former Prime Minister, he was styled "<a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a>" for life. <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Canada_(CC)_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/125px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 125px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/125px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png" data-width="125" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/188px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/250px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undress_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grand_Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undress_ribbon.png/100px-Grand_Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undress_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="52"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grand_Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undress_ribbon.png/100px-Grand_Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undress_ribbon.png" data-width="100" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Grand_Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undress_ribbon.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:Canada125_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Canada125_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 118px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Canada125_ribbon.png" data-width="118" data-height="35" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="33" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 33px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" data-width="120" data-height="33" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/180px-UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/240px-UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="33" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 33px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" data-width="120" data-height="33" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/180px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/240px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/128px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 128px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/128px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png" data-width="128" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/192px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/256px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/120px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="33" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 33px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/120px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png" data-width="120" data-height="33" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/180px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/240px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_(ribbon_bar).gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif/120px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="33" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 33px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif/120px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif" data-width="120" data-height="33" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif/180px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="33" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 33px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" data-width="120" data-height="33" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/180px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/240px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:silver; text-align:center;"> <td>Ribbon</td> <td>Description</td> <td>Notes</td> <td>Ref </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Orden_Nacional_de_Honor_y_M%C3%A9rito,_Gran_Cruz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Orden_Nacional_de_Honor_y_M%C3%A9rito%2C_Gran_Cruz.svg/91px-Orden_Nacional_de_Honor_y_M%C3%A9rito%2C_Gran_Cruz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="91" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 91px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Orden_Nacional_de_Honor_y_M%C3%A9rito%2C_Gran_Cruz.svg/91px-Orden_Nacional_de_Honor_y_M%C3%A9rito%2C_Gran_Cruz.svg.png" data-width="91" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Orden_Nacional_de_Honor_y_M%C3%A9rito%2C_Gran_Cruz.svg/137px-Orden_Nacional_de_Honor_y_M%C3%A9rito%2C_Gran_Cruz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Orden_Nacional_de_Honor_y_M%C3%A9rito%2C_Gran_Cruz.svg/182px-Orden_Nacional_de_Honor_y_M%C3%A9rito%2C_Gran_Cruz.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Honour_and_Merit" title="National Order of Honour and Merit">National Order of Honour and Merit</a> (Haiti) </td> <td> <ul><li>Awarded 1994</li> <li>For "highest recognition for his leadership in vital matters affecting the nation" of Haiti.</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Canada_(CC)_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/80px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/80px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png" data-width="80" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/120px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/160px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> (C.C.)</td> <td> <ul><li>Awarded on May 6, 1998</li> <li>Invested on October 22, 1998</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undress_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grand_Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undress_ribbon.png/80px-Grand_Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undress_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="52"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grand_Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undress_ribbon.png/80px-Grand_Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undress_ribbon.png" data-width="80" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grand_Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undress_ribbon.png/120px-Grand_Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undress_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Grand_Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undress_ribbon.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_national_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordre national du Québec">Ordre national du Québec</a></td> <td> <ul><li>2002</li> <li>Honouring "Quebec residents for conspicuous achievement in any field".</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Canada125_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Canada125_ribbon.png/80px-Canada125_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Canada125_ribbon.png/80px-Canada125_ribbon.png" data-width="80" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Canada125_ribbon.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/125th_Anniversary_of_the_Confederation_of_Canada_Medal" title="125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal">125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal</a></td> <td> <ul><li>1993</li> <li>As the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> and an elected Member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>, the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney would be awarded the medal as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a>.</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-dominionofcanada1-225">[219]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" data-width="80" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal</a> for Canada</td> <td> <ul><li>2002</li> <li>As a former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> and having been awarded the Order of Canada, the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney was awarded the medal as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dominionofcanada1-225">[219]</a></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" data-width="80" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal</a> for Canada</td> <td> <ul><li>2012</li> <li>As a former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> and having been awarded the Order of Canada, the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney was awarded the medal as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dominionofcanada1-225">[219]</a></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/80px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/80px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png" data-width="80" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/120px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/160px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>Grand Cross with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise">Order of Kniaz Yaroslav the Wise</a> (Ukraine)</td> <td> <ul><li>2007</li> <li>Awarded to Mulroney for cementing Canada as the first Western Nation to legitimize <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Ukrainian independence</a>, only a day after <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">declaration</a>, in 1991.</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/80px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/80px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png" data-width="80" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/120px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/160px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a> (Japan)</td> <td> <ul><li>2011</li> <li>Awarded for Mulroney's signing of The Japanese Canadian Redress Agreement, acknowledging the Canadian government's wrongful actions against the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Canadians" title="Internment of Japanese Canadians">during World War Two</a>. Mulroney's actions to strengthen <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Canada–Japan relations">Japanese-Canadian relations</a> business-wise in the 2000s further complimented the previous reason.</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_(ribbon_bar).gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif/80px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif/80px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif" data-width="80" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif/120px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif/160px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O._R._Tambo" title="Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo">Supreme Companion of O. R. Tambo (Gold)</a> (South Africa)</td> <td> <ul><li>2015</li> <li>Awarded for exceptional contribution to the liberation movement of South Africa (aiding to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> and free <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>) as well as contributing to a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">non-racist, non-sexist, democratic and prosperous South Africa</a>.</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" data-width="80" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/160px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td>Commander of the National Order of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (France)</td> <td> <ul><li>2016</li> <li>Awarded for having served France of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">ideals</a> it upholds. The reward was made specifically for French nationals, but is occasionally given to "<a href="/wiki/Foreign_national" title="Foreign national">foreign nationals</a>".</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Brian Mulroney received several honorary degrees, including: <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">Location </th> <th style="width:20%;">Date </th> <th style="width:40%;">School </th> <th style="width:20%;">Degree </th></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/46px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></td> <td>October 1980</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland" title="Memorial University of Newfoundland">Memorial University of Newfoundland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td> <td>May 21, 1992</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters" title="Doctor of Humane Letters">Doctor of Humane Letters</a> (DHL)<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/19px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/19px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/29px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/38px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></td> <td>April 26, 1994</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Connecticut_State_University" title="Central Connecticut State University">Central Connecticut State University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Social_Science" title="Doctor of Social Science">Doctor of Social Science</a> (D.S.Sc) </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td> <td>1994</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a></td> <td>Honorary Doctor of Philosophy<a href="#cite_note-TAU-235">[229]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/23px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/23px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/35px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/46px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>May 1998</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93St._Louis" title="University of Missouri–St. Louis">University of Missouri–St. Louis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a>(LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td> <td>December 2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Concordia_University" title="Concordia University">Concordia University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td>May 21, 2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston College</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td>June 15, 2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td> <td>June 16, 2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> </td> <td>June 3, 2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a> </td> <td>Unspecified Doctorate (PhD)<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> </td> <td>June 6, 2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> </td> <td>Doctor of Laws<a href="#cite_note-McGill_Doc_of_Laws-242">[236]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></td> <td>May 15, 2018</td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_University_(Canada)" title="St. Thomas University (Canada)">St. Thomas University</a></td> <td>Unspecified Doctorate<a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td>June 25, 2021</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Tech_University" title="Ontario Tech University">Ontario Tech University</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws<a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px 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auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (October 2015)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_of_Canada_Citation">Order of Canada Citation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Order of Canada Citation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Mulroney was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada on May 6, 1998. His citation reads:<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> <blockquote>As the eighteenth Prime Minister of Canada, he led the country for nine consecutive years. His accomplishments include, among others, the signing of the Free Trade Agreement with the United States, the North American Free Trade Agreement with Mexico and the United States, and the Acid Rain Treaty. In other international activities, he assumed the leadership of the Commonwealth countries against apartheid in South Africa and was appointed Co-chair of the United Nations' World Summit for Children. Fiscal reform, important environmental initiatives and employment equity were also highlights of his political career.</blockquote> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_awards">Other awards</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Other awards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2018, Mulroney was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Disability_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canadian Disability Hall of Fame">Canadian Disability Hall of Fame</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> and was awarded the <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Award_for_Excellence_in_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bush Award for Excellence in Public Service">George Bush Award for Excellence in Public Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GB_Award-247">[241]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Coat of arms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Brian Mulroney </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brian_Mulroney_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Brian_Mulroney_Arms.svg/220px-Brian_Mulroney_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="659"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 242px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Brian_Mulroney_Arms.svg/220px-Brian_Mulroney_Arms.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="242" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Brian_Mulroney_Arms.svg/330px-Brian_Mulroney_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Brian_Mulroney_Arms.svg/440px-Brian_Mulroney_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Crest</dt> <dd>On a helmet mantled Azure doubled Or within a wreath of these colours issuant from a coronet érablé and flory Or a stone palace gate embattled comprising two Roman arches Azure and charged on the lintel with scales of justice Or.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Azure on a pale Argent between four coronets érablé Or two and two a dexter hand appaumé and a maple leaf conjoined Gules the hand pointing towards chief the leaf towards base on a canton the Mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada (Argent four maple leaves conjoined in cross at the stem Gules).</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>Two stallions Or crined and unguled Azure gorged with collars treflé on both edges Vert.</dd> <dt>Compartment</dt> <dd>On a grassy mound set with pine cones Or forming a bay rising above barry wavy Argent and Azure.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>Multum In Amore Patriae Fides Multum Constantia<a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Electoral_record">Electoral record</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Electoral record" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Brian_Mulroney" title="Electoral history of Brian Mulroney">Electoral history of Brian Mulroney</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec" title="National Order of Quebec">GOQ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/mʊlˈruːni/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">muul-ROO-nee</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Withdrawals made prior to May 22, 1985, must meet usage requirements to be received tax-free. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> They would otherwise be reincluded in the taxpayer's income if made between May 22, 1985, and December 31, 1985. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> In June 1987, all ten premiers agreed to ratify the Accord. Between then and June 1990, three anti-Meech premiers took office; <a href="/wiki/Frank_McKenna" title="Frank McKenna">Frank McKenna</a> became <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_New_Brunswick" title="Premier of New Brunswick">premier of New Brunswick</a> in October 1987, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Filmon" title="Gary Filmon">Gary Filmon</a> became <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Manitoba" title="Premier of Manitoba">premier of Manitoba</a> in 1988, and <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kirby_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Clyde Kirby Wells">Clyde Wells</a> became <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador">premier of Newfoundland and Labrador</a> in 1989. The three premiers refused to support the Accord until their concerns were met in June 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> The federal government would still have power over national groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (CBC) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="National Film Board">National Film Board</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a> won two majority governments; the second majority he won in <a href="/wiki/1917_Canadian_federal_election" title="1917 Canadian federal election">1917</a> was when he was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist Party</a>, a party composed of pro-conscription Conservatives and Liberals. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173454/http://cdnirish.concordia.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79">"School of Canadian Irish Studies – Irene Mulroney Scholarship"</a>. 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B3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/431709560">431709560</a>. 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Retrieved November 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Man+in+the+News%3B+a+Modern+Centrist+in+Canada%3A+Martin+Brian+Mulroney&rft.date=1984-09-06&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F09%2F06%2Fworld%2Fman-in-the-news-a-modern-centrist-in-canada-martin-brian-mulroney.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729143132/https://plus.lapresse.ca/screens/47bc0cb5-ead9-4989-8f3a-ea08a0017b56__7C___0.html">"Le Parti conservateur n'ira nulle part avec Scheer"</a>. La Presse+ (in French). November 7, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plus.lapresse.ca/screens/47bc0cb5-ead9-4989-8f3a-ea08a0017b56__7C___0.html">the original</a> on July 29, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Presse%2B&rft.atitle=Le+Parti+conservateur+n%27ira+nulle+part+avec+Scheer&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplus.lapresse.ca%2Fscreens%2F47bc0cb5-ead9-4989-8f3a-ea08a0017b56__7C___0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-plamo-31"><a href="#cite_ref-plamo_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlamondon2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Plamondon" title="Bob Plamondon">Plamondon, Bob</a> (2014). Full Circle: Death and Resurrection In Canadian Conservative Politics. eBookIt.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781456623166" title="Special:BookSources/9781456623166"><bdi>9781456623166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Full+Circle%3A+Death+and+Resurrection+In+Canadian+Conservative+Politics&rft.pub=eBookIt.com&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781456623166&rft.aulast=Plamondon&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatriquin2015" class="citation news cs1">Patriquin, Martin (May 29, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/the-amazingly-malleable-mackay/">"The amazingly malleable MacKay"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924025027/https://macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/the-amazingly-malleable-mackay/">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2023. 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August 7, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221210222512/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/section-39.html#h-57">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+Act%2C+1982%2C+s.+39.&rft.date=2020-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fconst%2Fsection-39.html%23h-57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1990" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Andrew (1990). A Deal Undone: The Making and Breaking of the Meech Lake Accord. 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Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The Canadian Press. August 21, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820044421/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/lucien-bouchard-says-wounds-remain-with-brian-mulroney-1.2742836">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lucien+Bouchard+says+%27wounds%27+remain+with+Brian+Mulroney&rft.date=2014-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Flucien-bouchard-says-wounds-remain-with-brian-mulroney-1.2742836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-G&MNov2015-110"><a href="#cite_ref-G&MNov2015_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloway2005" class="citation news cs1">Galloway, Gloria (November 15, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/bouchard-was-fired-in-1990-mulroney-insists-on-tapes/article20429938/">"Bouchard was fired in 1990, Mulroney insists on tapes"</a>. 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Retrieved May 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mulroney%3A+I%27ll+never+forgive+Bouchard%27s+betrayal&rft.date=2007-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fmulroney-i-ll-never-forgive-bouchard-s-betrayal-1.255259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/25-years-since-elijah-harper-said-no-to-the-meech-lake-accord-1.3110439">"25 years since Elijah Harper said 'no' to the Meech Lake Accord"</a>. CBC News. 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Retrieved May 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=P%C3%A9ladeau%27s+political+exit+raises+questions+for+Quebecor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Freport-on-business%2Fpeladeaus-political-exit-raises-questions-for-quebecor%2Farticle29829458%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-brian-mulroney-eulogy-for-former-president-george-hw-bush-funeral/">"Transcript: Brian Mulroney's eulogy for former President George H.W. Bush"</a>. CBS News. December 6, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301132641/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-brian-mulroney-eulogy-for-former-president-george-hw-bush-funeral/">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript%3A+Brian+Mulroney%27s+eulogy+for+former+President+George+H.W.+Bush&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Ftranscript-brian-mulroney-eulogy-for-former-president-george-hw-bush-funeral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mulroney-launches-suit/">"Mulroney Launches Suit"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171219033533/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mulroney-launches-suit/">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Mulroney+Launches+Suit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fmulroney-launches-suit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oliph-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oliph_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oliph_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205194727/http://publications.gc.ca/site/archivee-archived.html?url=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fcollections%2Fcollection_2010%2Fbcp-pco%2FCP32-92-2-2010-1-eng.pdf">"Government of Canada website – Oliphant Commission p. 54"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.gc.ca/site/archivee-archived.html?url=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fcollections%2Fcollection_2010%2Fbcp-pco%2FCP32-92-2-2010-1-eng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 5, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+Canada+website+%E2%80%93+Oliphant+Commission+p.+54&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Farchivee-archived.html%3Furl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fpublications.gc.ca%252Fcollections%252Fcollection_2010%252Fbcp-pco%252FCP32-92-2-2010-1-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommission_of_Inquiry_into_Certain_Allegations_Respecting_Business_and_Financial_Dealings_Between_Karlheinz_Schreiber_and_the_Right_Honourable_Brian_Mulroney2010" class="citation web cs1">Commission of Inquiry into Certain Allegations Respecting Business and Financial Dealings Between Karlheinz Schreiber and the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney (May 31, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.gc.ca/site/archivee-archived.html?url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2010/bcp-pco/CP32-92-3-2010-eng.pdf">"Report of the Oliphant Commission"</a> (PDF). publications.gc.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413235902/https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2010/bcp-pco/CP32-92-3-2010-eng.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publications.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Oliphant+Commission&rft.date=2010-05-31&rft.au=Commission+of+Inquiry+into+Certain+Allegations+Respecting+Business+and+Financial+Dealings+Between+Karlheinz+Schreiber+and+the+Right+Honourable+Brian+Mulroney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Farchivee-archived.html%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fcollections%2Fcollection_2010%2Fbcp-pco%2FCP32-92-3-2010-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.williamkaplan.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/exhibit-26.pdf">"Superior Court exhibit"</a> (PDF). 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The Canadian Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171221031601/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mulroney-wins-an-apology/">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Mulroney+Wins+Apology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fmulroney-wins-an-apology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_Jun_2010-181"><a href="#cite_ref-CBC_Jun_2010_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC_News2010" class="citation news cs1">CBC News (June 2, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/mulroney-deserved-libel-settlement-spokesman-1.960549">"Mulroney deserved libel settlement: spokesman"</a>. CBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025741/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/mulroney-deserved-libel-settlement-spokesman-1.960549">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Mulroney+deserved+libel+settlement%3A+spokesman&rft.date=2010-06-02&rft.au=CBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fmulroney-deserved-libel-settlement-spokesman-1.960549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> "The Payments and the Taxman." The Globe and Mail, Greg McArthur, October 31, 2007, </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> "Mulroney: nothing wrong accepting envelopes of $1,000 bills", The Hamilton Spectator, Friday, May 15, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> "Brian Mulroney acted inappropriately in accepting cash, inquiry finds" The Toronto Star, May 31, 2010, Les Whittington, Richard J. Brennan, Ottawa Bureau </li> <li id="cite_note-merger-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-merger_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-merger_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalobserver.com/2023/12/18/opinion/right-wing-merger-was-tragedy-stephen-harper?page=1">"This right-wing merger was a tragedy"</a>. National Observer. December 18, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+right-wing+merger+was+a+tragedy&rft.pub=National+Observer&rft.date=2023-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalobserver.com%2F2023%2F12%2F18%2Fopinion%2Fright-wing-merger-was-tragedy-stephen-harper%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090331.wparty01sb/BNStory/politics/home">Mulroney not a Tory any more?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404042431/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090331.wparty01sb/BNStory/politics/home">Archived</a> April 4, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Campbell Clark, <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>, April 1, 2009, </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090408.wPOLharper0408/BNStory/politics/home">Ignatieff has 'no moral compass,' PM says</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411033829/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090408.wPOLharper0408/BNStory/politics/home">Archived</a> April 11, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Brian Laghi, The Globe and Mail, April 8, 2009, </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120730203253/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20090331/mulroney_tories_090331/20090331?hub=QPeriod">Tories, Mulroney in tiff over party membership</a>. March 31, 2009, CTV.ca </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/brian-mulroney-shelves-criticism-of-pm-harper-in-rare-stump-speech-1.2417516">"Brian Mulroney shelves criticism of PM Harper in rare stump speech"</a>. CTV News. June 11, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202041600/https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/brian-mulroney-shelves-criticism-of-pm-harper-in-rare-stump-speech-1.2417516">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTV+News&rft.atitle=Brian+Mulroney+shelves+criticism+of+PM+Harper+in+rare+stump+speech&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmontreal.ctvnews.ca%2Fbrian-mulroney-shelves-criticism-of-pm-harper-in-rare-stump-speech-1.2417516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cp24.com/news/mulroney-campaigns-for-o-toole-in-quebec-comparing-now-to-time-before-1984-win-1.5586556">Mulroney campaigns for O'Toole in Quebec, comparing now to time before 1984 win</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213012/https://www.cp24.com/news/mulroney-campaigns-for-o-toole-in-quebec-comparing-now-to-time-before-1984-win-1.5586556">Archived</a> September 20, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> September 15, 2021, cp24.com </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiello2021" class="citation web cs1">Aiello, Rachel (October 31, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/o-toole-should-show-leadership-and-show-unvaccinated-conservative-mps-the-door-former-pm-mulroney-1.5644326">"O'Toole should show 'leadership' and show unvaccinated Conservative MPs the door: Former PM Mulroney"</a>. CTV News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107055342/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/o-toole-should-show-leadership-and-show-unvaccinated-conservative-mps-the-door-former-pm-mulroney-1.5644326">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTV+News&rft.atitle=O%27Toole+should+show+%27leadership%27+and+show+unvaccinated+Conservative+MPs+the+door%3A+Former+PM+Mulroney&rft.date=2021-10-31&rft.aulast=Aiello&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fo-toole-should-show-leadership-and-show-unvaccinated-conservative-mps-the-door-former-pm-mulroney-1.5644326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dyk2022" class="citation web cs1">Van Dyk, Spencer (October 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/mulroney-backing-conservatives-poilievre-but-cautions-he-won-t-win-going-extreme-right-1.6102069">"Mulroney backing Conservatives' Poilievre, but cautions he won't win going 'extreme right'"</a>. CTV News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221009163138/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/mulroney-backing-conservatives-poilievre-but-cautions-he-won-t-win-going-extreme-right-1.6102069">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2022. 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May 9, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227015442/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/mulroney-would-ve-helped-old-friends-in-iraq-war-1.406315">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Mulroney+would%27ve+helped+%22old+friends%22+in+Iraq+war&rft.date=2003-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmulroney-would-ve-helped-old-friends-in-iraq-war-1.406315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTutton2023" class="citation web cs1">Tutton, Michael (June 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/brian-mulroney-praises-trudeau-s-leadership-omits-any-mention-of-poilievre-1.6448422">"Brian Mulroney praises Trudeau's leadership, omits any mention of Poilievre"</a>. CTV News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620224714/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/brian-mulroney-praises-trudeau-s-leadership-omits-any-mention-of-poilievre-1.6448422">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2023. 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Retrieved October 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mulroney+slams+Trudeau+as+lacking+moral+fibre+to+lead&rft.date=2007-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmulroney-slams-trudeau-as-lacking-moral-fibre-to-lead-1.653081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604105917/https://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=ea44c2a3-bbd4-49bd-bac7-3cbf450d6037">"National Post: Repairing Trudeau's mistakes"</a>. Canada.com. September 5, 2007. 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Retrieved June 7, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Post%3A+Repairing+Trudeau%27s+mistakes&rft.pub=Canada.com&rft.date=2007-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fnationalpost%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3Dea44c2a3-bbd4-49bd-bac7-3cbf450d6037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ca.today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=domesticNews&storyID=2007-09-06T220440Z_01_N06378261_RTRIDST_0_CANADA-CANADA-MULRONEY-COL.XML">Reuters: Mulroney lashes Trudeau, calls him a coward</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5iA2NeBoAs3lBoCyZ4Zbdnimvyu2A">[1]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-CP-March-15-200"><a href="#cite_ref-CP-March-15_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/politics/heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-state-funeral-for-former-pm-brian-mulroney/article_1f219c48-9f3b-5a5e-af3d-f2969d5e3bcb.html">"Here's what you need to know about the state funeral for former PM Brian Mulroney"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. 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Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2018+George+Bush+Award+For+Excellence+In+Public+Service+Presented+To+Former+Canadian+Prime+Minister+Brian+Mulroney&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft.au=George+Bush+Presidential+Library+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2F2018-george-bush-award-for-excellence-in-public-service-presented-to-former-canadian-prime-minister-brian-mulroney-300722136.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Canadian Heraldic Authority (Volume II), Ottawa, 1994, p. 370</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Heraldic+Authority+%28Volume+II%29&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Ottawa&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Works cited" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, L. Ian (2002). From Bourassa to Bourassa: Wilderness to Restoration (2nd ed.). Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2392-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2392-8"><bdi>0-7735-2392-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Bourassa+to+Bourassa%3A+Wilderness+to+Restoration&rft.place=Montreal&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7735-2392-8&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=L.+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin,_Gregg,_Perlin" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Patrick; Gregg, Alan; Perlin, George (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contenderstoryqu00mart">Contenders: The Tory Quest for Power</a>. Toronto: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-171349-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-171349-9"><bdi>978-0-13-171349-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contenders%3A+The+Tory+Quest+for+Power&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-13-171349-9&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Gregg%2C+Alan&rft.au=Perlin%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontenderstoryqu00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrian+Mulroney" class="Z3988"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFS.C._1986,_ch._6"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actsofparl1986v01cana/page/358/mode/2up">An Act to amend the Income Tax Act and related statutes, and to amend the Canada Pension Plan, the Unemployment Insurance Act, 1971, the Financial Administration Act and the Petroleum and Gas Revenue Tax Act1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Canada" title="Statutes of Canada">S.C.</a> 1986, c. 6</cite></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Prime_Ministers_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada">List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Archives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation archive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=106868&lang=eng">Brian Mulroney fonds</a>. Ottawa, Ontario: <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_studies">Scholarly studies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Scholarly studies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Bercuson, David J., J. L. Granatstein and W. R. Young. Sacred Trust?: Brian Mulroney and the Conservative Party in Power (1987)</li> <li>Blake, Raymond B. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f6KiHZe3KVgC">Transforming the Nation: Canada and Brian Mulroney</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003184410/https://books.google.com/books?id=f6KiHZe3KVgC">Archived</a> October 3, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (McGill-Queen's University Press), 2007. 456pp; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3214-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3214-4">978-0-7735-3214-4</a></li> <li>Clarkson, Stephen. Canada and the Reagan Challenge: Crisis and Adjustment, 1981–85 (2nd ed. 1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Canada-Reagan-Challenge-Adjustment-1981-85/dp/0888627904/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323233635/https://www.amazon.com/Canada-Reagan-Challenge-Adjustment-1981-85/dp/0888627904">Archived</a> March 23, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Donaldson, Gordon. The Prime Ministers of Canada (Toronto: Doubleday Canada Limited, 1997)</li> <li>Hall, Tony. "Self-government or self-delusion?: Brian Mulroney and Aboriginal rights," Canadian Journal of Native Studies (1986) 6#1 pp. 77–89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cjns.brandonu.ca/wp-content/uploads/6-1-hall.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129071136/https://cjns.brandonu.ca/wp-content/uploads/6-1-hall.pdf">Archived</a> January 29, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillmer,_Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillmer, Norman">Hillmer, Norman</a> and <a href="/wiki/J.L._Granatstein" class="mw-redirect" title="J.L. Granatstein">J.L. Granatstein</a>. Prime Ministers: Rating Canada's Leaders, (1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-200027-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-200027-X">0-00-200027-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen_Osler_Hampson" title="Fen Osler Hampson">Hampson, Fen Osler.</a> Master of Persuasion: Brian Mulroney's Global Legacy (Signal, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIFXDwAAQBAJ&dq=Brian+Mulroney+&pg=PR9">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240302061409/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HIFXDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Brian+Mulroney+&ots=yeydbNtLwR&sig=aGk2ImdNIQzGEZd6iGr727UNh6c#v=onepage&q=Brian%20Mulroney&f=false">Archived</a> March 2, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Veugelers, John W. P. "State-Society Relations in the Making of Canadian Immigration Policy during the Mulroney Era." Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 37.1 (2000): 95–110.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_books">Popular books</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Popular books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Winners, Losers, by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Brown_(journalist)" title="Patrick Brown (journalist)">Patrick Brown (journalist)</a>, Rae Murphy, and Robert Chodos, 1976.</li> <li>Where I Stand, by Brian Mulroney, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-6671-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-6671-6">0-7710-6671-6</a></li> <li>Discipline of Power: the Conservative Interlude and the Liberal Restoration, by <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Simpson" title="Jeffrey Simpson">Jeffrey Simpson</a>, Macmillan of Canada, 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920510-24-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-920510-24-8">0-920510-24-8</a>.</li> <li>Brian Mulroney: The Boy from Baie Comeau, by <a href="/wiki/Nick_Auf_der_Maur" title="Nick Auf der Maur">Nick Auf der Maur</a>, Rae Murphy, and Robert Chodos, 1984.</li> <li>Mulroney: The Making of the Prime Minister, by <a href="/wiki/L._Ian_MacDonald" title="L. Ian MacDonald">L. Ian MacDonald</a>, 1984.</li> <li>The Insiders: Government, Business, and the Lobbyists, by <a href="/wiki/John_Sawatsky" title="John Sawatsky">John Sawatsky</a>, 1987.</li> <li>Prime Ministers of Canada, by Jim Lotz, 1987.</li> <li>Selling Out: Four Years of the Mulroney Government, by Eric Hamovitch, Rae Murphy, and Robert Chodos, 1988.</li> <li>Spoils of Power: the Politics of Patronage, by Jeffrey Simpson, 1988.</li> <li>Friends in high places: politics and patronage in the Mulroney government, by Claire Hoy, 1989.</li> <li>Betrayal of Canada, by Mel Hurtig, Stoddart Pub. Co., 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7737-2542-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7737-2542-3">0-7737-2542-3</a></li> <li>Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by <a href="/wiki/John_Sawatsky" title="John Sawatsky">John Sawatsky</a>, 1991.</li> <li>Right Honourable Men: the Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to Mulroney, by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bliss" title="Michael Bliss">Michael Bliss</a>, 1994.</li> <li>On the Take: Crime, Corruption and Greed in the Mulroney Years, by <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Cameron" title="Stevie Cameron">Stevie Cameron</a>, 1994.</li> <li>The Prime Ministers of Canada, by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Donaldson_(journalist)" title="Gordon Donaldson (journalist)">Gordon Donaldson (journalist)</a>, 1997.</li> <li>Promises, Promises: Breaking Faith in Canadian Politics, by Anthony Hyde, 1997.</li> <li>Presumed Guilty: Brian Mulroney, the Airbus Affair, and the Government of Canada, by <a href="/wiki/William_Kaplan" title="William Kaplan">William Kaplan</a>, 1998.</li> <li>The Last Amigo: Karlheinz Schreiber and the Anatomy of a Scandal, by <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Cameron" title="Stevie Cameron">Stevie Cameron</a> and Harvey Cashore, 2001.</li> <li>Egotists and Autocrats: The Prime Ministers of Canada, by <a href="/wiki/George_Bowering" title="George Bowering">George Bowering</a>, 1999.</li> <li>Bastards and Boneheads: Canada's Glorious Leaders, Past and Present, by <a href="/wiki/Will_Ferguson" title="Will Ferguson">Will Ferguson</a>, 1999.</li> <li>A Secret Trial: Brian Mulroney, Stevie Cameron, and the Public Trust, by <a href="/wiki/William_Kaplan" title="William Kaplan">William Kaplan</a>, 2004.</li> <li>The Secret Mulroney Tapes: Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister, by <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Newman" title="Peter C. Newman">Peter C. Newman</a>, 2005.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&oldid=1259934488">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&oldid=1259934488</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mulroney&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 27 November 2024, at 22:07 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مارتن مولروني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارتن مولروني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayan_Malruni" title="Brayan Malruni – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Brayan Malruni" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="ব্রায়ান মূলরোনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রায়ান মূলরোনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Браян Малруні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Браян Малруні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="برایان مالرونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برایان مالرونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8_%EB%A9%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%88" title="브라이언 멀로니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브라이언 멀로니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="בריאן מלרוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בריאן מלרוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0:%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Жоба:Инкубатор/Брайан Малруни – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жоба:Инкубатор/Брайан Малруни" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="ब्रायन मुलरोनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्रायन मुलरोनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="مارتن مولرونى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارتن مولرونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="براون مالونی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="براون مالونی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Брайан Малрони – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Брайан Малрони" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="ब्रायन मुलरोनी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ब्रायन मुलरोनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="ブライアン・マルルーニー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブライアン・マルルーニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="براین مولروني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="براین مولروني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Малруни, Брайан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Малруни, Брайан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Брајан Малруни – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брајан Малруни" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80" title="బ్రియాన్ ముల్రోనీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్రియాన్ ముల్రోనీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Браян Малруні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Браян Малруні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99" title="ברייען מאלראני – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ברייען מאלראני" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Brian Mulroney" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC" title="穆羅尼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="穆羅尼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li 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