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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Units</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Units-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Units subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landing_Assault_units_of_the_Soviet_Ground_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_Assault_units_of_the_Soviet_Ground_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Landing Assault units of the Soviet Ground Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_Assault_units_of_the_Soviet_Ground_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Experimental_Landing_Assault_units_of_the_Ground_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_Landing_Assault_units_of_the_Ground_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Experimental Landing Assault units of the Ground Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_Landing_Assault_units_of_the_Ground_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Force_Structure_of_the_Soviet_Airborne_Forces_in_1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Force_Structure_of_the_Soviet_Airborne_Forces_in_1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Force Structure of the Soviet Airborne Forces in 1989</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Force_Structure_of_the_Soviet_Airborne_Forces_in_1989-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Force 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id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paratroopers'_Day_celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paratroopers'_Day_celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Paratroopers' Day celebrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paratroopers'_Day_celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_a%C3%A9roport%C3%A9es_sovi%C3%A9tiques" title="Forces aéroportées soviétiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forces aéroportées soviétiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasukan_Airborne_Kesatuan_Soviet" title="Pasukan Airborne Kesatuan Soviet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pasukan Airborne Kesatuan Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojska_Powietrznodesantowe_(ZSRR)" title="Wojska Powietrznodesantowe (ZSRR) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojska Powietrznodesantowe (ZSRR)" 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Soviet Airborne Forces</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><i>Vozdushno-desantnye voyska SSSR</i><br />Воздушно-десантные войска СССР</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USSR_Airborne_troops_emblem1_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/USSR_Airborne_troops_emblem1_1991.jpg/250px-USSR_Airborne_troops_emblem1_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/USSR_Airborne_troops_emblem1_1991.jpg/375px-USSR_Airborne_troops_emblem1_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/USSR_Airborne_troops_emblem1_1991.jpg/500px-USSR_Airborne_troops_emblem1_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2512" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Shoulder patch of the Soviet Airborne Forces, 1969–1991</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">4 September 1941 – 14 February 1992</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Soviet Union (1941–1991)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Commonwealth of Independent States (1991–1992)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">Light infantry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne infantry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Airmobile_infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Airmobile infantry">Airmobile infantry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1990 – 53,874<br />August 1991 – 77,036</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Войска дяди Васи<br />(Uncle Vasya's Troops)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Motto(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Никто, кроме нас!<br />(Nobody, but us!)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan" title="Battle of Lake Khasan">Battle of Lake Khasan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data">Gen. <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Margelov" title="Vasily Margelov">Vasily Margelov</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Flag of the Airborne Forces</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USSR_Airborn_troops_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/USSR_Airborn_troops_flag.svg/150px-USSR_Airborn_troops_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/USSR_Airborn_troops_flag.svg/225px-USSR_Airborn_troops_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/USSR_Airborn_troops_flag.svg/300px-USSR_Airborn_troops_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>Soviet Airborne Forces</b> or <b>VDV</b> (from <i>Vozdushno-<a href="/wiki/Parachuting" title="Parachuting">desantnye</a> voyska SSSR</i>, Russian: Воздушно-десантные войска СССР, ВДВ; Air-landing Forces) was a <a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">separate troops branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a>. First formed before the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the force undertook two significant airborne operations and a number of smaller jumps during the war and for many years after 1945 was the largest <a href="/wiki/Airborne_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne force">airborne force</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The force was split after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, with the core becoming the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Airborne_Forces" title="Russian Airborne Forces">Russian Airborne Forces</a>, losing divisions to <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Belarus#Belarus_Ground_Forces" title="Armed Forces of Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Assault_Forces" title="Ukrainian Air Assault Forces">Ukraine</a>. </p><p>Troops of the Soviet Airborne Forces traditionally wore a <a href="/wiki/Sky_blue" title="Sky blue">sky blue</a> <a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">beret</a> and blue-striped <i><a href="/wiki/Telnyashka" title="Telnyashka">telnyashka</a></i> and they were named <i>desant</i> (Russian: Десант) from the French <i>Descente</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet Airborne Forces were noted for their relatively large number of vehicles, specifically designed for airborne transport, as such, they traditionally had a larger complement of heavy weaponry than most contemporary airborne forces.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interwar_and_World_War_II">Interwar and World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Interwar and World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%AF.%D0%94._%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_(%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0)_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC_2_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_1930_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%AF.%D0%94._%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%28%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%29_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC_2_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_1930_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%AF.%D0%94._%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%28%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%29_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC_2_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_1930_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%AF.%D0%94._%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%28%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%29_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC_2_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_1930_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>A group of parachutists Ya.D. Moshkovsky (far left) before the landing on August 2, 1930</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paratroopers_jumping_from_Tupolev_TB-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Paratroopers_jumping_from_Tupolev_TB-3.jpg/220px-Paratroopers_jumping_from_Tupolev_TB-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Paratroopers_jumping_from_Tupolev_TB-3.jpg/330px-Paratroopers_jumping_from_Tupolev_TB-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Paratroopers_jumping_from_Tupolev_TB-3.jpg/440px-Paratroopers_jumping_from_Tupolev_TB-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>Soviet paratroopers deploy from a <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_TB-3" title="Tupolev TB-3">Tupolev TB-3</a> in 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>The first airborne forces parachute jump is dated to 2 August 1930, taking place in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_District" title="Moscow Military District">Moscow Military District</a>. Airborne landing detachments were established after the initial 1930 experimental jump, but creation of larger units had to wait until 1932–33. On 11 December 1932, a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Military_Council" title="Revolutionary Military Council">Revolutionary Military Council</a> order established an airborne brigade from the existing detachment in the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Military_District" title="Leningrad Military District">Leningrad Military District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To implement the order, a directive of the Commissariat of Military and Naval Affairs transformed the Leningrad Military District's 3rd Motorised Airborne Landing Detachment into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Airborne_Brigade_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Airborne Brigade (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">3rd Airborne Brigade (Special Purpose)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:3-я авиадесантная бригада особого назначения">ru</a>]</span> commanded by M.V. Boytsov. In addition, the 13th and 47th Airborne Brigades plus three airborne regiments (the 1st, 2nd, and 5th, all in the Far East) were created in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz198416_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz198416-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March and April 1941, five <a href="/wiki/Airborne_Corps_(Soviet_Union)" title="Airborne Corps (Soviet Union)">Airborne Corps</a> (divisions) were established on the basis of the existing <a href="/w/index.php?title=201st_Airborne_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="201st Airborne Brigade (page does not exist)">201st</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=204th_Airborne_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="204th Airborne Brigade (page does not exist)">204th</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=211th_Airborne_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="211th Airborne Brigade (page does not exist)">211th</a>, <a href="/wiki/212th_Airborne_Brigade" title="212th Airborne Brigade">212th</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=214th_Airborne_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="214th Airborne Brigade (page does not exist)">214th</a> Airborne Brigades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz198422_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz198422-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of Airborne Corps rose from five to ten in late 1941, but then all the airborne corps were converted into <a href="/wiki/Russian_Guards" title="Russian Guards">"Guards"</a> Rifle Divisions in the northern hemisphere summer of 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz198428–31_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz198428–31-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8B_1935_%D0%B3.%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8B_1935_%D0%B3.%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8B_1935_%D0%B3.%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8B_1935_%D0%B3.%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8B_1935_%D0%B3.%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8B_1935_%D0%B3.%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8B_1935_%D0%B3.%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption>Kyiv maneuvers in 1935. Collecting paratroopers after landing</figcaption></figure> <p>The Soviet airborne forces were mostly used as 'foot' infantry during the war. Only a few small airborne drops were carried out in the first desperate days of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, in the vicinity of Kyiv, <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>, and the Kerch peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two significant airborne operations of the war were the <a href="/wiki/Vyazma_airborne_operation" title="Vyazma airborne operation">Vyazma operation</a> of February–March 1942, involving <a href="/wiki/4th_Airborne_Corps_(Soviet_Union)" title="4th Airborne Corps (Soviet Union)">4th Airborne Corps</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Dnepr/Kyiv operation</a> of September 1943, involving a temporary corps formation consisting of 1st, 3rd, and 5th Airborne Brigades.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glantz wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"After the extensive airborne activity during the winter campaign of 1941–42, [the] airborne forces underwent another major reorganization the following summer. Responding to events in southern Russia, where German troops had opened a major offensive that would culminate in the Stalingrad battles, the ten airborne corps, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a> strategic reserves, deployed southward. Furthermore, the Stavka converted all ten airborne corps into guards rifle divisions to bolster Soviet forces in the south. Nine of these divisions participated in the battles around Stalingrad, and one took part in the defense of the northern Caucasus region."</p></blockquote> <p>The <i>Stavka</i> still foresaw the necessity of conducting actual airborne operations later during the war. To have such a force, the <i>Stavka</i> created eight new <a href="/wiki/Airborne_Corps_(Soviet_Union)" title="Airborne Corps (Soviet Union)">airborne corps</a> (<a href="/wiki/1st_Airborne_Corps_(Soviet_Union)" title="1st Airborne Corps (Soviet Union)">1st</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_Airborne_Corps_(Soviet_Union)" title="4th Airborne Corps (Soviet Union)">4th</a>, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th) in the fall of 1942. Beginning in December 1942, these corps became ten guards airborne divisions (numbered <a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="1st Guards Airborne Division">1st</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="2nd Guards Airborne Division">2nd</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="3rd Guards Airborne Division">3rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="4th Guards Airborne Division">4th</a>, <a href="/wiki/169th_Training_Centre_(Ukraine)" title="169th Training Centre (Ukraine)">5th</a> (formed from 9th Airborne Corps (2nd formation)), <a href="/wiki/6th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="6th Guards Airborne Division">6th</a>, <a href="/wiki/7th_Guards_Mountain_Air_Assault_Division" title="7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division">7th</a>, <a href="/wiki/8th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="8th Guards Airborne Division">8th</a>, <a href="/wiki/32nd_Guards_Tank_Division" title="32nd Guards Tank Division">9th</a>, <a href="/wiki/126th_Guards_Rifle_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="126th Guards Rifle Division">10th</a>, two formed from the 1st Airborne Corps and the three existing separate maneuver airborne brigades). The new guards airborne divisions trained in airborne techniques, and all personnel jumped three to ten times during training, though many were from jump towers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the defeat of German forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a>, the bulk of the airborne divisions joined in the pursuit of German forces to the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a> which formed part of the German <a href="/wiki/Panther%E2%80%93Wotan_line" title="Panther–Wotan line">Panther–Wotan line</a> which they defended. Even as ten guards airborne divisions fought at the front, new airborne brigades formed in the rear areas. In April and May 1943, twenty brigades formed and trained for future airborne operations. Most of these brigades had become six new guards airborne divisions (11th through 16th) by September 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dnieper">Dnieper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dnieper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper#Dnieper_airborne_operation" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper § Dnieper airborne operation</a></div> <p>The <i>Stavka</i> earmarked three airborne brigades for use in an airborne operation as part of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">crossing of the Dnieper River</a>. </p><p>The 1st, 3rd and 5th Guards Airborne Brigades were intended to secure the far side of the Dnieper between Kaniv and Rzhishchev. The drop was poorly executed and instead of the intended 10 by 14 km (6.2 by 8.7 mi) area, troops were dispersed over 30 by 90 km (19 by 56 mi) and unable to concentrate their forces. The majority were killed or captured; some survivors joined partisan groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Glantz wrote in 1984:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>In August [1944], the Stavka formed the 37th, 38th, and 39th Guards Airborne Corps. By October, the newly formed corps had combined into a separate airborne army under Maj. Gen. I. I. Zatevakhin. However, because of the growing need for well-trained ground units, the new army did not endure long as an airborne unit. In December, the Stavka reorganized the separate airborne army into the <a href="/wiki/9th_Guards_Army" title="9th Guards Army">9th Guards Army</a> of Col. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Glagolev" title="Vasily Glagolev">V. V. Glagolev</a>, and all divisions were renumbered as guards rifle divisions. As testimony to the elite nature of airborne-trained units, the Stavka held the 9th Guards Army out of defensive actions, using it only for exploitation during offensives.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstitution">Reconstitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reconstitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1944 the airborne divisions were reconstituted as Guards Rifle Divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/37th_Guards_Airborne_Corps" title="37th Guards Airborne Corps">37th Guards Svirsk Airborne Corps</a> (19 January – 9 August 1944, and from 30 December 1944, 37th Guards Rifle Corps):<br />Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Mironov" title="Pavel Mironov">Pavel Mironov</a> (19 January 1944 – May 1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/98th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="98th Guards Airborne Division">98th Guards Svirsk Rifle Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/99th_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="99th Guards Rifle Division">99th Guards Rifle Division</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/103rd_Guards_Airborne_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="103rd Guards Airborne Division">103rd Guards Rifle Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_Guards_Airborne_Corps" title="38th Guards Airborne Corps">38th Guards Airborne Corps</a>: <ul><li>Major General, from November 5, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kapitokhin" title="Alexander Kapitokhin">Alexander Kapitokhin</a> (August 9, 1944 – March 25, 1945)</li> <li>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Utvenko" title="Alexander Utvenko">Alexander Utvenko</a> (26 March 1945 – July 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/104th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="104th Guards Airborne Division">104th Guards Rifle Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/105th_Guards_Vienna_Airborne_Division" title="105th Guards Vienna Airborne Division">105th Guards Rifle Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/106th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="106th Guards Airborne Division">106th Guards Rifle Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_Guards_Airborne_Corps" title="39th Guards Airborne Corps">39th Guards Airborne Corps</a>: <ul><li>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tikhonov" title="Mikhail Tikhonov">Mikhail Tikhonov</a> (August 1944 – June 1945).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/100th_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="100th Guards Rifle Division">100th Guards Rifle Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="8th Guards Airborne Division">107th Guards Rifle Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/114th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="114th Guards Airborne Division">114th Guards Rifle Division</a> (from 14th Guards Airborne Division (2nd formation))</li></ul></li></ul> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">invasion of Manchuria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin Operation</a>, airborne units were used to seize airfields and city centers in advance of the land forces, and to ferry fuel to those units that had outrun their supply lines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar">Postwar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSR_Airborne_troops_emblem1_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/USSR_Airborne_troops_emblem1_1991.jpg/120px-USSR_Airborne_troops_emblem1_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/USSR_Airborne_troops_emblem1_1991.jpg/180px-USSR_Airborne_troops_emblem1_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/USSR_Airborne_troops_emblem1_1991.jpg/240px-USSR_Airborne_troops_emblem1_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2512" /></a><figcaption>Shoulder sleeve insignia of the Soviet Airborne Forces</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BMD-1_in_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BMD-1_in_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-BMD-1_in_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BMD-1_in_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-BMD-1_in_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BMD-1_in_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-BMD-1_in_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2780" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Soviet paratroopers on a <a href="/wiki/BMD-1" title="BMD-1">BMD-1</a> vehicle in Afghanistan, March 25th, 1986</figcaption></figure> <p>The HQ <a href="/wiki/9th_Guards_Army" title="9th Guards Army">9th Guards Army</a> was redesignated Headquarters Airborne Forces in June 1946 after the war ended.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The units of the army were removed from the order of battle of the Air Forces of the USSR and assigned directly to the Ministry of the Armed Forces of the USSR. </p><p>In 1946 the force consisted of five corps (the 8th and 15th had been added) and ten divisions:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>8th Guards Airborne Corps (103rd and 114th Divisions). The <a href="/wiki/114th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="114th Guards Airborne Division">114th Guards Airborne Division</a> was established in 1946 on the basis of the similarly numbered Rifle Division in Borovukha (just east of <a href="/wiki/Slutsk" title="Slutsk">Slutsk</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a>. The division was disbanded in 1956, with two of its regiments (the 350th and 357th) joining the <a href="/wiki/103rd_Guards_Airborne_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="103rd Guards Airborne Division">103rd Guards Airborne Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>15th Guards Airborne Corps (the 76th and 104th Divisions at <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>),</li> <li>37th Guards Airborne Corps (the 98th and 99th in <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a>)</li> <li>38th Guards Airborne Corps (105th and 106th at <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a>),</li> <li>39th Guards Airborne Corps at <a href="/wiki/Bila_Tserkva" title="Bila Tserkva">Belaya Tserkov</a> in Ukraine (the 100th and <a href="/wiki/8th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="8th Guards Airborne Division">107th Guards Airborne Divisions</a> (Chernigov, disbanded in 1959))</li></ul> <p>In the summer of 1948, five more Guards Airborne Divisions were created. The 7th (Lithuania, 8th Airborne Corps), the <a href="/wiki/11th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="11th Guards Airborne Division">11th</a> (activated 1 October 1948 in Ryazan, Moscow Oblast, from the 347th Guards Air Landing Regiment, 38th Airborne Corps),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/13th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="13th Guards Airborne Division">13th Guards</a> (at Galenki, Primorskiy Kray, with the 37th Airborne Corps), the <a href="/wiki/21st_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="21st Guards Airborne Division">21st Guards</a> (Estonia, Valga, with the 15th Airborne Corps), and the <a href="/wiki/31st_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="31st Guards Airborne Division">31st Guards</a> (Carpathians, 39th Airborne Corps). At the end of 1955 and the beginning of 1956 the 11th Guards, 21st, 100th and 114th Guards Airborne Divisions were disbanded as well as all the airborne corps headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of divisions, thus, decreased to 11. In April 1955 the transport aircraft were separated from the VDV and the Air Force <a href="/wiki/Military_Transport_Aviation" title="Military Transport Aviation">Military Transport Aviation</a> was created. In 1959 the 31st and 107th Guards Airborne Divisions were disbanded, but in October 1960 the <a href="/wiki/242nd_Training_Centre" title="242nd Training Centre">44th Training Airborne Division</a> was formed. In 1964 the Soviet Airborne Forces were directly subordinated to the Ministry of Defence. </p><p>The creation of the post-war Soviet Airborne Forces owe much to the efforts of one man, <a href="/wiki/Army_General_(Soviet_rank)" title="Army General (Soviet rank)">Army General</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Margelov" title="Vasily Margelov">Vasily Margelov</a>, so much so that the abbreviation of VDV in the Airborne Forces is sometimes waggishly interpreted as Войска дяди Васи or "Uncle Vasya's Forces". </p><p>Airborne units of two divisions (7th and 31st Guards) were used during Soviet operations in Hungary during 1956, and the 7th Guards division was used again during the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%94%D0%92_%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%94%D0%92_%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg/120px-%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%94%D0%92_%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%94%D0%92_%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg/180px-%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%94%D0%92_%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%94%D0%92_%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg/240px-%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%94%D0%92_%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2443" data-file-height="3141" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Full_dress_uniform" title="Full dress uniform">Parade</a> <a href="/wiki/Tunic_(military)" title="Tunic (military)">tunic</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">private</a> of the Soviet Airborne Forces</figcaption></figure> <p>The first experimental air assault brigade – the 1st Airborne Brigade – was apparently activated in 1967/1968 from parts of the 51st Guards Parachute Landing Regiment (PDP) (Tula), after the Soviets had been impressed by the American experiences in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973 the 13th and 99th Airborne Divisions were reorganised as air assault brigades, and thus the number of divisions dropped to eight.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also independent regiments and battalions. However, even by the 1980s only two divisions were capable of being deployed for combat operations in the first wave against NATO using Air Force <a href="/wiki/Military_Transport_Aviation" title="Military Transport Aviation">Military Transport Aviation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a> aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Airborne Forces Commander-in-Chief <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Margelov" title="Vasily Margelov">Vasily Margelov</a> had the idea to introduce the <i><a href="/wiki/Telnyashka" title="Telnyashka">Telnyashka</a></i> blue-and-white striped shirt as a sign of elite status of the airborne troops. In 1970, the <i>telnyashka</i> became an official part of the uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with a directive of the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff</a>, from August 3, 1979, to December 1, 1979, the <a href="/wiki/105th_Guards_Vienna_Airborne_Division" title="105th Guards Vienna Airborne Division">105th Guards Vienna Airborne Division</a> was disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the division remained in the city of <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a> the <a href="/wiki/345th_Independent_Guards_Airborne_Regiment" title="345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment">345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment</a> (much stronger than the usual regimental size) with the separate 115th military-transport aviation squadron. The rest of the personnel of the division were reassigned to fill out other incomplete airborne units and formations and to the newly formed air assault brigades. Based on the division's 351st Guards Parachute Regiment, the <a href="/wiki/56th_Guards_Air_Assault_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="56th Guards Air Assault Brigade">56th Guards Separate Air Assault Brigade</a> was formed in Azadbash, (<a href="/wiki/Chirchiq" title="Chirchiq">Chirchiq</a> district) <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Region" title="Tashkent Region">Tashkent Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a>. Meanwhile, the 111th Guards Parachute Regiment became the <a href="/wiki/35th_Guards_Air_Assault_Brigade" title="35th Guards Air Assault Brigade">35th Separate Guards Air Assault Brigade</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Il-76_Candid_loading_paratroops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Soviet_Il-76_Candid_loading_paratroops.jpg/220px-Soviet_Il-76_Candid_loading_paratroops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Soviet_Il-76_Candid_loading_paratroops.jpg/330px-Soviet_Il-76_Candid_loading_paratroops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Soviet_Il-76_Candid_loading_paratroops.jpg/440px-Soviet_Il-76_Candid_loading_paratroops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2869" data-file-height="1930" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Ilyushin Il-76</a> "Candid" loading VDV personnel in 1984</figcaption></figure> <p>However, there was also a mistaken Western belief, either intentional Soviet deception or stemming from confusion in the West, that an Airborne Division, reported as the 6th, was being maintained at <a href="/wiki/Belogorsk" title="Belogorsk">Belogorsk</a> in the Far East in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_deception" title="Russian military deception"><i>maskirovka</i></a> division was then 'disbanded' later in the 1980s, causing comment within Western professional journals that another division was likely to be reformed so that the Far East had an airborne presence.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division was not listed in V.I. Feskov et al.'s <i>The Soviet Army during the period of the Cold War,</i> (2004) and the division at Belogorsk, the <a href="/wiki/98th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="98th Guards Airborne Division">98th Guards Airborne Svirskaya Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Division</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Bolgrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolgrad">Bolgrad</a> in Ukraine in late 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/103rd_Guards_Airborne_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="103rd Guards Airborne Division">103rd Guards Airborne Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/345th_Independent_Guards_Airborne_Regiment" title="345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment">345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/56th_Guards_Air_Assault_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="56th Guards Air Assault Brigade">56th Air Assault Brigade</a> fought in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Units">Units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Airborne Forces (<i>Воздушно-десантные войска</i> (<i>ВДВ</i>), literal translation: Air-Landing Troops) of the Soviet Union and their present-day Russian Federation successor are a separate combat service directly subordinated to the General Staff. Their combat doctrine establishes their role as a highly mobile operational reserve of the armed forces, the last remaining <a href="/wiki/Reserve_of_the_Supreme_High_Command" title="Reserve of the Supreme High Command">Reserve of the Supreme High Command</a> (<i>Резерв главного командования</i> (<i>РГК</i>)). </p><p>In 1989 a Soviet Air-Landing Division (<i>Воздушно-десантная дивизия</i> (<i>вдд</i>)) was organized into a division headquarters, three Parachute Landing Regiments (sing. <i>Парашютно-десантный полк</i> (<i>пдп</i>)) and various combat and service support units. V. I. Shaykin's historic study of the Airborne Forces lists the following force structure in 1989 (Military Detachment number (<i>в/ч</i>) given in brackets):<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Directorate of the Commander of the Airborne Troops</b> (<i>Управление командующего ВДВ</i>)(25953), <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFSR">RSFSR</a> </p> <ul><li>units and establishments directly subordinated to the Directorate: <ul><li>879th Signals Nod</li> <li>196th Signals Regiment of the Airborne Troops (54164), Medvezhie Ozera, Moscow Oblast, RSFSR</li> <li>899th <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Spetsnaz</a> Company (54766)</li> <li>387th Parachute Regiment (<a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a>);</li> <li>58th Military Transport Aviation Squadron (03417), <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyagilevo_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyagilevo (air base)">Dyagilevo Airfield</a></li> <li>78th Military Transport Aviation Squadron, <a href="/wiki/Klin_(air_base)" title="Klin (air base)">Klin Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryazan_Guards_Higher_Airborne_Command_School" title="Ryazan Guards Higher Airborne Command School"><i>Ryazan</i> Higher Air-Landing, <i>twice awarded the Order of the Red Banner, named after the Lenin Comsomol</i> Command School</a>, Ryazan, RSFSR</li> <li>332nd NCO School of the Airborne Troops, <a href="/wiki/Gai%C5%BEi%C5%ABnai" title="Gaižiūnai">Gaižiūnai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian SSR">Lithuanian SSR</a></li> <li>2356th Central Automobile Storage of the Airborne Troops, <a href="/wiki/Kubinka" title="Kubinka">Kubinka</a>, Moscow Oblast, RSFSR</li> <li>3104th Central Base for Armament and Equipment Reserve of the Airborne Troops, <a href="/wiki/Orekhovo-Zuyevo" title="Orekhovo-Zuyevo">Orekhovo-Zuyevo</a>, Moscow Oblast, RSFSR</li> <li>5730th Central Base for Armored Vehicles of the Airborne Troops, <a href="/wiki/Naro-Fominsk" title="Naro-Fominsk">Naro-Fominsk</a>, Moscow Oblast, RSFSR</li> <li>3370th Central Storage for Air-Landing Equipment of the Airborne Troops, <a href="/wiki/Kolomna" title="Kolomna">Kolomna</a>, Moscow Oblast, RSFSR</li> <li>1029th Central Military Hospital of the Airborne Troops (52203), <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a>, RSFSR</li> <li>984th Center for Sanitary-Epidemiological Oversight of the Airborne Troops (48837), <a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a>, RSFSR</li> <li>176th Central Sanitary-Epidemiological Detachment</li> <li>Military Sanatorium <i>"<a href="/wiki/Gudauta" title="Gudauta">Gudautskiy</a>"</i></li> <li>Military Sanatorium <i>"Airborne Trooper"</i></li> <li>47th Singing and Dancing Ensemble of the Airborne Troops</li> <li><a href="/wiki/242nd_Training_Centre" title="242nd Training Centre"><b>242nd Training Centre of the Airborne Troops</b></a>, created from the 44th Training Airborne Division. However, the divisional banner was retained.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division was established in <a href="/wiki/Ostrov,_Ostrovsky_District,_Pskov_Oblast" title="Ostrov, Ostrovsky District, Pskov Oblast">Ostrov</a> in September 1960 as the 44th Training Airborne Division. In September 1961 it was transferred to the Lithuanian SSR.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskovGolikovKalashnikovSlugin2013240_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskovGolikovKalashnikovSlugin2013240-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Center HQ 20192), <a href="/wiki/Gai%C5%BEi%C5%ABnai" title="Gaižiūnai">Gaižiūnai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian SSR">Lithuanian SSR</a></li> <li>300th Training Signals Battalion (63295), Gaižiūnai, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>226th Training Parachute Regiment (11929), Gaižiūnai, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>285th Training Parachute Regiment (74995), Gaižiūnai, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>301st Training Parachute Regiment (42227), Gaižiūnai, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>743rd Training Parachute Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Karm%C4%97lava" title="Karmėlava">Karmėlava</a>, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>1120th Training Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment (61222), <a href="/wiki/Prienai" title="Prienai">Prienai</a>, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>367th Training Air Defence Missile and Artillery Battalion (33817), Gaižiūnai, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>113th Training Combat Engineer Battalion (63291), Gaižiūnai, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>340th Military Transport Aviation Squadron, <a href="/wiki/Poci%C5%ABnai_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pociūnai Airport">Pociūnai Airfield</a> (near Prienai), Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>148th Training Battalion for Heavy Air Landing Vehicles Familiarization (74163), Gaižiūnai, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>45th Training Repair and Overhaul Battalion (59356), Gaižiūnai, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>184th Training Medical Battalion (42235), Gaižiūnai, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>373rd Training Automobile Battalion, Gaižiūnai, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>214th Training Range</li> <li>2945th Unified Storage</li> <li>51518th Field Branch of <a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Gosbank</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/7th_Guards_Mountain_Air_Assault_Division" title="7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division">7th <i>Guards Cherkasskaya</i>, awarded the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of Kutuzov Air Assault Division</a></b> <ul><li>Division Command and Staff, <a href="/wiki/Kaunas_Fortress" title="Kaunas Fortress">Kaunas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian SSR</a></li> <li>743rd Signals Battalion (02050), <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>97th <i>Guards</i> Parachute Regiment (10999), <a href="/wiki/Alytus" title="Alytus">Alytus</a>, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>108th <i>Guards, <a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossack</a>, awarded the Order of the Red Star</i> Parachute-Landing Regiment (02291), Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>119th <i>Guards</i> Parachute-Landing Regiment (10075), <a href="/wiki/Marijampol%C4%97" title="Marijampolė">Marijampolė</a>, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>1141st <i>Guards</i> Artillery Regiment (02207), <a href="/wiki/Kalvarija,_Lithuania" title="Kalvarija, Lithuania">Kalvarija, Lithuanian SSR</a></li> <li>744th Air Defence Missile and Artillery Battalion (33817), Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>72nd Reconnaissance Company (86788), Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>143rd Combat Engineer Battalion <a href="/wiki/Kazl%C5%B3_R%C5%ABda" title="Kazlų Rūda">Kazlų Rūda</a>, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>185th Military Transport Aviation Squadron, Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>1692nd Air-Landing Equipment Maintenance Battalion (96536), Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>1681st Supply Battalion, Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>6th Repair and Overhaul Battalion (58356), Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>313th Medical Battalion, Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>286th Station of the Field Courier Service</li> <li>215th Training Range (63319), Kazlų Rūda, Lithuanian SSR</li> <li>51502nd Field Branch of Gosbank</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/76th_Guards_Air_Assault_Division" title="76th Guards Air Assault Division"><b>76th <i>Guards Chernigovskaya, awarded the Order of the Red Banner</i> Air Assault Division</b></a> <ul><li>Division Command and Staff, <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a></li> <li>728th Separate <i>Guards</i> Signals Battalion (24538)</li> <li>104th <i>Guards</i> Parachute Regiment (32515), Cheryokha, suburb of Pskov, RSFSR</li> <li>234th <i>Guards</i> Parachute Regiment (74268), Pskov, RSFSR</li> <li>237th <i>Guards</i> Parachute Regiment (56264), Pskov, RSFSR</li> <li>1140th <i>Guards, twice awarded the Order of the Red Banner</i> Artillery Regiment</li> <li>165th Air Defence Missile and Artillery Battalion (81430)</li> <li>175th <i>Guards</i> Reconnaissance Company (64004)</li> <li>656th Combat Engineer Battalion (45293)</li> <li>242nd Military Transport Aviation Squadron (06776), Cheryokha, suburb of Pskov, RSFSR</li> <li>608th Airborne Equipment Maintenance Battalion (77011)</li> <li>1682nd Supply Battalion (42689)</li> <li>7th Repair and Overhaul Battalion</li> <li>586th Medical Battalion</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/98th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="98th Guards Airborne Division"><b>98th <i>Guards Svirskaya, awarded the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of Kutuzov</i> Airborne Division</b></a> <ul><li>Division Command and Staff (<i>штаб дивизии</i>), <a href="/wiki/Bolhrad" title="Bolhrad">Bolgrad</a>, Odessa Oblast, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li>674th Separate <i>Guards</i> Signals Battalion (89592), Bolgrad</li> <li>217th <i>Guards</i> Parachute Regiment (42246), Bolgrad</li> <li>299th <i>Guards</i> Parachute Regiment (52432), Bolgrad</li> <li>300th <i>Guards</i> Parachute Regiment (40390), <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Kishinev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldovan SSR</a></li> <li>1065th <i>Guards</i> Artillery Regiment (31539), Vessyolliy Kut, Odessa Oblast, Ukrainian SSR</li> <li>100th Air Defence Missile and Artillery Battalion (73512), Bolgrad</li> <li>215th <i>Guards</i> Reconnaissance Company (03391)</li> <li>112th Combat Engineer Battalion</li> <li>243rd Military Transport Aviation Squadron(68226)</li> <li>613th Air-Landing Equipment Maintenance Battalion</li> <li>1683rd Supply Battalion</li> <li>15th Repair and Overhaul Battalion</li> <li>176th Medical Battalion</li> <li>728th Station of the Field Courier Service (36477)</li> <li>? Training Range, Tarutino, Odessa Oblast, Ukrainian SSR</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/103rd_Guards_Airborne_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="103rd Guards Airborne Division"><b>103rd <i>Guards, awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Combat Red Banner, the Order of Kutuzov II class</i> Airborne Division</b> <i>"60th Anniversary of the USSR"</i></a> <ul><li>Division Command and Staff (07197), <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a></li> <li>742nd Signals Battalion</li> <li>317th <i>Guards</i> Parachute Regiment (52287, г. Витебск), Vitebsk, Byelorussian SSR</li> <li>350th <i>Guards</i> Parachute Regiment (64222, г. Полоцк), <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a>, Vitebsk Oblast, Byelorussian SSR</li> <li>357th <i>Guards</i> Parachute Regiment (93684, г. Полоцк), Polotsk, Vitebsk Oblast, Byelorussian SSR</li> <li>62nd Tank Battalion</li> <li>1179th Artillery Regiment</li> <li>133th Anti-Tank Artillery Battalion (<i>133-й отдельный противотанковый артиллерийский дивизион</i>)</li> <li>105th Air Defence Missile and Artillery Battalion (<i>105-й отдельный зенитный ракетно-артиллерийский дивизион</i>)</li> <li>80th Reconnaissance Company (<i>80-я отдельная разведывательная рота</i>)(86793)</li> <li>130th Combat Engineer Battalion (<i>130-й отдельный инженерно-саперный батальон</i>)</li> <li>210th Military Transport Aviation Squadron (<i>210-я отдельная военно-транспортная авиационная эскадрилья</i>)</li> <li>1388th Supply Battalion (<i>1388-й отдельный батальон материального обеспечения</i>)</li> <li>20th Repair and Overhaul Battalion (<i>20-й отдельный ремонтно-восстановительный батальон</i>)(59318)</li> <li>175th Medical Battalion (<i>175-й отдельный медицинский батальон</i>)</li> <li>274th Automobile Company (<i>274-я отдельная автомобильная рота</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/104th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="104th Guards Airborne Division"><b>104th <i>Guards, awarded the Order of the Combat Red Banner and the Order of Kutuzov II class</i> Airborne Division</b></a> <ul><li>Division Command and Staff, <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Kirovabad, Azerbaijan SSR</a></li> <li>729th Signals Battalion (12192), Kirovabad, Azerbaijan SSR</li> <li>328th <i>Guards</i> Parachute Regiment (93626), Kirovabad, Azerbaijan SSR</li> <li>337th <i>Guards</i> Parachute Regiment, Kirovabad, Azerbaijan SSR</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/345th_Independent_Guards_Airborne_Regiment" title="345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment">345th <i>Guards</i> Airborne Regiment</a>, Kirovabad, Azerbaijan SSR</li> <li>1080th <i>Guards</i> Artillery Regiment (73598), <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99mkir" class="mw-redirect" title="Şəmkir">Şəmkir</a>, Azerbaijan SSR</li> <li>103rd Air Defence Missile and Artillery Battalion</li> <li>110th Reconnaissance Company (64009), Kirovabad, Azerbaijan SSR</li> <li>132nd Combat Engineer Battalion (71296), Kirovabad, Azerbaijan SSR</li> <li>116th Military Transport Aviation Squadron</li> <li>611th Air-Landing Equipment Maintenance Battalion</li> <li>1684th Supply Battalion</li> <li>24th Repair and Overhaul Battalion</li> <li>180th Medical Battalion</li> <li>422nd Station of the Field Courier Service</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/106th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="106th Guards Airborne Division"><b>106th <i>Guards, awarded the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of Kutuzov</i> Airborne Division</b></a> <ul><li>Division Command and Staff (55599), <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a>, RSFSR</li> <li>731st Signals Battalion (93687)</li> <li>51st <i>Guards</i> Parachute Regiment (в/ч 33842), Tula, RSFSR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/137th_Guards_Airborne_Regiment" title="137th Guards Airborne Regiment">137th <i>Guards</i> Parachute Regiment</a> (в/ч 41450), <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, RSFSR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/331st_Guards_Airborne_Regiment" title="331st Guards Airborne Regiment"> 331st <i>Guards</i> Parachute Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a>, RSFSR</li> <li>1182nd <i>Guards</i> Artillery Regiment (93723), Efremov, Tula Oblast, RSFSR</li> <li>107th Air Defence Missile and Artillery Battalion (71298)</li> <li>181st Reconnaissance Company (86800)</li> <li>139th Combat Engineer Battalion (12159)</li> <li>110th Military Transport Aviation Squadron (25500)</li> <li>610th Airborne Equipment Maintenance Battalion (64024)</li> <li>1060th Supply Battalion (14403)</li> <li>43rd Repair and Overhaul Battalion (28393)</li> <li>234th Medical Battalion (52296)</li> <li>1883rd Station of the Field Courier Service (54235)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>As a high readiness and long range main operational reserve of the General Staff the Airborne Troops could rely on the support of the whole <a href="/wiki/Military_Transport_Aviation" title="Military Transport Aviation">Military Transport Aviation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a> aircraft mobilized for military service. The Airborne Troops also had their own organic aviation assets, but these had very limited airlift capabilities (<a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-2" title="Antonov An-2">Antonov An-2s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-8" title="Mil Mi-8">Mil Mi-8s</a>) and were used for parachute training and liaison flights between the various units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing_Assault_units_of_the_Soviet_Ground_Forces">Landing Assault units of the Soviet Ground Forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Landing Assault units of the Soviet Ground Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the time of the strategic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exercise_Dnepr-67&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exercise Dnepr-67 (page does not exist)">Exercise Dnepr-67</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80_(%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Днепр (учения)">ru:Днепр (учения)</a>) came the organization of the first Soviet air assault formation. Shortly before it the 51st <i>Guards</i> Parachute-Landing Regiment (<i>51-й гв. пдп</i>) was transformed into the 1st Separate Air Assault Brigade (<i>1-я отдельная Воздушно-штурмовая бригада</i> (<i>1-я овшбр</i>)) and this experimental formation was put under the command of Major General Kobzar', Chief of the Combat Training Department of the Airborne Forces HQ.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The task of the brigade in the massive exercise was to land with helicopters on the riverside of the <a href="/wiki/River_Dnieper" class="mw-redirect" title="River Dnieper">River Dnieper</a> and secure a beachhead for the forcing of the river by the main forces. This was executed successfully and the lessons learned were used for the formation of regular air assault brigades. A General Staff Directive from May 22, 1968, ordered the formation of the first brigades. They were under the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Ground_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Ground Forces">Soviet Ground Forces</a> and by August 1970 the first two active brigades were: </p> <ul><li>13th Air Assault Brigade (<i>13-я отдельная Воздушно-штурмовая бригада</i> (<i>13-я овшбр</i>)) in the villages of Nikolayevka and Zavitinsk, Amur Oblast, under the <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Military_District" title="Far Eastern Military District">Far Eastern Military District</a> and the</li> <li>11th Air Assault Brigade (<i>11-я отдельная Воздушно-штурмовая бригада</i> (<i>11-я овшбр</i>)) in the village of Mogocha, Chita Oblast, under the <a href="/wiki/Transbaikal_Military_District" title="Transbaikal Military District">Transbaikal Military District</a>.</li></ul> <p>These brigades had organic aviation units and had the following structure: </p> <ul><li>Brigade HQ (<i>управление бригады</i>)</li> <li>3x Separate Air Assault Battalions (<i>три отдельные воздушно-штурмовые батальоны</i>)</li> <li>Artillery Battalion (<i>артиллерийский дивизион</i>)</li> <li>Air Defence Artillery Battalion (<i>зенитно-артиллерийский дивизион</i>)</li> <li>Combat Helicopter Regiment with its own Aviation Base (<i>боевой вертолетный полк с авиационной базой</i>)</li> <li>Transport Helicopter Regiment with its own Aviation Base (<i>транспортный вертолетный полк с авиационной базой</i>)</li> <li>Brigade logistics (<i>тыл бригады</i>)</li></ul> <p>Each aviation base consisted of an airfield support battalion and a signals and radio-technical support battalion. The brigade was tasked with executing tactical heliborne landings up to 100 km behind enemy lines. In the beginning of the 1970s the designation was changed from Separate Air Assault Brigade (<i>отдельная воздушно-штурмовая бригада</i> (о<i>вшбр</i>)) to Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i> (о<i>дшбр</i>)). In 1973 a third brigade was formed: </p> <ul><li>21st Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>21-я одшбр</i>)) in the Georgian city of <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Military_District" title="Transcaucasian Military District">Transcaucasian Military District</a>.</li></ul> <p>The experimental 1st Separate Air Assault Brigade was fully staffed by Airborne Troops personnel due to its background, but the regular air assault brigades formed afterwards lacked any airborne parachute training and the majority of their officers came from the higher schools of the Ground Forces. The brigades carried the uniform of the motor rifle branch. In 1973 the landing assault brigades received a new table of organization: </p> <ul><li>Brigade HQ (<i>управление бригады</i>) of 326 men;</li> <li>3x Separate Landing Assault Battalions (<i>три отдельные десантно-штурмовые батальоны</i>) of 349 men each;</li> <li>Separate Artillery Battalion (<i>отдельный артиллерийский дивизион</i>) of 171 men;</li> <li>Aviation Group (<i>авиационная группа</i>) of 805 men;</li> <li>Separate Signals and Radio-technical Support Battalion (<i>отдельный дивизион связи и радио-технического обеспечения</i>) of 190 men;</li> <li>Separate Airfield Technical Support Battalion (<i>отдельный батальон аэродромно-технического обеспечения</i>) of 410 men.</li></ul> <p>The new air assault brigades were deemed successful and by the end of the 1970s several more brigades were formed under the military districts. In addition several separate landing assault battalions were formed as assets of combined arms and tank armies. In 1983 these forces started receiving parachute training and this put them under the training oversight of the Airborne Troops.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rapid expansion of the landing assault troops led to the disbanding of one airborne division in 1979. This was the 105th <i>Guards</i> <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna"><i>Venskaya</i></a>, <i>awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner" title="Order of the Red Banner">Order of the Red Banner</a></i> Airborne Landing Division (<i>105-я гвардейская воздушно-десантная Венская Краснознаменная дивизия</i>) with HQ in <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a>, Uzbekistan SSR and command of the 111th, 345th, 351st and the 383rd Parachute Landing Regiments and additional support units. The division was specialized in warfare in mountain and arid regions and the decision to disband it proved to be a seriously misguided one in the coming <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>. The division gave birth to the following formations: </p> <ul><li>The 345th Parachute Landing Regiment (<i>345-й пдп</i>) retained its airborne qualification and remained deployed at the southern border of the USSR, reformed into the 345th <b>Separate</b> Parachute Landing Regiment.</li> <li>The 111th Parachute Landing Regiment (<i>111-й пдп</i>) based in Osh, Kirgiz SSR was used as the basis for the formation of the 14th <i>Guards</i> Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>14-я гв одшбр</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Group_of_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Group of Forces">Western Group of Forces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">GDR</a>. In December 1979 the brigade was re-numbered from the 14th to the 35th <i>Guards</i> Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>35-я гв одшбр</i>).</li> <li>The 351st Parachute Landing Regiment (<i>351-й пдп</i>) was used for the formation of the 56th <i>Guards</i> Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>56-я гв одшбр</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Military_District" title="Turkestan Military District">Turkestan Military District</a> with brigade HQ in the village of Azadbash near Chirchik, Uzbek SSR.</li> <li>The 383rd Parachute Landing Regiment (<i>383-й пдп</i>) based in the village of Aktogay, <a href="/wiki/Taldy-Kurgan_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Taldy-Kurgan Oblast">Taldy-Kurgan Oblast</a>, Kazakh SSR was used for the formation of the 57th Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>57-я одшбр</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Military_District" title="Central Asian Military District">Central Asian Military District</a>. The regiment was also used for the formation of the 58th Separate Landing Assault Brigade in <a href="/wiki/Kremenchuk" title="Kremenchuk">Kremenchug</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Military District">Kyiv Military District</a>, but it was kept as a <a href="/wiki/Cadre_(military)" title="Cadre (military)">cadre</a> formation in peacetime.</li> <li>The officers of the division HQ were used as the cadre for the formation of the 38th Separate Guards <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Venskaya</a>, <i>awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner" title="Order of the Red Banner">Order of the Red Banner</a></i> Landing Assault Brigade (<i>38-я отдельная Гвардейская Венская Краснознаменная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a>, subordinated to the <a href="/wiki/Belorussian_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Belorussian Military District">Belorussian Military District</a>.</li></ul> <p>From the late 1970s to the 1980s, 13 separate landing assault brigades were activated. These brigades provided air-mobile capability for military districts and groups of forces. In 1989, these brigades transferred to control of the VDV. During the same period, 19 separate <a href="/wiki/List_of_air_assault_battalions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of air assault battalions of the Soviet Union">landing assault battalions</a> were activated. These battalions originally provided air-mobile capability to armies and other formations but were mostly disbanded in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, the 58th Air Assault Brigade was activated as a mobilization unit in Kremenchug. It was co-located with the 23rd Air Assault Brigade from 1986 and disbanded in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 128th Air Assault Brigade existed between 1986 and 1989 as a mobilization unit in Stavropol.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 130th Air Assault Brigade existed between 1986 and 1989 as a mobilization unit in Abakan.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Guards_Air_Assault_Brigade" title="11th Guards Air Assault Brigade">11th Landing Assault Brigade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mogocha" title="Mogocha">Mogocha</a>, Transbaikal MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Separate_Airborne_Brigade" title="13th Separate Airborne Brigade">13th Landing Assault Brigade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magdagachi" title="Magdagachi">Magdagachi</a>, Far Eastern MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/247th_Guards_Air_Assault_Regiment" title="247th Guards Air Assault Regiment">21st Landing Assault Brigade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Military_District" title="Transcaucasian Military District">Transcaucasian MD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Airborne_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Airborne Brigade">23rd Landing Assault Brigade</a> (Kremenchug, Southwestern TVD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/35th_Guards_Air_Assault_Brigade" title="35th Guards Air Assault Brigade">35th Guards Landing Assault Brigade</a> (Cottbus, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany" title="Group of Soviet Forces in Germany">Group of Soviet Forces in Germany</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/36th_Airborne_Brigade_(Russia)" title="36th Airborne Brigade (Russia)">36th Landing Assault Brigade</a> (Garbolovo, Leningrad MD) - formed autumn 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskovGolikovKalashnikovSlugin2013244_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskovGolikovKalashnikovSlugin2013244-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37th_Separate_Airborne_Brigade" title="37th Separate Airborne Brigade">37th Landing Assault Brigade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chernyakhovsk" title="Chernyakhovsk">Chernyakhovsk</a>, Baltic MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_Guards_Air_Assault_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="38th Guards Air Assault Brigade">38th Guards Landing Assault Brigade</a> (Brest, Belarusian MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/80th_Air_Assault_Brigade_(Ukraine)" title="80th Air Assault Brigade (Ukraine)">39th Landing Assault Brigade</a> (Khyriv, Carpathian MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/79th_Air_Assault_Brigade_(Ukraine)" title="79th Air Assault Brigade (Ukraine)">40th Landing Assault Brigade</a> (Nikolaev, Odessa MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/56th_Guards_Air_Assault_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="56th Guards Air Assault Brigade">56th Landing Assault Brigade</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Dol%C3%B6ten" title="Ýolöten">Ýolöten</a>, Turkestan MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/57th_Separate_Airborne_Brigade" title="57th Separate Airborne Brigade">57th Landing Assault Brigade</a> (Aktogay, Central Asian MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/83rd_Guards_Air_Assault_Brigade" title="83rd Guards Air Assault Brigade">83rd Landing Assault Brigade</a> (Byałogard, Polish People's Republic)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Experimental_Landing_Assault_units_of_the_Ground_Forces">Experimental Landing Assault units of the Ground Forces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Experimental Landing Assault units of the Ground Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the Landing Assault units of the Ground Forces' military districts and armies, the Soviet General Staff also experimented with the inclusion of landing assault units in experimental combined arms corps. Two such corps were formed in the mid-1980s with the task to exploit and widen the operational breakthrough in offensive operations. </p> <ul><li>In the Belorussian Military District the 120th <i>Guards, <a href="/wiki/Rahachow" title="Rahachow">Rogachyovskaya</a>, awarded the Order of the Red Banner, the Order of Suvorov and the Order of Kutuzov</i> Motor Rifle Division (<i>120-я гвардейская мотострелковая Рогачёвская Краснознамённая, орденов Суворова и Кутузова дивизия</i>) was transformed into the 5th <i>Guards</i> Combined Arms Army Corps'<i>"Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR"</i> (<i>5-й отдельный Гвардейский общевойсковой армейский Рогачевский Краснознаменный орденов Суворова и Кутузова корпус им. Верховного Совета БССР</i>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Transbaikal_Military_District" title="Transbaikal Military District">Transbaikal Military District</a> the 5th <i>Guards, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapeshtenskaya</a>, awarded the Order of the Red Banner, <a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a></i> Tank Division (<i>5-я Гвардейская танковая Будапештская Краснознамённая Донская казачья дивизия</i>) was transformed into the 48th <i>Guards</i> Combined Arms Army Corps (<i>48-й Гвардейский общевойсковой армейский корпус</i>).</li></ul> <p>Each corps consisted of a corps HQ, two tank brigades, two mechanised brigades, a landing assault regiment of two battalions and support units and a helicopter regiment (organized into an HQ, a Mi-24 attack squadron, a Mi-8 assault squadron and a Mi-26 heavy transport squadron of 20 aircraft each). The combat and service support units were similar to those found in a tank or motor rifle division. The 5th Corps had the 1318th Separate Landing Assault Regiment and 276th Separate Helicopter Regiment, while the 48th Corps had the 1319th Separate Landing Assault Regiment and 373rd Separate Helicopter Regiment. Around 1987-88 the two corps were disbanded and reverted to divisions, losing their landing troops and helicopters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Force_Structure_of_the_Soviet_Airborne_Forces_in_1989">Force Structure of the Soviet Airborne Forces in 1989</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Force Structure of the Soviet Airborne Forces in 1989"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V. I. Shaykin lists the following force structure of the Soviet airborne forces in 1989 in his study:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces</b> <ul><li><b>Soviet Airborne Troops High Command</b> (<i>Главное командование воздушно-десантных войск</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, RSFSR <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7th_Guards_Mountain_Air_Assault_Division" title="7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division">7th <i>Guards Cherkasskaya, awarded the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of Kutuzov</i> Air-Landing Division</a> - <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/76th_Guards_Air_Assault_Division" title="76th Guards Air Assault Division">76th <i>Guards Chernigovskaya, awarded the Order of the Red Banner</i> Air-Landing Division</a> - <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, RSFSR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/98th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="98th Guards Airborne Division">98th Guards Svirskaya, awarded the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of Kutuzov Air-Landing Division</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bolhrad" title="Bolhrad">Bolgrad</a>, Ukrainian SSR (one parachute landing regiment in Kishinev, Moldavian SSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/103rd_Guards_Airborne_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="103rd Guards Airborne Division">103rd <i>Guards, awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Combat Red Banner, the Order of Kutuzov II degree</i> Air-Landing Division <i>"60th Anniversary of the USSR"</i></a> - <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>, Byelorussian SSR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/104th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="104th Guards Airborne Division">104th <i>Guards, awarded the Order of the Combat Red Banner and the Order of Kutuzov II class</i> Air-Landing Division</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Kirovabad</a>, Azerbaijan SSR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/106th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="106th Guards Airborne Division">106th <i>Guards, awarded the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of Kutuzov</i> Air-Landing Division</a> - Tula, RSFSR</li></ul></li> <li><big><b>Ground Forces</b></big> (Landing Assault Troops) <ul><li><b>High Command of the Forces of the Western Strategic Direction</b> (<i>Главное командование войск Западного направления</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Legnica" title="Legnica">Legnica</a>, Polish People's Republic <ul><li><i>directly subordinated</i>: 83rd Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>83-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ogard" title="Białogard">Białogard</a>, Polish People's Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Group_of_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Group of Forces">Western Group of Forces</a> (<i>Западная группа войск</i>) - <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCnsdorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Wünsdorf">Wünsdorf</a>, German Democratic Republic <ul><li><i>directly subordinated</i>: 35th Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>35-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a>, German Democratic Republic</li> <li>20th <i>Guards</i> Combined Arms Army (<i>20-я гвардейская общевойсковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, German Democratic Republic <ul><li>899th Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>899-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Burg_bei_Magdeburg" title="Burg bei Magdeburg">Burg bei Magdeburg</a>, German Democratic Republic</li></ul></li> <li>8th <i>Guards</i> Army (<i>8-я гвардейская армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Nohra" title="Nohra">Nohra</a>, GDR <ul><li>900th Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>900-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, German Democratic Republic</li></ul></li> <li>1st <i>Guards</i> Tank Army (<i>1-я гвардейская танковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, GDR <ul><li>1044th Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>1044-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsbr%C3%BCck" title="Königsbrück">Königsbrück</a>, German Democratic Republic</li></ul></li> <li>2nd <i>Guards</i> Tank Army (<i>2-я гвардейская танковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenberg/Havel" title="Fürstenberg/Havel">Fürstenberg/Havel</a>, German Democratic Republic <ul><li>1185th Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>1185-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravensbrück">Ravensbrück</a>, German Democratic Republic</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Group_of_Forces" title="Central Group of Forces">Central Group of Forces</a> (<i>Центральная группа войск</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Milovice" title="Milovice">Milovice</a>, Czech SR, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic <ul><li>901st Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>901-й отдельный десантно-штурмовый батальон</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Nov%C3%A9_Z%C3%A1mky" title="Nové Zámky">Nové Zámky</a>, Slovak SR, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Group_of_Forces" title="Northern Group of Forces">Northern Group of Forces</a> (<i>Северная группа войск</i>) - Legnica, Polish People's Republic <ul><li>none (the 83rd Separate Landing Assault Brigade is located in the NGF area of responsibility)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belorussian_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Belorussian Military District">Belorussian Military District</a> (<i>Белорусский военный округ</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Byelorussian SSR <ul><li><i>directly subordinated</i>: 38th Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>38-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a>, Byelorussian SSR</li> <li>28th Combined Arms Army (<i>28-й общевойсковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a>, Byelorussian SSR <ul><li>903rd Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>903-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - Grodno, Byelorussian SSR</li></ul></li> <li>5th <i>Guards</i> Tank Army (<i>5-я гвардейская танковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Bobruysk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobruysk">Bobruysk</a>, Mogylev Oblast, Byelorussian SSR <ul><li>1011th Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>1011-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Marjina_Horka" class="mw-redirect" title="Marjina Horka">Marjina Gorka</a>, Minsk Oblast, Byelorussian SSR</li></ul></li> <li>7th <i>Red Banner</i> Tank Army (<i>7-я краснознамённая танковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Barysaw" title="Barysaw">Borisov</a>, Minsk Oblast, Byelorussian SSR <ul><li>1151st Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>1151-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a>, Vitebsk Oblast, Byelorussian SSR</li></ul></li> <li>5th Separate <i>Guards</i> Army Corps (<i>5-й отдельный гвардейский армейский корпус</i>) - Minsk, Byelorussian SSR <ul><li>1318th Separate Landing Assault Regiment (<i>1318-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой полк</i>) - Polotsk, Vitebsk Oblast, Byelorussian SSR</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Military_District" title="Carpathian Military District">Carpathian Military District</a> (<i>Прикарпатский военный округ</i>) - <ul><li><i>directly subordinated</i>: 39th Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>39-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Khyriv" title="Khyriv">Khyrov</a>, Ukrainian SSR</li> <li>13th Combined Arms Army (<i>13-я общевойсковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Rivne" title="Rivne">Rovno</a>, Ukrainian SSR <ul><li>904th Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>904-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr-Volynskyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr-Volynskyi">Volodymyr-Volynskyi</a>, Volynskyi Oblast, Ukrainian SSR</li></ul></li> <li>8th Tank Army (<i>8-я танковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr" title="Zhytomyr">Zhytomyr</a>, Ukrainian SSR <ul><li>1156th Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>1156-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Novohrad-Volynskyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Novohrad-Volynskyi">Novigrad-Volynskyi</a>, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukrainian SSR</li></ul></li> <li>38th Combined Arms Army (<i>38-й общевойсковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivano-Frankovsk">Ivano-Frankovsk</a>, Ukrainian SSR <ul><li>1603rd Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>1603-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Nadvornaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadvornaya">Nadvornaya</a>, Ivano-Frankovsk Oblast, Ukrainian SSR</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>High Command of the Forces of the South-Western Strategic Direction</b> (<i>Главное командование войск Юго-Западного направления</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Kishinev</a>, Moldavian SSR <ul><li><i>directly subordinated</i>: 23rd Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>23-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>)(partially cadred, the HQ, one AAslt battalion, the artillery battalion and the support units active) - <a href="/wiki/Kremenchuk" title="Kremenchuk">Kremenchug</a>, Ukrainian SSR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Group_of_Forces" title="Southern Group of Forces">Southern Group of Forces</a> (<i>Южная группа войск</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungarian People's Republic <ul><li>902nd Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>902-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Kecskem%C3%A9t" title="Kecskemét">Kecskemét</a>, Hungarian People's Republic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Military District">Kyiv Military District</a> (<i>Киевский военный округ</i>) - Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR <ul><li><i>directly subordinated</i>: 58th Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>58-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>)(cadred brigade, only brigade HQ of no more than 20 men active) - Kremenchug, Ukrainian SSR</li> <li>1st <i>Guards</i> Combined Arms Army (<i>1-я гвардейская общевойсковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernigov</a>, Ukrainian SSR <ul><li>908th Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>908-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Honcharivske" title="Honcharivske">Goncharovskoye</a>, Chernigov Oblast, Ukrainian SSR</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odessa_Military_District" title="Odessa Military District">Odessa Military District</a> (<i>Одесский военный округ</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>, Ukrainian SSR <ul><li><i>directly subordinated</i>: 40th Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>40-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>) - Bol'shaya Korenikha, Nikolayev Oblast Ukrainian SSR</li> <li>14th <i>Guards</i> Combined Arms Army (<i>14-я гвардейская общевойсковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a>, Moldavian SSR <ul><li>903rd Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>903-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova">Bendery</a>, Moldavian SSR</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>High Command of the Forces of the Southern Strategic Direction</b> (<i>Главное командование войск Южного направления</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan SSR <ul><li><i>directly subordinated</i>: 128th Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>128-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>)(cadred brigade, only brigade HQ of no more than 20 men active) - <a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a>, RSFSR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Military_District" title="North Caucasus Military District">North Caucasus Military District</a> (<i>Северо-Кавказский военный округ</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a> <ul><li>none</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Military_District" title="Transcaucasian Military District">Transcaucasian Military District</a> (<i>Закавказский военный округ</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgian SSR <ul><li>21st Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>21-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>)HH - <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a>, Georgian SSR</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Military_District" title="Turkestan Military District">Turkestan Military District</a> (<i>Туркестанский военный округ</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, Turkestan SSR <ul><li>56th Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>56-я отдельная гвардейская десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Chirchiq" title="Chirchiq">Chirchiq</a>, Uzbek SSR</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>High Command of the Forces of the Far East</b> (<i>Главное командование войск Дальнего Востока</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ude" title="Ulan-Ude">Ulan-Ude</a>, RSFSR <ul><li><i>directly subordinated</i>: 130th Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>130-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>)(cadred brigade, only brigade HQ of no more than 20 men active) - <a href="/wiki/Abakan" title="Abakan">Abakan</a>, Khakassian ASSR, RSFSR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Military_District" title="Far Eastern Military District">Far Eastern Military District</a> (<i>Дальневосточный военный округ</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a>, Khabarovsk Krai, RSFSR <ul><li><i>directly subordinated</i>: 13th Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>13-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>)HH - <a href="/wiki/Magdagachi_Airport" title="Magdagachi Airport">Magdagachi</a>, Amur Oblast, RSFSR</li> <li>5th Combined Arms Army (<i>5-я общевойсковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Ussuriysk" title="Ussuriysk">Ussuriysk</a>, Primorskiy Krai, RSFSR <ul><li>1605th Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>1605-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Spassk-Dalny" title="Spassk-Dalny">Spassk-Dalny</a>, Primorskiy Krai, RSFSR</li></ul></li> <li>15th Combined Arms Army (<i>15-я общевойсковая армия</i>) - ZATO Khabarovsk-41, Khabarovsk Krai, RSFSR <ul><li>1635th Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>1635-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - ZATO Khabarovsk-41, Khabarovsk Krai, RSFSR</li></ul></li> <li>43rd Army Corps (43-й армейский корпус) - <a href="/wiki/Birobidzhan" title="Birobidzhan">Birobidzhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish AO</a>, RSFSR <ul><li>907th Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>907-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - Birobidzhan, Jewish AO, RSFSR</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transbaikal_Military_District" title="Transbaikal Military District">Transbaikal Military District</a> (<i>Забайкальский военный округ</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Chita_Oblast" title="Chita Oblast">Chita Oblast</a>, RSFSR <ul><li><i>directly subordinated</i>: 11th Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>11-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>)HH - <a href="/wiki/Mogocha" title="Mogocha">Mogocha</a>, Chita Oblast, RSFSR</li> <li>36th Combined Arms Army (<i>36-я общевойсковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Borzya" title="Borzya">Borzya</a>, Chita Oblast, RSFSR <ul><li>906th Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>906-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - Hada-Bulak, Chita Oblast, RSFSR</li></ul></li> <li>29th Combined Arms Army (<i>29-я общевойсковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ude" title="Ulan-Ude">Ulan-Ude</a>, Buryat ASSR, RSFSR <ul><li>1154th Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>1154-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - Shelekhov, Irkutsk Oblast, RSFSR</li></ul></li> <li>39th Combined Arms Army (<i>39-я общевойсковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> <ul><li>1609th Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>1609-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Mandalgovi" title="Mandalgovi">Mandalgovi</a>, Mongolian People's Republic</li></ul></li> <li>48th Separate <i>Guards</i> Army Corps (<i>48-й отдельный гвардейский армейский корпус</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Kyakhta" title="Kyakhta">Kyakhta</a>, Buryat ASSR, RSFSR <ul><li>1319th Separate Landing Assault Regiment (<i>1319-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой полк</i>) - Sudzha (21 km away from Kyakhta), Buryat ASSR, RSFSR</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Internal Military Districts directly subordinated to the General Staff</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_District" title="Moscow Military District">Moscow Military District</a> (<i>Московский военный округ</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, RSFSR <ul><li>none (106th Air Landing Division of the VDV based in Tula in the District's AOR)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Military_District" title="Leningrad Military District">Leningrad Military District</a> (<i>Ленинградский военный округ</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a>, RSFSR <ul><li>36th Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>36-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>) - Garbolovo, Leningrad Oblast, RSFSR</li> <li>6th Combined Arms Army (<i>6-я общевойсковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a>, Karelian ASSR, RSFSR <ul><li>1179th Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>1179-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - Petrozavodsk, Karelian ASSR, RSFSR</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Military_District" title="Baltic Military District">Baltic Military District</a> (Прибалтийский военный округ) - <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Latvian SSR <ul><li>37th Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>37-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Chernyakhovsk" title="Chernyakhovsk">Chernyakhovsk</a>, Kaliningrad Oblast, RSFSR</li> <li>11th <i>Guards</i> Combined Arms Army (<i>11-я гвардейская общевойсковая армия</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, Kaliningrad Oblast, RSFSR <ul><li>1039th Separate Landing Assault Battalion (<i>1039-й отдельный десантно-штурмовой батальон</i>) - Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, RSFSR</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Military_District" title="Volga Military District">Volga Military District</a> (<i>Приволжский военный округ</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Kuybyshev</a> <ul><li>none</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Military_District" title="Central Asian Military District">Central Asian Military District</a> (<i>Среднеазиатский военный округ</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Alma-Ata</a>, Kazakh SSR <ul><li>57th Separate Landing Assault Brigade (<i>57-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада</i>)(partially cadred, the HQ, one AAslt battalion, the artillery battalion and the support units active) - <a href="/wiki/Aktogay,_East_Kazakhstan_Region" title="Aktogay, East Kazakhstan Region">Aktogay</a>, Semipalatinsk Oblast, Kazakh SSR</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Military_District" title="Ural Military District">Ural Military District</a> (<i>Уральский военный округ</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Sverdlovsk</a>, RSFSR <ul><li>none</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Military_District" title="Siberian Military District">Siberian Military District</a> (<i>Сибирский военный округ</i>) - <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>, RSFSR <ul><li>none</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div> <p><small>note:</small> HH is not an official designation, but denotes Helicopter-Heavy - The original three Air Assault Brigades - the 11th, 13th and 21st had their organic helicopter regiments and they have retained them until 1988~89. The brigades, which were formed later lacked own helicopter assets and relied on the helicopter regiments of their higher echelon commands. </p><p><small>note:</small> The 36th Army with its 906th Separate Assault Landing Battalion and the 86th Army Corps with its 1154th Separate Assault Landing Battalion need further investigation, as the 86th Army Corps was expanded into the 36th Combined Arms Army on June 1, 1976, and could not exist simultaneously around 1989, as the Army was itself reduced into the 55th Army Corps on June 1, 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training_establishments">Training establishments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Training establishments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhailovskaya_Artillery_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhailovskaya Artillery Military Academy">Mikhailovskaya Artillery Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryazan_Guards_Higher_Airborne_Command_School" title="Ryazan Guards Higher Airborne Command School">Ryazan Guards Higher Airborne Command School</a></li> <li>44th Airborne Division, later <a href="/wiki/242nd_Training_Centre" title="242nd Training Centre">242nd Training Centre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commanders_of_the_Soviet_Airborne_Forces">Commanders of the Soviet Airborne Forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Commanders of the Soviet Airborne Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margelov_Vasiliy_Filippovich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Margelov_Vasiliy_Filippovich.jpg/220px-Margelov_Vasiliy_Filippovich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Margelov_Vasiliy_Filippovich.jpg/330px-Margelov_Vasiliy_Filippovich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Margelov_Vasiliy_Filippovich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Army_General_(Soviet_rank)" title="Army General (Soviet rank)">Army general</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Margelov" title="Vasily Margelov">Vasily Margelov</a>, the longest-serving Commander of the Soviet Airborne Forces</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Rank </th> <th>Period of command </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Glazunov" title="Vasily Glazunov">Vasily Glazunov</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">Major general</a> </td> <td>September 1941 – June 1943 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kapitokhin" title="Alexander Kapitokhin">Alexander Kapitokhin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">Lieutenant general</a> </td> <td>June 1943 – August 1944 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Zatevakhin" title="Ivan Zatevakhin">Ivan Zatevakhin</a> </td> <td>Lieutenant general </td> <td>August 1944 – January 1946 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Glagolev" title="Vasily Glagolev">Vasily Glagolev</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_general" title="Colonel general">Colonel general</a> </td> <td>January 1946 – October 1947 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazankin" title="Alexander Kazankin">Alexander Kazankin</a> </td> <td>Lieutenant general </td> <td>October 1947 – December 1948 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rudenko_(general)" title="Sergei Rudenko (general)">Sergei Rudenko</a> </td> <td>Colonel general of the Air Force </td> <td>December 1948 – January 1950 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazankin" title="Alexander Kazankin">Alexander Kazankin</a> </td> <td>Lieutenant general </td> <td>January – March 1950 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorbatov" title="Alexander Gorbatov">Alexander Gorbatov</a> </td> <td>Colonel general </td> <td>March 1950 – May 1954 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Margelov" title="Vasily Margelov">Vasily Margelov</a> </td> <td>Lieutenant general </td> <td>May 1954 – March 1959 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tutarinov" title="Ivan Tutarinov">Ivan Tutarinov</a> </td> <td>Colonel general </td> <td>March 1959 – July 1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Margelov" title="Vasily Margelov">Vasily Margelov</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_General_(Soviet_rank)" title="Army General (Soviet rank)">Army general</a> </td> <td>July 1961 – January 1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Sukhorukov" title="Dmitri Sukhorukov">Dmitri Sukhorukov</a> </td> <td>Army general </td> <td>January 1979 – July 1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vasilyevich_Kalinin" title="Nikolai Vasilyevich Kalinin">Nikolai Kalinin</a> </td> <td>Colonel general </td> <td>August 1987 – January 1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Achalov" title="Vladislav Achalov">Vladislav Achalov</a> </td> <td>Colonel general </td> <td>January 1989 – December 1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a> </td> <td>Major general<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>December 1990 – August 1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Podkolzin" title="Yevgeny Podkolzin">Yevgeny Podkolzin</a> </td> <td>Colonel general </td> <td>August 1991 – February 1992 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Culture of the Russian Armed Forces</a></div> <p>The service march of the airborne forces is <i>We Need One Victory,</i> also known as <i>Our 10th Parachute Battalion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was made by poet <a href="/wiki/Bulat_Okudzhava" title="Bulat Okudzhava">Bulat Okudzhava</a>, written for the feature film <a href="/wiki/Belorussian_Station" title="Belorussian Station">Belorussian Station</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Smirnov_(actor)" title="Andrei Smirnov (actor)">Andrei Smirnov</a> (1970). It was later adapted by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a> to be performed as a <a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">march</a> to be played at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="Moscow Victory Day Parade">Moscow Victory Day Parade</a> on <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day (9 May)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paratroopers'_Day_celebrations"><span id="Paratroopers.27_Day_celebrations"></span>Paratroopers' Day celebrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Paratroopers' Day celebrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paratroopers%27_Day" title="Paratroopers' Day">Paratroopers' Day</a></div> <p>On Airborne Forces Day in many Russian cities, it is customary to turn off the fountains and hold veteran reunions near those fountains.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bands">Bands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Airborne_Troops_presented_a_unique_concert_program_at_the_Spasskaya_Tower_festival_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Airborne_Troops_presented_a_unique_concert_program_at_the_Spasskaya_Tower_festival_03.jpg/220px-The_Airborne_Troops_presented_a_unique_concert_program_at_the_Spasskaya_Tower_festival_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Airborne_Troops_presented_a_unique_concert_program_at_the_Spasskaya_Tower_festival_03.jpg/330px-The_Airborne_Troops_presented_a_unique_concert_program_at_the_Spasskaya_Tower_festival_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Airborne_Troops_presented_a_unique_concert_program_at_the_Spasskaya_Tower_festival_03.jpg/440px-The_Airborne_Troops_presented_a_unique_concert_program_at_the_Spasskaya_Tower_festival_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The combined band</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_bands" title="Russian military bands">Russian military bands</a></div> <p>The Combined Military Band of the Airborne Forces is an integral part of all the solemn events of the Airborne Forces. Every year, the band's personnel take part in the Victory Parade on <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a>, as well as the opening ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/International_Army_Games" title="International Army Games">International Army Games</a>. In the ranks of the combined band are musicians of the military bands of the airborne and assault formations of the Airborne Forces. There are six other <a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">military bands</a> in the airborne forces.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Song and Dance Ensemble of the Airborne Forces is the theatrical troupe of the VDV. It began its creative activity in 1937, as the Red Army Song and Dance Ensemble of the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Military District">Kyiv Military District</a>, numbering only 18 people. On 3 May 1945, three days after the signing of the German armistice, the ensemble gave a concert on the steps of the destroyed <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag</a>. During the Cold War, the unit was known as the Song and Dance Ensemble of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany" title="Group of Soviet Forces in Germany">Group of Soviet Forces in Germany</a>. During this time, it had participated in concerts in the cities of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. It gained its current status in 1994. The Song and Dance Ensemble also contains the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Berets_(performers)" title="Blue Berets (performers)">Blue Berets</a> musical group.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_emblems_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Awards and emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation">Awards and emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lieutenant general until 6 January 1991.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p.386, Isby</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classes.ru/all-russian/russian-dictionary-Vasmer-term-3162.htm">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204649/http://www.classes.ru/all-russian/russian-dictionary-Vasmer-term-3162.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classes.ru%2Fall-russian%2Frussian-dictionary-Vasmer-term-3162.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thesaker.is/a-look-into-the-modern-russian-airborne-forces/">"A look into the modern Russian Airborne Forces | the Vineyard of the Saker"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190117122248/http://thesaker.is/a-look-into-the-modern-russian-airborne-forces/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+look+into+the+modern+Russian+Airborne+Forces+%26%23124%3B+the+Vineyard+of+the+Saker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthesaker.is%2Fa-look-into-the-modern-russian-airborne-forces%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glantz, <i>The Soviet Airborne Experience</i>, 1984, 8, 164, citing Sukhorukov, Sovetskie vozdushno; 34; Lisov, Desantniki, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz198416-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz198416_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1984">Glantz 1984</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz198422-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz198422_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1984">Glantz 1984</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz198428–31-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz198428–31_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1984">Glantz 1984</a>, p. 28–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 387, Bonn</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 172–182, Staskov</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glantz, <i>The Soviet Airborne Experience</i>, 1984, 29–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Zaloga">Zaloga, Steven</a> (1995). <i>Inside the Blue Berets: A Combat History of Soviet and Russian Airborne Forces, 1930–1995</i>. Novato, CA: Presidio. P. 94, 100. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-891-41399-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-891-41399-5">0-891-41399-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Sukhorukov, "Vozdushno-desantnye voiska" [Airlanding forces], VIZh [Military-Historical Journal], January 1982:40, cited in Glantz, 1984, p32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz1994" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0erZZt-EGDQC&q=dnieper"><i>The History of Soviet Airborne Forces</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4120-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4120-1"><bdi>978-0-7146-4120-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403210522/https://books.google.com/books?id=0erZZt-EGDQC&q=dnieper">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-01</span></span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Soviet+Airborne+Forces&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4120-1&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0erZZt-EGDQC%26q%3Ddnieper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glantz, <i>The Soviet Airborne Experience</i>, 1984, 33, 167, citing Sukhorukov, Sovetskie vozdushno, 238–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm" class="citation web cs1">Holm, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/99gvvdd.htm">"99th Guards Airborne Division"</a>. <i>ww2.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212030558/http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/99gvvdd.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ww2.dk&rft.atitle=99th+Guards+Airborne+Division&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Fvdv%2F99gvvdd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm" class="citation web cs1">Holm, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/army/armies/9gvoa.htm">"9th Guards Combined Arms Army"</a>. <i>www.ww2.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107201742/http://www.ww2.dk/new/army/armies/9gvoa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ww2.dk&rft.atitle=9th+Guards+Combined+Arms+Army&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Farmy%2Farmies%2F9gvoa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210231617/http://www8.brinkster.com/vad777/sssr-89-91/vdv.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Состав и дислокация Воздушно-десантных войск</bdi></a> [Composition and Deployment of the Airborne Forces] (in Russian). vad777. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www8.brinkster.com/vad777/sssr-89-91/vdv.htm">the original</a> on 10 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA&rft.pub=vad777&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww8.brinkster.com%2Fvad777%2Fsssr-89-91%2Fvdv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feskov et al 2013, p. 238 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm" class="citation web cs1">Holm, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/114gvvdd.htm">"114th Guards Airborne Division"</a>. <i>.ww2.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212033256/http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/114gvvdd.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=.ww2.dk&rft.atitle=114th+Guards+Airborne+Division&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Fvdv%2F114gvvdd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm" class="citation web cs1">Holm, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/11gvvdd.htm">"11th Guards Airborne Division"</a>. <i>www.ww2.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045248/http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/11gvvdd.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almanacwhf.ru/?no=6&art=Cool">the original</a> on 2008-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B.+Almanac+Wars%2CHistory%2CFacts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almanacwhf.ru%2F%3Fno%3D6%26art%3DCool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orbat.com/">"Cable TV and High Speed Internet | Orbat.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116132914/http://www.orbat.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cable+TV+and+High+Speed+Internet+%26%23124%3B+Orbat.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orbat.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp.190–191, Simpkin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carey Schofield, The Russian Elite, Greenhill Books, 1993, 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Micheal Holm, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/105gvvdd.htm">105th Guards Airborne Division</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019071034/http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/105gvvdd.htm">Archived</a> 2014-10-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed December 2013. Note that Holm says the disbandment process began on 1 October 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/IISS" class="mw-redirect" title="IISS">IISS</a> Military Balance 1985–86 p.29; Isby, Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army, p.36; Myles L. C. Robertson, Soviet Policy Towards Japan: An Analysis of Trends in the 1970s and 1980s, 115, via Google Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane's Military Review, 1984, 85, or 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm" class="citation web cs1">Holm, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/98gvvdd.htm">"98th Guards Airborne Division"</a>. <i>www.ww2.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064317/http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/98gvvdd.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ww2.dk&rft.atitle=98th+Guards+Airborne+Division&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Fvdv%2F98gvvdd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFШайкин2013" class="citation book cs1">Шайкин, В. И. (2013). <i>ИСТОРИЯ СОЗДАНИЯ И ПУТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ВОЗДУШНО-ДЕСАНТНЫХ ВОЙСК (ОТ РОЖДЕНИЯ ДО ПОЧТЕННОГО ВОЗРАСТА)</i>. Ryazan, Russian Federation: Ryazan Higher School of the Airborne Forces. pp. 268–270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%94%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%98+%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%A2%D0%98+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%97%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%94%D0%A3%D0%A8%D0%9D%D0%9E-%D0%94%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%A5+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%99%D0%A1%D0%9A+%28%D0%9E%D0%A2+%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%96%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%94%D0%9E+%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%A7%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%29&rft.place=Ryazan%2C+Russian+Federation&rft.pages=268-270&rft.pub=Ryazan+Higher+School+of+the+Airborne+Forces&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%92.+%D0%98.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080131194833/http://desantura.ru/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t83.html">"Форум на "Десантуре" > 242 УЦ ВДВ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://desantura.ru/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t83.html">the original</a> on 2008-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.army.lv+%3A%3A+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B+-+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforum.army.lv%2Fviewtopic.php%3Fp%3D4566%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskovGolikovKalashnikovSlugin2013240-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskovGolikovKalashnikovSlugin2013240_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeskovGolikovKalashnikovSlugin2013">Feskov et al. 2013</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFШайкин2013" class="citation book cs1">Шайкин, В. И. (2013). <i>ИСТОРИЯ СОЗДАНИЯ И ПУТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ВОЗДУШНО-ДЕСАНТНЫХ ВОЙСК (ОТ РОЖДЕНИЯ ДО ПОЧТЕННОГО ВОЗРАСТА)</i>. Ryazan, Russian Federation: Ryazan Higher School of the Airborne Forces. p. 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%94%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%98+%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%A2%D0%98+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%97%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%94%D0%A3%D0%A8%D0%9D%D0%9E-%D0%94%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%A5+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%99%D0%A1%D0%9A+%28%D0%9E%D0%A2+%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%96%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%94%D0%9E+%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%A7%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%29&rft.place=Ryazan%2C+Russian+Federation&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Ryazan+Higher+School+of+the+Airborne+Forces&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%92.+%D0%98.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFШайкин2013" class="citation book cs1">Шайкин, В. И. Шайкин (2013). <i>ИСТОРИЯ СОЗДАНИЯ И ПУТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ВОЗДУШНО-ДЕСАНТНЫХ ВОЙСК (ОТ РОЖДЕНИЯ ДО ПОЧТЕННОГО ВОЗРАСТА)</i>. Ryazan: Ryazan Higher School of Airborne Troops. p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%94%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%98+%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%A2%D0%98+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%97%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%94%D0%A3%D0%A8%D0%9D%D0%9E-%D0%94%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%A5+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%99%D0%A1%D0%9A+%28%D0%9E%D0%A2+%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%96%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%94%D0%9E+%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%A7%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%29&rft.place=Ryazan&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Ryazan+Higher+School+of+Airborne+Troops&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%92.+%D0%98.+%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm" class="citation web cs1">Holm, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/906odshb.htm">"906th independent Landing-Assault Battalion"</a>. <i>www.ww2.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314035505/http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/906odshb.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ww2.dk&rft.atitle=906th+independent+Landing-Assault+Battalion&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Fvdv%2F906odshb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm" class="citation web cs1">Holm, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/58odshbr.htm">"58th independent Landing-Assault Brigade"</a>. <i>www.ww2.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109000522/http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/58odshbr.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ww2.dk&rft.atitle=58th+independent+Landing-Assault+Brigade&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Fvdv%2F58odshbr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm" class="citation web cs1">Holm, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/128odshbr.htm">"128th independent Landing-Assault Brigade"</a>. <i>www.ww2.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109002715/http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/128odshbr.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ww2.dk&rft.atitle=128th+independent+Landing-Assault+Brigade&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Fvdv%2F128odshbr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm" class="citation web cs1">Holm, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/130odshbr.htm">"130th independent Landing-Assault Brigade"</a>. <i>www.ww2.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107211419/http://www.ww2.dk/new/vdv/130odshbr.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ww2.dk&rft.atitle=130th+independent+Landing-Assault+Brigade&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Fvdv%2F130odshbr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskovGolikovKalashnikovSlugin2013244-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskovGolikovKalashnikovSlugin2013244_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeskovGolikovKalashnikovSlugin2013">Feskov et al. 2013</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFШайкин2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Шайкин, В. И. (2013). <bdi lang="ru">ИСТОРИЯ СОЗДАНИЯ И ПУТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ВОЗДУШНО-ДЕСАНТНЫХ ВОЙСК (ОТ РОЖДЕНИЯ ДО ПОЧТЕННОГО ВОЗРАСТА)</bdi>. Ryazan, Russian Federation: Ryazan Higher School of the Airborne Forces. pp. 268–272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%94%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%98+%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%A2%D0%98+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%97%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%94%D0%A3%D0%A8%D0%9D%D0%9E-%D0%94%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%A5+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%99%D0%A1%D0%9A+%28%D0%9E%D0%A2+%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%96%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%94%D0%9E+%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%A7%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%29&rft.place=Ryazan%2C+Russian+Federation&rft.pages=268-272&rft.pub=Ryazan+Higher+School+of+the+Airborne+Forces&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%92.+%D0%98.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><i>mk.nso.ru</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mk.nso.ru/page/2058">https://mk.nso.ru/page/2058</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spasstower.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA+%E2%80%94+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspasstower.ru%2Fparticipants%2Fcombined-band-of-the-russian-airborne-forces%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><i>sc.mil.ru</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sc.mil.ru/social/culture/ensembles/more.htm?id=9814@morfOrgCulture">http://sc.mil.ru/social/culture/ensembles/more.htm?id=9814@morfOrgCulture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sc.mil.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsc.mil.ru%2Fsocial%2Fculture%2Fensembles%2Fmore.htm%3Fid%3D9814%40morfOrgCulture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Airborne_Forces&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bonn, Keith E.(ed.), <i>Slaughterhouse: The handbook of the Eastern Front</i>, Aberjona Press, Bedford, PA, 2005</li> <li>Brinkster.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210231617/http://www8.brinkster.com/vad777/sssr-89-91/vdv.htm">VDV at Brinskster.com</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeskovK.A._KalashnikovV.I._Golikov2004" class="citation book cs1">Feskov, V.I.; K.A. Kalashnikov; V.I. Golikov (2004). <i>The Soviet Army in the Years of the 'Cold War' (1945–1991)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tomsk" title="Tomsk">Tomsk</a>: Tomsk University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7511-1819-7" title="Special:BookSources/5-7511-1819-7"><bdi>5-7511-1819-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Army+in+the+Years+of+the+%27Cold+War%27+%281945%E2%80%931991%29&rft.place=Tomsk&rft.pub=Tomsk+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=5-7511-1819-7&rft.aulast=Feskov&rft.aufirst=V.I.&rft.au=K.A.+Kalashnikov&rft.au=V.I.+Golikov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeskovGolikovKalashnikovSlugin2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Feskov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Slugin, S.A. (2013). <bdi lang="ru">Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской</bdi> [<i>The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II: From the Red Army to the Soviet: Part 1 Land Forces</i>] (in Russian). Tomsk: Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785895035306" title="Special:BookSources/9785895035306"><bdi>9785895035306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%3A+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9&rft.place=Tomsk&rft.pub=Scientific+and+Technical+Literature+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9785895035306&rft.aulast=Feskov&rft.aufirst=V.I.&rft.au=Golikov%2C+V.I.&rft.au=Kalashnikov%2C+K.A.&rft.au=Slugin%2C+S.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz1984" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David (November 1984). <i>The Soviet Airborne Experience</i>. Research Survey No. 4. Combat Studies Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Airborne+Experience&rft.series=Research+Survey+No.+4&rft.pub=Combat+Studies+Institute&rft.date=1984-11&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Airborne+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Isby, David C., <i>Weapons and tactics of the Soviet Army</i>, Jane's Publishing Company, London 1988</li> <li>Schofield, Carey, <i>The Russian Elite: Inside Spetsnaz and the Airborne Forces</i>, Stackpole/Greenhill, 1993</li> <li>Simpkin, Richard, <i>Red Armour: An examination of the Soviet Mobile Force Concept</i>, Brassey's Defence Publishers, London, 1984</li> <li>Staskov, Lt. Gen. N.V., <i>1943 Dnepr Airborne Operation: Lessons and Conclusions</i>, Military Thought, Vol. 12, No.4, 2003 (in Russian)</li> <li>Besedovskyy V., <i>U <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.safar-publishing.com/product-page/uniforms-and-history-of-the-soviet-ariborne">niforms and history of the Soviet Ariborne - the 345th Regiment in Afghanistan</a></i>, 2021, ISBN 978-617-8064-11-2</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition 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