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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ottoman conquest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_conquest_of_Sanjak_of_Özi_(Ochakiv_Oblast)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_conquest_of_Sanjak_of_Özi_(Ochakiv_Oblast)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Russian conquest of Sanjak of Özi (Ochakiv Oblast) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_conquest_of_Sanjak_of_Özi_(Ochakiv_Oblast)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaming_of_the_settlement_and_establishment_of_sea_port" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaming_of_the_settlement_and_establishment_of_sea_port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Renaming of the settlement and establishment of sea port </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaming_of_the_settlement_and_establishment_of_sea_port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginnings_of_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_of_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Beginnings of revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_of_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_Soviet_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_Soviet_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Postwar Soviet period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_Soviet_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Independence of Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_ethnic_and_national_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_ethnic_and_national_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Historical ethnic and national composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_ethnic_and_national_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Government and administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Cityscape </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cityscape subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parks_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Parks and gardens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums,_art_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums,_art_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Museums, art and music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums,_art_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resorts_and_health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resorts_and_health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Resorts and health care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resorts_and_health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrations_and_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrations_and_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Celebrations and holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrations_and_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Odesans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Odesans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Notable Odesans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Odesans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Scientists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maritime_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Maritime transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads_and_automotive_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads_and_automotive_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Roads and automotive transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads_and_automotive_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Railways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Public transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Air transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Athletes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Athletes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Twin towns – sister cities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Partner_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partner_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Partner cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partner_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Odesa</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" > 140 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%8B%B4%E1%88%A3" title="ኦዴሣ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦዴሣ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessos" title="Odessos – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Odessos" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="أوديسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوديسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1" title="Օտեսա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օտեսա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%A8ssa" title="Odèssa – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Odèssa" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86)" title="اودسا (اوکراین) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اودسا (اوکراین)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="ওডেসা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওডেসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Адэса – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адэса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Адэса – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адэса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одеса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Одеса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Odessa (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Odessa (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C4%9Bsa" title="Oděsa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oděsa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%83%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Οδησσός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οδησσός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Одесса ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Одесса ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeso" title="Odeso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Odeso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="اودسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اودسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa_(st%C3%AAd)" title="Odessa (stêd) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Odessa (stêd)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%8D%B0%EC%82%AC" title="오데사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오데사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1" title="Օդեսա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օդեսա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="ओडेसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओडेसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%C3%A6" title="Одессæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Одессæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%94" title="אודסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אודסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8" title="ಒಡೆಸ್ಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒಡೆಸ್ಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="ოდესა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოდესა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udessa" title="Udessa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Udessa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessza" title="Odessza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Odessza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одеса – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Одеса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8" title="ഒഡെസ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒഡെസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="ओदेसा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओदेसा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="ოდესა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოდესა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="اوديسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوديسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одэса – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Одэса" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အိုဒက်ဆာမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုဒက်ဆာမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa_(stad)" title="Odessa (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Odessa (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%87%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5" title="オデッサ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オデッサ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="اودیسا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اودیسا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%ABssa" title="Odëssa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Odëssa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%83%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Οδησσός – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Οδησσός" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ades" title="Ades – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ades" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одеса – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Одеса" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="اوديسا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اوديسا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uodesa" title="Uodesa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Uodesa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ئۆدێسا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆدێسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одеса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Одеса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE" title="ஒடெசா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒடெசா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="ออแดซา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออแดซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одеса – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Одеса" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одеса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Одеса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%81" title="اودیسہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اودیسہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa_(Ucraina)" title="Odessa (Ucraina) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Odessa (Ucraina)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odess" title="Odess – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Odess" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%A4ssa" title="Odässa – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Odässa" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%90%A8" title="敖德萨 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="敖德萨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A1" title="אדעס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אדעס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E8%BF%AA%E6%B2%99" title="奧迪沙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧迪沙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%96%A9" title="敖德薩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="敖德薩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1874#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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/></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and administrative center of Odesa Oblast, Ukraine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Odessa" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Odesa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Odesa (disambiguation)">Odesa (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odessa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Odessa (disambiguation)">Odessa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Odesa Oblast, Ukraine</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Odesa</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Одеса</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Odessa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Odesa-Montage-2016.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Clockwise from top left: Vorontsov Lighthouse; Monument to the Duc de Richelieu; Potemkin Stairs; Square de Richelieu; Opera and Ballet Theatre; and city garden"><img alt="Clockwise from top left: Vorontsov Lighthouse; Monument to the Duc de Richelieu; Potemkin Stairs; Square de Richelieu; Opera and Ballet Theatre; and city garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Odesa-Montage-2016.png/250px-Odesa-Montage-2016.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Odesa-Montage-2016.png/375px-Odesa-Montage-2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Odesa-Montage-2016.png/500px-Odesa-Montage-2016.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1400" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Vorontsov_Lighthouse" title="Vorontsov Lighthouse">Vorontsov Lighthouse</a>; Monument to the <a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu">Duc de Richelieu</a>; <a href="/wiki/Potemkin_Stairs" title="Potemkin Stairs">Potemkin Stairs</a>; Square de Richelieu; <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Opera_and_Ballet_Theatre" title="Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre">Opera and Ballet Theatre</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Odesa_city_garden" title="Odesa city garden">city garden</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output 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width="70" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Odesa_logo.svg/105px-Odesa_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Odesa_logo.svg/140px-Odesa_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="450" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 260px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="260" data-height="300" data-zoom="10" data-lat="46.478" data-lon="30.728" data-overlays="["_330aec2ab9d015311b9e6b26f735b7dafd00bc62"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/46.478/30.728/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,46.478,30.728,260x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Odesa&revid=1258185227&groups=_330aec2ab9d015311b9e6b26f735b7dafd00bc62" 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.pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Odesa_province_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Odesa is located in Odesa Oblast"><img alt="Odesa is located in Odesa Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Odesa_province_physical_map.svg/250px-Odesa_province_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Odesa_province_physical_map.svg/375px-Odesa_province_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Odesa_province_physical_map.svg/500px-Odesa_province_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="686" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.067%;left:74.933%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Odesa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Odesa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Odesa Oblast</div>Show map of Odesa Oblast</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliefkarte_Ukraine_2022.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Odesa is located in Ukraine"><img alt="Odesa is located in Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Reliefkarte_Ukraine_2022.png/250px-Reliefkarte_Ukraine_2022.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Reliefkarte_Ukraine_2022.png/375px-Reliefkarte_Ukraine_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Reliefkarte_Ukraine_2022.png/500px-Reliefkarte_Ukraine_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="1954" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.259%;left:48.143%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Odesa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Odesa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Odesa (Ukraine)</div>Show map of Ukraine</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Odesa&params=46_29_8.6_N_30_44_36.4_E_region:UA-51_type:city(1,016,000)">46°29′8.6″N 30°44′36.4″E / 46.485722°N 30.743444°E / 46.485722; 30.743444</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Ukraine" title="Oblasts of Ukraine">Oblast</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa Oblast</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Raions_of_Ukraine" title="Raions of Ukraine">Raion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Raion" title="Odesa Raion">Odesa Raion</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hromada" title="Hromada">Hromada</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Odesa_urban_hromada" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa urban hromada">Odesa urban hromada</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First mentioned</th><td class="infobox-data">19 May 1415</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gennadiy_Trukhanov" title="Gennadiy Trukhanov">Gennadiy Trukhanov</a><a href="#cite_note-tyzhden.ua/post/249910-1">[1]</a> (Truth and Deeds<a href="#cite_note-Odesa131120-2">[2]</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">162.42 km2 (62.71 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,656 km2 (1,412 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">40 m (130 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">65 m (213 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−4.2 m (−13.8 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,010,537</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">3rd</a> in Ukraine</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">6,200/km2 (16,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,378,490<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Odesan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Odesan">Odesan</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Odesite" class="extiw" title="wikt:Odesite">Odesite</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Odessan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Odessan">Odessan</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Odessite" class="extiw" title="wikt:Odessite">Odessite</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: одесит, одеситка <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: одессит, одесситка</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal codes</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">65000–65480</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+380 48</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omr.gov.ua/en/">www.omr.gov.ua/en/</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">The <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Odesa" title="Historic Centre of Odesa">Historic Centre of Odesa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">ii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 (18th extraordinary <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">World Heritage Committee</a> session)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1703</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">UNESCO region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">Europe</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">Endangered</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2023–</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Odesa (also spelled Odessa)<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> is the third most populous <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">city</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_hromadas_of_Ukraine" title="List of hromadas of Ukraine">municipality</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. The city is also the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">administrative centre</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Raion" title="Odesa Raion">Odesa Raion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa Oblast</a>, as well as a multiethnic cultural centre. As of January 2021, Odesa's population was approximately 1,010,537.<a href="#cite_note-ua2022estimate-7">[6]</a> On 25 January 2023, its <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Odesa" title="Historic Centre of Odesa">historic city centre</a> was declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and added to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">List of World Heritage in Danger</a> by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">World Heritage Committee</a> in recognition of its multiculturality and 19th-century urban planning.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> The declaration was made in response to the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Odesa strikes (2022–present)">bombing of Odesa</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, which has damaged or destroyed buildings across the city. In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> a large Greek settlement existed at its location no later than the middle of the 6th century BC. It has been researched as a possible site of the ancient Greek settlement of <a href="/wiki/Histria_(ancient_city)" title="Histria (ancient city)">Histria</a>. The first chronicle mention of the Slavic settlement-port of <a href="/wiki/Khadjibey" title="Khadjibey">Kotsiubijiv</a>, which was part of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, dates back to 1415, when a ship was sent from here to Constantinople by sea.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> After the Grand Duchy lost control, the port and its surroundings became part of the domain of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1529, under the name <a href="/wiki/Khadjibey" title="Khadjibey">Hacibey</a>, and remained in it until the Ottomans' defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a>. In 1794, a decree of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian empress</a> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a> was issued to establish a navy harbor and trading place in <a href="/wiki/Khadjibey" title="Khadjibey">Khadjibey</a>, which was named Odessa soon after.<a href="#cite_note-автоссылка4-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-автоссылка5-13">[12]</a> From 1819 to 1858, Odesa was a <a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" title="Free economic zone">free port</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet period</a>, it was an important trading port and a <a href="/wiki/Naval_base" title="Naval base">naval base</a>. During the 19th century, Odesa was the fourth largest city of the Russian Empire, after <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PH-14">[13]</a> Its historical architecture is more <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> than Russian, having been heavily influenced by French and Italian styles. Some buildings are built in a mixture of different styles, including <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UKRWorld-15">[14]</a> Odesa is a warm-water <a href="/wiki/Warm-water_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-water port">port</a>. The city of Odesa hosts both the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Odesa" title="Port of Odesa">Port of Odesa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pivdennyi_Port" title="Pivdennyi Port">Port Pivdennyi</a>, a significant oil terminal situated in the city's suburbs. Another notable port, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Chornomorsk" title="Port of Chornomorsk">Chornomorsk</a>, is located in the same <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblast</a>, to the south-west of Odesa. Together they represent a major <a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">transport hub</a> integrating with railways. Odesa's oil and chemical processing facilities are connected to the Russian and other European networks by strategic <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipelines</a>. In 2000, the Quarantine Pier at Odesa Commercial Sea Port was declared a free port and <a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" title="Free economic zone">free economic zone</a> for a period of 25 years. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r872079995">.mw-parser-output .yesitalic{font-style:italic}</style>Odesa or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r872079995">Odessa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/oʊˈdɛsə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">oh-DESS-ə</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Одеса, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: Odesa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[oˈdɛsɐ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f3\/Uk-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0.ogg\/Uk-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Uk-\u041e\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Uk-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0.ogg/Uk-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Uk-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Uk-Одеса.ogg">ⓘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Одесса, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Odessa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɐˈdʲes(ː)ə]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e3\/Ru-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u041e\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Ru-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-Одесса.ogg">ⓘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Οδησσός, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: Odissós</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: אָדעס, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: Odes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: Odesa</li></ul> Odesa is sometimes called the Pearl by the Sea,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> the Southern Capital,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Odesa" title="Culture of Odesa">Odesa-mama and the Humour Capital</a>, as well as Southern <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> In 1795 the city was named Odessa in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Plan" title="Greek Plan">Greek Plan</a> of Empress Catherine II. Catherine's <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Gribovsky" title="Adrian Gribovsky">Adrian Gribovsky</a> claimed in his memoirs that the name was his suggestion. Some expressed doubts about this claim, while others noted the reputation of Gribovsky as an honest and modest man.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Odesa is located between the ancient Greek cities of <a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olbia,_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia, Ukraine">Olbia</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> and it was named using a Slavic feminine form for the ancient Greek city of Odessos (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Ὀδησσός; in Roman times, Odessus). This refers to the second ancient Odessos, founded between the end of the 5th and beginning of the 4th centuries BC (the first one, identified with modern <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a> in Bulgaria, is the older of the two, founded c. 610 BC). The exact location of this ancient Odessos is unknown, but modern efforts have attempted to localize it 40 km northeast of Odesa, near the village of <a href="/wiki/Koshary,_Odesa_Raion,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Koshary, Odesa Raion, Odesa Oblast">Koshary</a>, Odesa Oblast.,<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Tylihul_Estuary" title="Tylihul Estuary">Tylihul Estuary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herlihy-23">[22]</a> Odessa, the transliteration of the name from Russian, was the traditional English spelling of the city's name favoured before <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine's independence</a> in 1991 (similarly to the spelling of <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> versus Kiev). Odesa became the internationally standardized Latin-alphabet transliteration of the Ukrainian name according to the <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian#Ukrainian_National_transliteration" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">Ukrainian National romanization system</a>, which was adopted for official use by Ukraine's cabinet in 2010, approved by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names</a> in 2012, and adopted by the BGN/PCGN in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> This spelling appears in Encyclopædia Britannica<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> and in dictionaries as the spelling for the Ukrainian city.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> As noted by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a>, many in the English-language media outlets historically spelled the city Odessa, even after changing the spelling of Kiev to Kyiv, but since the beginning of Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine more outlets<a href="#cite_note-CSM_spellings-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today_spellings-5">[5]</a> and style guides<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> have been shifting away from Russian transliterations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Odesa" title="Timeline of Odesa">Timeline of Odesa</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:23em; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: GhostWhite;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: GhostWhite;">Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/45px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320" /> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> 1415–84 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="283" /> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> 1484–1789 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> 1789–1917 Beginning of 1917–21 Revolution <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> 1917 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">UPR</a> Dec. 1917–Nov. 1918 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Odessa_Soviet_Republic" title="Odessa Soviet Republic">OSR</a> Jan.–March 1918 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a> March–Dec. 1918 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia" title="Armed Forces of South Russia">AFSR</a> Dec. 1918–April 1919 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Workers%27_and_Peasants%27_Government_of_Ukraine" title="Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine">PWPGU</a>/<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">UkSSR</a> April–Aug. 1919 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia" title="Armed Forces of South Russia">AFSR</a> Aug. 1919–Feb. 1920 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />/<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" />/<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">UkSSR</a> Feb. 1920–Dec. 1922 End of the 1917–21 Revolution <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931936%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931936%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931936%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> 1922–41 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> 1941–44 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> 1944–91 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> 1991–present </blockquote> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5.jpg/200px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5.jpg/300px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5.jpg/400px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>The remains of an ancient Greek settlement (under the glass roof) on Prymorskyi Boulevard in Odesa<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> Odesa was the site of a large <a href="/wiki/Greek_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colony">Greek settlement</a> no later than the middle of the 6th century BC (a <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> from the 5th–3rd centuries BC has long been known in this area). Some scholars believe it to have been a trade settlement established by the Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Histria_(ancient_city)" title="Histria (ancient city)">Histria</a>. Whether the Bay of Odesa is the ancient "Port of the Histrians" cannot yet be considered a settled question based on the available evidence.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Archaeological artifacts</a> confirm extensive links between the Odesa area and the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>. In the Middle Ages successive rulers of the Odesa region included various <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> tribes (<a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Petchenegs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yedisan" title="Yedisan">Yedisan</a> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> traded there in the 14th century. Since the middle of the 13th century the city's territory belonged to the Golden Horde domain.<a href="#cite_note-ehuver10-38">[37]</a> On Italian navigational maps of 14th century on the place of Odesa is indicated the castle of Ginestra, at the time the center of a <a href="/wiki/Gazaria_(Genoese_colonies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazaria (Genoese colonies)">Gazarian</a> colony of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ehuver10-38">[37]</a> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> <a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_I_Giray" title="Hacı I Giray">Hacı I Giray</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> (1441–1466), the Khanate was endangered by the Golden Horde and the Ottoman Turks and, in search of allies, the khan agreed to cede the area to Lithuania. The site of present-day Odesa was then a fortress known as <a href="/wiki/Khadjibey" title="Khadjibey">Khadjibey</a> (named for Hacı I Giray, and also spelled Kocibey in <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">English</a>, Hacıbey or Hocabey in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, and Hacıbey in <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>). Khadjibey was first mentioned in 1415 in Polish chronicles by <a href="/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz" title="Jan Długosz">Jan Długosz</a>, when a ship with grain sailed from there to Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-ehuver10-38">[37]</a> By the middle of the 15th century, the settlement was depopulated.<a href="#cite_note-ehuver10-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_conquest">Ottoman conquest</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Khadjibey" title="Khadjibey">Khadjibey</a> came under direct control of the Ottoman Empire after 1529.<a href="#cite_note-ehuver10-38">[37]</a> In the mid-18th century, the Ottomans rebuilt the <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortress</a> at Khadjibey (also known as Hocabey), which was named Yeni Dünya<a href="#cite_note-ehuver10-38">[37]</a> (literally "New World"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_conquest_of_Sanjak_of_Özi_(Ochakiv_Oblast)">Russian conquest of Sanjak of Özi (Ochakiv Oblast)</h3></div> A <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">series of wars</a> between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, as well as the demise of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, allowed Russia to start to fully exploit the ancient <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_trade_and_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea trade and economy">Black Sea trade</a> across the coastal area through the steppe across southern and eastern Ukraine, into the hinterland of <a href="/wiki/East-Central_Europe" title="East-Central Europe">East Central Europe</a>. Stable commercial activity in this region in practice in the past required both security through the overland routes, and knowledge of where products could go overseas. In antiquity, various Greek colonies had taken this role, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a> who established <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> in the 9th century, as well as various Italian colonies after the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herlihy-23">[22]</a>: 1-3  Under Catherine the Great, Russia gained, via the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a>, the lands where <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a> would be founded. However, they were all handicapped in various ways relative to how much commercial interest there was. For example, the latter two cities were situated in lowlands near marshes, which provided for poor sanitary conditions in the technology available at that time.<a href="#cite_note-Herlihy-23">[22]</a>: 5  <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CASTELNAU(1827)_p3.020_PLAN_D%27_ODESSA_EN_1794.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CASTELNAU%281827%29_p3.020_PLAN_D%27_ODESSA_EN_1794.jpg/240px-CASTELNAU%281827%29_p3.020_PLAN_D%27_ODESSA_EN_1794.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CASTELNAU%281827%29_p3.020_PLAN_D%27_ODESSA_EN_1794.jpg/360px-CASTELNAU%281827%29_p3.020_PLAN_D%27_ODESSA_EN_1794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CASTELNAU%281827%29_p3.020_PLAN_D%27_ODESSA_EN_1794.jpg/480px-CASTELNAU%281827%29_p3.020_PLAN_D%27_ODESSA_EN_1794.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1797" data-file-height="1257" /></a><figcaption>A map of Odesa in 1794</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CASTELNAU(1827)_p3.039_PLAN_DE_LA_VILLE_D%27_ODESSA_EN_1814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/CASTELNAU%281827%29_p3.039_PLAN_DE_LA_VILLE_D%27_ODESSA_EN_1814.jpg/240px-CASTELNAU%281827%29_p3.039_PLAN_DE_LA_VILLE_D%27_ODESSA_EN_1814.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/CASTELNAU%281827%29_p3.039_PLAN_DE_LA_VILLE_D%27_ODESSA_EN_1814.jpg/360px-CASTELNAU%281827%29_p3.039_PLAN_DE_LA_VILLE_D%27_ODESSA_EN_1814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/CASTELNAU%281827%29_p3.039_PLAN_DE_LA_VILLE_D%27_ODESSA_EN_1814.jpg/480px-CASTELNAU%281827%29_p3.039_PLAN_DE_LA_VILLE_D%27_ODESSA_EN_1814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4367" data-file-height="3431" /></a><figcaption>A map of Odesa in 1814</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></div> The sleepy fishing village of Odesa had witnessed a sea-change in its fortunes when the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Magnates_of_Poland_and_Lithuania" title="Magnates of Poland and Lithuania">magnate</a> and future <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Voivode of Kiev</a> (1791), <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Protazy_Potocki" title="Antoni Protazy Potocki">Antoni Protazy Potocki</a>, established trade routes through the port for the Polish Black Sea Trading Company and set up the infrastructure in the 1780s.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russian-Turkish War of 1787–1792</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ehuver10-38">[37]</a> on 25 September 1789, a detachment of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Russian forces</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Gudovich" title="Ivan Gudovich">Ivan Gudovich</a>, took <a href="/wiki/Khadjibey" title="Khadjibey">Khadjibey</a> and Yeni Dünya for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. One section of the troops came under command of a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spaniard</a> in Russian service, Irishman <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribas" title="José de Ribas">José de Ribas</a> (known in Russia as Osip Mikhailovich Deribas); today, the main street in Odesa, <a href="/wiki/Deribasivska_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Deribasivska Street">Deribasivska Street</a>, is named after him. Russia formally gained possession of the Sanjak of Özi (Ochakiv Oblast)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperial1848183-41">[40]</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jassy" title="Treaty of Jassy">Treaty of Jassy</a> (Iaşi)<a href="#cite_note-ehuver10-38">[37]</a> in 1792 and it became a part of <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Viceroyalty" title="Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty">Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty</a>. The Russian Empire took full control of Crimea, as well as land between the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Southern Bug</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Khadzhibey_Estuary" title="Khadzhibey Estuary">Khadzhibey Estuary</a> where the Turkish fortress of <a href="/wiki/Khadjibey" title="Khadjibey">Khadjibey</a> was located. The newly acquired Ochakov Oblast was promised to the Cossacks by the Russian government for resettlement.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> On permission of the Archbishop of Yekaterinoslav Amvrosiy, the Black Sea Kosh Host, that was located around the area between <a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova">Bender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ochakiv" title="Ochakiv">Ochakiv</a>, built second after <a href="/wiki/Sucleia" title="Sucleia">Sucleia</a> wooden church of Saint Nicholas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperial1848184-43">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] By the Highest[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Rescript" title="Rescript">rescript</a> of 17 June 1792 addressed to General Kakhovsky it was ordered to establish the Dniester Border Line of fortresses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperial1848184-43">[42]</a> The commander of the land forces in Ochakiv Oblast was appointed Graf (Count) <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Suvorov-Rymnikskiy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperial1848184-43">[42]</a> The main fortress was built near Sucleia at the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Botna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Botna River">river Botna</a> as the Head Dniester Fortress by Engineer-Major <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Sainte_de_Wollant" title="François Sainte de Wollant">de Wollant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperial1848184-43">[42]</a> Near the new fortress saw the formation of a new "Vorstadt" (suburb) where people moved from Sucleia and Parkan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperial1848184-43">[42]</a> With the establishment of the Voznesensk Governorate on 27 January 1795, the Vorstadt was named <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperial1848184-43">[42]</a> The Flemish engineer working for the Russian Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, José de Ribas's collaborator <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Sainte_de_Wollant" title="François Sainte de Wollant">Franz de Voland</a> recommended the area of <a href="/wiki/Khadjibey" title="Khadjibey">Khadjibey</a> fortress as the site for the region's basic port: it had an ice-free harbor, breakwaters could be cheaply constructed that would render the harbor safe and it would have the capacity to accommodate large fleets. The Namestnik of Yekaterinoslav and Voznesensk, <a href="/wiki/Platon_Zubov" title="Platon Zubov">Platon Zubov</a> (one of Catherine's favorites), supported this proposal. In 1794 Catherine issued a Rescript to José de Ribas: "Considering favorable <a href="/wiki/Khadjibey" title="Khadjibey">Khadjibey</a> location... I order to establish here a navy harbor and trading pierce..." and invested the first money (26.000 rubles) in construction. Franz de Voland drew up a plan that would end up being the city's plan.<a href="#cite_note-Herlihy-23">[22]</a>: 7  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_vlasenko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Odessa_vlasenko.jpg/170px-Odessa_vlasenko.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Odessa_vlasenko.jpg/255px-Odessa_vlasenko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Odessa_vlasenko.jpg/340px-Odessa_vlasenko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Martos" title="Ivan Martos">Ivan Martos</a>'s statue of the <a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">Duc de Richelieu</a> in Odesa</figcaption></figure> However, adjacent to the new official locality, a <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavian</a> colony already existed, which by the end of the 18th century was an independent settlement named <a href="/wiki/Moldavanka" title="Moldavanka">Moldavanka</a>. Some local historians consider that the settlement predates Odesa by about thirty years and assert that the locality was founded by Moldavians who came to build the fortress of Yeni Dunia for the Ottomans and eventually settled in the area in the late 1760s, right next to the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Khadjibey" title="Khadjibey">Khadjibey</a>, on what later became the Primorsky Boulevard. Another version posits that the settlement appeared after Odesa itself was founded, as a settlement of Moldavians, Greeks, and Albanians fleeing the Ottoman yoke.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_p.110-44">[43]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I of Russia</a>, construction of Odesa was stopped, Franz de Voland was removed from the project, and José de Ribas was implicated in a plot to assassinate the Emperor. After Paul's assassination in 1801, the city resumed construction, and used a plan largely from de Voland's work. It was thus one of the few master planned cities in the Russian Empire. <a href="#cite_note-Herlihy-23">[22]</a>: 13  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaming_of_the_settlement_and_establishment_of_sea_port">Renaming of the settlement and establishment of sea port</h3></div> In 1795, <a href="/wiki/Khadjibey" title="Khadjibey">Khadjibey</a> was officially renamed with the feminine name "Одесса (Odessa)" after a Greek colony of Odessos that supposedly was located in the area. The first census that was conducted in Odesa was in 1797 which accounted for 3,455 people.<a href="#cite_note-ehuver10-38">[37]</a> Since 1795, the city had its own city magistrate, and since 1796 a city council of six members and the Odesa Commodity Exchange.<a href="#cite_note-ehuver10-38">[37]</a> In 1801, in Odesa had opened the first commercial bank.<a href="#cite_note-ehuver10-38">[37]</a> In 1803, the city accounted for 9,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-ukrssrtronko-45">[44]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg/200px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg/300px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg/400px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>In the mid-19th century Odesa became a resort town famed for its popularity among the Russian upper classes. This popularity prompted a new age of investment in the building of hotels and leisure projects.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CP_Odessa_Dom_Russova_circa_1920s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/CP_Odessa_Dom_Russova_circa_1920s.JPG/260px-CP_Odessa_Dom_Russova_circa_1920s.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/CP_Odessa_Dom_Russova_circa_1920s.JPG/390px-CP_Odessa_Dom_Russova_circa_1920s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/CP_Odessa_Dom_Russova_circa_1920s.JPG/520px-CP_Odessa_Dom_Russova_circa_1920s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>By the early 1900s Odesa had become a large, thriving city, complete with European architecture and electrified urban transport.</figcaption></figure> In their settlement, also known as Novaya Slobodka, the Moldavians owned relatively small plots on which they built village-style houses and cultivated vineyards and gardens. What became Mykhailovsky Square was the center of this settlement and the site of its first <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox church</a>, the Church of the Dormition, built in 1821 close to the seashore, as well as a cemetery. Nearby stood the <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">military barracks</a> and the country houses (<a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dacha</a>) of the city's wealthy residents, including that of the <a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">Duc de Richelieu</a>, appointed by Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> as Governor of Odesa in 1803.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Richelieu played a role during <a href="/wiki/1812%E2%80%931819_Ottoman_plague_epidemic" title="1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic">Ottoman plague epidemic</a> which hit Odesa in the autumn 1812.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Dismissive of any attempt to forge a compromise between quarantine requirements and free trade, Prince <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Kurakin" title="Alexey Kurakin">Kuriakin</a> (the Saint Petersburg-based High Commissioner for Sanitation) countermanded Richelieu's orders.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> In the period from 1795 to 1814, the population of Odesa increased 15 times over and reached almost 20 thousand people. The first city plan was designed by the engineer F. Devollan in the late 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-UKRWorld-15">[14]</a> Colonists of various ethnicities settled mainly in the area of the former colony, outside of the official boundaries, and as a consequence, in the first third of the 19th century, Moldavanka emerged as the dominant settlement. After planning by the official architects who designed buildings in Odesa's central district, such as the Italians Francesco Carlo Boffo and Giovanni Torricelli (see <a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Odesa" title="Italians of Odesa">Italians of Odesa</a>), Moldovanka was included in the general city plan, though the original grid-like plan of Moldovankan streets, lanes, and squares remained unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_p.110-44">[43]</a> The new city quickly became a major success although initially, it received little state funding and privileges.<a href="#cite_note-older_settlements_already-50">[49]</a> Its early growth owed much to the work of the <a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">Duc de Richelieu</a>, who served as the city's governor between 1803 and 1814. Having fled the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, he had served in <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine's</a> army against the Turks. He is credited with designing the city and organizing its amenities and infrastructure, and is considered[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] one of the founding fathers of Odesa, together with another Frenchman, Count <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre_Andrault_de_Langeron" title="Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron">Andrault de Langeron</a>, who succeeded him in office. Richelieu is commemorated by a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">bronze statue</a>, unveiled in 1828 to a design by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Martos" title="Ivan Martos">Ivan Martos</a>. His contributions to the city are mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> in his travelogue <a href="/wiki/The_Innocents_Abroad" title="The Innocents Abroad">Innocents Abroad</a>: "I mention this statue and this stairway because they have their story. Richelieu founded Odessa – watched over it with paternal care – labored with a fertile brain and a wise understanding for its best interests – spent his fortune freely to the same end – endowed it with a sound prosperity, and one which will yet make it one of the great cities of the Old World". In 1819, Odesa became a free port, a status it retained until 1859. Odesa became home to an extremely diverse population of Albanians, Armenians, Azeris, Bulgarians, Crimean Tatars, Frenchmen, Germans (including Mennonites), Greeks, Italians, Jews, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Turks, Ukrainians, and traders representing many other nationalities (hence numerous "ethnic" names on the city's map, for example Frantsuzky (French) and Italiansky (Italian) Boulevards, Grecheskaya (Greek), Yevreyskaya (Jewish), Arnautskaya (Albanian) Streets). The <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a>, a Greek <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">freemasonry</a>-style society that was to play an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_war_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek war of independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, was founded in Odesa in 1814 before relocating to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 1818. Odesa's <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> nature was documented by the great <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_language_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian language poets">Russian poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>, who lived in <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">internal exile</a> in Odesa between 1823 and 1824. In his letters, he wrote that Odesa was a city where "the air is filled with all Europe, French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read". Odesa's growth was interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> of 1853–1856, during which it was bombarded by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Imperial French</a> naval forces.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odesa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866, the city was linked by rail with <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> as well as with <a href="/wiki/Ia%C5%9Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iaşi">Iaşi</a> in Romania. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potemkinstairs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Potemkinstairs.jpg/310px-Potemkinstairs.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Potemkinstairs.jpg/465px-Potemkinstairs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Potemkinstairs.jpg/620px-Potemkinstairs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3220" data-file-height="2357" /></a><figcaption>The 142-metre-long <a href="/wiki/Potemkin_Stairs" title="Potemkin Stairs">Potemkin Stairs</a> (constructed 1837–1841), which were famously featured in the 1925 film <a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a>. It was built with the important contribution of the <a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Odesa" title="Italians of Odesa">Italians of Odesa</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Odesa" title="History of the Jews in Odesa">city became the home of a large Jewish community</a> during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to comprise some 37% of the population. The community, however, was repeatedly subjected to <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> and anti-Jewish agitation from almost all Christian segments of the population.<a href="#cite_note-bh.org.il-52">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a> were carried out in <a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa pogrom">1821, 1859, 1871, 1881 and 1905</a>. Many Odesan Jews fled abroad after 1882, particularly to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman</a> region that became <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)#Late_Ottoman_and_British_Mandate_periods" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, and the city became an important base of support for <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>. Until the 1870s, Odesa's Italian population grew steadily.<a href="#cite_note-lavita-53">[52]</a> From the following decade this growth stopped, and the decline of the Italian community in Odesa began.<a href="#cite_note-lavita-53">[52]</a> The reason was mainly one, namely the gradual integration into the Slavic population of Odesa, i.e. Russians and Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-lavita-53">[52]</a> Surnames began to be <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russianized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainianized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lavita-53">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">revolution of 1917</a> sent many of them to Italy, or to other cities in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-italiani-54">[53]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet times</a>, only a few dozen Italians remained in Odesa, most of whom no longer knew their own language.<a href="#cite_note-cnr-55">[54]</a> Over time they merged with the local population, losing the ethnic connotations of origin.<a href="#cite_note-Leoni-56">[55]</a> They disappeared completely by <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leoni-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings_of_revolution">Beginnings of revolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Governorate" title="Odesa Governorate">Odesa Governorate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entry_of_the_Red_Army_in_Odessa,_April_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Entry_of_the_Red_Army_in_Odessa%2C_April_1919.jpg/220px-Entry_of_the_Red_Army_in_Odessa%2C_April_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Entry_of_the_Red_Army_in_Odessa%2C_April_1919.jpg/330px-Entry_of_the_Red_Army_in_Odessa%2C_April_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Entry_of_the_Red_Army_in_Odessa%2C_April_1919.jpg/440px-Entry_of_the_Red_Army_in_Odessa%2C_April_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Bolshevik troops entering Odesa</figcaption></figure> In 1905, Odesa was the site of a workers' uprising supported by the crew of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin" title="Russian battleship Potemkin">Russian battleship Potemkin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iskra#History" title="Iskra">Menshevik</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Iskra" title="Iskra">Iskra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>'s famous motion picture The Battleship Potemkin commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odesan citizens were murdered on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the "<a href="/wiki/Potemkin_Steps" class="mw-redirect" title="Potemkin Steps">Potemkin Steps</a>"), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of the <a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">Duc de Richelieu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UkrainianWeekOd16042018-57">[56]</a> The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the film caused many to visit Odesa to see the site of the "slaughter". The "Odesa Steps" continue to be a <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attraction</a> in Odesa. The film was made at <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Film_Studio" title="Odesa Film Studio">Odesa's Cinema Factory</a>, one of the oldest cinema studios in the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UkrainianWeekOd16042018-57">[56]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> in 1917 during <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian-Soviet War">Ukrainian-Soviet War</a>, Odesa saw two Bolshevik armed insurgencies, the <a href="/wiki/Odessa_Bolshevik_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa Bolshevik Uprising">second of which</a> succeeded in establishing their control over the city; for the following months, the city became a center of the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa Soviet Republic">Odesa Soviet Republic</a>. After signing of the <a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovsk_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest-Litovsk Treaty">Brest-Litovsk Treaty</a> all Bolshevik forces were driven out by 13 March 1918 by the combined armed forces of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a>, providing support to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UkrainianWeekOd16042018-57">[56]</a> With the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the withdrawal of armies of Central Powers, the Soviet forces fought for control over the country with the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. A few months later the city was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Army">Greek Army</a> that supported the Russian <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Army</a> in its struggle with the Bolsheviks. The Ukrainian general <a href="/wiki/Nykyfor_Hryhoriv" title="Nykyfor Hryhoriv">Nykyfor Hryhoriv</a> who sided with Bolsheviks managed to drive the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> forces out of the city, but Odesa was soon retaken by the Russian White Army. By 1920 the Soviet Red Army managed to overpower both the Ukrainian and Russian White Army and secure the city. The people of Odesa suffered badly from a <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> that resulted from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> in 1921–1922 due to the Soviet policies of <a href="/wiki/Prodrazverstka" title="Prodrazverstka">prodrazverstka</a>. In 1937, around 1,000 Poles were executed in Odesa during the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation of the NKVD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_Soviet_artillery,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg/220px-Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg/330px-Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg/440px-Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>A Soviet gun crew in action at Odesa in 1941</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Odesa was attacked by Romanian and German troops in August 1941. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Odessa (1941)">defense of Odesa</a> started on 5 August 1941 and lasted for 73 days. The defense was organized on three lines with emplacements consisting of trenches, anti-tank ditches and pillboxes. The first line was 80 kilometres (50 miles) long and situated some 25 to 30 kilometres (16 to 19 miles) from the city. The second and main line of defense was situated 6 to 8 kilometres (3.7 to 5.0 miles) from the city and was about 30 kilometres (19 miles) long. The third and last line of defense was organized inside the city itself. <a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Pavlichenko" title="Lyudmila Pavlichenko">Lyudmila Pavlichenko</a>, the famous female sniper, took part in the battle for Odesa. She recorded 187 confirmed kills during the defense of Odesa. Pavlichenko's confirmed kills during World War II totaled 309 (including 36 enemy snipers). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War II">Romania during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_opera_house_advertisement_transnistria_times.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Odessa_opera_house_advertisement_transnistria_times.jpg/220px-Odessa_opera_house_advertisement_transnistria_times.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Odessa_opera_house_advertisement_transnistria_times.jpg/330px-Odessa_opera_house_advertisement_transnistria_times.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Odessa_opera_house_advertisement_transnistria_times.jpg/440px-Odessa_opera_house_advertisement_transnistria_times.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Soldier reading the announcement of Opera House in Odesa during the Romanian occupation in 1942. The name of the city in Romanian is spelled as Odesa with one letter 's'.</figcaption></figure> The city fell to the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> on 16 October 1941,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMykhailutsaNiculcea2020197–198-59">[58]</a> and it was henceforth subject to Romanian administration. By that time, the Soviet authorities had been able to evacuate 200,000 people as well as weaponry and industrial equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMykhailutsaNiculcea2020192;198-60">[59]</a> A day later, Odesa was made the capital of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnistria (World War II)">Transnistria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Partisan fighting continued, however, in the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_catacombs" title="Odesa catacombs">city's catacombs</a>. Following the siege, and the Axis occupation, approximately 25,000 Odesans were murdered in the outskirts of the city and over 35,000 deported; this came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa massacre</a>. Most of the atrocities were committed during the first six months of the occupation which officially began on 17 October 1941, when 80% of the 210,000 Jews in the region were killed,<a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_p.33-62">[61]</a> compared to Jews in Romania proper where the majority survived.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> After the Nazi forces began to lose ground on the Eastern Front, the Romanian administration changed its policy, refusing to deport the remaining <a href="/wiki/Jewish_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish population">Jewish population</a> to extermination camps in German <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">occupied Poland</a>, and allowing Jews to work as hired labourers. As a result, despite the events of 1941, the survival of the Jewish population in this area was higher than in other areas of occupied eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_p.33-62">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Union">A Soviet medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_the_Defence_of_Odessa%22" title="Medal "For the Defence of Odessa"">"For the Defence of Odesa"</a>, was established on 22 December 1942. It was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded the title of "<a href="/wiki/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)" title="Hero City (Soviet Union)">Hero City</a>" in 1945. (The others were <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%9342)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–42)">Sevastopol</a>). The city suffered severe damage and sustained many casualties over the course of the war. Many parts of Odesa were damaged during both its siege <a href="/wiki/Odessa_Offensive" title="Odessa Offensive">and recapture on 10 April 1944</a>, when the city was finally liberated by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. Some of the Odesans had a more favourable view of the Romanian occupation, in contrast with the Soviet official view that the period was exclusively a time of hardship, deprivation, oppression and suffering – claims embodied in public monuments and disseminated through the media to this day.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Subsequent Soviet policies imprisoned and executed numerous Odesans (and deported most of the German population) on account of collaboration with the occupiers.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_(timbre_sovi%C3%A9tique).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Postage stamp of the USSR 1965 "Hero-City Odesa 1941–1945""><img alt="Postage stamp of the USSR 1965 "Hero-City Odesa 1941–1945"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Odessa_%28timbre_sovi%C3%A9tique%29.jpg/120px-Odessa_%28timbre_sovi%C3%A9tique%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Odessa_%28timbre_sovi%C3%A9tique%29.jpg/180px-Odessa_%28timbre_sovi%C3%A9tique%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Odessa_%28timbre_sovi%C3%A9tique%29.jpg/240px-Odessa_%28timbre_sovi%C3%A9tique%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="218" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Postage stamp of the USSR 1965 "Hero-City Odesa 1941–1945"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Defence_of_Odessa_OBVERSE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Obverse of the Soviet campaign medal "For the Defence of Odesa""><img alt="Obverse of the Soviet campaign medal "For the Defence of Odesa"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Defence_of_Odessa_OBVERSE.jpg/65px-Defence_of_Odessa_OBVERSE.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Defence_of_Odessa_OBVERSE.jpg/98px-Defence_of_Odessa_OBVERSE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Defence_of_Odessa_OBVERSE.jpg/131px-Defence_of_Odessa_OBVERSE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="682" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Obverse of the Soviet campaign medal "For the Defence of Odesa"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Defence_of_Odessa_REVERSE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reverse of the Soviet campaign medal "For the Defence of Odesa"; inscription reads "For our Soviet homeland"."><img alt="Reverse of the Soviet campaign medal "For the Defence of Odesa"; inscription reads "For our Soviet homeland"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Defence_of_Odessa_REVERSE.jpg/116px-Defence_of_Odessa_REVERSE.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Defence_of_Odessa_REVERSE.jpg/174px-Defence_of_Odessa_REVERSE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Defence_of_Odessa_REVERSE.jpg/232px-Defence_of_Odessa_REVERSE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="368" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reverse of the Soviet campaign medal "For the Defence of Odesa"; inscription reads "For our Soviet homeland".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Certificate "For taking part in the heroic defense of Odesa"; Logvinov Petr Leontievich was awarded the Medal for the Defense of Odesa."><img alt="Certificate "For taking part in the heroic defense of Odessa" Logvinov Petr Leontievich was awarded the Medal for the Defense of Odessa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B.jpg/87px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B.jpg/130px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B.jpg/174px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="897" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Certificate "For taking part in the heroic defense of Odesa"; Logvinov Petr Leontievich was awarded the Medal for the Defense of Odesa.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_Soviet_period">Postwar Soviet period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_171693_Fleet_of_whalers_lying_up_in_Odessa_port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/RIAN_archive_171693_Fleet_of_whalers_lying_up_in_Odessa_port.jpg/170px-RIAN_archive_171693_Fleet_of_whalers_lying_up_in_Odessa_port.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/RIAN_archive_171693_Fleet_of_whalers_lying_up_in_Odessa_port.jpg/255px-RIAN_archive_171693_Fleet_of_whalers_lying_up_in_Odessa_port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/RIAN_archive_171693_Fleet_of_whalers_lying_up_in_Odessa_port.jpg/340px-RIAN_archive_171693_Fleet_of_whalers_lying_up_in_Odessa_port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Ships at anchor in Odesa – the USSR's largest port, 1960</figcaption></figure> During the 1960s and 1970s, the city grew. Nevertheless, the majority of Odesa's Jews emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the United States and other Western countries between the 1970s and 1990s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many ended up in the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Beach" title="Brighton Beach">Brighton Beach</a>, sometimes known as "Little Odesa". Domestic migration of the Odesan middle and <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">upper classes</a> to Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a>, cities that offered even greater opportunities for career advancement, also occurred on a large scale. Despite this, the city grew rapidly by filling the void of those left with new migrants from rural Ukraine and industrial professionals invited from all over the Soviet Union. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russov_House_Odessa2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Russov_House_Odessa2020.png/220px-Russov_House_Odessa2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Russov_House_Odessa2020.png/330px-Russov_House_Odessa2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Russov_House_Odessa2020.png/440px-Russov_House_Odessa2020.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The city is currently undergoing a phase of widespread urban restoration: Russov House in 2020.</figcaption></figure> As a part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the city preserved and somewhat reinforced its unique cosmopolitan mix of Russian/Ukrainian/Jewish culture and a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Russophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophone">Russophone</a> environment with the <a href="/wiki/Odesan_Russian" title="Odesan Russian">uniquely accented dialect of Russian spoken in the city</a>. The city's unique identity has been formed largely thanks to its varied demography; all the city's communities have influenced aspects of Odesan life in some way or form. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_of_Ukraine">Independence of Ukraine</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/1991_Ukrainian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Ukrainian independence referendum">1991 Ukrainian independence referendum</a> 85.38% of Odesa Oblast voted for independence.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Odesa is a city of more than 1 million people. The city's industries include shipbuilding, <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refining</a>, chemicals, metalworking, and food processing. Odesa is also a Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Navy" title="Ukrainian Navy">naval</a> base and home to a <a href="/wiki/Fishing_fleet" title="Fishing fleet">fishing fleet</a>. It is known for its large outdoor market – the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-Kilometer_Market" title="Seventh-Kilometer Market">Seventh-Kilometer Market</a>, the largest of its kind in Europe. Odesa was a contender for hosting <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">Euro 2012</a> football matches in, but lost the competition to other cities in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The city saw violence in the <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_conflict_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Odesa_clashes" title="2014 Odesa clashes">2014 Odesa clashes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2014_Odesa_clashes#2_May_city_centre_clashes_and_Trade_Unions_House_fire" title="2014 Odesa clashes">2 May 2014 Odesa clashes</a> between pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian protestors killed 42 people. Four were killed during the protests, and at least 32 trade unionists were killed after a trade union building was set on fire after Molotov cocktails exchange between sides.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found no support for joining Russia.<a href="#cite_note-DT150103-70">[69]</a> Odesa was struck by three bomb blasts in December 2014, one of which killed one person (the injuries sustained by the victim indicated that he had dealt with explosives).<a href="#cite_note-Shkiryak-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Internal Affairs Ministry advisor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zorian_Shkiryak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zorian Shkiryak (page does not exist)">Zorian Shkiryak</a> said on 25 December that Odesa and Kharkiv had become "cities which are being used to escalate tensions" in Ukraine. Shkiryak said that he suspected that these cities were singled out because of their "geographic position".<a href="#cite_note-Shkiryak-71">[70]</a> On 5 January 2015 the city's <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> Coordination Center and a cargo train car were (non-lethally) bombed.<a href="#cite_note-Bomb_Odesa_4115-73">[72]</a> Until 18 July 2020, Odesa was incorporated as a <a href="/wiki/City_of_regional_significance_(Ukraine)" title="City of regional significance (Ukraine)">city of oblast significance</a>. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven, the city of Odesa was merged into newly established Odesa Raion.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the city <a href="/wiki/2022_bombing_of_Odesa" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 bombing of Odesa">faced some Russian bombing attacks</a>. On 23 April 2022, Russian troops bombarded Odesa with cruise missiles. They destroyed both the city's military infrastructure and residential buildings, killing eight people and wounding another eighteen people.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> In addition, the Russian military destroyed more than 1,000 m2 of the territory of the cemetery.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The city suffered further aerial attacks on regional infrastructure facilities in October 2022, cutting off power to 10,500 households and injuring three people.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> On 25 January 2023, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> announced that the historical city center of Odesa was added to UNESCO's World Heritage List. In order to provide technical and financial assistance if needed, it was also included into the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">list of world heritage sites in danger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA.JPG/220px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA.JPG/330px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA.JPG/440px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vorontsov_Lighthouse" title="Vorontsov Lighthouse">Vorontsov Lighthouse</a> in the Gulf of Odesa. The city is located on the Black Sea.</figcaption></figure> Odesa is located (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Odesa&params=46_28_N_30_44_E_type:city(1,012,500)_region:UA">46°28′N 30°44′E / 46.467°N 30.733°E / 46.467; 30.733</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Lowland" title="Black Sea Lowland">Black Sea Lowland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine" title="Southern Ukraine">Southern Ukraine</a> which being part of the greater <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern European Plain">Eastern European Plain</a> gradually slopes towards the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>. The city lies on the northwestern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> along the southwestern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Odesa" title="Gulf of Odesa">Gulf of Odesa</a>, approximately 31 km (19 mi) north of the estuary of the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> river and some 443 km (275 mi) south of the Ukrainian capital <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>. The international border between Ukraine and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a> lies some 40 km (25 mi) west of the city. The city is situated on terraced hills overlooking a small harbor. The average elevation at which the city is located is around 50 metres (160 feet). The maximum is 65 metres (213 feet) and minimum (on the coast) amounts to 4.2 metres (13.8 feet) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. There are three large <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> near the city: <a href="/wiki/Kuialnyk_Estuary" title="Kuialnyk Estuary">Kuialnyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khadzhibey_Estuary" title="Khadzhibey Estuary">Khadzhibey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhyi_Estuary" title="Sukhyi Estuary">Sukhyi</a>. The city currently covers a territory of 162.42 km2 (63 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-zakon.rada.gov.ua-82">[81]</a> The population density for which is around 6,139 persons/km2. Sources of running water in the city include the Dniester River, from which water is taken and then purified at a processing plant just outside the city. Being located in the south of Ukraine, the topography of the area surrounding the city is typically flat and there are no large mountains or hills for many kilometres around. Flora is of the deciduous variety and Odesa is known for its tree-lined avenues which, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, made the city a favourite year-round retreat for the Russian aristocracy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The city's location on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> has also helped to create a booming tourist industry in Odesa.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The city's Arkadia beach has long been a favourite place for relaxation, both for the city's inhabitants and its visitors.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This is a large sandy beach which is located to the south of the city centre. Odesa's many sandy beaches are considered to be quite unique in Ukraine,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] as the country's southern coast (particularly in the Crimea) tends to be a location in which the formation of stoney and pebble beaches has proliferated. The coastal cliffs adjacent to the city are home to frequent <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>, resulting in a typical change of landscape along the Black Sea. Due to the fluctuating slopes of land, city planners are responsible for monitoring the stability of such areas, and for preserving potentially threatened building and other structures of the city <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a> near water.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Also a potential danger to the infrastructure and architecture of the city is the presence of multiple openings underground. These cavities can cause buildings to collapse, resulting in a loss of money and business.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Due to the effects of climate and weather on sedimentary rocks beneath the city, the result is instability under some buildings' foundations. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1166px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of central Odesa, as seen from the Black Sea"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Odessa_panorama.jpg/1158px-Odessa_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="1158" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Odessa_panorama.jpg/1737px-Odessa_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Odessa_panorama.jpg/2316px-Odessa_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="518" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_panorama.jpg" title="File:Odessa panorama.jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A <a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">panoramic</a> view of central Odesa, as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> Odesa has a hot-summer <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (Dfa, using the 0 °C [32 °F] isotherm), bordering a <a href="/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold semi-arid climate">cold semi-arid</a> (BSk) as well as a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (Cfa). This has, over the past few centuries, aided the city greatly in creating conditions necessary for the development of summer <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ukraine" title="Tourism in Ukraine">tourism</a>. During the tsarist era, Odesa's climate was considered to be beneficial for the body, and thus many wealthy but sickly persons were sent to the city in order to relax and recuperate. This resulted in the development of <a href="/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">spa</a> culture and the establishment of a number of <a href="/wiki/Luxury_hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury hotel">luxury hotels</a> in the city. The average annual temperature of the sea is 13–14 °C (55–57 °F). Seasonal sea temperatures range from an average of 6 °C (43 °F) from January to March, to 23 °C (73 °F) in August. Typically, for a total of 4 months – from June to September – the average sea temperature in the Gulf of Odesa and the city's bay area exceeds 20 °C (68 °F).<a href="#cite_note-weather2travel-84">[83]</a> The city typically experiences dry, cold winters which are relatively mild when compared to most of Ukraine, as they are marked by temperatures that rarely fall below −10 °C (14 °F). Summers see an increased level of precipitation, and the city often experiences warm weather with temperatures often reaching the high 20s and low 30s °C. <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> cover is light to moderate due to the city's location on the northern coast of the Black Sea, and municipal services rarely experience problems that can often be found in other, more northern Ukrainian cities. The city hardly ever faces <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> formation. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Odesa (1991–2020, extremes 1894–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 (60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2 (99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.3 (102.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0 (100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4 (95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1 (88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.3 (102.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3 (68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9 (82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 (39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4 (31.3) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 (32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.3 (52.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7 (27.1) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.1 (28.2) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 (34.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1 (66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8 (30.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.2 (−15.2) </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.0 (−18.4) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.0 (3.2) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.9 (21.4) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (32.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8 (30.6) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.3 (8.1) </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.6 (5.7) </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.6 (−3.3) </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−28.0 (−18.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 (1.7) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 (1.4) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 (1.4) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 (1.1) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 (1.5) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 (1.8) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 (1.6) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44 (1.7) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37 (1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 (1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 (1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">470 (18.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (0.8) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (0.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2 (0.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">122 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000C9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000D2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.6 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.0 </td> <td style="background: #0404FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000EB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000BE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">75.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #646464; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #ABABA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88 </td> <td style="background: #C5C505; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">299 </td> <td style="background: #F4F419; color:#000000;" class="notheme">315 </td> <td style="background: #F9F925; color:#000000;" class="notheme">348 </td> <td style="background: #F3F318; color:#000000;" class="notheme">323 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">239 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158 </td> <td style="background: #767676; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #575757; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,308 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru<a href="#cite_note-pogoda-85">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (humidity 1981–2010, sun 1991–2020)<a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-87">[86]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1795</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,349</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1800</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.63%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1802</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.47%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1813</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">35,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.14%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1829</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">52,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.51%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1832</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">60,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.89%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1844</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">77,800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.19%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1858</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">104,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.11%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1863</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">118,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.67%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1873</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">193,513</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.99%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1880</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">217,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.65%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1885</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">240,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.09%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">297,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.61%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">403,815</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.22%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1907</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">449,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.08%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">506,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.01%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1912</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">635,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.02%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1914</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">481,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−12.92%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">454,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.97%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1925</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">325,354</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−6.45%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">534,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.61%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">601,651</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.06%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1956</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">607,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.05%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">667,182</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.20%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">891,546</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.67%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,046,133</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.79%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,115,371</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.64%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,029,049</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.67%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,009,145</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.20%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,010,537</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.01%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">at<a href="#cite_note-perepis-2001-odesa-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-brokg-evfr-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-bolsh-sov-encycl-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-perepis-2001-ukraine-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_ethnic_and_national_composition">Historical ethnic and national composition</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Empire Census">1897</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a></li></ul> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>: 198,233 people (49.09%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>: 124,511 people (30.83%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>: 37,925 people (9.39%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>: 17,395 people (4.31%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>: 10,248 people (2.54%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>: 5,086 people (1.26%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>: 1,437 people (0.36%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>: 1,401 people (0.35%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>: 1,267 people (0.31%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>: 1,137 people (0.28%)</li></ol> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1926)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1926)">1926</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a></li></ul> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>: 162,789 people (39.97%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>: 153,243 people (36.69%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>: 73,453 people (17.59%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>: 10,021 people (2.40%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>: 5,522 people (1.32%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>: 2,501 people (0.60%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>: 1,843 people (0.44%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>: 1,377 people (0.33%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>: 1,186 people (0.28%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a>: 1,048 people (0.25%)</li></ol> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1939)">1939</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a></li></ul> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>: 200,961 people (33.26%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>: 186,610 people (30.88%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>: 178,878 people (29.60%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>: 8,829 people (1.46%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>: 8,424 people (1.39%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>: 4,967 people (0.82%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a>: 2,573 people (0.43%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>: 2,298 people (0.38%)</li></ol> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_Romanian_census" title="1941 Romanian census">1941</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></li></ul> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>: 120,945 people (49.45%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>: 92,584 people (37.85%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>: 8,643 people (3.53%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>: 7,488 people (3.06%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>: 4,928 people (2.01%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a>: 3,224 people (1.32%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>: 436 people (0.18%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a>: 429 people (0.17%)</li></ol> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Ukrainian_census" title="2001 Ukrainian census">2001</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></li></ul> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>: 622,900 people (61.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>: 292,000 people (29.0%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>: 13,300 people (1.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>: 12,400 people (1.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a>: 7,600 people (0.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>: 6,400 people (0.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>: 4,400 people (0.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>: 2,100 people (0.2%)</li></ol> </div> <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa Oblast</a> is also home to many different nationalities and minority <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azeris" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeris">Azeris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Census2001-99">[98]</a> Up until the early 1940s the city had a large Jewish population. As the result of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">mass deportation to extermination camps</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the city's Jewish population declined considerably. Since the 1970s, the majority of the remaining Jewish population <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">emigrated to Israel</a> and other countries, shrinking the Jewish community. Through most of the 19th century and until the mid-20th century, the largest ethnic group in Odesa was <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, with the second largest ethnic group being <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatra_Anasalj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Anatra_Anasalj.jpg/220px-Anatra_Anasalj.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Anatra_Anasalj.jpg/330px-Anatra_Anasalj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Anatra_Anasalj.jpg/440px-Anatra_Anasalj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Anatra_DS" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatra DS">Anatra DS Anasal</a>, an aircraft built by <a href="/wiki/Anatra" title="Anatra">Anatra</a> factory, a manufacturing founded by an <a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Odesa" title="Italians of Odesa">Italian of Odesa</a></figcaption></figure> The influx of <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> in southern Ukraine grew particularly with the foundation of Odesa, which took place in 1794.<a href="#cite_note-reportdifesa-101">[100]</a> In 1797 there were about 800 <a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Odesa" title="Italians of Odesa">Italians in Odesa</a>, equal to 10% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-Dundovich-102">[101]</a> For more than a century the Italians of Odesa greatly influenced the culture, art, industry, society, architecture, politics and economy of the city.<a href="#cite_note-lavita-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-brandes-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-italiani-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-eastjournal-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-reportdifesa-101">[100]</a> Among the works created by the Italians of Odesa there were the <a href="/wiki/Potemkin_Stairs" title="Potemkin Stairs">Potemkin Stairs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Opera_and_Ballet_Theatre" title="Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre">Odesa Opera and Ballet Theater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reportdifesa-101">[100]</a> At the beginning of the 19th century the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> became the second official language in Odesa, after Russian.<a href="#cite_note-reportdifesa-101">[100]</a> Until the 1870s, Odesa's Italian population grew steadily.<a href="#cite_note-lavita-53">[52]</a> From the following decade this growth stopped, and the decline of the Italian community in Odesa began.<a href="#cite_note-lavita-53">[52]</a> The reason was mainly one, namely the gradual integration into the Slavic population of Odesa, i.e. Russians and Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-lavita-53">[52]</a> Surnames began to be <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russianized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainianized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lavita-53">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">revolution of 1917</a> sent many of them to Italy, or to other cities in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-italiani-54">[53]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet times</a>, only a few dozen Italians remained in Odesa, most of whom no longer knew their own language.<a href="#cite_note-cnr-55">[54]</a> Over time they merged with the local population, losing the ethnic connotations of origin.<a href="#cite_note-Leoni-56">[55]</a> They disappeared completely by <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leoni-56">[55]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_Ethnicity_1897-2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Odessa_Ethnicity_1897-2015.png/394px-Odessa_Ethnicity_1897-2015.png" decoding="async" width="394" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Odessa_Ethnicity_1897-2015.png/591px-Odessa_Ethnicity_1897-2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Odessa_Ethnicity_1897-2015.png/788px-Odessa_Ethnicity_1897-2015.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Historic ethnic and national composition of Odesa</figcaption></figure> The peculiarity of the ethnic composition of the modern population of the city of Odesa is its ethnic diversity. According to the <a href="/wiki/2001_Ukrainian_census" title="2001 Ukrainian census">2001 Ukrainian census</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> made up 62% of the Odesa's inhabitants, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> 29%, Bulgarians 6.1%, Moldovans 5%, Gagauz 1.1%, Jews 0.6%, Belarusians 0.5%, Armenians 0.3%, Roma 0.2%, Poles, Germans, Georgians, Azerbaijanis, Tartars, Greeks, Albanians and Arabs each 0.1%, and 1.9% were people of other nationalities.<a href="#cite_note-Census2001-99">[98]</a> A 2015 study by the <a href="/wiki/International_Republican_Institute" title="International Republican Institute">International Republican Institute</a> found that 68% of Odesa's population were ethnic Ukrainians, and 25% were ethnic Russians.<a href="#cite_note-iri1-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> Distribution of the population of the city of Odesa by <a href="/wiki/First_language#Defining_"native_language"" title="First language">native language</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/2001_Ukrainian_census" title="2001 Ukrainian census">2001 census</a>:<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> <table class="standard"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> </td> <td align="right">307 196</td> <td align="right">30.41% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Russian</a> </td> <td align="right">654 128</td> <td align="right">64.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other or undecided </td> <td align="right">48 974</td> <td align="right">4.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td align="right">1 010 298</td> <td align="right">100.00% </td></tr></tbody></table> According to the Seventh Annual Ukrainian Municipal Survey, 96% of the residents of Odesa spoke some Russian at home and 29% spoke some Ukrainian at home (overlap due to a lot of people speaking both languages). <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> is gaining in popularity: in 2021, the share of residents speaking some Ukrainian at home has increased almost 5 times from 6% in 2015 to 29% in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-iri2-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-iri1-105">[104]</a> According to a survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Republican_Institute" title="International Republican Institute">International Republican Institute</a> in April–May 2023, 53% of the city's population has higher or incomplete higher education, 16% spoke Ukrainian at home and 80% spoke Russian.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] 58% of <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa Oblast</a>'s population consider Ukrainian their native language,<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> and 39% of population in Ukraine's South who consider Ukrainian their native language mostly speak Russian at home.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> According to a sociological survey conducted by the Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation from 10 to 21 July 2023 in Odesa Oblast, the share of respondents who speak Ukrainian at home has increased to 42% (from 26% in 2021), while the share of those who speak Russian at home has dropped to 54%.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_administrative_divisions">Government and administrative divisions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%96,_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_DSC8077.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%96%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_DSC8077.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%96%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_DSC8077.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%96%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_DSC8077.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%96%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_DSC8077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%96%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_DSC8077.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%96%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_DSC8077.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Odesa_City_Hall" title="Odesa City Hall">Odesa City Hall</a>, the seat of the city's municipal authorities</figcaption></figure> Odesa is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">administrative centre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Raion" title="Odesa Raion">Odesa Raion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa Oblast</a>, and it is the only constituent of <a href="/wiki/Odesa_urban_hromada" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa urban hromada">Odesa urban hromada</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Hromada" title="Hromada">hromadas</a> of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-admreform_2020_odesa-112">[111]</a> The city of Odesa is governed by a mayor and city council which work cooperatively to ensure the smooth-running of the city and procure its municipal bylaws. The city's budget is also controlled by the administration. The mayoralty<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> plays the role of the executive in the city's municipal administration. Above all comes the mayor, who is elected, by the city's electorate, for five years in a direct election. <a href="/wiki/2015_Ukrainian_local_elections#Odesa" title="2015 Ukrainian local elections">2015 Mayoral election of Odesa</a> <a href="/wiki/Gennadiy_Trukhanov" title="Gennadiy Trukhanov">Hennadii Trukhanov</a> was reelected in the first round of the election with 52,9% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-en.interfax.com.ua-114">[113]</a> Trukhanov was again reelected in the second round of the <a href="/wiki/2020_Ukrainian_local_elections#Odesa" title="2020 Ukrainian local elections">2020 Mayoral election of Odesa</a> when 54.28% of the voters voted for him.<a href="#cite_note-tyzhden.ua/post/249910-1">[1]</a> There are five deputy mayors, each of which is responsible for a certain particular part of the city's public policy. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b42_726-0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b42_726-0.jpg/220px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b42_726-0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b42_726-0.jpg/330px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b42_726-0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b42_726-0.jpg/440px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b42_726-0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="2552" /></a><figcaption>An old map of Odesa's city centre. North is to the left.</figcaption></figure> The City Council<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> of the city makes up the administration's <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a> branch, thus effectively making it a city 'parliament' or <a href="/wiki/Rada" title="Rada">rada</a>. The municipal council is made up of 120 elected members,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> who are each elected to represent a certain district of the city for a four-year term. The current council is the fifth in the city's modern history, and was elected in January 2011. In the regular meetings of the municipal council, problems facing the city are discussed, and annually the city's budget is drawn up. The council has seventeen standing commissions<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> which play an important role in controlling the finances and trading practices of the city and its merchants. The territory of Odesa is divided into four administrative <a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Ukraine" title="Urban districts of Ukraine">urban districts</a> (raions): <ul><li>Kyivskyi District</li> <li>Khadzhybeiskyi District</li> <li>Prymorskyi District</li> <li>Peresypskyi District</li></ul> In addition, every district has its own administration, subordinate to the Odesa <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">City council</a>, and with limited responsibilities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1199px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Primorskiy-bulvar-7-8-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of Prymorsky Boulevard, at the top of the Potemkin Stairs"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Primorskiy-bulvar-7-8-5.jpg/1191px-Primorskiy-bulvar-7-8-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="1191" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Primorskiy-bulvar-7-8-5.jpg/1787px-Primorskiy-bulvar-7-8-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Primorskiy-bulvar-7-8-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="408" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Primorskiy-bulvar-7-8-5.jpg" title="File:Primorskiy-bulvar-7-8-5.jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A <a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">panoramic</a> view of Prymorsky Boulevard, at the top of the <a href="/wiki/Potemkin_Stairs" title="Potemkin Stairs">Potemkin Stairs</a></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Odesa_catacombs" title="Odesa catacombs">Odesa catacombs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Opera2011.jpg/220px-Opera2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Opera2011.jpg/330px-Opera2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Opera2011.jpg/440px-Opera2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture#Rome_and_Southern_Italy" title="Baroque architecture">Italian baroque</a> facade of the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Opera_and_Ballet_Theatre" title="Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre">Odesa Opera and Ballet Theater</a>. It was started with the important contribution of the <a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Odesa" title="Italians of Odesa">Italians of Odesa</a></figcaption></figure> Many of Odesa's buildings have, rather uniquely for a Ukrainian city, been influenced by the Mediterranean style of classical architecture. This is particularly noticeable in buildings built by architects such as the <a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Odesa" title="Italians of Odesa">Italian of Odesa</a> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Boffo" title="Francesco Boffo">Francesco Boffo</a>, who in the early 19th-century built a palace and colonnade for the Governor of Odesa, Prince Mikhail Vorontsov, the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Fine_Arts_Museum" title="Odesa Fine Arts Museum">Potocki Palace</a> and many other public buildings. In 1887 one of the city's most well known architectural monuments was completed – the theatre, which still hosts a range of performances to this day; it is widely regarded as one of the world's finest opera houses. The first opera house was opened in 1810 and destroyed by fire in 1873. The modern building was constructed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Fellner" title="Ferdinand Fellner">Fellner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Helmer" title="Hermann Helmer">Helmer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">neo-baroque</a>; its luxurious hall was built in the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">rococo</a> style. It is said that thanks to its unique acoustics, even a whisper from the stage can be heard in any part of the hall. The theatre was projected along the lines of Dresden's <a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Semperoper</a> built in 1878, with its nontraditional foyer following the curvatures of the auditorium; the building's most recent renovation was completed in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Odesa's most iconic symbol, the <a href="/wiki/Potemkin_Stairs" title="Potemkin Stairs">Potemkin Stairs</a>, is a vast staircase that conjures an illusion so that those at the top only see a series of large steps, while at the bottom all the steps appear to merge into one pyramid-shaped mass. The original 200 steps (now reduced to 192) were designed by Italian architect Francesco Boffo and built between 1837 and 1841. The steps were made famous by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a> in his film, <a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a>. Most of the city's 19th-century houses were built of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> mined nearby. Abandoned mines were later used and broadened by local <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smugglers</a>. This created a gigantic, complicated <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">labyrinth</a> of tunnels beneath Odesa, known as the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_catacombs" title="Odesa catacombs">Odesa catacombs</a>. During World War II, the catacombs served as a hiding place for <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisans</a> and natural shelter for civilians, who were escaping airplane bombing. <a href="/wiki/Derybasivska_Street" title="Derybasivska Street">Derybasivska Street</a>, an attractive pedestrian avenue named after <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribas" title="José de Ribas">José de Ribas</a>, the Neapolitan-born founder of Odesa and decorated Russian Navy Admiral from the Russo-Turkish War, is famous by its unique character and architecture.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the summer it is common to find large crowds of people leisurely sitting and talking on the outdoor terraces of numerous cafés, bars and restaurants, or simply enjoying a walk along the cobblestone street, which is not open to vehicular traffic and is kept shaded by the linden trees which line its route.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> A similar streetscape can also be found in that of Prymorsky Bulvar, a grand thoroughfare which runs along the edge of the plateau upon which the city is situated, and where many of the city's most imposing buildings are to be found. As one of the biggest on the Black Sea, Odesa's port is busy all year round. The Odesa Seaport is located on an artificial stretch of the Black Sea coast, along with the north-western part of the Gulf of Odesa. The total shoreline length of Odesa's seaport is around 7.23 kilometres (4.49 mi). The port, which includes an oil refinery, container handling facility, passenger area and numerous areas for handling dry cargo, is lucky in that its work does not depend on seasonal weather; the harbour itself is defended from the elements by breakwaters. The port is able to handle up to 14 million tons of cargo and about 24 million tons of oil products annually, whilst its passenger terminals can cater for around 4 million passengers a year at full capacity.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> As Odesa has been inhabited by peoples of different religions, it has a variety of religious buildings, such as the Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_Cathedral_in_Odesa" title="Transfiguration Cathedral in Odesa">Transfiguration Cathedral</a>, Catholic <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_Cathedral,_Odesa" title="Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Cathedral, Odesa">Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Cathedral</a>, Lutheran St. Paul's Church, <a href="/wiki/Brodsky_Synagogue_(Odesa)" title="Brodsky Synagogue (Odesa)">Brodsky Synagogue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Salam_Mosque,_Odesa" title="Al-Salam Mosque, Odesa">Al-Salam Mosque</a>. There is also a number of historic cemeteries,<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> including the Cossack <a href="/wiki/Kuialnyk_Cemetery" title="Kuialnyk Cemetery">Kuialnyk Cemetery</a>. In late 2022 one of the city's former central landmarks, the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_founders_of_Odesa" title="Monument to the founders of Odesa">monument to the founders of Odesa</a> with its statue of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, was dismantled and temporarily moved to the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Fine_Arts_Museum" title="Odesa Fine Arts Museum">Odesa Fine Arts Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dismantlemonumentOdesa3624865-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primorskiy_Parkway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Primorskiy_Parkway.jpg/220px-Primorskiy_Parkway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Primorskiy_Parkway.jpg/330px-Primorskiy_Parkway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Primorskiy_Parkway.jpg/440px-Primorskiy_Parkway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A park at Prymorskiy prospekt in Odesa</figcaption></figure> There are a number of public parks and gardens in Odesa, among these are the Preobrazhensky, Gorky and Victory parks, the latter of which is an arboretum. The city is also home to a university botanical garden, which recently celebrated its 200th anniversary, and a number of other smaller gardens. The <a href="/wiki/Odesa_city_garden" title="Odesa city garden">City Garden</a>, or Gorodskoy Sad, is perhaps the most famous of Odesa's gardens. Laid out in 1803 by Felix De Ribas (brother of the founder of Odesa, José de Ribas) on a plot of urban land he owned, the garden is located right in the heart of the city. When Felix decided that he was no longer able to provide enough money for the garden's upkeep, he decided to present it to the people of Odesa in 1806.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The garden is home to a bandstand and is the traditional location for outdoor theater in the summertime. Numerous sculptures can also be found within the grounds, as well as a musical fountain, the waters of which are computer controlled to coordinate with the musical melody being played. Odesa's largest park, <a href="/wiki/Shevchenko_Park_(Odesa)" title="Shevchenko Park (Odesa)">Shevchenko Park</a> (previously Alexander Park), was founded in 1875, during a visit to the city by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Emperor Alexander II</a>. The park covers an area of around 700 by 900 metres (2,300 by 3,000 feet) and is located near the centre of the city, on the side closest to the sea. Within the park there are a variety of cultural and entertainment facilities, and wide pedestrian avenues. In the center of the park is the local top-flight football team's <a href="/wiki/Chornomorets_Stadium" title="Chornomorets Stadium">Chornomorets Stadium</a>, the Alexander Column and municipal observatory. The Baryatinsky Bulvar is popular for its route, which starts at the park's gate before winding its way along the edge of the coastal plateau. There are a number of monuments and memorials in the park, one of which is dedicated to the park's namesake, the Ukrainian national poet <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Taras Shevchenko</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0,_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The city's Preobrazhensky Park surrounds its cathedral."><img alt="The city's Preobrazhensky Park surrounds its cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_02.jpg/240px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_02.jpg/360px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_02.jpg/480px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The city's Preobrazhensky Park surrounds its cathedral.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_AlexanderII_colomn_and_spruce_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Alexander Column in Schevchenko Park"><img alt="The Alexander Column in Schevchenko Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Odessa_AlexanderII_colomn_and_spruce_tree.jpg/240px-Odessa_AlexanderII_colomn_and_spruce_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Odessa_AlexanderII_colomn_and_spruce_tree.jpg/360px-Odessa_AlexanderII_colomn_and_spruce_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Odessa_AlexanderII_colomn_and_spruce_tree.jpg/480px-Odessa_AlexanderII_colomn_and_spruce_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Alexander Column in <a href="/wiki/Shevchenko_Park_(Odesa)" title="Shevchenko Park (Odesa)">Schevchenko Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0,_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80,_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Londonskaya Hotel, on Odesa's magnificent Prymorsky Bulvar, is one of the city's landmark buildings."><img alt="The Londonskaya Hotel, on Odesa's magnificent Prymorsky Bulvar, is one of the city's landmark buildings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%2C_11.jpg/240px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%2C_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%2C_11.jpg/360px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%2C_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%2C_11.jpg/480px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%2C_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Londonskaya_Hotel" title="Londonskaya Hotel">Londonskaya Hotel</a>, on Odesa's magnificent Prymorsky Bulvar, is one of the city's landmark buildings.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Odesa_Olgivska-4_0-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The main building of the Odesa National Medical University"><img alt="The main building of the Odesa National Medical University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Odesa_Olgivska-4_0-1.jpg/208px-Odesa_Olgivska-4_0-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Odesa_Olgivska-4_0-1.jpg/312px-Odesa_Olgivska-4_0-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Odesa_Olgivska-4_0-1.jpg/416px-Odesa_Olgivska-4_0-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2446" data-file-height="2116" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The main building of the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_National_Medical_University" title="Odesa National Medical University">Odesa National Medical University</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odesa_National_scientific_library-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Odesa_National_scientific_library-03.jpg/220px-Odesa_National_scientific_library-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Odesa_National_scientific_library-03.jpg/330px-Odesa_National_scientific_library-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Odesa_National_scientific_library-03.jpg/440px-Odesa_National_scientific_library-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Odesa_National_Scientific_Library" title="Odesa National Scientific Library">Odesa National Scientific Library</a> is a major research library and the centre for studies in southern Ukraine.</figcaption></figure> Odesa is home to several universities and other institutions of higher education. The city's best-known and most prestigious university is the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_University" title="Odesa University">Odesa 'I.I. Mechnykov' National University</a>. This university is the oldest in the city and was first founded by an edict of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a> in 1865 as the Imperial <a href="/wiki/Novorossiya_Governorate" title="Novorossiya Governorate">Novorossian</a> University. Since then the university has developed to become one of modern Ukraine's leading research and teaching universities, with staff of around 1,800 and total of thirteen academic faculties. Other than the National University, the city is also home to the 1921-inaugurated <a href="/wiki/Odesa_National_Economics_University" title="Odesa National Economics University">Odesa National Economic University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_National_Medical_University" title="Odesa National Medical University">Odesa National Medical University</a> (founded 1900), the 1918-founded <a href="/wiki/Odesa_National_Polytechnic_University" title="Odesa National Polytechnic University">Odesa National Polytechnic University</a>. In addition to these universities, the city is home to the <a href="/wiki/National_University_Odesa_Law_Academy" title="National University Odesa Law Academy">National University "Odesa Law Academy"</a>, the National Academy of Telecommunications, the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_State_Environmental_University" title="Odesa State Environmental University">Odesa State Environmental University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_University_%C2%ABOdesa_Maritime_Academy%C2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="National University «Odesa Maritime Academy»">Odesa National Maritime Academy</a>. The last of these institutions is a highly specialised and prestigious establishment for the preparation and training of merchant mariners which sees around 1,000 newly qualified officer cadets graduate each year and take up employment in the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant marine">merchant marines</a> of numerous countries around the world. The South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University is also based in the city, this is one of the largest institutions for the preparation of educational specialists in Ukraine and is recognised as one of the country's finest of such universities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition to all the state-run universities mentioned above, Odesa is also home to many private educational institutes and academies which offer highly specified courses in a range of different subjects. With regard to primary and secondary education, Odesa has many schools catering for all ages from kindergarten through to lyceum (final secondary school level) age. Most of these schools are state-owned and operated, and all schools have to be state-accredited in order to teach children. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Odesa" title="Culture of Odesa">Culture of Odesa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums,_art_and_music">Museums, art and music</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_arheological_museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Odessa_arheological_museum.JPG/220px-Odessa_arheological_museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Odessa_arheological_museum.JPG/330px-Odessa_arheological_museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Odessa_arheological_museum.JPG/440px-Odessa_arheological_museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Archeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa Archeological Museum">Odesa Archaeological Museum</a> was designed in the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical style</a> just like many other landmarks of the city.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Fine_Arts_Museum" title="Odesa Fine Arts Museum">Fine Arts museum</a> is the biggest art gallery in the city, which collection includes canvas mostly of Russian painters from 17th-21st centuries, icon collection and modern art. The <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Museum_of_Western_and_Eastern_Art" title="Odesa Museum of Western and Eastern Art">Odesa Museum of Western and Eastern Art</a> is big art museum; it has large European collections from the 16–20th centuries along with the art from the East on display. There are paintings from <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mignard" title="Pierre Mignard">Mignard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frans_Hals" title="Frans Hals">Hals</a>, Teniers and Del Piombo.<a href="#cite_note-auto-124">[123]</a> Of note is Odesa's <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Pushkin_Museum" title="Odesa Pushkin Museum">Alexander Pushkin Museum</a>, which is dedicated to detailing the short time <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a> spent in exile in Odesa, a period during which he continued to write.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The poet also has a city street named after him, as well as a statue.<a href="#cite_note-auto-124">[123]</a> Other museums in the city include the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Archeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa Archeological Museum">Odesa Archeological Museum</a>, which is housed in a neoclassical building, the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Numismatics_Museum" title="Odesa Numismatics Museum">Odesa Numismatics Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Museum_of_Regional_History" title="Odesa Museum of Regional History">Odesa Museum of the Regional History</a>, Museum of Heroic Defense of Odesa (411th Battery). Among the city's public sculptures, two sets of <a href="/wiki/Medici_lions" title="Medici lions">Medici lions</a> can be noted, at the <a href="/wiki/Vorontsov_Palace_(Odesa)" title="Vorontsov Palace (Odesa)">Vorontsov Palace</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> as well as in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Starosinnyi_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starosinnyi Garden (page does not exist)">Starosinnyi Garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pushkin_Monument,_Odessa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pushkin_Monument%2C_Odessa.jpg/220px-Pushkin_Monument%2C_Odessa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pushkin_Monument%2C_Odessa.jpg/330px-Pushkin_Monument%2C_Odessa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pushkin_Monument%2C_Odessa.jpg/440px-Pushkin_Monument%2C_Odessa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>The Pushkin Monument, Odesa, 1889, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/research/library/imagecollections/features/watsons_russia.html">Department of Image Collections</a>, National Gallery of Art Library, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Pavlovich_Adler" title="Jacob Pavlovich Adler">Jacob Adler</a>, the major star of the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a> in New York and father of the actor, director and teacher <a href="/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler">Stella Adler</a>, was born and spent his youth in Odesa. The most popular Russian show business people from Odesa are <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Smirnoff" title="Yakov Smirnoff">Yakov Smirnoff</a> (comedian), <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Zhvanetsky" title="Mikhail Zhvanetsky">Mikhail Zhvanetsky</a> (legendary <a href="/wiki/List_of_humorists" title="List of humorists">humorist</a> writer, who began his career as a port engineer) and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kartsev" title="Roman Kartsev">Roman Kartsev</a> (comedian). Zhvanetsky's and Kartsev's success in the 1970s, along with Odesa's <a href="/wiki/KVN" title="KVN">KVN</a> team, contributed to Odesa's established status as "capital of Soviet humor", culminating in the annual <a href="/wiki/Humorina" title="Humorina">Humoryna</a> festival, carried out around the beginning of April. Odesa was also the home of the late Armenian painter <a href="/wiki/Sarkis_Ordyan" title="Sarkis Ordyan">Sarkis Ordyan</a> (1918–2003), the Ukrainian painter <a href="/wiki/Mickola_Vorokhta" title="Mickola Vorokhta">Mickola Vorokhta</a> and the Greek philologist, author and promoter of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Demotic Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Psycharis" title="Ioannis Psycharis">Ioannis Psycharis</a> (1854–1929). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Siritsov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri Siritsov (page does not exist)">Yuri Siritsov</a>, bass player of the Israeli Metal band PallaneX is originally from Odesa. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Glazer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Glazer (page does not exist)">Igor Glazer</a> Production Manager <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Agadati" title="Baruch Agadati">Baruch Agadati</a> (1895–1976), the Israeli classical ballet dancer, choreographer, painter, and film producer and director grew up in Odesa, as did Franco-Israeli École de Paris painter and sculptor <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Frenkel" title="Yitzhak Frenkel">Isaac Frenkel Frenel</a>, Israeli artist and author <a href="/wiki/Nachum_Gutman" title="Nachum Gutman">Nachum Gutman</a> (1898–1980). Israeli painter <a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Stematsky" title="Avigdor Stematsky">Avigdor Stematsky</a> (1908–89) was born in Odesa. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunina-15-135.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bunina-15-135.jpg/220px-Bunina-15-135.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bunina-15-135.jpg/330px-Bunina-15-135.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bunina-15-135.jpg/440px-Bunina-15-135.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption>The main hall of the Odesa Philharmonic Society's theatre</figcaption></figure> Odesa produced one of the founders of the Soviet violin school, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolyarsky" title="Pyotr Stolyarsky">Pyotr Stolyarsky</a>. It has also produced many musicians, including the violinists <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Milstein" title="Nathan Milstein">Nathan Milstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Oistrakh" title="David Oistrakh">David Oistrakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Oistrakh" title="Igor Oistrakh">Igor Oistrakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Goldstein" title="Boris Goldstein">Boris Goldstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Bron" title="Zakhar Bron">Zakhar Bron</a> and pianists <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Richter" title="Sviatoslav Richter">Sviatoslav Richter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benno_Moiseiwitsch" title="Benno Moiseiwitsch">Benno Moiseiwitsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_de_Pachmann" title="Vladimir de Pachmann">Vladimir de Pachmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shura_Cherkassky" title="Shura Cherkassky">Shura Cherkassky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Gilels" title="Emil Gilels">Emil Gilels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Grinberg" title="Maria Grinberg">Maria Grinberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Barere" title="Simon Barere">Simon Barere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Podolsky" title="Leo Podolsky">Leo Podolsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zak" title="Yakov Zak">Yakov Zak</a>. (Note: Richter studied in Odesa but was not born there.) The <a href="/wiki/Odesa_International_Film_Festival" title="Odesa International Film Festival">Odesa International Film Festival</a> is also held in this city annually since 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Union_Concert_Hall,_Odesa" title="Union Concert Hall, Odesa">Union Concert Hall</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_189115.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_189115.JPG/220px-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_189115.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_189115.JPG/330px-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_189115.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_189115.JPG/440px-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_189115.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/School_of_Stolyarsky" title="School of Stolyarsky">School of Stolyarsky</a>, founded in 1933, has long been recognised as a centre of musical excellence.</figcaption></figure> Poet <a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Anna Akhmatova</a> was born in Bolshoy Fontan near Odesa,<a href="#cite_note-anderson-128">[127]</a> however her further work was not connected with the city and its literary tradition. Odesa has produced many writers, including <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Babel" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaak Babel">Isaac Babel</a>, whose series of short stories, <a href="/wiki/Odessa_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa Tales">Odessa Tales</a>, are set in the city. Other Odesans are the duo <a href="/wiki/Ilf_and_Petrov" title="Ilf and Petrov">Ilf and Petrov</a>—authors of <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Chairs" title="The Twelve Chairs">The Twelve Chairs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yury_Olesha" title="Yury Olesha">Yuri Olesha</a>, author of "<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Fat_Men" title="The Three Fat Men">The Three Fat Men</a>". <a href="/wiki/Vera_Inber" title="Vera Inber">Vera Inber</a>, a poet and writer, as well as the poet and journalist <a href="/wiki/Margarita_Aliger" title="Margarita Aliger">Margarita Aliger</a>, were both born in Odesa. The Italian writer, Slavist and <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascist</a> dissident <a href="/wiki/Leone_Ginzburg" title="Leone Ginzburg">Leone Ginzburg</a> was born in Odesa into a Jewish family, and then went to Italy where he grew up and lived. The Hebrew author and poet Haim Bialik established a publishing house and worked in the city from the 1890s to 1911.<a href="#cite_note-forward.com-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> One of the most prominent pre-war <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Soviet writers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Kataev" title="Valentin Kataev">Valentin Kataev</a>, was born here and began his writing career as early as high school (gymnasia). Before moving to Moscow in 1922, he made quite a few acquaintances here, including <a href="/wiki/Yury_Olesha" title="Yury Olesha">Yury Olesha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilf_and_Petrov" title="Ilf and Petrov">Ilya Ilf</a> (Ilf's co-author Petrov was in fact Kataev's brother, Petrov being his pen-name). Kataev became a benefactor for these young authors, who would become some of the most talented and popular <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_language_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian language writers">Russian writers</a> of this period. In 1955 Kataev became the first <a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">chief editor</a> of the Youth (Russian: Юность, Yunost'), one of the leading <a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">literature magazines</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Ottepel</a> of the 1950s and 1960s. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These authors and comedians played a great role in establishing the "Odesa myth" in the Soviet Union. Odesans were and are viewed in the ethnic stereotype as sharp-witted, street-wise and eternally optimistic.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These qualities are reflected in the "Odesa dialect", which borrows chiefly from the characteristic speech of the Odesan Jews, and is enriched by a plethora of influences common for the port city.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-131">[130]</a> The "Odesite speech" became a staple of the "Soviet Jew" depicted in a multitude of jokes and comedy acts, in which a Jewish adherent served as a wise and subtle dissenter and opportunist, always pursuing his own <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">well-being</a>, but unwittingly pointing out the flaws and absurdities of the Soviet regime. The Odesan Jew in the jokes always "came out clean" and was, in the end, a lovable character – unlike some of other jocular nation stereotypes such as The Chukcha, The Ukrainian, The Estonian or The American.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resorts_and_health_care">Resorts and health care</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach-Chayka-aerial-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Beach-Chayka-aerial-4.jpg/220px-Beach-Chayka-aerial-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Beach-Chayka-aerial-4.jpg/330px-Beach-Chayka-aerial-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Beach-Chayka-aerial-4.jpg/440px-Beach-Chayka-aerial-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3078" /></a><figcaption>An aerial image of Beach Chayka</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_Arcadia_Plaza_Beach_Sea_Water_Sweaming_Pool.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Odessa_Arcadia_Plaza_Beach_Sea_Water_Sweaming_Pool.JPG/220px-Odessa_Arcadia_Plaza_Beach_Sea_Water_Sweaming_Pool.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Odessa_Arcadia_Plaza_Beach_Sea_Water_Sweaming_Pool.JPG/330px-Odessa_Arcadia_Plaza_Beach_Sea_Water_Sweaming_Pool.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Odessa_Arcadia_Plaza_Beach_Sea_Water_Sweaming_Pool.JPG/440px-Odessa_Arcadia_Plaza_Beach_Sea_Water_Sweaming_Pool.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Beaches of <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(Odesa)" title="Arcadia (Odesa)">Arcadia</a></figcaption></figure> Odesa is a popular <a href="/wiki/Tourist_destination" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist destination">tourist destination</a>, with many therapeutic <a href="/wiki/Resort" title="Resort">resorts</a> in and around the city. The city's <a href="/wiki/The_Filatov_Institute_of_Eye_Diseases_%26_Tissue_Therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases & Tissue Therapy">Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases & Tissue Therapy</a> is one of the world's leading <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">ophthalmology</a> clinics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celebrations_and_holidays">Celebrations and holidays</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%97%D0%A1_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_(27798398360).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D0%92_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%97%D0%A1_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%2827798398360%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D0%92_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%97%D0%A1_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%2827798398360%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D0%92_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%97%D0%A1_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%2827798398360%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2341" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Navy" title="Ukrainian Navy">Ukrainian Navy</a> Honour Guards during the <a href="/wiki/Navy_Day_(Ukraine)" title="Navy Day (Ukraine)">Navy Day</a> celebrations in Odesa in 2016</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Humorina" title="Humorina">Humorina</a></div> <a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a>, held annually on 1 April, is one of the most celebrated festivals in the city. Practical joking is a central theme throughout, and Odesans dress in unique, colorful attire to express their spontaneous and comedic selves. The tradition has been celebrated since the early 1970s, when the humor of Ukraine's citizens were drawn to television and the media, further developing into a mass festival. Large amounts of money are made from the festivities, supporting Odesa's local entertainers and shops.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_Odesans">Notable Odesans</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Schmidt" title="Pyotr Schmidt">Pyotr Schmidt</a> (1867–1906) (better known as "Lieutenant Schmidt"), one of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevastopol Uprising">Sevastopol uprising</a>, was born in Odesa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a> (1880–1940), was born in Odesa, and largely developed his version of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> there in the early 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Noah-133">[132]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal of the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky" title="Rodion Malinovsky">Rodion Malinovsky</a> (1898–1967), a military commander in World War II and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Defence_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Defence of the Soviet Union">Defense Minister of the Soviet Union</a>, was born in Odesa, whilst renowned Nazi hunter <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal" title="Simon Wiesenthal">Simon Wiesenthal</a> (1908–2005) lived in the city in 1934/1935.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayim_Nahman_Bialik" title="Hayim Nahman Bialik">Haim Nahman Bialik</a> (1873 - 1934), a poet and innovator in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> languages, he came to Odesa aged 18, inspired by his admiration for authors such as and <a href="/wiki/Ahad_Ha%27am" title="Ahad Ha'am">Ahad Ha'am</a> <a href="/wiki/Mendele_Mocher_Sforim" title="Mendele Mocher Sforim">Mendele Mocher Sforim</a> and worked there from the 1890s to 1911. He was commonly known as the national Hebrew poet.<a href="#cite_note-forward.com-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Frenkel_Frenel" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzhak Frenkel Frenel">Yitzhak Frenkel Frenel</a> (1899 - 1981), a native Odesan painter and sculptor of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">École de Paris</a> who brought to Israel the influence of modern art and was its first abstract artist. He emigrated to Israel on the <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_(ship)" title="Ruslan (ship)">Ruslan</a> in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Reilly" title="Sidney Reilly">Sidney Reilly</a> (ca.1873–1925), who was employed by <a href="/wiki/William_Melville" title="William Melville">William Melville</a> (1850–1918) as one of the first spies of the <a href="/wiki/British_Secret_Service_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="British Secret Service Bureau">British Secret Service Bureau</a>, was a native Odesan. Another intelligence agent from Odesa was <a href="/wiki/Genrikh_Lyushkov" title="Genrikh Lyushkov">Genrikh Lyushkov</a> (1900–1945), who joined the Odesa <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> in 1920 and reached two-star rank in the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> before fleeing to Japanese-occupied Manchuria in 1938 to avoid being murdered.</li> <li>The composer <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Weinberg" title="Jacob Weinberg">Jacob Weinberg</a> (1879–1956) was born in Odesa. He composed over 135 works and was the founder of the Jewish National Conservatory in Jerusalem before immigrating to the U.S. where he became "an influential voice in the promotion of American Jewish music".<a href="#cite_note-CT-137">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_Lukyanova" title="Valeria Lukyanova">Valeria Lukyanova</a> (born 1985), a girl from Odesa who looks very similar to a <a href="/wiki/Barbie" title="Barbie">Barbie</a> doll, has received attention on the Internet and from the media for her doll-like appearance.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Zhvanetsky" title="Mikhail Zhvanetsky">Mikhail Zhvanetsky</a> (1934–2020), writer, <a href="/wiki/Satirist" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirist">satirist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performer</a> best known for his shows targeting different aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> and post-Soviet everyday life, was born in Odesa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VitaliV" title="VitaliV">VitaliV</a> (Vitali Vinogradov) (born 1957), an artist and sculptor based in London since 1989, was born in Odesa.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a></li> <li>Kostyantyn Mykolayovych Bocharov (born 1997), better known by his stage name <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lovin" title="Mélovin">Mélovin</a> is a native of Odesa. He is best known for winning season six of <a href="/wiki/X-Factor_(Ukrainian_TV_series)" title="X-Factor (Ukrainian TV series)">X-Factor Ukraine</a> and for representing Ukraine in the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2018" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2018">Eurovision Song Contest 2018</a>, singing the song "<a href="/wiki/Under_the_Ladder" title="Under the Ladder">Under the Ladder</a>".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Dori" title="Yaakov Dori">Yaakov Dori</a> (1899–1973), the first Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>, and President of the <a href="/wiki/Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology" title="Technion – Israel Institute of Technology">Technion – Israel Institute of Technology</a>, was born in Odesa, as was <a href="/wiki/Israel_Dostrovsky" title="Israel Dostrovsky">Israel Dostrovsky</a> (1918–2010), Israeli physical chemist who was the fifth president of the <a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science" title="Weizmann Institute of Science">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Bazhal" title="Yuriy Bazhal">Yuriy Bazhal</a> (born 1950), Ukrainian scientist, professor, academic.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_Bryl" title="Janka Bryl">Janka Bryl</a> (1917 – 2006), Belarusian writer, was born in Odesa.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_de_Pachmann" title="Vladimir de Pachmann">Vladimir de Pachmann</a> (1848–1933) a pianist of Russian-German ethnicity noted for performing the works of Chopin, was from Odesa.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emil_Grigoryevich_Gilels" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Grigoryevich Gilels">Emil Grigoryevich Gilels</a> (1916–1985), widely regarded as one of the greatest pianists of all time, was born in Odesa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasys_Pundzevi%C4%8Dius" title="Stasys Pundzevičius">Stasys Pundzevičius</a> (1893–1980), Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Air_Force" title="Lithuanian Air Force">Lithuanian Air Force</a> in the interwar Lithuania, was born in Odesa.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitriy_Starovoitov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitriy Starovoitov (page does not exist)">Dmitriy Starovoitov</a> (born 1983), Ukrainian entrepreneur and businessman, was born in Odesa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Olshanetsky" title="Alexander Olshanetsky">Alexander Olshanetsky</a> (1892 – 1946), an American <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violinist</a>. He was a major figure within the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a> scene in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, born in Odesa.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yefrosyniya_Zarnytska" title="Yefrosyniya Zarnytska">Yefrosyniya Zarnytska</a> (1867-1936), actress</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> Odesa's economy largely stems from its traditional role as a port city. The nearly ice-free port lies near the mouths of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Southern Bug</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> rivers, which provide good links to the hinterland.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> During the Soviet period (until 1991) the city functioned as the USSR's largest trading port; it continues in a similar role as independent Ukraine's busiest international port. The port complex contains an oil and gas transfer and storage facility, a cargo-handling area and a large passenger port. In 2007 the Port of Odesa handled 31,368,000 tonnes of cargo.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-146">[145]</a> The port of Odesa is one of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Navy" title="Ukrainian Navy">Ukrainian Navy</a>'s most important bases on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Rail transport is an important sector of the economy in Odesa – largely due to the role it plays in delivering goods and imports to and from the city's port. The Container Terminal Odesa (CTO) in the port is the largest container terminal in Ukraine. It has been operated by the Hamburg-based HHLA Group since 2001 and, in addition to containers, also handles bulk goods, general cargo and project cargo. This means that Odesa is networked with the ports of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muuga_Harbour" title="Muuga Harbour">Muuga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> via the logistics group HHLA.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0,_%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_29_2018_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_29_2018_02.jpg/220px-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_29_2018_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_29_2018_02.jpg/330px-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_29_2018_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_29_2018_02.jpg/440px-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_29_2018_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Hotel Grand Moscow in Odesa</figcaption></figure> Industrial enterprises located in and around the city include those dedicated to fuel refinement, machine building, metallurgy, and other types of light industry such as food preparation, timber plants and chemical industry. Agriculture is a relatively important sector in the territories surrounding the city. The <a href="/wiki/Seventh-Kilometer_Market" title="Seventh-Kilometer Market">Seventh-Kilometer Market</a> is a major commercial complex on the outskirts of the city where private traders now operate one of the largest market complexes in Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> The market has roughly 6,000 traders and an estimated 150,000 customers per day. Daily sales, according to the Ukrainian periodical <a href="/wiki/Dzerkalo_Tyzhnia" title="Dzerkalo Tyzhnia">Dzerkalo Tyzhnia</a>, were believed to be as high as US$20 million in 2004. With a staff of 1,200 (mostly guards and janitors), the market is also the region's largest employer. It is owned by local land and agriculture <a href="/wiki/Tycoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tycoon">tycoon</a> Viktor A. Dobrianskyi and three partners of his. <a href="/wiki/Tavria-V" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavria-V">Tavria-V</a> is the most popular retail chain in Odesa. Key areas of <a href="/wiki/Business_sector" title="Business sector">business</a> include: retail, wholesale, catering, production, construction and development, private label. Consumer recognition is mainly attributed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] to the high level of service and the quality of services. <a href="/wiki/Tavria-V" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavria-V">Tavria-V</a> is the biggest private company and the biggest tax payer. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessabeach2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Odessabeach2018.jpg/220px-Odessabeach2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Odessabeach2018.jpg/330px-Odessabeach2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Odessabeach2018.jpg/440px-Odessabeach2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Arkadia Beach in Odesa</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Deribasivska_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Deribasivska Street">Deribasivska Street</a> is one of the city's most important commercial streets, hosting many of the city's boutiques and higher-end shops. In addition to this there are a number of large commercial shopping centres in the city. The 19th-century shopping gallery <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Passage" title="Odesa Passage">Passage</a> was, for a long time, the city's most upscale shopping district, and remains to this day<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odesa&action=edit">[update]</a> an important landmark of Odesa. The <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ukraine" title="Tourism in Ukraine">tourism sector is of great importance to Odesa</a>, which is currently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] the second most-visited Ukrainian city.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> In 2003 this sector recorded a total revenue of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">₴</a>189.2 million. Other sectors of the city's economy include the banking sector: the city hosts a branch of the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Ukraine" title="National Bank of Ukraine">National Bank of Ukraine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imexbank" title="Imexbank">Imexbank</a>, one of Ukraine's largest commercial banks, was based in the city, however on 27 May 2015, the Deposit Guarantee Fund of Ukraine made a decision to liquidate the bank. Foreign business ventures have thrived in the area, as since 1 January 2000, much of the city and its surrounding area has been declared[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] a <a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" title="Free economic zone">free economic zone</a> – this has aided the foundation of foreign companies' and corporations' Ukrainian divisions and allowed them to more easily invest in the Ukrainian manufacturing and service sectors. To date a number of Japanese and Chinese companies, as well as a host of European enterprises, have invested in the development of the free economic zone, to this end private investors in the city have invested a great deal of money into the provision of quality office real estate and modern manufacturing facilities such as warehouses and plant complexes. Odesa also has a well-developed IT industry with large number of IT outsourcing companies and IT product startups. Among most famous startups is <a href="/wiki/Looksery" title="Looksery">Looksery</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> and AI Factory both developed in Odesa and acquired by <a href="/wiki/Snap_Inc." title="Snap Inc.">Snap inc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Od%C4%9Bsa,_p%C5%99%C3%ADstav,_lo%C4%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Odesa's port is Ukraine's busiest. The harbour remains accessible all year round and serves as a vital import/export channel for the Ukrainian economy."><img alt="Odesa's port is Ukraine's busiest. The harbour remains accessible all year round and serves as a vital import/export channel for the Ukrainian economy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Od%C4%9Bsa%2C_p%C5%99%C3%ADstav%2C_lo%C4%8F.jpg/200px-Od%C4%9Bsa%2C_p%C5%99%C3%ADstav%2C_lo%C4%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Od%C4%9Bsa%2C_p%C5%99%C3%ADstav%2C_lo%C4%8F.jpg/300px-Od%C4%9Bsa%2C_p%C5%99%C3%ADstav%2C_lo%C4%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Od%C4%9Bsa%2C_p%C5%99%C3%ADstav%2C_lo%C4%8F.jpg/400px-Od%C4%9Bsa%2C_p%C5%99%C3%ADstav%2C_lo%C4%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4770" data-file-height="3178" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Odesa's port is Ukraine's busiest. The harbour remains accessible all year round and serves as a vital import/export channel for the Ukrainian economy.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Deribasovskaya-33-36.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Passage galleries, one of the city's landmarks"><img alt="The Passage galleries, one of the city's landmarks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Deribasovskaya-33-36.jpg/200px-Deribasovskaya-33-36.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Deribasovskaya-33-36.jpg/300px-Deribasovskaya-33-36.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Deribasovskaya-33-36.jpg/400px-Deribasovskaya-33-36.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1939" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Passage" title="Odesa Passage">Passage</a> galleries, one of the city's landmarks</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientists">Scientists</h2></div> A number of scientists have lived and worked in Odesa. They include: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov">Illya Mechnikov</a> (Nobel Prize in Medicine 1908),<a href="#cite_note-Schmalstieg-153">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Igor Tamm</a> (Nobel Prize in Physics 1958), <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a> (Nobel Prize in Medicine 1952), <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Ivanovich_Pirogov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov">Nikolay Pirogov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sechenov" title="Ivan Sechenov">Ivan Sechenov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Filatov" title="Vladimir Filatov">Vladimir Filatov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Umov" title="Nikolay Umov">Nikolay Umov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Isaakovich_Mandelstam" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Isaakovich Mandelstam">Leonid Mandelstam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Lyapunov" title="Aleksandr Lyapunov">Aleksandr Lyapunov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Krein" title="Mark Krein">Mark Krein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Smakula" title="Alexander Smakula">Alexander Smakula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Haffkine" title="Waldemar Haffkine">Waldemar Haffkine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Glushko" title="Valentin Glushko">Valentin Glushko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Dostrovsky" title="Israel Dostrovsky">Israel Dostrovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Chami%C3%A9" title="Catherine Chamié">Catherine Chamié</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">George Gamow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_transport">Maritime transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/UkrFerry" title="UkrFerry">UkrFerry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Shipping_Company" title="Black Sea Shipping Company">Black Sea Shipping Company</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0,_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_22.jpg/220px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_22.jpg/330px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_22.jpg/440px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Odesa has long been an important <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> port.</figcaption></figure> Odesa is a major maritime-transport hub that includes several ports including <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Odesa" title="Port of Odesa">Port of Odesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Chornomorsk" title="Port of Chornomorsk">Port of Chornomorsk</a> (ferry, freight), <a href="/wiki/Pivdennyi_Port" title="Pivdennyi Port">Pivdennyi</a> (freight only). The Port of Odesa became a provisional headquarters for the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Navy" title="Ukrainian Navy">Ukrainian Navy</a>, following the Russian occupation of Crimea in 2014. Before the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a>, the Port of Odesa harbored the major Soviet cruise line <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Shipping_Company" title="Black Sea Shipping Company">Black Sea Shipping Company</a>. Passenger ships and ferries connect Odesa with <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a>, whilst river cruises can occasionally be booked for travel up the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a> to cities such as <a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads_and_automotive_transport">Roads and automotive transport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Odessa_road.jpg/220px-Odessa_road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Odessa_road.jpg/330px-Odessa_road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Odessa_road.jpg/440px-Odessa_road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The M05 Highway links Odesa with the nation's capital, Kyiv. The Odesa junction.</figcaption></figure> The first car in the Russian Empire, a <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> belonging to V. Navrotsky, came to Odesa from France in 1891.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He was a popular city publisher of the newspaper Odesskii listok ("Odesa leaf"). Odesa is linked to the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv, by the <a href="/wiki/M05_highway_(Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="M05 highway (Ukraine)">M05 Highway</a>, a high quality multi-lane road which is set to be re-designated, after further reconstructive works, as an 'Avtomagistral' (motorway) in the near future. Other routes of national significance, passing through Odesa, include the M16 Highway to <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, M15 to <a href="/wiki/Izmail" title="Izmail">Izmail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Highway_M14_(Ukraine)" title="Highway M14 (Ukraine)">M14</a> which runs from Odesa, through <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a> to Ukraine's eastern border with Russia. The M14 is of particular importance to Odesa's maritime and shipbuilding industries as it links the city with Ukraine's other large deep water port <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a> which is located in the south east of the country. Odesa also has a well-developed system of inter-urban municipal roads and minor beltways. However, the city is still lacking an extra-urban bypass for transit traffic which does not wish to proceed through the city centre. Intercity bus services are available from Odesa to many cities in Russia (Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyatigorsk" title="Pyatigorsk">Pyatigorsk</a>), Germany (Berlin, Hamburg and <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>), Greece (<a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>) and several cities of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and Europe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83_01.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83_01.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83_01.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4071" data-file-height="2714" /></a><figcaption>Odesa Holovna is one of Ukraine's largest railway terminals. Every day trains depart to many national and international destinations.</figcaption></figure> Odesa is served by a number of railway stations and halts, the largest of which is <a href="/wiki/Odesa_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa railway station">Odesa Holovna</a> (Main Station). From this station services connect Odesa with <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Prague, <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, Vienna, Berlin, Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, the cities of Ukraine and many other cities of the former USSR. The city's first railway station was opened in the 1880s. During the Second World War, the iconic building of the main station, which had long been considered to be one of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>'s premier stations, was destroyed through enemy action. In 1952 the station was rebuilt to the designs of A Chuprina. The current station, which is characterised by its many <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Realism">socialist-realist</a> architectural details and grand scale, was renovated by the state railway operator <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Railways" title="Ukrainian Railways">Ukrainian Railways</a> in 2006.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tramways_d%27Odessa_1881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tramways_d%27Odessa_1881.jpg/220px-Tramways_d%27Odessa_1881.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tramways_d%27Odessa_1881.jpg/330px-Tramways_d%27Odessa_1881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tramways_d%27Odessa_1881.jpg/440px-Tramways_d%27Odessa_1881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3023" data-file-height="3955" /></a><figcaption>Share of the Belgian company "Tramways d'Odessa", issued 24 August 1881</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Od%C4%9Bsa,_Sofijska,_tramvaj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Od%C4%9Bsa%2C_Sofijska%2C_tramvaj.jpg/220px-Od%C4%9Bsa%2C_Sofijska%2C_tramvaj.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Od%C4%9Bsa%2C_Sofijska%2C_tramvaj.jpg/330px-Od%C4%9Bsa%2C_Sofijska%2C_tramvaj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Od%C4%9Bsa%2C_Sofijska%2C_tramvaj.jpg/440px-Od%C4%9Bsa%2C_Sofijska%2C_tramvaj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4770" data-file-height="3178" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Odesa" title="Trams in Odesa">Odesa tram</a> on Sofievska Street</figcaption></figure> In 1881, Odesa became the first city in Imperial Russia to have steam tramway lines, an innovation that came only one year after the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">horse tramway</a> services in 1880 operated by the "Tramways d'Odessa", a Belgian owned company.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The first <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railway">metre gauge</a> steam tramway line ran from Railway Station to Great Fontaine and the second one to Hadzhi Bey Liman. These routes were both operated by the same Belgian company. Electric tramway started to operate on 22 August 1907. Trams were imported from Germany.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The city's <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transit</a> system is currently made up of trams,<a href="#cite_note-trams-155">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a>, buses and fixed-route taxis (<a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">marshrutkas</a>). Odesa also has a <a href="/wiki/Aerial_lift" title="Aerial lift">cable car</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vidrada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidrada (page does not exist)">Vidrada</a> Beach,<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> and recreational ferry service. There are two routes of public transport which connect Odesa Airport with the city center: trolley-bus No.14 and marshrutka No.117.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> One additional mode of transport in Odesa is the <a href="/wiki/Potemkin_Stairs" title="Potemkin Stairs">Potemkin Stairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Funicular" title="Odesa Funicular">funicular railway</a>, which runs between the city's Primorsky Bulvar and the sea terminal, has been in service since 1902. In 1998, after many years of neglect, the city decided to raise funds for a replacement track and cars. This project was delayed on multiple occasions but was finally completed eight years later in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">funicular</a> has now become as much a part of historic Odesa as the staircase to which it runs parallel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Odesa_International_Airport" title="Odesa International Airport">Odesa International Airport</a>, which is located to the south-west of the city centre, is served by a number of airlines. The airport is also often used by citizens of neighbouring countries for whom Odesa is the nearest large city and who can travel visa-free to Ukraine. Transit flights from the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East to Odesa are offered by <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines" title="Ukraine International Airlines">Ukraine International Airlines</a> through their hub at Kyiv's <a href="/wiki/Boryspil_International_Airport" title="Boryspil International Airport">Boryspil International Airport</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Odesa" title="Category:Sport in Odesa">Category:Sport in Odesa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_Palace_of_Sports_at_Shevchenko_Avenue_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Odessa_Palace_of_Sports_at_Shevchenko_Avenue_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Odessa_Palace_of_Sports_at_Shevchenko_Avenue_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Odessa_Palace_of_Sports_at_Shevchenko_Avenue_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Odessa_Palace_of_Sports_at_Shevchenko_Avenue_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Odessa_Palace_of_Sports_at_Shevchenko_Avenue_%2801%29.jpg/440px-Odessa_Palace_of_Sports_at_Shevchenko_Avenue_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Odesa Palace of Sports</figcaption></figure> The most popular sport in Odesa is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>. The main professional football club in the city is <a href="/wiki/FC_Chornomorets_Odesa" title="FC Chornomorets Odesa">FC Chornomorets Odesa</a>, who play in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League" title="Ukrainian Premier League">Ukrainian Premier League</a>. Chornomorets play their home games at the <a href="/wiki/Chornomorets_Stadium" title="Chornomorets Stadium">Chornomorets Stadium</a>, an elite-class stadium which has a maximum capacity of 34,164. The second football team in Odesa is <a href="/wiki/FC_Odesa" title="FC Odesa">FC Odesa</a>.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odesa_Chornomorets_Stadium_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Odesa_Chornomorets_Stadium_1.jpg/220px-Odesa_Chornomorets_Stadium_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Odesa_Chornomorets_Stadium_1.jpg/330px-Odesa_Chornomorets_Stadium_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Odesa_Chornomorets_Stadium_1.jpg/440px-Odesa_Chornomorets_Stadium_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>Chornomorets Stadium renovated in preparation to the <a href="/wiki/Euro_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro 2012">Euro 2012</a></figcaption></figure>Basketball is also a prominent sport in Odesa, with <a href="/wiki/BC_Odesa" title="BC Odesa">BC Odesa</a> representing the city in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Basketball_League" title="Ukrainian Basketball League">Ukrainian Basketball League</a>, the highest tier basketball league in Ukraine. Odesa will become one of five Ukrainian cities to host the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_EuroBasket_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA EuroBasket 2015">39th European Basketball Championship</a> in 2015. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletes">Athletes</h3></div> The cyclist and aviator <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Utochkin" title="Sergei Utochkin">Sergei Utochkin</a> was one of the most famous natives of Odesa in the years before the Russian Revolution. <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> player <a href="/wiki/Efim_Geller" title="Efim Geller">Efim Geller</a> was born in the city. Gymnast <a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Gutsu" title="Tatiana Gutsu">Tatiana Gutsu</a> (known as "The Painted Bird of Odesa") brought home Ukraine's first Olympic gold medal as an independent nation when she outscored the USA's <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Miller" title="Shannon Miller">Shannon Miller</a> in the women's all-around event at <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Summer Olympics</a> in Barcelona, Spain. Figure skaters <a href="/wiki/Oksana_Grishuk" title="Oksana Grishuk">Oksana Grishuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Platov" class="mw-redirect" title="Evgeny Platov">Evgeny Platov</a> won the 1994 and 1998 Olympic gold medals as well as the 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 World Championships in ice dance. Both were born and raised in the city, though they skated at first for the Soviet Union, in the Unified Team, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and then Russia. Hennadiy Avdyeyenko won a 1988 Olympic gold medal in thehigh jump, setting an Olympic record at 2.38 metres (7.81 feet). Other notable athletes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Avilov" title="Mykola Avilov">Mykola Avilov</a>, Olympic champion in decathlon at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksana_Baiul" title="Oksana Baiul">Oksana Baiul</a>, Olympic champion in figure skating in 1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihor_Belanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ihor Belanov">Ihor Belanov</a>, European Footballer of the Year in 1986</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Bilonoh" title="Yuriy Bilonoh">Yuriy Bilonoh</a>, European Athletics Championships in shot put at 2002 in Munich</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Buryak" title="Leonid Buryak">Leonid Buryak</a> (born 1953), football coach and former Olympic bronze medal-winning player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Chmerkovskiy" title="Maksim Chmerkovskiy">Maksim Chmerkovskiy</a>, professional ballroom & Latin dancer on American Dancing With the Stars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Chmerkovskiy" title="Valentin Chmerkovskiy">Valentin Chmerkovskiy</a>, professional ballroom & Latin dancer on American Dancing With the Stars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Goldenberg" title="Charles Goldenberg">Charles Goldenberg</a> (1911–1986), NFL All-Pro football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kanevskyi" title="Viktor Kanevskyi">Viktor Kanevskyi</a> (born 1936), football player and coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Krachevskaya" title="Svetlana Krachevskaya">Svetlana Krachevskaya</a>, Olympic silver medalist in shot put</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Kravtsov" title="Viacheslav Kravtsov">Viacheslav Kravtsov</a>, NBA basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenny_Krayzelburg" title="Lenny Krayzelburg">Lenny Krayzelburg</a> (born 1975), Olympic champion swimmer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irina_Krush" title="Irina Krush">Irina Krush</a> (born 1983), US chess grandmaster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Kyshenko" title="Artur Kyshenko">Artur Kyshenko</a>, K1 Muay Thai kickboxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Lapinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevgeny Lapinsky">Yevgeny Lapinsky</a>, Olympic champion in volleyball at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pelts" title="Roman Pelts">Roman Pelts</a>, Soviet chess master</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Petrenko" title="Viktor Petrenko">Viktor Petrenko</a>, Olympic champion in figure skating in 1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Portnoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Portnoi">Vladimir Portnoi</a>, Olympic silver and bronze medalist in gymnastics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaliy_Pushkar" title="Vitaliy Pushkar">Vitaliy Pushkar</a>, racing driver, No. 6 in 2012 International Rally Challenge Production cup standings<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Резвой, Теодор Павлович">Theodore Rezvoy</a>, ocean rower, Guinness records holder (twice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekaterina_Rubleva" title="Ekaterina Rubleva">Ekaterina Rubleva</a>, Russian ice dancing champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulia_Ryabchinskaya" title="Yulia Ryabchinskaya">Yulia Ryabchinskaya</a>, Olympic champion in the K-1 500 m Kayak Singles at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Salita" title="Dmitry Salita">Dmitry Salita</a> (born 1982), boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shmerkin" title="Michael Shmerkin">Michael Shmerkin</a> (born 1970), Israeli competitive figure skater</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elina_Svitolina" title="Elina Svitolina">Elina Svitolina</a> (born 1994), professional tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olena_Vitrychenko" title="Olena Vitrychenko">Olena Vitrychenko</a>, world champion in rhythmic gymnastics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Voronin" title="Andriy Voronin">Andriy Voronin</a> (born 1979), football manager and player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zheleznyak" title="Yakov Zheleznyak">Yakov Zheleznyak</a>, Olympic champion in 50 m Running Target at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayana_Yastremska" title="Dayana Yastremska">Dayana Yastremska</a> (born 2000), professional tennis player</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine">List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine</a></div> Odesa is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Egypt (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, United States (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Germany (2023)<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, Moldova (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>, Romania (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Italy (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, Israel (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, India (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, United Kingdom (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, Poland (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, France (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, Cyprus (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>, Finland (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, Greece (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, China (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>, Germany (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a>, Croatia (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a>, Hungary (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, Canada (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a>, Bulgaria (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, Japan (1968)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partner_cities">Partner cities</h3></div> Odesa cooperated with:<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a>, Belarus (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, Poland (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a>, Lithuania (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>, Cyprus (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, Morocco (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, China (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, Chile (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland (2005)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kherson_Governorate" title="Kherson Governorate">Kherson Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ukraine">List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Guard_(Odesa)" title="Municipal Guard (Odesa)">The Municipal Guard</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Many media outlets switched to prefer the Ukrainian transliteration "Odesa" over the Russian "Odessa" following Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-CSM_spellings-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today_spellings-5">[5]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tyzhden.ua/post/249910-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tyzhden.ua/post/249910_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tyzhden.ua/post/249910_1-1">b</a> (in Ukrainian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tyzhden.ua/post/249910">Trukhanov officially won the mayoral election in Odesa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216040325/https://tyzhden.ua/post-covid-19-rozvytok-kyieva-v-umovakh-hlobalnykh-vyklykiv-obhovoriat-na-investytsijnomu-forumi-mista-kyieva/">Archived</a> 16 December 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Week" title="The Ukrainian Week">The Ukrainian Week</a> (17 November 2020) </li> <li id="cite_note-Odesa131120-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Odesa131120_2-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/ukrainian-local-elections-city-by-city-guide-to-this-weekends-runoff-votes/">Ukrainian local elections: City-by-city guide to this weekend’s runoff votes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113180952/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/ukrainian-local-elections-city-by-city-guide-to-this-weekends-runoff-votes/">Archived</a> 13 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a> (13 November 2020) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf">The number of the available population of Ukraine as of January 1, 2022</a> (PDF), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810155123/https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2022, retrieved 26 March 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+number+of+the+available+population+of+Ukraine+as+of+January+1%2C+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukrstat.gov.ua%2Fdruk%2Fpublicat%2Fkat_u%2F2022%2Fzb%2F05%2Fzb_%25D0%25A1huselnist.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSM_spellings-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSM_spellings_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSM_spellings_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/Daily/2022/20220329/Kyiv-Odesa-and-what-s-in-a-name">"Kyiv, Odesa, and what's in a name"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a>. 29 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712010415/https://www.csmonitor.com/Daily/2022/20220329/Kyiv-Odesa-and-what-s-in-a-name">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Kyiv%2C+Odesa%2C+and+what%27s+in+a+name&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FDaily%2F2022%2F20220329%2FKyiv-Odesa-and-what-s-in-a-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA_Today_spellings-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USA_Today_spellings_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USA_Today_spellings_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2022" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Ella (13 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/04/13/kyiv-kiev-ukraine-cities-why-spelling-matters/7231437001/">"Russia's invasion of Ukraine has sparked questions over why Ukrainian cities have historically been transliterated after their Russian versions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230004728/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/04/13/kyiv-kiev-ukraine-cities-why-spelling-matters/7231437001/?gnt-cfr=1">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+invasion+of+Ukraine+has+sparked+questions+over+why+Ukrainian+cities+have+historically+been+transliterated+after+their+Russian+versions&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F04%2F13%2Fkyiv-kiev-ukraine-cities-why-spelling-matters%2F7231437001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ua2022estimate-7"><a href="#cite_ref-ua2022estimate_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2022/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf"><bdi lang="uk">Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022</bdi></a> [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: <a href="/wiki/State_Statistics_Service_of_Ukraine" title="State Statistics Service of Ukraine">State Statistics Service of Ukraine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164521/https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%81%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F+2022&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pub=State+Statistics+Service+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdb.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2FPXWEB2007%2Fukr%2Fpubl_new1%2F2022%2Fzb_%25D0%25A1huselnist.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/51da3a402b343bdd9ae8c2587278cb2d">"Ukraine's Odesa city put on UNESCO heritage in danger list"</a>. AP NEWS. 25 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+Odesa+city+put+on+UNESCO+heritage+in+danger+list&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F51da3a402b343bdd9ae8c2587278cb2d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1703/">"The Historic Centre of Odesa"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125231606/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1703/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=The+Historic+Centre+of+Odesa&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1703%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDługoszHoppe1711" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Długosz, Jan; Hoppe, Samuel Joachim (1711). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EnvqRZPbETUC&pg=RA2-PA367">IOANNIS DŁVGOSSI SEV LONGINI CANONICI QVONDAM CRACOVIENSIS HISTORIAE POLONICAE LIBRI XII.: QVORVM SEX POSTERIORES NONDVM EDITI, NVNC SIMVL CVM PRIORIBVS EX MSCRIPTO RARISSIMO IN LVCEM PRODEVNT</a> (in Latin). Svmptibvs Ioannis Lvdovici Gleditschii & Mavritii Georgii Weidmanni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216035812/https://books.google.com/books?id=EnvqRZPbETUC&pg=RA2-PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IOANNIS+D%C5%81VGOSSI+SEV+LONGINI+CANONICI+QVONDAM+CRACOVIENSIS+HISTORIAE+POLONICAE+LIBRI+XII.%3A+QVORVM+SEX+POSTERIORES+NONDVM+EDITI%2C+NVNC+SIMVL+CVM+PRIORIBVS+EX+MSCRIPTO+RARISSIMO+IN+LVCEM+PRODEVNT&rft.pub=Svmptibvs+Ioannis+Lvdovici+Gleditschii+%26+Mavritii+Georgii+Weidmanni&rft.date=1711&rft.aulast=D%C5%82ugosz&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Hoppe%2C+Samuel+Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEnvqRZPbETUC%26pg%3DRA2-PA367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/ukrayina-incognita/nash-zavzyatiy-golovatiy-povernuvsya-do-odesi">""Наш завзятий Головатий" повернувся до Одеси"</a>. «Антидот» і «детокс» від «Дня». <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515140648/https://m.day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/ukrayina-incognita/nash-zavzyatiy-golovatiy-povernuvsya-do-odesi">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C2%AB%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%C2%BB+%D1%96+%C2%AB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%C2%BB+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4+%C2%AB%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%8F%C2%BB&rft.atitle=%22%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%22+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.day.kyiv.ua%2Fuk%2Farticle%2Fukrayina-incognita%2Fnash-zavzyatiy-golovatiy-povernuvsya-do-odesi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-автоссылка4-12"><a href="#cite_ref-автоссылка4_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO._M._YeremenkoA._V._Kroytor2020" class="citation journal cs1">O. M. Yeremenko; A. V. Kroytor (21 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.liha-pres.eu/index.php/liha-pres/catalog/view/122/1407/3123-1">"CHAPTER 5 LUGANIAN CHARACTER TWENTY YEARS LATER: NECESSARY CORRECTION"</a>. Liha-Pres. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713212014/http://catalog.liha-pres.eu/index.php/liha-pres/catalog/view/122/1407/3123-1">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liha-Pres&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+5+LUGANIAN+CHARACTER+TWENTY+YEARS+LATER%3A+NECESSARY+CORRECTION&rft.date=2020-09-21&rft.au=O.+M.+Yeremenko&rft.au=A.+V.+Kroytor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.liha-pres.eu%2Findex.php%2Fliha-pres%2Fcatalog%2Fview%2F122%2F1407%2F3123-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-автоссылка5-13"><a href="#cite_ref-автоссылка5_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://contestedhistories.org/resources/occasional-papers/the-statue-of-catherine-ii-the-great-or-the-monument-to-the-odessa-founders/">"The Statue of Catherine II 'the Great' or the Monument to the Odessa Founders"</a>. Contested Histories. 5 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713212015/https://contestedhistories.org/resources/occasional-papers/the-statue-of-catherine-ii-the-great-or-the-monument-to-the-odessa-founders/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contested+Histories&rft.atitle=The+Statue+of+Catherine+II+%27the+Great%27+or+the+Monument+to+the+Odessa+Founders&rft.date=2022-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontestedhistories.org%2Fresources%2Foccasional-papers%2Fthe-statue-of-catherine-ii-the-great-or-the-monument-to-the-odessa-founders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PH-14"><a href="#cite_ref-PH_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Herlihy" title="Patricia Herlihy">Herlihy, Patricia</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529124351/http://www.huri.harvard.edu/pdf/hus_volumes/vI_n1march1977.pdf">"The Ethnic Composition of the City of Odessa in the Nineteenth Century"</a> (PDF). Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 1 (1): 53–78. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huri.harvard.edu/pdf/hus_volumes/vI_n1march1977.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Ethnic+Composition+of+the+City+of+Odessa+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-78&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Herlihy&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huri.harvard.edu%2Fpdf%2Fhus_volumes%2FvI_n1march1977.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKRWorld-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UKRWorld_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UKRWorld_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306163050/http://ukrworld.com.ua/odesskaya-oblast/odessa/97-odessa-architecture-and-monuments.html">"Odessa: Architecture and Monuments"</a>. UKRWorld.Com. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukrworld.com.ua/odesskaya-oblast/odessa/97-odessa-architecture-and-monuments.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UKRWorld.Com&rft.atitle=Odessa%3A+Architecture+and+Monuments&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukrworld.com.ua%2Fodesskaya-oblast%2Fodessa%2F97-odessa-architecture-and-monuments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/odesa">"Odesa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collinsdictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Collinsdictionary.com">Collinsdictionary.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collinsdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Odesa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fodesa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Note: "Pearl by the Sea" comes from the popular song "Ах, Одесса, жемчужина у моря" ("Ah, Odessa, a pearl by the sea") written by Odessa-born composer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modest_Tabachnikov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modest Tabachnikov (page does not exist)">Modest Tabachnikov</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Табачников, Модест Ефимович">ru</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Nicknamed "Southern Capital" by an analogy with the nickname "Northern Capital" for <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSwWAAAAYAAJ">Biblioteka dli͡a chtenii͡a</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604021040/https://books.google.com/books?id=tSwWAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> 4 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Volume 42, October 1840, p. 19 (a non-<a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">OCR</a> text, so you will need to scroll and scroll and scroll... until you notice a verse " Одесса , южная столица , Владычица эвксинскихъ водъ , Стоитъ какъ гордая царица , Вѣнець ей свљтимый небосвод") </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Note: "Southern <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>" is an apposition to <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> nicknamed "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Northern_Palmyra" class="extiw" title="wikt:Northern Palmyra">Northern Palmyra</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukrainianweek.com/History/123898">"Odesa: Through Cossacks, Khans and Russian Emperors"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024101327/http://ukrainianweek.com/History/123898">Archived</a> 24 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Week" title="The Ukrainian Week">The Ukrainian Week</a>, 18 November 2014 (retrieved 2 August 2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac1986" class="citation book cs1">Isaac, Benjamin H. (1 January 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LcfLKHVi2UUC&pg=PA254">The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004069216" title="Special:BookSources/9004069216"><bdi>9004069216</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216035813/https://books.google.com/books?id=LcfLKHVi2UUC&pg=PA254#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2015 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Settlements+in+Thrace+Until+the+Macedonian+Conquest&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft.isbn=9004069216&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLcfLKHVi2UUC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Papuci-Władyka, Ewdoksia, et al. "Greek settlement on the northern Black Sea coast: Polish-Ukrainian excavations in Koshary (Odessa province): third preliminary report: seasons 2000-2003." (2006), pp. 354, 355 (footnote 4), 356 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herlihy-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herlihy_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herlihy_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herlihy_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herlihy_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herlihy_23-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy1986" class="citation book cs1">Herlihy, Patricia (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15649318">Odessa : a history, 1794-1914</a>. Cambridge, Mass.: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916458-08-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-916458-08-3"><bdi>0-916458-08-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15649318">15649318</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216035819/https://search.worldcat.org/title/15649318">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odessa+%3A+a+history%2C+1794-1914&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Distributed+by+Harvard+University+Press+for+the+Harvard+Ukrainian+Research+Institute&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15649318&rft.isbn=0-916458-08-3&rft.aulast=Herlihy&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F15649318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/26th-gegn-docs/WP/WP21_Roma_system_Ukraine%20_engl._.pdf">"United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names"</a> (PDF). 2–6 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419132557/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/26th-gegn-docs/WP/WP21_Roma_system_Ukraine%20_engl._.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Group+of+Experts+on+Geographical+Names&rft.date=2011-05-02%2F2011-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fgeoinfo%2Fungegn%2Fdocs%2F26th-gegn-docs%2FWP%2FWP21_Roma_system_Ukraine%2520_engl._.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ireland.mfa.gov.ua/news/67570-open-letter-of-the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-of-ukraine">"Open Letter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine"</a>. 4 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406185944/https://ireland.mfa.gov.ua/news/67570-open-letter-of-the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-of-ukraine">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2022. 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Retrieved 14 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukrainian&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Current+Status+of+United+Nations+Romanization+Systems+for+Geographical+Names&rft.date=2013-02&rft.au=UNGEGN+Working+Group+on+Romanization+Systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fwgrs%2From1_uk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/romanization-systems">"Guidance on the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN)/Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) romanization systems"</a>. 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Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717060303/https://www.britannica.com/place/Odessa-Ukraine">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Odesa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FOdessa-Ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Odesa". Oxford Dictionary of English. 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Retrieved 5 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8.+%D0%A9%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%97%D1%97+%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%3F&rft.date=2021-05-02&rft.aulast=%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiosvoboda.org%2Fa%2F30723938.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Łubieński, Tomasz Wentworth. (1886). Henryk Łubieński i jego bracia: wspomnenia rodzinne odnoszące się do historyi Królestwa Polskiego i Banku Polskiego. Warsaw: Księg. G. Gebethner, p.41 (in Polish) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperial1848183-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImperial1848183_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImperial1848">Imperial 1848</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Yefimenko, Aleksandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASGYCgAAQBAJ&dq=%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F++%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C&pg=PT126">Ochakov Oblast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604020728/https://books.google.com/books?id=ASGYCgAAQBAJ&dq=%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F++%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C&pg=PT126">Archived</a> 4 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. History of Ukraine and its people. Litres. 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperial1848184-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImperial1848184_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImperial1848184_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImperial1848184_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImperial1848184_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImperial1848184_43-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImperial1848184_43-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFImperial1848">Imperial 1848</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson,_p.110-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_p.110_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_p.110_44-1">b</a> <a href="#Richardson">Richardson</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-ukrssrtronko-45"><a href="#cite_ref-ukrssrtronko_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTronko" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Petro_Tronko" title="Petro Tronko">Tronko, Petro</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukrssr.com.ua/odeska/viniknennya-i-rozvitok-mista-odesa"><bdi lang="uk">Виникнення і розвиток міста Одеса</bdi></a> [Creation and development of the city of Odesa] (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609064004/https://ukrssr.com.ua/odeska/viniknennya-i-rozvitok-mista-odesa">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%96+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0&rft.aulast=Tronko&rft.aufirst=Petro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukrssr.com.ua%2Fodeska%2Fviniknennya-i-rozvitok-mista-odesa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Richelieu,_Armand_Emmanuel_Sophie_Septemanie_du_Plessis,_Duc_de">"Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel Sophie Septemanie du Plessis, Duc de" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 302–303.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richelieu%2C+Armand+Emmanuel+Sophie+Septemanie+du+Plessis%2C+Duc+de&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=302-303&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1830" class="citation web cs1">Morton, Edward (12 July 1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G6W32VE42L0C&dq=plague+Odessa+1812&pg=PA312">"Travels in Russia, and a residence at St. Petersburg and Odessa, in the years 1827-1829"</a>. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216035813/https://books.google.com/books?id=G6W32VE42L0C&dq=plague+Odessa+1812&pg=PA312#v=onepage&q=plague%20Odessa%201812&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2022 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travels+in+Russia%2C+and+a+residence+at+St.+Petersburg+and+Odessa%2C+in+the+years+1827-1829&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+Brown%2C+and+Green&rft.date=1830-07-12&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG6W32VE42L0C%26dq%3Dplague%2BOdessa%2B1812%26pg%3DPA312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://balkanist.net/plague-and-political-tyranny-odessa/">"Odessa, 1812: Plague and Tyranny at the Edge of the Empire"</a>. 5 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629030148/http://balkanist.net/plague-and-political-tyranny-odessa/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odessa%2C+1812%3A+Plague+and+Tyranny+at+the+Edge+of+the+Empire&rft.date=2015-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbalkanist.net%2Fplague-and-political-tyranny-odessa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobarts2016" class="citation book cs1">Robarts, Andrew (1 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSd7DQAAQBAJ&dq=plague+Odessa+1812&pg=PA147">Migration and Disease in the Black Sea Region: Ottoman-Russian Relations in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474259507" title="Special:BookSources/9781474259507"><bdi>9781474259507</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216035813/https://books.google.com/books?id=QSd7DQAAQBAJ&dq=plague+Odessa+1812&pg=PA147#v=onepage&q=plague%20Odessa%201812&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2022 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration+and+Disease+in+the+Black+Sea+Region%3A+Ottoman-Russian+Relations+in+the+Late+Eighteenth+and+Early+Nineteenth+Centuries&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft.isbn=9781474259507&rft.aulast=Robarts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQSd7DQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dplague%2BOdessa%2B1812%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-older_settlements_already-50"><a href="#cite_ref-older_settlements_already_50-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukrainianweek.com/History/123898">Odesa: Through Cossacks, Khans and Russian Emperors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024101327/http://ukrainianweek.com/History/123898">Archived</a> 24 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Week" title="The Ukrainian Week">The Ukrainian Week</a> (18 November 2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Clive Pointing, The Crimean War: The Truth Behind the Myth, Chatto & Windus, London, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-7390-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-7390-4">0-7011-7390-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-bh.org.il-52"><a href="#cite_ref-bh.org.il_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbs.anumuseum.org.il/skn/en/c6/e224090/Place/Odessa">"The Jewish Community of Odessa"</a>. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604020731/https://dbs.anumuseum.org.il/skn/en/c6/e224090/Place/Odessa">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Community+of+Odessa&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+the+Jewish+People+at+Beit+Hatfutsot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbs.anumuseum.org.il%2Fskn%2Fen%2Fc6%2Fe224090%2FPlace%2FOdessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lavita-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lavita_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lavita_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lavita_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lavita_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lavita_53-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lavita_53-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lavita_53-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lavita_53-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lavita_53-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005192716/http://www.lavita-odessita.com/italiani4.html">"Gli italiani a Odessa"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavita-odessita.com/italiani4.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gli+italiani+a+Odessa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavita-odessita.com%2Fitaliani4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-italiani-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-italiani_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-italiani_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-italiani_54-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italiani.it/odessa-citta-ucraina-fondata-da-un-italiano/">"Odessa, la città ucraina fondata da un italiano"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 23 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odessa%2C+la+citt%C3%A0+ucraina+fondata+da+un+italiano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.italiani.it%2Fodessa-citta-ucraina-fondata-da-un-italiano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnr-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnr_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnr_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rime.cnr.it/index.php/rime/article/download/585/950/">"Odessa. Un'identità mutevole e plurale"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 24 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odessa.+Un%27identit%C3%A0+mutevole+e+plurale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frime.cnr.it%2Findex.php%2Frime%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F585%2F950%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leoni-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leoni_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leoni_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leoni_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leoni_56-3">d</a> Father <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Leoni" title="Pietro Leoni">Pietro Leoni</a> to Pietro Quaroni, 21 September 1944 (ASMAE, Italian embassy in Russia, 1861/1950, b. 321). </li> <li id="cite_note-UkrainianWeekOd16042018-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UkrainianWeekOd16042018_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UkrainianWeekOd16042018_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UkrainianWeekOd16042018_57-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTynchenko2018" class="citation cs2">Tynchenko, Yaros (23 March 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukrainianweek.com/History/105648">"The Ukrainian Navy and the Crimean Issue in 1917-18"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Week" title="The Ukrainian Week">The Ukrainian Week</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111180649/https://ukrainianweek.com/History/105648">archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2019, retrieved 14 October 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ukrainian+Week&rft.atitle=The+Ukrainian+Navy+and+the+Crimean+Issue+in+1917-18&rft.date=2018-03-23&rft.aulast=Tynchenko&rft.aufirst=Yaros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukrainianweek.com%2FHistory%2F105648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Deportacje ludności polskiej do Kazachstanu w 1936 roku. 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Güney-Doğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi - the Journal of Southeastern European Studies. 35 (35): 195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26650%2Fgaad.794916">10.26650/gaad.794916</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243955109">243955109</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521210724/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1290366">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G%C3%BCney-Do%C4%9Fu+Avrupa+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Dergisi+-+the+Journal+of+Southeastern+European+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Bug+-+Dnister+Interfluve+During+World+War+II%3A+Administrative+Organization%2C+Staffing+and+Statistics&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=195&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26650%2Fgaad.794916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243955109%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mykhailutsa&rft.aufirst=Mykola&rft.au=Niculcea%2C+Igor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F1290366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson,_p.33-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_p.33_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_p.33_62-1">b</a> <a href="#Richardson">Richardson</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/05/the-antonescu-paradox-romania-world-war-ii-hitler/">"The Antonescu Paradox"</a>. Foreign Policy. 5 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206082954/https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/05/the-antonescu-paradox-romania-world-war-ii-hitler/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Antonescu+Paradox&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2016%2F02%2F05%2Fthe-antonescu-paradox-romania-world-war-ii-hitler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#Richardson">Richardson</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#Richardson">Richardson</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1991-2/the-end-of-the-soviet-union/the-end-of-the-soviet-union-texts/ukrainian-independence-declaration/">"Ukrainian Independence Referendum"</a>. 28 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220414065531/https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1991-2/the-end-of-the-soviet-union/the-end-of-the-soviet-union-texts/ukrainian-independence-declaration/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukrainian+Independence+Referendum&rft.date=2015-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoviethistory.msu.edu%2F1991-2%2Fthe-end-of-the-soviet-union%2Fthe-end-of-the-soviet-union-texts%2Fukrainian-independence-declaration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.ua/euro2012/222978-dnipropetrovsk-i-odesa-vtratili-che-bo-ne-vikonali-vzyati-zobovyazannya.html">"Дніпропетровськ і Одеса втратили ЧЄ, бо не виконали взяті зобов'язання"</a>. www.unian.ua (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331214319/https://www.unian.ua/euro2012/222978-dnipropetrovsk-i-odesa-vtratili-che-bo-ne-vikonali-vzyati-zobovyazannya.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unian.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA+%D1%96+%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%A7%D0%84%2C+%D0%B1%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.ua%2Feuro2012%2F222978-dnipropetrovsk-i-odesa-vtratili-che-bo-ne-vikonali-vzyati-zobovyazannya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/02/ukraine-dead-odessa-building-fire">"Ukraine clashes: dozens dead after Odessa building fire"</a>. The Guardian. 2 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140503014148/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/02/ukraine-dead-odessa-building-fire">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ukraine+clashes%3A+dozens+dead+after+Odessa+building+fire&rft.date=2014-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fmay%2F02%2Fukraine-dead-odessa-building-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2014" class="citation news cs1">Canada (2 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140506162417/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/ukrainian-helicopters-shot-down-pilots-killed-as-violence-breaks-out-in-eastern-city/article18385793/">"At least 35 killed in Odessa, Ukraine, as building set on fire"</a>. The Globe and Mail. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/ukrainian-helicopters-shot-down-pilots-killed-as-violence-breaks-out-in-eastern-city/article18385793/">the original</a> on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=At+least+35+killed+in+Odessa%2C+Ukraine%2C+as+building+set+on+fire&rft.date=2014-05-02&rft.au=Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fukrainian-helicopters-shot-down-pilots-killed-as-violence-breaks-out-in-eastern-city%2Farticle18385793%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DT150103-70"><a href="#cite_ref-DT150103_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dt.ua/UKRAINE/lishe-3-ukrayinciv-hochut-priyednannya-yih-oblasti-do-rosiyi-160641_.html">"Лише 3% українців хочуть приєднання їх області до Росії"</a> [Only 3% of Ukrainians want their region to become part of Russia]. <a href="/wiki/Dzerkalo_Tyzhnia" title="Dzerkalo Tyzhnia">Dzerkalo Tyzhnia</a> (in Ukrainian). 3 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191106223654/https://dt.ua/UKRAINE/lishe-3-ukrayinciv-hochut-priyednannya-yih-oblasti-do-rosiyi-160641_.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dzerkalo+Tyzhnia&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5+3%25+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2+%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%97%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%97&rft.date=2015-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdt.ua%2FUKRAINE%2Flishe-3-ukrayinciv-hochut-priyednannya-yih-oblasti-do-rosiyi-160641_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shkiryak-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shkiryak_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shkiryak_71-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2014/12/27/ukraine-blasts/">Two dead after Ukraine rocked by series of blasts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128111107/http://mashable.com/2014/12/27/ukraine-blasts/">Archived</a> 28 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a> (28 December 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241835.html">Interior minister's advisor says Kharkiv, Odesa explosions aim at escalating tensions in Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230005503/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241835.html">Archived</a> 30 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a> (25 December 2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/bomb-explosion-in-odessa-could-have-targeted-volunteer-organization-for-ukraine-army/513053.html">Bomb Explosion in Odessa Could Have Targeted Ukraine Army Charity Point</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318230918/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/bomb-explosion-in-odessa-could-have-targeted-volunteer-organization-for-ukraine-army/513053.html">Archived</a> 18 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a> (10 December 2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bomb_Odesa_4115-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Bomb_Odesa_4115_73-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/06/world/europe/francois-hollande-says-destabilizing-sanctions-on-russia-must-stop-now.html">French Leader Urges End to Sanctions Against Russia Over Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005042804/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/06/world/europe/francois-hollande-says-destabilizing-sanctions-on-russia-must-stop-now.html">Archived</a> 5 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> (5 January 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/latest-explosion-in-odessa-strikes-pro-ukraine-organization/514043.html">Latest Explosion in Odessa Strikes Pro-Ukraine Organization (Video)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113044414/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/latest-explosion-in-odessa-strikes-pro-ukraine-organization/514043.html">Archived</a> 13 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a> (5 January 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2015/01/05/explosion-in-odessa-ukraine/">Mysterious bombing rocks Ukrainian port city of Odessa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114080936/http://mashable.com/2015/01/05/explosion-in-odessa-ukraine/">Archived</a> 14 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a> (5 January 2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466">"Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ"</a>. Голос України (in Ukrainian). 18 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709121303/http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE+%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8E+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2.+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%E2%84%96+807-%D0%86%D0%A5.&rft.date=2020-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.golos.com.ua%2Farticle%2F333466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/">"Нові райони: карти + склад"</a> (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302224321/https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%3A+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8+%2B+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minregion.gov.ua%2Fpress%2Fnews%2Fnovi-rajony-karty-sklad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slovoidilo.ua/2022/04/23/novyna/suspilstvo/unaslidok-raketnoho-udaru-po-odesi-zahynulo-pyatero-lyudej-sered-nyx-nemovlya">"Унаслідок ракетного удару по Одесі загинуло п'ятеро людей, серед них – немовля"</a>. Слово і Діло (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805140404/https://www.slovoidilo.ua/2022/04/23/novyna/suspilstvo/unaslidok-raketnoho-udaru-po-odesi-zahynulo-pyatero-lyudej-sered-nyx-nemovlya">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D1%96+%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%BF%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%E2%80%93+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slovoidilo.ua%2F2022%2F04%2F23%2Fnovyna%2Fsuspilstvo%2Funaslidok-raketnoho-udaru-po-odesi-zahynulo-pyatero-lyudej-sered-nyx-nemovlya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.ua/war/rosiyski-viyskovi-obstrilyali-odesu-krilatimi-raketami-novini-odesi-11798160.html">"Росія обстріляла Одесу крилатими ракетами, є влучання в об'єкти інфраструктури"</a>. www.unian.ua (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805140403/https://www.unian.ua/war/rosiyski-viyskovi-obstrilyali-odesu-krilatimi-raketami-novini-odesi-11798160.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unian.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%2C+%D1%94+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.ua%2Fwar%2Frosiyski-viyskovi-obstrilyali-odesu-krilatimi-raketami-novini-odesi-11798160.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polishnews.co.uk/russia-ukraine-the-russians-shot-at-the-cemetery-and-the-house-in-odessa/">"Russia-Ukraine. The Russians shot at the cemetery and the house in Odessa"</a>. Polish News. 24 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216040320/https://polishnews.co.uk/russia-ukraine-the-russians-shot-at-the-cemetery-and-the-house-in-odessa/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polish+News&rft.atitle=Russia-Ukraine.+The+Russians+shot+at+the+cemetery+and+the+house+in+Odessa&rft.date=2022-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolishnews.co.uk%2Frussia-ukraine-the-russians-shot-at-the-cemetery-and-the-house-in-odessa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cepa.org/article/sirens-and-flaming-shots-life-in-wartime-odesa/">"Sirens and Flaming Shots — Life in Wartime Odesa"</a>. 26 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101154046/https://cepa.org/article/sirens-and-flaming-shots-life-in-wartime-odesa/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sirens+and+Flaming+Shots+%E2%80%94+Life+in+Wartime+Odesa&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcepa.org%2Farticle%2Fsirens-and-flaming-shots-life-in-wartime-odesa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64408145">"Ukraine's Odesa designated Unesco World Heritage site"</a>. BBC. 26 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230126120016/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64408145">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine%27s+Odesa+designated+Unesco+World+Heritage+site&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2023-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-64408145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/26/ukraines-odesa-the-pearl-of-the-black-sea-added-to-unesco-world-heritage-list">"Ukraine's Odesa, the 'pearl of the Black Sea', added to Unesco World Heritage list"</a>. The Guardian. 26 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230126120014/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/26/ukraines-odesa-the-pearl-of-the-black-sea-added-to-unesco-world-heritage-list">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+Odesa%2C+the+%27pearl+of+the+Black+Sea%27%2C+added+to+Unesco+World+Heritage+list&rft.date=2023-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fjan%2F26%2Fukraines-odesa-the-pearl-of-the-black-sea-added-to-unesco-world-heritage-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zakon.rada.gov.ua-82"><a href="#cite_ref-zakon.rada.gov.ua_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3064-iii?lang=en">"About change area of Odesa city"</a>. zakon.rada.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723123133/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3064-iii?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zakon.rada.gov.ua&rft.atitle=About+change+area+of+Odesa+city&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzakon.rada.gov.ua%2Flaws%2Fshow%2F3064-iii%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherkezDragomyretskaGorokhovich2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cherkez, E. A.; Dragomyretska, O. V.; Gorokhovich, Y. (11 November 2006). "Landslide protection of the historical heritage in Odessa (Ukraine)". Landslides. 3 (4): 303–309. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Lands...3..303C">2006Lands...3..303C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10346-006-0058-8">10.1007/s10346-006-0058-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17314959">17314959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Landslides&rft.atitle=Landslide+protection+of+the+historical+heritage+in+Odessa+%28Ukraine%29&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=303-309&rft.date=2006-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17314959%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10346-006-0058-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Lands...3..303C&rft.aulast=Cherkez&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft.au=Dragomyretska%2C+O.+V.&rft.au=Gorokhovich%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-weather2travel-84"><a href="#cite_ref-weather2travel_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/ukraine/odessa.php">"Odessa Climate Guide"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005121556/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/ukraine/odessa.php">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odessa+Climate+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather2travel.com%2Fclimate-guides%2Fukraine%2Fodessa.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pogoda-85"><a href="#cite_ref-pogoda_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33837.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Погода и Климат – Климат Одессы</bdi></a> [Weather and Climate – The Climate of Odesa] (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130816220319/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33837.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82+%E2%80%93+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B&rft.pub=Weather+and+Climate+%28%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate%2F33837.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMOCLINO-86"><a href="#cite_ref-WMOCLINO_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010"</a> (XLS). <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls">the original</a> (XLS) on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1981%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1981-2010%2FRA-VI%2FUkraine%2F12.6.%2520WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%2520%282%29.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-87"><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Ukraine/CSV/ODESA_33837.csv">"Odesa Climate Normals 1991–2020"</a> (CSV). <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odesa+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FUkraine%2FCSV%2FODESA_33837.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-perepis-2001-odesa-88"><a href="#cite_ref-perepis-2001-odesa_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/rus/results/total_population/structure_population/sel_1/?box=1.1W&k_t=51&rn=51101&id=&botton=cens_db">"Âñåóêðà¿íñüêèé ïåðåïèñ íàñåëåííÿ 2001|Ðóññêàÿ âåðñèÿ|Ðåçóëüòàòû|×èñëåííîñòü è òåððèòîðèàëüíîå ðàçìåùåíèå íàñåëåíèÿ|×èñëåííîñòü íàëè÷íîãî íàñåëåíèÿ è åãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïî ïîëó|Ðåçóëüòàò âûáîðà"</a>. 2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120131043/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/rus/results/total_population/structure_population/sel_1/?box=1.1W&k_t=51&rn=51101&id=&botton=cens_db">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua&rft.atitle=%C3%82%C3%B1%C3%A5%C3%B3%C3%AA%C3%B0%C3%A0%C2%BF%C3%AD%C3%B1%C3%BC%C3%AA%C3%A8%C3%A9+%C3%AF%C3%A5%C3%B0%C3%A5%C3%AF%C3%A8%C3%B1+%C3%AD%C3%A0%C3%B1%C3%A5%C3%AB%C3%A5%C3%AD%C3%AD%C3%BF+2001%26%23124%3B%C3%90%C3%B3%C3%B1%C3%B1%C3%AA%C3%A0%C3%BF+%C3%A2%C3%A5%C3%B0%C3%B1%C3%A8%C3%BF%26%23124%3B%C3%90%C3%A5%C3%A7%C3%B3%C3%AB%C3%BC%C3%B2%C3%A0%C3%B2%C3%BB%26%23124%3B%C3%97%C3%A8%C3%B1%C3%AB%C3%A5%C3%AD%C3%AD%C3%AE%C3%B1%C3%B2%C3%BC+%C3%A8+%C3%B2%C3%A5%C3%B0%C3%B0%C3%A8%C3%B2%C3%AE%C3%B0%C3%A8%C3%A0%C3%AB%C3%BC%C3%AD%C3%AE%C3%A5+%C3%B0%C3%A0%C3%A7%C3%AC%C3%A5%C3%B9%C3%A5%C3%AD%C3%A8%C3%A5+%C3%AD%C3%A0%C3%B1%C3%A5%C3%AB%C3%A5%C3%AD%C3%A8%C3%BF%26%23124%3B%C3%97%C3%A8%C3%B1%C3%AB%C3%A5%C3%AD%C3%AD%C3%AE%C3%B1%C3%B2%C3%BC+%C3%AD%C3%A0%C3%AB%C3%A8%C3%B7%C3%AD%C3%AE%C3%A3%C3%AE+%C3%AD%C3%A0%C3%B1%C3%A5%C3%AB%C3%A5%C3%AD%C3%A8%C3%BF+%C3%A8+%C3%A5%C3%A3%C3%AE+%C3%B0%C3%A0%C3%B1%C3%AF%C3%B0%C3%A5%C3%A4%C3%A5%C3%AB%C3%A5%C3%AD%C3%A8%C3%A5+%C3%AF%C3%AE+%C3%AF%C3%AE%C3%AB%C3%B3%26%23124%3B%C3%90%C3%A5%C3%A7%C3%B3%C3%AB%C3%BC%C3%B2%C3%A0%C3%B2+%C3%A2%C3%BB%C3%A1%C3%AE%C3%B0%C3%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Frus%2Fresults%2Ftotal_population%2Fstructure_population%2Fsel_1%2F%3Fbox%3D1.1W%26k_t%3D51%26rn%3D51101%26id%3D%26botton%3Dcens_db&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brokg-evfr-89"><a href="#cite_ref-brokg-evfr_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ЭСБЕ1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:s:ЭСБЕ/Одесса">Одесса</a>". <a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary" title="Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary">Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary</a>: In 86 Volumes (82 Volumes and 4 Additional Volumes) (in Russian). St. Petersburg: F. A. Brockhaus. 1890–1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0&rft.btitle=Brockhaus+and+Efron+Encyclopedic+Dictionary%3A+In+86+Volumes+%2882+Volumes+and+4+Additional+Volumes%29&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.pub=F.+A.+Brockhaus&rft.date=1890%2F1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bolsh-sov-encycl-90"><a href="#cite_ref-bolsh-sov-encycl_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107052358/http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/083/686.htm">"Одесса в Большой советской энциклопедии"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/083/686.htm">the original</a> on 7 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcultinfo.ru%2Ffulltext%2F1%2F001%2F008%2F083%2F686.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-perepis-2001-ukraine-91"><a href="#cite_ref-perepis-2001-ukraine_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/rus/results/general/city/">"Âñåóêðà¿íñüêèé ïåðåïèñ íàñåëåííÿ 2001|Ðóññêàÿ âåðñèÿ|Ðåçóëüòàòû|Îñíîâíûå èòîãè ïåðåïèñè|Êîëè÷åñòâî ãîðîäîâ"</a>. 2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503064709/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/rus/results/general/city">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua&rft.atitle=%C3%82%C3%B1%C3%A5%C3%B3%C3%AA%C3%B0%C3%A0%C2%BF%C3%AD%C3%B1%C3%BC%C3%AA%C3%A8%C3%A9+%C3%AF%C3%A5%C3%B0%C3%A5%C3%AF%C3%A8%C3%B1+%C3%AD%C3%A0%C3%B1%C3%A5%C3%AB%C3%A5%C3%AD%C3%AD%C3%BF+2001%26%23124%3B%C3%90%C3%B3%C3%B1%C3%B1%C3%AA%C3%A0%C3%BF+%C3%A2%C3%A5%C3%B0%C3%B1%C3%A8%C3%BF%26%23124%3B%C3%90%C3%A5%C3%A7%C3%B3%C3%AB%C3%BC%C3%B2%C3%A0%C3%B2%C3%BB%26%23124%3B%C3%8E%C3%B1%C3%AD%C3%AE%C3%A2%C3%AD%C3%BB%C3%A5+%C3%A8%C3%B2%C3%AE%C3%A3%C3%A8+%C3%AF%C3%A5%C3%B0%C3%A5%C3%AF%C3%A8%C3%B1%C3%A8%26%23124%3B%C3%8A%C3%AE%C3%AB%C3%A8%C3%B7%C3%A5%C3%B1%C3%B2%C3%A2%C3%AE+%C3%A3%C3%AE%C3%B0%C3%AE%C3%A4%C3%AE%C3%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Frus%2Fresults%2Fgeneral%2Fcity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185108/http://2000.net.ua/print/derzhava/skolkodejstvitelnonaselen.html">"Статья в журнале "Держава" "Сколько действительно населения в Одессе?""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2000.net.ua/print/derzhava/skolkodejstvitelnonaselen.html">the original</a> on 30 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5+%22%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%22+%22%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%3F%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2000.net.ua%2Fprint%2Fderzhava%2Fskolkodejstvitelnonaselen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-cities.htm">"Cities & Towns of Ukraine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cities+%26+Towns+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpop-stat.mashke.org%2Fukraine-cities.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=1665">"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123225611/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=1665">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_lan_97_uezd.php%3Freg%3D1665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_26.php?reg=2119/">"Данные Всесоюзной переписи населения 1926 года по регионам республик СССР"</a>. Demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704182736/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_26.php?reg=2119/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+1926+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft.pub=Demoscope.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fsng_nac_26.php%3Freg%3D2119%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_nac_39_ra.php?reg=336">"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Национальный состав населения районов, городов и крупных сел союзных республик СССР"</a>. Demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110060722/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_nac_39_ra.php?reg=336">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+1939+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft.pub=Demoscope.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fussr_nac_39_ra.php%3Freg%3D336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Recensămintele României: 1899–1992 (in Romanian). 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Retrieved 16 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ukrcensus.gov.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+2001+-+English+version+-+Results+-+General+results+of+the+census+-+National+composition+of+population+-+Odesa+region&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2Fgeneral%2Fnationality%2FOdesa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2001-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census2001_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2001_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/nationality/odesa/">"All-Ukrainian Census of 2001 Official Site"</a>. 2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020081456/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/nationality/odesa/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2013. 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La nostra cultura e la nostra arte presente nelle bellezze artistiche e architettoniche"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 23 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ucraina%3A+Odessa+citt%C3%A0+italiana.+La+nostra+cultura+e+la+nostra+arte+presente+nelle+bellezze+artistiche+e+architettoniche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reportdifesa.it%2Fucraina-odessa-citta-italiana-la-nostra-cultura-e-la-nostra-arte-presente-nelle-bellezze-artistiche-e-architettoniche%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dundovich-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Dundovich_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundovichGoriGuercett2004" class="citation book cs1">Dundovich, Elena; Gori, Francesca; Guercett, Emanuela (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=57hb64WZLKQC">Gulag. Storia e memoria</a>. Feltrinelli. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-07-81818-3" title="Special:BookSources/88-07-81818-3"><bdi>88-07-81818-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulag.+Storia+e+memoria&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Feltrinelli&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=88-07-81818-3&rft.aulast=Dundovich&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Gori%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Guercett%2C+Emanuela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D57hb64WZLKQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brandes-103"><a href="#cite_ref-brandes_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandes1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brandes, Detlef (1993). 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IRI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128012638/https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/2015-05-19_ukraine_national_municipal_survey_march_2-20_2015.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IRI&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Municipal+Survey%2C+March+2%E2%80%9320%2C+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fwysiwyg%2F2015-05-19_ukraine_national_municipal_survey_march_2-20_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/">"Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України"</a> (in Ukrainian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialdata.org.ua%2Fprojects%2Fmova-2001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iri2-107"><a href="#cite_ref-iri2_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/seventh_municipal_survey_may_2021_eng_-_v2.pdf">"Seventh Ukrainian Municipal Survey, May 12–June 3, 2021"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IRI&rft.atitle=Seventh+Ukrainian+Municipal+Survey%2C+May+12%E2%80%93June+3%2C+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fwysiwyg%2Fseventh_municipal_survey_may_2021_eng_-_v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/municipal_survey_may_2023_ua_-_final.pdf">"Municipal Survey 2023"</a> (PDF). ratinggroup.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719164824/https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/municipal_survey_may_2023_ua_-_final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ratinggroup.ua&rft.atitle=Municipal+Survey+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fratinggroup.ua%2Ffiles%2Fratinggroup%2Freg_files%2Fmunicipal_survey_may_2023_ua_-_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suspilne.media/415236-bilse-polovini-ziteliv-odesini-vvazaut-ukrainsku-movu-ridnou-doslidzenna/">"Більше половини жителів Одещини вважають українську мову рідною — дослідження"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83+%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E+%E2%80%94+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuspilne.media%2F415236-bilse-polovini-ziteliv-odesini-vvazaut-ukrainsku-movu-ridnou-doslidzenna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСвобода2023" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Свобода, Радіо (10 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-ukrayinska-mova-opytuvannia/32311809.html">"За рік в Україні кількість українськомовних зросла до 71% – опитування"</a>. Радіо Свобода (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714080936/https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-ukrayinska-mova-opytuvannia/32311809.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%BE+71%25+%E2%80%93+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiosvoboda.org%2Fa%2Fnews-ukrayinska-mova-opytuvannia%2F32311809.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dif.org.ua/article/demokratiya-bezpeka-ta-sotsialne-stanovishche-dumka-respondentiv-v-odeskiy-oblasti-u-2023-rotsi#_Toc150261406">"Демократія, безпека та соціальне становище: думка респондентів в Одеській області у 2023 році"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F%2C+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%3A+%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96+%D1%83+2023+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdif.org.ua%2Farticle%2Fdemokratiya-bezpeka-ta-sotsialne-stanovishche-dumka-respondentiv-v-odeskiy-oblasti-u-2023-rotsi%23_Toc150261406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-admreform_2020_odesa-112"><a href="#cite_ref-admreform_2020_odesa_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/odesa/">"Одесская громада"</a> (in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327111242/https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/odesa/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BE%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgromada.info%2Fru%2Fobschina%2Fodesa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odessa.ua/ua/mayor">"Official Website of the city administration: Structure of the Mayorality"</a>. Odessa.ua. 1 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019092343/http://www.odessa.ua/ua/mayor/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Website+of+the+city+administration%3A+Structure+of+the+Mayorality&rft.pub=Odessa.ua&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odessa.ua%2Fua%2Fmayor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-en.interfax.com.ua-114"><a href="#cite_ref-en.interfax.com.ua_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/299747.html">"Incumbent Odesa Mayor Trukhanov declared winner in Sunday mayoral election"</a>. interfax.com.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029104751/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/299747.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=interfax.com.ua&rft.atitle=Incumbent+Odesa+Mayor+Trukhanov+declared+winner+in+Sunday+mayoral+election&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.interfax.com.ua%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F299747.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odessa.ua/council/">"Official Website of the city administration: City Council"</a>. Odessa.ua. 14 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111112060628/http://www.odessa.ua/council/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Website+of+the+city+administration%3A+City+Council&rft.pub=Odessa.ua&rft.date=2011-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odessa.ua%2Fcouncil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odessa.ua/ua/council/members/">"City Council members"</a>. Odessa.ua. 1 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119075812/http://www.odessa.ua/ua/council/members/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+Council+members&rft.pub=Odessa.ua&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odessa.ua%2Fua%2Fcouncil%2Fmembers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odessa.ua/council/commissions/">"Official Website of the city administration, Standing commissions of the City Council"</a>. Odessa.ua. 1 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015164802/http://www.odessa.ua/council/commissions/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Website+of+the+city+administration%2C+Standing+commissions+of+the+City+Council&rft.pub=Odessa.ua&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odessa.ua%2Fcouncil%2Fcommissions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Buildings for Music, Michael Forsythe, Cambridge University Press, p. 344 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521268622" title="Special:BookSources/9780521268622">9780521268622</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120104105310/http://www.odessaapartments.dompavlov.com/content/deribasovskaya/">"Deribasovskaya Street"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odessaapartments.dompavlov.com/content/deribasovskaya/">the original</a> on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deribasovskaya+Street&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odessaapartments.dompavlov.com%2Fcontent%2Fderibasovskaya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120104104712/http://www.odessaapartments.dompavlov.com/content/odessa-passage/">"The Passage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odessaapartments.dompavlov.com/content/odessa-passage/">the original</a> on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Passage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odessaapartments.dompavlov.com%2Fcontent%2Fodessa-passage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pomnim.od.ua/">"Головна"</a>. Місця скорботи Одеси. Retrieved 1 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pomnim.od.ua%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dismantlemonumentOdesa3624865-122"><a href="#cite_ref-dismantlemonumentOdesa3624865_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3624865-odesa-deputies-back-decision-to-dismantle-monument-to-catherine-ii.html">"Odesa deputies back decision to dismantle monument to Catherine II"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a>. 30 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130152755/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3624865-odesa-deputies-back-decision-to-dismantle-monument-to-catherine-ii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrinform&rft.atitle=Odesa+deputies+back+decision+to+dismantle+monument+to+Catherine+II&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-society%2F3624865-odesa-deputies-back-decision-to-dismantle-monument-to-catherine-ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/11/30/7378612/">"Odesa City Council finally agreed to demolish the monument to Catherine (Одеська міськрада нарешті погодилася знести пам'ятник Катерині)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a> (in Ukrainian). 30 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130105931/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/11/30/7378612/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=Odesa+City+Council+finally+agreed+to+demolish+the+monument+to+Catherine+%28%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%29&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Fnews%2F2022%2F11%2F30%2F7378612%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGubar2011" class="citation web cs1">Gubar, Oleg (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odessitclub.org/publications/almanac/alm_27/alm_27_28-45.pdf">"How was the City Garden formed?"</a> (PDF). Odessitclub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229191643/https://www.odessitclub.org/publications/almanac/alm_27/alm_27_28-45.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2019. 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University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9563-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9563-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-9563-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaleidoscopic+Odessa%3A+History+and+Place+in+Contemporary+Ukraine&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9563-3&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBmXmyel_q6EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImperial1848" class="citation book cs1">Imperial, Odesa Society of History and Artifacts (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UdlPAAAAcAAJ">Notes of the Imperial Odesa Society of History and Artifacts. Vol.2</a>. Odesa: Odesa City Typography. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+of+the+Imperial+Odesa+Society+of+History+and+Artifacts.+Vol.2&rft.place=Odesa&rft.pub=Odesa+City+Typography&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Imperial&rft.aufirst=Odesa+Society+of+History+and+Artifacts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUdlPAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYefimenko2018" class="citation book cs1">Yefimenko, Aleksandra (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASGYCgAAQBAJ">History of Ukraine and its people (История Украйны и ее народа)</a>. Litres. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785457887299" title="Special:BookSources/9785457887299"><bdi>9785457887299</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ukraine+and+its+people+%28%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%29&rft.pub=Litres&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9785457887299&rft.aulast=Yefimenko&rft.aufirst=Aleksandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DASGYCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Odesa#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Odesa">Bibliography of the history of Odesa</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoncharuk2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Honcharuk, Taras (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HDoiAQAAIAAJ">Історія Хаджибея (Одеси) 1415-1795 рр. в документах</a> (in Ukrainian). АстроПринт. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-549-450-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-549-450-8"><bdi>978-966-549-450-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%8F+%28%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%29+1415-1795+%D1%80%D1%80.+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.pub=%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-966-549-450-8&rft.aulast=Honcharuk&rft.aufirst=Taras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHDoiAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFГончарук_Т.Г.Гуцалюк_С.Б.Сапожников_І.В.Сапожникова_Г.В.1999" class="citation book cs1">Гончарук Т.Г.; Гуцалюк С.Б.; Сапожников І.В.; Сапожникова Г.В. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/khadzhybej1999">Хаджибей-Одеса та українське козацтво (1415-1797 роки): до 210-ї річниці штурму Хаджибейського замку</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%281415-1797+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%29%3A+%D0%B4%D0%BE+210-%D1%97+%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96+%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D1%83&rft.date=1999&rft.au=%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA+%D0%A2.%D0%93.&rft.au=%D0%93%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA+%D0%A1.%D0%91.&rft.au=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%86.%D0%92.&rft.au=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%93.%D0%92.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkhadzhybej1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallin1998" class="citation book cs1">Dallin, Alexander (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205004150/http://odessitclub.org/en/archives/dallin/dallin.html">Odessa, 1941–1944: A Case Study of Soviet Territory Under Foreign Rule</a>. Iaşi: Center for Romanian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-98391-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/973-98391-1-8"><bdi>973-98391-1-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odessitclub.org/en/archives/dallin/dallin.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odessa%2C+1941%E2%80%931944%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Soviet+Territory+Under+Foreign+Rule&rft.place=Ia%C5%9Fi&rft.pub=Center+for+Romanian+Studies&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=973-98391-1-8&rft.aulast=Dallin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fodessitclub.org%2Fen%2Farchives%2Fdallin%2Fdallin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> Complete book available online.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedberg1991" class="citation book cs1">Friedberg, Maurice (1991). How Things Were Done in Odessa: Cultural and Intellectual Pursuits in a Soviet City. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-7987-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-7987-3"><bdi>0-8133-7987-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Things+Were+Done+in+Odessa%3A+Cultural+and+Intellectual+Pursuits+in+a+Soviet+City&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8133-7987-3&rft.aulast=Friedberg&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhervas2008" class="citation book cs1">Ghervas, Stella (2008). "Odessa et les confins de l'Europe: un éclairage historique". In Ghervas, Stella; Rosset, François (eds.). Lieux d'Europe. Mythes et limites. Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7351-1182-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7351-1182-4"><bdi>978-2-7351-1182-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Odessa+et+les+confins+de+l%27Europe%3A+un+%C3%A9clairage+historique&rft.btitle=Lieux+d%27Europe.+Mythes+et+limites&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+de+la+Maison+des+sciences+de+l%27homme&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-7351-1182-4&rft.aulast=Ghervas&rft.aufirst=Stella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhervas2008" class="citation book cs1">Ghervas, Stella (2008). Réinventer la tradition. Alexandre Stourdza et l'Europe de la Sainte-Alliance. Paris: Honoré Champion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1669-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1669-1"><bdi>978-2-7453-1669-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9inventer+la+tradition.+Alexandre+Stourdza+et+l%27Europe+de+la+Sainte-Alliance&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Honor%C3%A9+Champion&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-7453-1669-1&rft.aulast=Ghervas&rft.aufirst=Stella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGubar2004" class="citation book cs1">Gubar, Oleg (2004). Odesa: New Monuments, Memorial Plaques, and Buildings. Odesa: Optimum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/966-8072-86-3" title="Special:BookSources/966-8072-86-3"><bdi>966-8072-86-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odesa%3A+New+Monuments%2C+Memorial+Plaques%2C+and+Buildings&rft.place=Odesa&rft.pub=Optimum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=966-8072-86-3&rft.aulast=Gubar&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy1979–1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Herlihy" title="Patricia Herlihy">Herlihy, Patricia</a> (1979–1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529124420/http://www.huri.harvard.edu/pdf/hus_volumes/vIII-IV_1979-1980_part2.pdf">"Greek Merchants in Odessa in the Nineteenth Century"</a> (PDF). Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 3 (4): 399–420. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huri.harvard.edu/pdf/hus_volumes/vIII-IV_1979-1980_part2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=Greek+Merchants+in+Odessa+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=399-420&rft.date=1979%2F1980&rft.aulast=Herlihy&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huri.harvard.edu%2Fpdf%2Fhus_volumes%2FvIII-IV_1979-1980_part2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Herlihy" title="Patricia Herlihy">Herlihy, Patricia</a> (1987). Odessa: A History, 1794–1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916458-15-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-916458-15-6"><bdi>0-916458-15-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odessa%3A+A+History%2C+1794%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-916458-15-6&rft.aulast=Herlihy&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> (hardcover), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916458-43-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-916458-43-1">0-916458-43-1</a> (1991 paperback reprint)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Herlihy" title="Patricia Herlihy">Herlihy, Patricia</a> (2002). "Commerce and Architecture in Odessa in Late Imperial Russia". Commerce in Russian Urban Culture 1861–1914. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6750-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6750-9"><bdi>0-8018-6750-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Commerce+and+Architecture+in+Odessa+in+Late+Imperial+Russia&rft.btitle=Commerce+in+Russian+Urban+Culture+1861%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8018-6750-9&rft.aulast=Herlihy&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Herlihy" title="Patricia Herlihy">Herlihy, Patricia</a> (2003). "Port Jews of Odessa and Trieste: A Tale of Two Cities". Jahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts. 2. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt: 182–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-421-05522-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-421-05522-X"><bdi>3-421-05522-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahrbuch+des+Simon-Dubnow-Instituts&rft.atitle=Port+Jews+of+Odessa+and+Trieste%3A+A+Tale+of+Two+Cities&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=182-198&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-421-05522-X&rft.aulast=Herlihy&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihyGubar,_Oleg2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Herlihy" title="Patricia Herlihy">Herlihy, Patricia</a>; Gubar, Oleg (2008). "The Persuasive Power of the Odessa Myth". In Czaplicka, John; Gelazis, Nida; Ruble, Blair A. (eds.). Cities after the Fall of Communism: Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity. Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9191-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9191-5"><bdi>978-0-8018-9191-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Persuasive+Power+of+the+Odessa+Myth&rft.btitle=Cities+after+the+Fall+of+Communism%3A+Reshaping+Cultural+Landscapes+and+European+Identity&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+Center+Press+and+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9191-5&rft.aulast=Herlihy&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Gubar%2C+Oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmanOleg_GubarAlexander_Rozenboim2004" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Bel; Oleg Gubar; Alexander Rozenboim (2004). Nicholas V. Iljine; <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Herlihy" title="Patricia Herlihy">Patricia Herlihy</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odessamemoriessa00nico">Odessa Memories</a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98345-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-98345-0"><bdi>0-295-98345-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odessa+Memories&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-295-98345-0&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Bel&rft.au=Oleg+Gubar&rft.au=Alexander+Rozenboim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fodessamemoriessa00nico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2011" class="citation book cs1">King, Charles (2011). Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07084-2"><bdi>978-0-393-07084-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odessa%3A+Genius+and+Death+in+a+City+of+Dreams&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-393-07084-2&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKononova1984" class="citation book cs1">Kononova, G. (1984). Odessa: A Guide. Moscow: Raduga Publishers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12344892">12344892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odessa%3A+A+Guide&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Raduga+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12344892&rft.aulast=Kononova&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakolkin2004" class="citation book cs1">Makolkin, Anna (2004). A History of Odessa, the Last Italian Black Sea Colony. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7734-6272-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7734-6272-4"><bdi>0-7734-6272-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Odessa%2C+the+Last+Italian+Black+Sea+Colony&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7734-6272-4&rft.aulast=Makolkin&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazis2004" class="citation book cs1">Mazis, John Athanasios (2004). The Greeks of Odessa: Diaspora Leadership in Late Imperial Russia. East European Monographs. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-545-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-545-9"><bdi>0-88033-545-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks+of+Odessa%3A+Diaspora+Leadership+in+Late+Imperial+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=East+European+Monographs&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-88033-545-9&rft.aulast=Mazis&rft.aufirst=John+Athanasios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrbach1997" class="citation book cs1">Orbach, Alexander (1997). New Voices of Russian Jewry: A Study of the Russian-Jewish Press of Odessa in the Era of the Great Reforms, 1860–1871. Studies in Judaism in Modern Times, No. 4. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-06175-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-06175-4"><bdi>90-04-06175-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Voices+of+Russian+Jewry%3A+A+Study+of+the+Russian-Jewish+Press+of+Odessa+in+the+Era+of+the+Great+Reforms%2C+1860%E2%80%931871&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Studies+in+Judaism+in+Modern+Times%2C+No.+4&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-06175-4&rft.aulast=Orbach&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothstein2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rothstein, Robert A. (2001). "How It Was Sung in Odessa: At the Intersection of Russian and Yiddish Folk Culture". <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a>. 60 (4): 781–801. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2697495">10.2307/2697495</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2697495">2697495</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163549178">163549178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=How+It+Was+Sung+in+Odessa%3A+At+the+Intersection+of+Russian+and+Yiddish+Folk+Culture&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=781-801&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163549178%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2697495%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2697495&rft.aulast=Rothstein&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinner1986" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, Frederick W. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cityinlateimperi00ons1">"Odessa and the Problem of Urban Modernization"</a>. The City in Late Imperial Russia. Indiana–Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-31370-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-31370-8"><bdi>0-253-31370-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Odessa+and+the+Problem+of+Urban+Modernization&rft.btitle=The+City+in+Late+Imperial+Russia&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.series=Indiana%E2%80%93Michigan+Series+in+Russian+and+East+European+Studies&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-253-31370-8&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=Frederick+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcityinlateimperi00ons1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvester2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sylvester, Roshanna P. (2001). "City of Thieves: Moldavanka, Criminality, and Respectability in Prerevolutionary Odessa". Journal of Urban History. 27 (2): 131–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009614420102700201">10.1177/009614420102700201</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18333319">18333319</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34219426">34219426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Urban+History&rft.atitle=City+of+Thieves%3A+Moldavanka%2C+Criminality%2C+and+Respectability+in+Prerevolutionary+Odessa&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-157&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34219426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18333319&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009614420102700201&rft.aulast=Sylvester&rft.aufirst=Roshanna+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanny2011" class="citation book cs1">Tanny, Jarrod (2011). City of Rogues and Schnorrers: Russia's Jews and the Myth of Old Odessa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35646-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35646-8"><bdi>978-0-253-35646-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Rogues+and+Schnorrers%3A+Russia%27s+Jews+and+the+Myth+of+Old+Odessa&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35646-8&rft.aulast=Tanny&rft.aufirst=Jarrod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> (hardcover); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22328-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22328-9">978-0-253-22328-9</a> (paperback)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1992" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Robert (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pogromsantijewis00john">"The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa: A Case Study"</a>. Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-40532-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-40532-7"><bdi>0-521-40532-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pogrom+of+1905+in+Odessa%3A+A+Case+Study&rft.btitle=Pogroms%3A+Anti-Jewish+Violence+in+Modern+Russian+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-40532-7&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpogromsantijewis00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1993" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Robert (1993). The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps. Indiana–Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-36381-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-36381-0"><bdi>0-253-36381-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+of+1905+in+Odessa%3A+Blood+on+the+Steps&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.series=Indiana%E2%80%93Michigan+Series+in+Russian+and+East+European+Studies&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-253-36381-0&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy1994" class="citation journal cs1">Herlihy, Patricia (1994). "Review of The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps by Robert Weinberg". Journal of Social History. 28 (2): 435–437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh%2F28.2.435">10.1353/jsh/28.2.435</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3788930">3788930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Revolution+of+1905+in+Odessa%3A+Blood+on+the+Steps+by+Robert+Weinberg&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=435-437&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh%2F28.2.435&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3788930%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Herlihy&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZipperstein1991" class="citation book cs1">Zipperstein, Steven J. (1991) [1986]. The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794–1881. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1251-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-1251-4"><bdi>0-8047-1251-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Odessa%3A+A+Cultural+History%2C+1794%E2%80%931881&rft.place=Palo+Alto&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8047-1251-4&rft.aulast=Zipperstein&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"> (hardcover), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1962-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-1962-4">0-8047-1962-4</a> (paperback reprint)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Odesa at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Odesa" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Odesa">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="c:Одеса">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Odesa" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Odesa">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Odesa" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Odesa">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Odesa" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Odesa">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Odesa" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Odesa">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Odesa" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Odesa">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Odesa" class="extiw" title="voy:Odesa">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Odessa">"Odessa" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Odessa&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=3-4&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdesa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omr.gov.ua/">Official Odesa web page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513051739/https://omr.gov.ua/">Archived</a> 13 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Ukrainian and Russian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811014942/http://www.citymap.odessa.ua/map/?lang=1">Official Odesa Map Portal</a> (in English, Ukrainian, and Russian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eway.in.ua/en/cities/odesa">Map of the current public transport routes in Odesa</a> (in English, Ukrainian, and Russian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=292">The murder of the Jews of Odessa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129221902/http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=292">Archived</a> 29 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbs.anumuseum.org.il/skn/en/c6/e224090/Place/Odessa">The Jewish Community of Odessa</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_the_Jewish_People_at_Beit_Hatfutsot" class="mw-redirect" title="The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot">The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722140647/http://prospekt.estate/odessa-vchera-odessa-segodnya">Odesa yesterday. Odesa today. Images gallery. Prospekt Group</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Catherinian_pseudo-Hellenization" title="Template:Catherinian pseudo-Hellenization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catherinian_pseudo-Hellenization" title="Template talk:Catherinian pseudo-Hellenization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catherinian_pseudo-Hellenization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catherinian pseudo-Hellenization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catherinian_pseudo-Hellenization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Catherinian pseudo-Hellenization</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovidiopol" title="Ovidiopol">Ovidiopol</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melitopol" title="Melitopol">Melitopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigoriopol" title="Grigoriopol">Grigoriopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olhopil,_Vinnytsia_Oblast" title="Olhopil, Vinnytsia Oblast">Olgopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervomaisk,_Mykolaiv_Oblast" title="Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast">Olviopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Ukraine" title="Nikopol, Ukraine">Nikopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Feodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Yevpatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_of_Odesa_Oblast" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Odesa_Oblast" title="Template:Odesa Oblast"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Odesa_Oblast" title="Template talk:Odesa Oblast"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Odesa_Oblast" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Odesa Oblast"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_Odesa_Oblast" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa Oblast</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Administrative center</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odesa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raions_of_Ukraine" title="Raions of Ukraine">Raions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berezivka_Raion" title="Berezivka Raion">Berezivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi_Raion" title="Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion">Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolhrad_Raion" title="Bolhrad Raion">Bolhrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izmail_Raion" title="Izmail Raion">Izmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Raion" title="Odesa Raion">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podilsk_Raion" title="Podilsk Raion">Podilsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozdilna_Raion" title="Rozdilna Raion">Rozdilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hromadas_of_Ukraine" title="List of hromadas of Ukraine">Hromadas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ananiv_urban_hromada" title="Ananiv urban hromada">Ananiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriievo-Ivanivka_rural_hromada" title="Andriievo-Ivanivka rural hromada">Andriievo-Ivanivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artsyz_urban_hromada" title="Artsyz urban hromada">Artsyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanhard_settlement_hromada" title="Avanhard settlement hromada">Avanhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balta_urban_hromada" title="Balta urban hromada">Balta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezivka_urban_hromada" title="Berezivka urban hromada">Berezivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi_urban_hromada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi urban hromada">Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliaivka_urban_hromada" title="Biliaivka urban hromada">Biliaivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolhrad_urban_hromada" title="Bolhrad urban hromada">Bolhrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borodino_settlement_hromada" title="Borodino settlement hromada">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chohodarivka_rural_hromada" title="Chohodarivka rural hromada">Chohodarivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chornomorsk_urban_hromada" title="Chornomorsk urban hromada">Chornomorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chornomorske_settlement_hromada" title="Chornomorske settlement hromada">Chornomorske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachne_rural_hromada" title="Dachne rural hromada">Dachne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalnyk_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalnyk rural hromada (page does not exist)">Dalnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobroslav_settlement_hromada" title="Dobroslav settlement hromada">Dobroslav</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolynske_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolynske rural hromada (page does not exist)">Dolynske</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyviziia_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyviziia rural hromada (page does not exist)">Dyviziia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontanka_rural_hromada" title="Fontanka rural hromada">Fontanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horodnie_rural_hromada" title="Horodnie rural hromada">Horodnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanivka_settlement_hromada,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Ivanivka settlement hromada, Odesa Oblast">Ivanivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izmail_urban_hromada" class="mw-redirect" title="Izmail urban hromada">Izmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolino-Buhaz_rural_hromada" title="Karolino-Buhaz rural hromada">Karolino-Buhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliia_urban_hromada" title="Kiliia urban hromada">Kiliia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodyma_urban_hromada" title="Kodyma urban hromada">Kodyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konopliane_rural_hromada" title="Konopliane rural hromada">Konopliane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krasnosilka_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krasnosilka rural hromada (page does not exist)">Krasnosilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krynychne_rural_hromada" title="Krynychne rural hromada">Krynychne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubei_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kubei rural hromada (page does not exist)">Kubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuialnyk_rural_hromada" title="Kuialnyk rural hromada">Kuialnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulevcha_rural_hromada" title="Kulevcha rural hromada">Kulevcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurisove_rural_hromada" title="Kurisove rural hromada">Kurisove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liubashivka_settlement_hromada" title="Liubashivka settlement hromada">Liubashivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_rural_hromada" title="Lyman rural hromada">Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymanske_settlement_hromada" title="Lymanske settlement hromada">Lymanske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiaky_rural_hromada" title="Maiaky rural hromada">Maiaky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marazliivka_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marazliivka rural hromada (page does not exist)">Marazliivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moloha_rural_hromada" title="Moloha rural hromada">Moloha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaivka_settlement_hromada,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Mykolaivka settlement hromada, Odesa Oblast">Mykolaivka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerubayske_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nerubayske rural hromada (page does not exist)">Nerubayske</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novoborysivka_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novoborysivka rural hromada (page does not exist)">Novoborysivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novokalcheve_rural_hromada" title="Novokalcheve rural hromada">Novokalcheve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_urban_hromada" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa urban hromada">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okny_settlement_hromada" title="Okny settlement hromada">Okny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovidiopol_settlement_hromada" title="Ovidiopol settlement hromada">Ovidiopol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavlivka_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavlivka rural hromada (page does not exist)">Pavlivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petropavlivka_rural_hromada" title="Petropavlivka rural hromada">Petropavlivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovirivka_rural_hromada" title="Petrovirivka rural hromada">Petrovirivka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pishchana_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pishchana rural hromada (page does not exist)">Pishchana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plakhtiivka_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plakhtiivka rural hromada (page does not exist)">Plakhtiivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podilsk_urban_hromada" title="Podilsk urban hromada">Podilsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raukhivka_settlement_hromada" title="Raukhivka settlement hromada">Raukhivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reni_urban_hromada" title="Reni urban hromada">Reni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozdilna_urban_hromada" title="Rozdilna urban hromada">Rozdilna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rozkvit_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rozkvit rural hromada (page does not exist)">Rozkvit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safiany_rural_hromada" title="Safiany rural hromada">Safiany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarata_settlement_hromada" title="Sarata settlement hromada">Sarata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savran_settlement_hromada" title="Savran settlement hromada">Savran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhiivka_settlement_hromada" title="Serhiivka settlement hromada">Serhiivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_rural_hromada" title="Shabo rural hromada">Shabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyriaieve_settlement_hromada" title="Shyriaieve settlement hromada">Shyriaieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobidka_settlement_hromada" title="Slobidka settlement hromada">Slobidka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stari_Maiaky_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stari Maiaky rural hromada (page does not exist)">Stari Maiaky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starokozache_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starokozache rural hromada (page does not exist)">Starokozache</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stepanivka_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stepanivka rural hromada (page does not exist)">Stepanivka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Striukove_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Striukove rural hromada (page does not exist)">Striukove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvorove_settlement_hromada" title="Suvorove settlement hromada">Suvorove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairove_settlement_hromada" title="Tairove settlement hromada">Tairove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarutyne_settlement_hromada" title="Tarutyne settlement hromada">Tarutyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarbunary_urban_hromada" title="Tatarbunary urban hromada">Tatarbunary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teplodar_urban_hromada" class="mw-redirect" title="Teplodar urban hromada">Teplodar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teplytsia_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teplytsia rural hromada (page does not exist)">Teplytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsebrykove_settlement_hromada" title="Tsebrykove settlement hromada">Tsebrykove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzly_rural_hromada" title="Tuzly rural hromada">Tuzly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usatove_rural_hromada" title="Usatove rural hromada">Usatove</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uspenivka_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uspenivka rural hromada (page does not exist)">Uspenivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasylivka_rural_hromada" title="Vasylivka rural hromada">Vasylivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velyka_Mykhailivka_settlement_hromada" title="Velyka Mykhailivka settlement hromada">Velyka Mykhailivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velykodolynske_settlement_hromada" title="Velykodolynske settlement hromada">Velykodolynske</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velykoploske_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velykoploske rural hromada (page does not exist)">Velykoploske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velykyi_Dalnyk_rural_hromada" title="Velykyi Dalnyk rural hromada">Velykyi Dalnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velykyi_Buialyk_rural_hromada" title="Velykyi Buialyk rural hromada">Velykyi Buialyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyhoda_rural_hromada" title="Vyhoda rural hromada">Vyhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vylkove_urban_hromada" title="Vylkove urban hromada">Vylkove</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vyzyrka_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vyzyrka rural hromada (page does not exist)">Vyzyrka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasky_rural_hromada" title="Yasky rural hromada">Yasky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhne_urban_hromada" title="Yuzhne urban hromada">Yuzhne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakharivka_settlement_hromada" title="Zakharivka settlement hromada">Zakharivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zatyshshia_settlement_hromada" title="Zatyshshia settlement hromada">Zatyshshia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelenohirske_settlement_hromada" title="Zelenohirske settlement hromada">Zelenohirske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znamianka_rural_hromada" title="Znamianka rural hromada">Znamianka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ananiv" title="Ananiv">Ananiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artsyz" title="Artsyz">Artsyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balta,_Ukraine" title="Balta, Ukraine">Balta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezivka" title="Berezivka">Berezivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi" title="Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi">Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliaivka" title="Biliaivka">Biliaivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolhrad" title="Bolhrad">Bolhrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chornomorsk" title="Chornomorsk">Chornomorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izmail" title="Izmail">Izmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliia" title="Kiliia">Kiliia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodyma" title="Kodyma">Kodyma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivdenne,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Pivdenne, Odesa Oblast">Pivdenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podilsk" title="Podilsk">Podilsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reni,_Ukraine" title="Reni, Ukraine">Reni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozdilna" title="Rozdilna">Rozdilna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarbunary" title="Tatarbunary">Tatarbunary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teplodar" title="Teplodar">Teplodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vylkove" title="Vylkove">Vylkove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="border&#124;22px&#124;Flag_of_Odesa_Raion&#124;link=Odesa_Raion_Odesa_Raion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Odesa_Raion" title="Template:Odesa Raion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Odesa_Raion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Odesa Raion (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Odesa_Raion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Odesa Raion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="border&#124;22px&#124;Flag_of_Odesa_Raion&#124;link=Odesa_Raion_Odesa_Raion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Raion" title="Flag of Odesa Raion"><img alt="Flag of Odesa Raion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96.svg/22px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96.svg/33px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96.svg/44px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="443" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Raion" title="Odesa Raion">Odesa Raion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Administrative center</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odesa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biliaivka" title="Biliaivka">Biliaivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chornomorsk" title="Chornomorsk">Chornomorsk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivdenne,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Pivdenne, Odesa Oblast">Pivdenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teplodar" title="Teplodar">Teplodar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Raion" title="Coat of arms of Odesa Raion"><img alt="Coat of arms of Odesa Raion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96.svg/40px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96.svg/60px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96.svg/80px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Odesa Raion</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine#Rural_settlements" title="Populated places in Ukraine">Rural settlements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avanhard,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Avanhard, Odesa Oblast">Avanhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chornomorske,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Chornomorske, Odesa Oblast">Chornomorske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobroslav,_Ukraine" title="Dobroslav, Ukraine">Dobroslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlibodarske" title="Khlibodarske">Khlibodarske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naberezhne,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Naberezhne, Odesa Oblast">Naberezhne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Kovalivka" title="Nova Kovalivka">Nova Kovalivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novi_Biliari" title="Novi Biliari">Novi Biliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksandrivka,_Chornomorsk_urban_hromada,_Odesa_Raion,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Oleksandrivka, Chornomorsk urban hromada, Odesa Raion, Odesa Oblast">Oleksandrivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovidiopol" title="Ovidiopol">Ovidiopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairove" title="Tairove">Tairove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velykodolynske" title="Velykodolynske">Velykodolynske</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine#Villages" title="Populated places in Ukraine">Villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berehove,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Berehove, Odesa Oblast">Berehove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherevychne" title="Cherevychne">Cherevychne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobotarivka" title="Chobotarivka">Chobotarivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachne,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Dachne, Odesa Oblast">Dachne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinka,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Illinka, Odesa Oblast">Illinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshary,_Odesa_Raion,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Koshary, Odesa Raion, Odesa Oblast">Koshary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovalivka,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Kovalivka, Odesa Oblast">Kovalivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryzhanivka,_Odesa_Raion,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Kryzhanivka, Odesa Raion, Odesa Oblast">Kryzhanivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymanka" title="Lymanka">Lymanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiaky,_Odesa_Raion,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Maiaky, Odesa Raion, Odesa Oblast">Maiaky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marynivka,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Marynivka, Odesa Oblast">Marynivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizhlymanske" title="Mizhlymanske">Mizhlymanske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadlymanske" title="Nadlymanske">Nadlymanske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Emetivka" title="Nova Emetivka">Nova Emetivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protopopivka,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Protopopivka, Odesa Oblast">Protopopivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyroka_Balka,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Shyroka Balka, Odesa Oblast">Shyroka Balka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stara_Emetivka" title="Stara Emetivka">Stara Emetivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tykhe,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Tykhe, Odesa Oblast">Tykhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usatove" title="Usatove">Usatove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapniarka,_Odesa_Raion,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Vapniarka, Odesa Raion, Odesa Oblast">Vapniarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasylivka,_Odesa_Raion,_Odesa_Oblast" title="Vasylivka, Odesa Raion, Odesa Oblast">Vasylivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velykyi_Dalnyk" title="Velykyi Dalnyk">Velykyi Dalnyk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hromada" title="Hromada">Hromadas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avanhard_settlement_hromada" title="Avanhard settlement hromada">Avanhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliaivka_urban_hromada" title="Biliaivka urban hromada">Biliaivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chornomorsk_urban_hromada" title="Chornomorsk urban hromada">Chornomorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chornomorske_settlement_hromada" title="Chornomorske settlement hromada">Chornomorske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachne_rural_hromada" title="Dachne rural hromada">Dachne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalnyk_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalnyk rural hromada (page does not exist)">Dalnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobroslav_settlement_hromada" title="Dobroslav settlement hromada">Dobroslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontanka_rural_hromada" title="Fontanka rural hromada">Fontanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krasnosilka_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krasnosilka rural hromada (page does not exist)">Krasnosilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiaky_rural_hromada" title="Maiaky rural hromada">Maiaky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerubaiske_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nerubaiske rural hromada (page does not exist)">Nerubaiske</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovidiopol_settlement_hromada" title="Ovidiopol settlement hromada">Ovidiopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairove_settlement_hromada" title="Tairove settlement hromada">Tairove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teplodar" title="Teplodar">Teplodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usatove_rural_hromada" title="Usatove rural hromada">Usatove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velykodolynske_settlement_hromada" title="Velykodolynske settlement hromada">Velykodolynske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velykyi_Dalnyk_rural_hromada" title="Velykyi Dalnyk rural hromada">Velykyi Dalnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyhoda_rural_hromada" title="Vyhoda rural hromada">Vyhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vyzyrka_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vyzyrka rural hromada (page does not exist)">Vyzyrka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasky_rural_hromada" title="Yasky rural hromada">Yasky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhne_urban_hromada" title="Yuzhne urban hromada">Yuzhne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Template:Administrative divisions of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions of Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Ukraine" title="Oblasts of Ukraine">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherkasy_Oblast" title="Cherkasy Oblast">Cherkasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast" title="Chernihiv Oblast">Chernihiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast" title="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast">Dnipropetrovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast" title="Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast">Ivano-Frankivsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Kharkiv Oblast">Kharkiv</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast" title="Kherson Oblast">Kherson</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi_Oblast" title="Khmelnytskyi Oblast">Khmelnytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirovohrad_Oblast" title="Kirovohrad Oblast">Kirovohrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast" title="Kyiv Oblast">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast" title="Luhansk Oblast">Luhansk</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv_Oblast" title="Mykolaiv Oblast">Mykolaiv</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltava_Oblast" title="Poltava Oblast">Poltava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivne_Oblast" title="Rivne Oblast">Rivne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumy_Oblast" title="Sumy Oblast">Sumy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternopil_Oblast" title="Ternopil Oblast">Ternopil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_Oblast" title="Vinnytsia Oblast">Vinnytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volyn_Oblast" title="Volyn Oblast">Volyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast" title="Zhytomyr Oblast">Zhytomyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_with_special_status" title="City with special status">Cities with special status</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republics_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous republics of Ukraine">Autonomous republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Crimea</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherkasy" title="Cherkasy">Cherkasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>2 (<a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk" title="Kramatorsk">Kramatorsk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Ivano-Frankivsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi" title="Khmelnytskyi">Khmelnytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kropyvnytskyi" title="Kropyvnytskyi">Kropyvnytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk" title="Luhansk">Luhansk</a>2 (<a href="/wiki/Sievierodonetsk" title="Sievierodonetsk">Sievierodonetsk</a>2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutsk" title="Lutsk">Lutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivne" title="Rivne">Rivne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumy" title="Sumy">Sumy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternopil" title="Ternopil">Ternopil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod" title="Uzhhorod">Uzhhorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia" title="Vinnytsia">Vinnytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia" title="Zaporizhzhia">Zaporizhzhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr" title="Zhytomyr">Zhytomyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1Claimed and controlled by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Crimea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> 2Claimed and partially controlled by Russia as the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a> <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lugansk_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugansk People's Republic">Lugansk People's Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast (Russia)">Zaporozhye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kherson Oblast (Russia)">Kherson</a> <a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">oblasts</a> 3 Partially claimed and partially controlled by Russia as a part of <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kherson Oblast (Russia)">Kherson</a> <a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">oblast</a> 4Partially controlled by Russia, but not claimed as its part.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Other_navigational_boxes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Other_navigational_boxes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other navigational boxes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourist_attractions_in_Odesa,_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Odesa" title="Template:Odesa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Odesa" title="Template talk:Odesa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Odesa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Odesa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourist_attractions_in_Odesa,_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">Tourist attractions</a> in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Hotel,_Odesa" title="Bristol Hotel, Odesa">Bristol Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_City_Hall" title="Odesa City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londonskaya_Hotel" title="Londonskaya Hotel">Londonskaya Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraslis_House" title="Maraslis House">Maraslis House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurov_House" title="Mayurov House">Mayurov House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Opera_and_Ballet_Theatre" title="Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre">Opera Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Passage" title="Odesa Passage">Odesa Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Quarantine" title="Odesa Quarantine">Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa railway station">Odesa railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Odesa" title="Port of Odesa">Sea Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_University" title="Odesa University">Odesa University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Philharmonic_Theater" title="Odesa Philharmonic Theater">Philharmonic Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potemkin_Stairs" title="Potemkin Stairs">Potemkin Stairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_Cathedral_in_Odesa" title="Transfiguration Cathedral in Odesa">Transfiguration Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorontsov_Palace_(Odesa)" title="Vorontsov Palace (Odesa)">Vorontsov Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorontsov_Lighthouse" title="Vorontsov Lighthouse">Vorontsov Lighthouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Archeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa Archeological Museum">Archeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Fine_Arts_Museum" title="Odesa Fine Arts Museum">Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Catacombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa Catacombs">Catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Cinema_(Odesa,_Ukraine)" title="Museum of the Cinema (Odesa, Ukraine)">Museum of the Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Concrete" title="Museum of Concrete">Museum of Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Museum_in_Odesa" title="Holocaust Museum in Odesa">Holocaust Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Odesa_Jews" title="Museum of the History of Odesa Jews">Jewish Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_Museum,_Odesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature Museum, Odesa (page does not exist)">Literature Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_Museum,_Odesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime Museum, Odesa (page does not exist)">Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Numismatics_Museum" title="Odesa Numismatics Museum">Numismatics Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Pushkin_Museum" title="Odesa Pushkin Museum">Pushkin Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Museum_of_Regional_History" title="Odesa Museum of Regional History">Regional History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Museum_of_Western_and_Eastern_Art" title="Odesa Museum of Western and Eastern Art">Museum of Western and Eastern Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets and squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derybasivska_Street" title="Derybasivska Street">Derybasivska Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frantsuzskyi_Boulevard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frantsuzskyi Boulevard (page does not exist)">Frantsuzskyi Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hretska_Ploshcha" title="Hretska Ploshcha">Hretska Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiiska_Street,_Odesa" title="Italiiska Street, Odesa">Italiiska Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prymorskyi_Boulevard" title="Prymorskyi Boulevard">Prymorskyi Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rishelievska_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rishelievska Street (page does not exist)">Rishelievska Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soborna_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soborna Square (page does not exist)">Soborna Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yevropeiska_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yevropeiska Square (page does not exist)">Yevropeiska Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Park_(Odesa)" title="Arcadia Park (Odesa)">Arcadia Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Botanical_Garden" title="Odesa Botanical Garden">Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_city_garden" title="Odesa city garden">City garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzanivka_Hydropark" title="Luzanivka Hydropark">Luzanivka Hydropark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shevchenko_Park_(Odesa)" title="Shevchenko Park (Odesa)">Shevchenko Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfiguration_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transfiguration Park (page does not exist)">Transfiguration Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victory_Park_(Odesa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victory Park (Odesa) (page does not exist)">Victory Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Zoo" title="Odesa Zoo">Odesa Zoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Beach" title="Arcadia Beach">Arcadia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langeron_Beach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langeron Beach (page does not exist)">Langeron Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luzanivka_Beach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luzanivka Beach (page does not exist)">Luzanivka Beach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chornomorets_Stadium" title="Chornomorets Stadium">Chornomorets Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuialnyk_Cemetery" title="Kuialnyk Cemetery">Kuialnyk Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulykove_Pole" title="Kulykove Pole">Kulykove Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pryvoz_Market" title="Pryvoz Market">Pryvoz Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Odesa" title="Category:Odesa">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hero_Cities_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hero_Cities_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Hero Cities of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hero_Cities_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Hero Cities of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hero_Cities_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hero Cities of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hero_Cities_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)" title="Hero City (Soviet Union)">Hero Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brest_Fortress" title="Brest Fortress">Brest Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hero_Cities_of_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hero_Cities_of_Ukraine" title="Template:Hero Cities of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hero_Cities_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Hero Cities of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hero_Cities_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hero Cities of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hero_Cities_of_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hero_City_of_Ukraine" title="Hero City of Ukraine">Hero Cities of Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awarded by independent Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucha,_Ukraine" title="Bucha, Ukraine">Bucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostomel" title="Hostomel">Hostomel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpin" title="Irpin">Irpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhtyrka" title="Okhtyrka">Okhtyrka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volnovakha" title="Volnovakha">Volnovakha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Ukraine" title="Template:Cities in Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Cities in Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Cities in Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_with_special_status" title="City with special status">City with special status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_regional_significance_(Ukraine)" title="City of regional significance (Ukraine)">City of regional significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_district_significance_(Ukraine)" title="City of district significance (Ukraine)">City of district significance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odesa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000-1,000,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia" title="Zaporizhzhia">Zaporizhzhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryvyi_Rih" title="Kryvyi Rih">Kryvyi Rih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000-500,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk" title="Luhansk">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makiivka" title="Makiivka">Makiivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia" title="Vinnytsia">Vinnytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkasy" title="Cherkasy">Cherkasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumy" title="Sumy">Sumy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horlivka" title="Horlivka">Horlivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr" title="Zhytomyr">Zhytomyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianske,_Kamianske_Raion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamianske, Kamianske Raion">Kamianske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kropyvnytskyi" title="Kropyvnytskyi">Kropyvnytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi" title="Khmelnytskyi">Khmelnytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivne" title="Rivne">Rivne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremenchuk" title="Kremenchuk">Kremenchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternopil" title="Ternopil">Ternopil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Ivano-Frankivsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutsk" title="Lutsk">Lutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bila_Tserkva" title="Bila Tserkva">Bila Tserkva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000-200,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk" title="Kramatorsk">Kramatorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melitopol" title="Melitopol">Melitopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Ukraine" title="Nikopol, Ukraine">Nikopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloviansk" title="Sloviansk">Sloviansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berdiansk" title="Berdiansk">Berdiansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievierodonetsk" title="Sievierodonetsk">Sievierodonetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchevsk" title="Alchevsk">Alchevsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlohrad" title="Pavlohrad">Pavlohrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod" title="Uzhhorod">Uzhhorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brovary" title="Brovary">Brovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Yevpatoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Cities located in <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1874#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1874#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143720725">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf4gycfqT6hc8V4B7qqQq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4043115-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79139057">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00650713">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/18822775X">IdRef</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028723600">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045642">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\O\D\Odesa">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-9m94g","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_330aec2ab9d015311b9e6b26f735b7dafd00bc62":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q1874","properties":{"title":"Odesa","fill-opacity":0.4,"stroke":"#808080","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#808080"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.624","walltime":"4.214","ppvisitednodes":{"value":30945,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":727933,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":131509,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":46,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":694655,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3528.013 1 -total"," 17.96% 633.635 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 17.34% 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