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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cybernetic economic planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cybernetic_economic_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>2016 book</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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title="OGAS – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="OGAS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="OGAS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="OGAS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%A4" title="오가스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오가스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="OGAS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="OGAS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="OGAS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Общегосударственная автоматизированная система учёта и обработки информации – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Общегосударственная автоматизированная система учёта и обработки информации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%90%D0%A1" title="ОГАС – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ОГАС" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="OGAS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="OGAS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Загальнодержавна автоматизована система – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Загальнодержавна автоматизована система" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="OGAS" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="/wiki/Category:Government_by_algorithm" title="Category:Government by algorithm">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm">Algocracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlgorithmicGovernance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/AlgorithmicGovernance.svg/100px-AlgorithmicGovernance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/AlgorithmicGovernance.svg/150px-AlgorithmicGovernance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/AlgorithmicGovernance.svg/200px-AlgorithmicGovernance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="808" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Examples</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_government" title="Artificial intelligence in government">AI in government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMPAS_(software)" title="COMPAS (software)">COMPAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Cybersyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_autonomous_organization" title="Decentralized autonomous organization">DAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_childcare_benefits_scandal" title="Dutch childcare benefits scandal">Dutch childcare benefits scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT-backed_authoritarianism" title="IT-backed authoritarianism">IT-backed authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofqual_exam_results_algorithm" title="Ofqual exam results algorithm">Ofqual exam results algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Intelligent_Advisor" title="Oracle Intelligent Advisor">OIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_monitoring_program" title="Prescription monitoring program">PMPs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictive_policing" title="Predictive policing">Predictive policing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robodebt_scheme" title="Robodebt scheme">Robodebt scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">Smart city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SyRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SyRI">SyRI</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Government_by_algorithm" title="Template:Government by algorithm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Government_by_algorithm" title="Template talk:Government by algorithm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Government_by_algorithm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Government by algorithm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>OGAS</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Общегосударственная автоматизированная система учёта и обработки информации, "ОГАС"</span>, "National Automated System for Computation and Information Processing") was a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> project to create a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">information network</a>. The project began in 1962 but was denied necessary funding in 1970. It was one of a series of socialist attempts to create a nationwide cybernetic network.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US government in 1962 regarded the project as a major threat due to the “tremendous increments in <a href="/wiki/Economic_productivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic productivity">economic productivity</a>” which could disrupt the world market. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schlesinger_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Schlesinger Jr">Arthur Schlesinger Jr</a>, historian and special assistant to President <a href="/wiki/John_F_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="John F Kennedy">Kennedy</a>, described “an all out Soviet commitment to cybernetics” as providing the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> a “tremendous advantage” in respect to production technology, complex of industries, feedback control and self-teaching computers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept">Concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OGAS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A.V._Petrosian_and_S.N._Mergelyan_with_Academician_Glushkov_at_the_Computing_Center_of_the_Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A.V._Petrosian_and_S.N._Mergelyan_with_Academician_Glushkov_at_the_Computing_Center_of_the_Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences.jpg/250px-A.V._Petrosian_and_S.N._Mergelyan_with_Academician_Glushkov_at_the_Computing_Center_of_the_Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A.V._Petrosian_and_S.N._Mergelyan_with_Academician_Glushkov_at_the_Computing_Center_of_the_Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences.jpg/375px-A.V._Petrosian_and_S.N._Mergelyan_with_Academician_Glushkov_at_the_Computing_Center_of_the_Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A.V._Petrosian_and_S.N._Mergelyan_with_Academician_Glushkov_at_the_Computing_Center_of_the_Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences.jpg/500px-A.V._Petrosian_and_S.N._Mergelyan_with_Academician_Glushkov_at_the_Computing_Center_of_the_Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Glushkov (seated first on the right) at the Computing Center of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Academy of Sciences">Armenian Academy of Sciences</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The primary architect of OGAS was <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Glushkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Glushkov">Viktor Glushkov</a>. A previous proposal for a national computer network to improve central planning, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kitov" title="Anatoly Kitov">Anatoly Kitov</a>'s Economic Automated Management System, had been rejected in 1959 because of concerns in the military that they would be required to share information with civilian planners.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aeon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glushkov proposed OGAS in 1962 as a three-tier network with a computer centre in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, up to 200 midlevel centres in other major cities, and up to 20,000 local terminals in economically significant locations, communicating in real time using the existing telephone infrastructure. The structure would also permit any terminal to communicate with any other. Glushkov further proposed using the system to move the Soviet Union towards a moneyless economy, using the system for electronic payments.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, Glushkov estimated that had the paper-driven methods of economic planning continued unchanged in the Soviet Union, then the planning <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">bureaucracy</a> would have grown by almost fortyfold by 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> He urged the full implementation of the OGAS project to Politburo members in 1970 with the view: </p><blockquote><p>"If we do not do [the full OGAS] now, then in the second half of the 1970s the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Soviet economy</a> will encounter such difficulties that we will have to return to this question regardless."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Glushkov sought financial funding with an estimated amount of "no less than 100 billion rubles" or equivalent to $850 billion in 2016 U.S. dollars but believed the saving returns would be fivefold on the first fifteen-year investment.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The project failed because Glushkov's request for funding on 1 October 1970 was denied.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aeon_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th Communist Party Congress</a> in 1971 was to have authorised implementation of the plan, but ultimately endorsed only expansion of local information management systems.<sup id="cite_ref-int_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glushkov subsequently pursued another network plan, EGSVT, which was also underfunded and not carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-sov_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The OGAS proposal was resented by some liberals as excessive central control,<sup id="cite_ref-int_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but failed primarily because of bureaucratic infighting. It was under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistical_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Statistical Administration">Central Statistical Administration</a>, and fell afoul of <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Garbuzov" title="Vasily Garbuzov">Vasily Garbuzov</a>, who saw a threat to his <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union)">Ministry of Finance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aeon_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-int_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/w/index.php?title=EGSVT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EGSVT (page does not exist)">EGSVT</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> failed, the next attempt, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SOFE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SOFE (page does not exist)">SOFE</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, was done in 1964 by <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Fedorenko" title="Nikolay Fedorenko">Nikolay Fedorenko</a>, who attempted to build an information network that could be used in economic planning in Soviet Union's planned economy. The project was successful at a micro-level but did not spread into wide use.<sup id="cite_ref-sov_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cybernetic_economic_planning">Cybernetic economic planning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OGAS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cybernetic economic planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the early 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> considered moving away from the existing Stalinist command planning in favor of developing an interlinked computerized system of resource allocation based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a>. This development was seen as the basis for moving toward optimal planning that could form the basis of a more highly developed form of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist economy">socialist economy</a> based on informational decentralization and innovation. This was seen as a logical progression given that the <a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">material balances system</a> was geared toward rapid industrialization, which the Soviet Union had already achieved in the preceding decades. But by the early 1970s the idea of transcending the status quo was abandoned by the Soviet leadership, who felt the system threatened Party control of the economy. By the early 1970s official interest in this system ended.<sup id="cite_ref-InterNyet:_why_the_Soviet_Union_did_not_build_a_nationwide_computer_network_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InterNyet:_why_the_Soviet_Union_did_not_build_a_nationwide_computer_network-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 1970s the "natural" development of Soviet computers lead to creation of the project called <a href="/wiki/Akademset" title="Akademset">Akademset</a> aimed at construction of nationwide <a href="/wiki/Optic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Optic fiber">optic fiber</a> and radio/satellite digital network but only the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> part of it was actually implemented before <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the USSR">dissolution of the USSR</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By 1992 Soviet computers serving it were destroyed and in 1990 USSR/Russia obtained a state-independent global Internet connection via telephone to Finland due to efforts of a private telecom enterprise called <a href="/wiki/Relcom" class="mw-redirect" title="Relcom">Relcom</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2016_book">2016 book</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OGAS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2016 book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, a book dedicated to OGAS was published in the US, entitled <i>"How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet"</i>, by Benjamin Peters, professor at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tulsa" title="University of Tulsa">University of Tulsa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Zittrain" title="Jonathan Zittrain">Jonathan Zittrain</a> commented that the book <i>"fills an important gap in the Internet's history, highlighting the ways in which generativity and openness have been essential to networked innovation"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reviewer of the book at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>"Soviet attempts to build a national computer network were undone by socialists who seemed to behave like capitalists"</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OGAS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akademset" title="Akademset">Akademset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics%E2%80%94in_the_Service_of_Communism" title="Cybernetics—in the Service of Communism">Cybernetics—in the Service of Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia" title="History of the Internet in Russia">History of the Internet in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lucas_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lucas Plan">The Lucas Plan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OGAS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"ЕГСВЦ", from "Единой государственной сети вычислительных центров" (lit. "Unified State Network of Computing Centres")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"СОФЭ", from "системы оптимального функционирования социалистической экономики" (lit. "Systems for the Optimal Functioning of the Socialist Economy")</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OGAS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPeters2016" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Benjamin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hrFIDAAAQBAJ&q=How+not+to+network+a+nation+:+the+uneasy+history+of+the+Soviet+internet"><i>How not to network a nation : the uneasy history of the Soviet internet</i></a>. MIT Press. pp. 35–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-33419-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-33419-8"><bdi>978-0-262-33419-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+not+to+network+a+nation+%3A+the+uneasy+history+of+the+Soviet+internet&rft.pages=35-55&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-262-33419-8&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhrFIDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DHow%2Bnot%2Bto%2Bnetwork%2Ba%2Bnation%2B%3A%2Bthe%2Buneasy%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSoviet%2Binternet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOGAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosco2015" class="citation book cs1">Mosco, Vincent (17 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PgbvCgAAQBAJ&dq=tremendous+increments+in+economic+productivity+as+the+result+of+cybernetization+of+production+may+permit+disruption+of+world+markets+soviet+cybernetics&pg=PT26"><i>To the Cloud: Big Data in a Turbulent World</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 10–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-25037-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-25037-1"><bdi>978-1-317-25037-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Cloud%3A+Big+Data+in+a+Turbulent+World&rft.pages=10-100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-11-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-25037-1&rft.aulast=Mosco&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPgbvCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtremendous%2Bincrements%2Bin%2Beconomic%2Bproductivity%2Bas%2Bthe%2Bresult%2Bof%2Bcybernetization%2Bof%2Bproduction%2Bmay%2Bpermit%2Bdisruption%2Bof%2Bworld%2Bmarkets%2Bsoviet%2Bcybernetics%26pg%3DPT26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOGAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2016" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Benjamin (2016). <i>How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet</i>. The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262034180" title="Special:BookSources/9780262034180"><bdi>9780262034180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Not+to+Network+a+Nation%3A+The+Uneasy+History+of+the+Soviet+Internet&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780262034180&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOGAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aeon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aeon_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aeon_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aeon_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2016" class="citation web cs1">Peters, Benjamin (16 October 2016). Dresser, Sam (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aeon.co/essays/how-the-soviets-invented-the-internet-and-why-it-didn-t-work">"The Soviet InterNyet: How the Soviets invented the internet and why it didn't work"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aeon_(digital_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeon (digital magazine)">Aeon</a></i> (excerpt from <i>How Not to Network a Nation</i>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aeon&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+InterNyet%3A+How+the+Soviets+invented+the+internet+and+why+it+didn%27t+work&rft.date=2016-10-16&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faeon.co%2Fessays%2Fhow-the-soviets-invented-the-internet-and-why-it-didn-t-work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOGAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2016" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Benjamin (2016). <i>How not to network a nation : the uneasy history of the Soviet internet</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 81–100, 107–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262034180" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262034180"><bdi>978-0262034180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+not+to+network+a+nation+%3A+the+uneasy+history+of+the+Soviet+internet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=81-100%2C+107-159&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0262034180&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOGAS" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2016" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Benjamin (2016). <i>How not to network a nation : the uneasy history of the Soviet internet</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262034180" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262034180"><bdi>978-0262034180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+not+to+network+a+nation+%3A+the+uneasy+history+of+the+Soviet+internet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=63&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0262034180&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOGAS" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2016" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Benjamin (2016). <i>How not to network a nation : the uneasy history of the Soviet internet</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262034180" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262034180"><bdi>978-0262034180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+not+to+network+a+nation+%3A+the+uneasy+history+of+the+Soviet+internet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=163&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0262034180&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOGAS" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2016" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Benjamin (2016). <i>How not to network a nation : the uneasy history of the Soviet internet</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262034180" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262034180"><bdi>978-0262034180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+not+to+network+a+nation+%3A+the+uneasy+history+of+the+Soviet+internet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=114&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0262034180&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOGAS" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-int-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-int_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-int_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-int_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerovitch2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Slava_Gerovitch" title="Slava Gerovitch">Gerovitch, Slava</a> (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/slava/homepage/articles/Gerovitch-InterNyet.pdf">"InterNyet: why the Soviet Union did not build a nationwide computer network"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_and_Technology" title="History and Technology">History and Technology</a></i>. <b>24</b> (4): 335–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07341510802044736">10.1080/07341510802044736</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0734-1512">0734-1512</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17129486">17129486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Technology&rft.atitle=InterNyet%3A+why+the+Soviet+Union+did+not+build+a+nationwide+computer+network&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=335-50&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17129486%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0734-1512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07341510802044736&rft.aulast=Gerovitch&rft.aufirst=Slava&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fslava%2Fhomepage%2Farticles%2FGerovitch-InterNyet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOGAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sov-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sov_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sov_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2008" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Benjamin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403231924/http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/mit6/papers/BenPeters.pdf">"Why the Soviet Internet Failed"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>MIT 6 Conference</i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+6+Conference&rft.atitle=Why+the+Soviet+Internet+Failed&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fcomm-forum%2Fmit6%2Fpapers%2FBenPeters.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOGAS" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InterNyet:_why_the_Soviet_Union_did_not_build_a_nationwide_computer_network-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InterNyet:_why_the_Soviet_Union_did_not_build_a_nationwide_computer_network_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>InterNyet: why the Soviet Union did not build a nationwide computer network</i>, by Gerovitch, Slava. December 2008. History and Technology. Vol. 24, No. 4 (Dec 2008), pp. 335-350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2016" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Benjamin (25 March 2016). <i>How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262034180" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262034180"><bdi>978-0262034180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Not+to+Network+a+Nation%3A+The+Uneasy+History+of+the+Soviet+Internet&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft.isbn=978-0262034180&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOGAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/how-not-network-nation">"How Not to Network a Nation | the MIT Press"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Not+to+Network+a+Nation+%26%23124%3B+the+MIT+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2Fbooks%2Fhow-not-network-nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOGAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Era_of_Stagnation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stagnation_Era" title="Template:Stagnation Era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stagnation_Era" title="Template talk:Stagnation Era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stagnation_Era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stagnation Era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Era_of_Stagnation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">Events (1964–1982)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassboro_Summit_Conference" title="Glassboro Summit Conference">Glassboro Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Red_Square_demonstration" title="1968 Red Square demonstration">1968 Red Square demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Attempted assassination of Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladivostok_Summit_Meeting_on_Arms_Control" title="Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control">Vladivostok Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Moscow_bombings" title="1977 Moscow bombings">1977 Moscow bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977 Soviet constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1978 Georgian demonstrations">1978 Georgian demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Reaction to 1980–1981 Polish crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Zapad-81" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise Zapad-81">Exercise Zapad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev">Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev">Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">Events (1982–1985)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RYAN" class="mw-redirect" title="RYAN">RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alarm_incident" title="1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident">1983 false nuclear alarm incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cotton_scandal" title="Uzbek cotton scandal">Uzbek cotton scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Games" title="Friendship Games">Friendship Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politburo members<br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th</a></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Chebrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dolgikh" title="Vladimir Dolgikh">Dolgikh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Efremov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Efremov (page does not exist)">Efremov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Grechko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Grishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_Kiselyov" title="Tikhon Kiselyov">Kiselyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Kulakov" title="Fyodor Kulakov">Kulakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Masherov" title="Pyotr Masherov">Masherov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Mazurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Mzhavanadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arv%C4%ABds_Pel%C5%A1e" title="Arvīds Pelše">Pelše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Polyansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Ponomarev" title="Boris Ponomarev">Ponomarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharof_Rashidov" title="Sharof Rashidov">Rashidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Romanov" title="Grigory Romanov">Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin" title="Alexander Shelepin">Shelepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Shelest" title="Petro Shelest">Shelest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Shvernik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Shvernik">Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Tikhonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitriy_Ustinov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitriy Ustinov">Ustinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Voronov" title="Gennady Voronov">Voronov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vorotnikov</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Troika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Podgorny</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governments of the Soviet Union">Governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_First_Government" title="Kosygin's First Government">Kosygin's 1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_Second_Government" title="Kosygin's Second Government">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_Third_Government" title="Kosygin's Third Government">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_Fourth_Government" title="Kosygin's Fourth Government">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_Fifth_Government" title="Kosygin's Fifth Government">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhonov%27s_First_Government" title="Tikhonov's First Government">Tikhonov's 1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhonov%27s_Second_Government" title="Tikhonov's Second Government">2nd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1973 Soviet economic reform">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1979 Soviet economic reform">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Programme" title="Food Programme">Food Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_Soviet_economic_reform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 Soviet economic reform (page does not exist)">1984</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Eighth five-year plan (Soviet Union)">8th plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ninth five-year plan (Soviet Union)">9th plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Tenth five-year plan (Soviet Union)">10th plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Eleventh five-year plan (Soviet Union)">11th plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OGAS&oldid=1252266083">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OGAS&oldid=1252266083</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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