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The effects of a program can change as more people participate. Here鈥檚 how. </h4> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="yrise-header-wrapper"> <header id="yrise-header"> <div class="yrise-header-container"> <div class="yrise-site-logo"> <h2><a href="https://yrise.yale.edu"><img src="https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-content/themes/yrise/images/yrise_white_logo.png" alt="YRISE" /></a></h2> </div>  <div id="yrise-nav-wrapper"> <ul id="menu-menu-1" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-1252" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-1252"><a href="#">Themes</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1257" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-366 current_page_item menu-item-1257"><a href="https://yrise.yale.edu/political-economy-effects/">Political Economy Effects of Policy Interventions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1256" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page 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menu-item-1903"><a href="https://yrise.yale.edu/abdul-latif-jameel-poverty-action-lab/">Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2829"><a href="https://yrise.yale.edu/media/">Media</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2962"><a href="https://yrise.yale.edu/careers/">Careers</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </header> </div>  <div id="yrise-content-container"> <div id="yrise-content"> <article id="post-366"> <div class="elementor elementor-366"> <div class="elementor-inner"> <div class="elementor-section-wrap"> <section data-id="7a6d641" class="elementor-element elementor-element-7a6d641 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-section elementor-top-section" data-element_type="section"> <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> <div class="elementor-row"> <div data-id="37f183b" class="elementor-element elementor-element-37f183b elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column" data-element_type="column"> <div class="elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated"> <div class="elementor-widget-wrap"> <div data-id="3fea353" class="elementor-element elementor-element-3fea353 yrise-mallory-text yrise-no-bottom-margin yrise-mobile-tap-text elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-element_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix"><p>Tap for Details</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section data-id="76f1d01" class="elementor-element elementor-element-76f1d01 yrise-research-icon-section yrise-theme-one elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-section elementor-top-section" data-element_type="section"> <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> <div class="elementor-row"> <div data-id="8038ee4" class="elementor-element elementor-element-8038ee4 yrise-theme-icon-column yrise-no-hover elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column" data-element_type="column"> <div class="elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated"> <div class="elementor-widget-wrap"> <div data-id="42f63ee" class="elementor-element elementor-element-42f63ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-element_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h5 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Political Economy Effects of Policy Interventions</h5> </div> </div> <div data-id="7ba3475" class="elementor-element elementor-element-7ba3475 yrise-theme-icon-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-element_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-image"> <img src="https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/political_economy_tp_crp-oq71ey25iggvuffxgnncjis6veg8jx7kndwb9g48rc.png" title="political_economy_tp_crp" alt="political_economy_tp_crp" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-id="7ae545b" class="elementor-element elementor-element-7ae545b yrise-theme-icon-column yrise-theme-icon-column-two elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column" data-element_type="column"> <div class="elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated"> <div class="elementor-widget-wrap"> <div data-id="dca78c1" class="elementor-element elementor-element-dca78c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-element_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h5 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="/evidence-aggregation-and-external-validity/">Evidence Aggregation and External Validity</a></h5> </div> </div> <div data-id="8a3f678" class="elementor-element elementor-element-8a3f678 yrise-theme-icon-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-element_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-image"> <img src="https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/evidence_aggregation_tp_crp-oq71ey25iggvuffxgnncjis6veg8jx7kndwb9g48rc.png" title="evidence_aggregation_tp_crp" alt="evidence_aggregation_tp_crp" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-id="bb67f45" class="elementor-element elementor-element-bb67f45 yrise-theme-icon-column yrise-theme-three elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column" data-element_type="column"> <div class="elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated"> <div class="elementor-widget-wrap"> <div data-id="a75d2ca" class="elementor-element elementor-element-a75d2ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-element_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h5 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="/spillover-network-and-equilibrium-effects/">Spillover, Network, And General Equilibrium Effects of Policy Interventions</a></h5> </div> </div> <div data-id="3950b6d" class="elementor-element elementor-element-3950b6d yrise-theme-icon-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-element_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-image"> <img src="https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/spillover_tp_crp-oq71ey25kneoehzegsra7yxlwkqlx7rstauogvbct4.png" title="spillover_tp_crp" alt="spillover_tp_crp" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-id="f214ae0" class="elementor-element elementor-element-f214ae0 yrise-theme-icon-column yrise-theme-icon-column-four elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column" data-element_type="column"> <div class="elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated"> <div class="elementor-widget-wrap"> <div data-id="ce266d7" class="elementor-element elementor-element-ce266d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-element_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h5 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="/macro-growth-and-welfare-effects/">Macro, Growth, and Welfare Effects of Policy Interventions</a></h5> </div> </div> <div data-id="d4c1481" class="elementor-element elementor-element-d4c1481 yrise-theme-icon-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-element_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-image"> <img src="https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/macro_tp_crp-oq71ey25iggvuffxgnncjis6veg8jx7kndwb9g48rc.png" title="macro_tp_crp" alt="macro_tp_crp" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section data-id="385937d" class="elementor-element elementor-element-385937d yrise-theme-fixed-content elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-section elementor-top-section" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}" data-element_type="section"> <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> <div class="elementor-row"> <div data-id="41bc038" class="elementor-element elementor-element-41bc038 elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column" data-element_type="column"> <div class="elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated"> <div class="elementor-widget-wrap"> <section data-id="ab25160" class="elementor-element elementor-element-ab25160 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-section elementor-inner-section" data-element_type="section"> <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> <div class="elementor-row"> <div data-id="4811d16" class="elementor-element elementor-element-4811d16 elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column" data-element_type="column"> <div class="elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated"> <div class="elementor-widget-wrap"> <div data-id="53cb260" class="elementor-element elementor-element-53cb260 yrise-page-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-element_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Political Economy Effects of Policy Interventions</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-id="a36aec3" class="elementor-element elementor-element-a36aec3 elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column" data-element_type="column"> <div class="elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated"> <div class="elementor-widget-wrap"> <div data-id="f203279" class="elementor-element elementor-element-f203279 yrise-themes-lg-icon yrise-political-effects elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-element_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-image"> <img src="https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/political_economy_lg_icon1_crp-oq71ey282jxe88krqdgszacr1tanqlyl05j66e4eto.png" title="political_economy_lg_icon1_crp" alt="political_economy_lg_icon1_crp" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section data-id="ac37c62" class="elementor-element elementor-element-ac37c62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-section elementor-inner-section" data-element_type="section"> <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> <div class="elementor-row"> <div data-id="aa604c5" class="elementor-element elementor-element-aa604c5 elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column" data-element_type="column"> <div class="elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated"> <div class="elementor-widget-wrap"> <div data-id="9e6c72b" class="elementor-element elementor-element-9e6c72b yrise-mallory-text elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-element_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix"><strong>Network Conveners:</strong> <span class="yrise-conveners-names"><a href="/people/#affiliated-researcher/yrise-af-gerard-padro-i-miquel">Gerard Padr贸 i Miquel</a> and <a href="/people/#affiliated-researcher/yrise-af-frederico-finan">Frederico Finan</a></span></div> </div> </div> <div data-id="5e404cc" class="elementor-element elementor-element-5e404cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-element_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix"><p>As a program scales up to reach more beneficiaries, it may change the behaviors of politicians and policymakers in response to the program. These political economy responses are unlikely to materialize from pilot programs that touch a few households or businesses, but successfully scaling a program requires understanding how the program interacts with the political landscape — especially if governments become key implementation partners in the scale-up process.</p><p>Scaling a program can affect political behavior in a number of ways, with implications for the effectiveness of the program itself alongside other economic and political outcomes. First, externally funded aid programs may erode political accountability if ineffective leaders claim credit for successful programs (<em><a href="https://press.princeton.edu/titles/10054.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Deaton, 2013</a></em>). On the other hand, external funders of a large-scale program can themselves be an effective source of accountability (<em><a href="https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/452631467998478613/guidelines-on-preventing-and-combating-fraud-and-corruption-in-projects-financed-by-ibrd-loans-and-ida-credits-and-grants">World Bank Group</a></em>). Second, large-scale programs may induce governments to reallocate effort or financial resources, potentially enhancing the effects of a program or undermining its goals. For example, <a href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w21434/w21434.pdf"><em>Guiteras and Mobarak (2016</em>)</a> find that local leaders exert more effort in communities receiving a sanitation program, generating benefits even for community members who were not directly touched by the program. Externally funded programs may also affect the spending decisions of governments, encouraging complementary investments or moving funds to other domains. Finally, as programs scale, they become more visible. Among constituents, this visibility can provoke public backlash, or even shift political support from one party to another, while bureaucrats and leaders may see opportunities for corruption <em>(</em><a href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.31.4.73"><em>Banerjee et al, 2017</em></a>; <a href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w14702.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Manacorda, Miguel, and Vigorio, 2009</em></a>).</p><p>Y-RISE supports research on these topics under the direction of conveners Frederico Finan and Gerard Padr贸 i Miquel. Y-RISE convener Frederico Finan, and co-authors, have provided compelling evidence that the effectiveness of of a program can depend on whether the implementers face electoral incentives. In Brazil, they find that a large-scale conditional cash transfer program was significantly more effective in reducing school drop-out rates when local mayors faced reelection (<em><a href="https://eml.berkeley.edu/~ffinan/Finan_Bolsa.pdf">de Janvry, Finan, and Sadoulet, 201</a><a href="https://eml.berkeley.edu/~ffinan/Finan_Bolsa.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2</a></em>). In the absence of this accountability, mayors have the incentive to appropriate funds at the expense of lower welfare ( <a href="https://eml.berkeley.edu/~ffinan/Finan_Deputies.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Finan, Mazzocco, 201</em>7</a> ).</p></div> </div> </div> <div data-id="aba2027" class="elementor-element elementor-element-aba2027 yrise-no-bottom-margin elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-element_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix"><p><strong>Relevant Papers</strong></p></div> </div> </div> <div data-id="c94d3ae" class="elementor-element elementor-element-c94d3ae yrise-theme-research-list elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-element_type="icon-list.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item" > <a href="https://eml.berkeley.edu/~ffinan/Finan_Bolsa.pdf" target="_blank"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> <i class="fa fa-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">De Janvry, A., Finan, F., Sadoulet, E., 2012. Local Electoral Incentives and Decentralized Program Performance. Review of Economics and Statistics, 2012, 94(3): 672-685.</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item" > <a href="https://spinup-000d1a-wp-offload-media.s3.amazonaws.com/faculty/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/2019/06/Sanitation_politics.pdf" target="_blank"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> <i class="fa fa-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Guiteras, R., Mobarak, A., 2016. Does Development Aid Undermine Political Accountability? Leader and Constituent Responses to a Large-Scale Intervention. Working Paper.</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div>  </div>  </div>  <footer id="yrise-footer"> <div class="yrise-container"> <div class="yrise-footer-column-one"> <div id="yrise-footer-logo"> <a href="https://yale.edu" target="_blank"><img src="https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-content/themes/yrise/images/yale_newlogo_white.png" alt="yale_footer_logo"></a> </div> <div id="yrise-footer-copyright"> <p class="yale-copyright">Copyright © 2024 Yale University • All rights reserved • <a href="https://www.yale.edu/privacy-policy" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a></span></p> </div> <div id="yrise-footer-macmillan"> <p>Y-RISE at the <a href="https://macmillan.yale.edu" target="_blank">Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies at Yale.</a></p> </div> <div id="yrise-footer-photo-credit-mobile"> <p>Photography by Stephanie Skinner (Evidence Action)</p> </div> </div> <div class="yrise-footer-column-two"> <div id="yrise-footer-photo-credit"> <p>Photography by Stephanie Skinner (Evidence Action)</p> </div> <div id="yrise-subscription-cta"> <p><a href="/contact/#yrise-subscription-form">Sign up for Updates</a></p> </div> <div class="yrise-footer-contact-link"> <p><a href="/contact">Contact Us</a></p> </div> <div id="yrise-footer-twitter"> <p class="yale-twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/YaleRISE" target="_blank"><img src="https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-content/themes/yrise/images/yrise_twitter_icon.png"/>@YaleRISE</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div>  <script type='text/javascript' src='https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-content/themes/yrise/js/theme_scripts.js?ver=2.4.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-content/themes/yrise/js/yrise.js?ver=2.4.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=4.9.8'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-includes/js/wp-embed.min.js?ver=4.9.8'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/position.min.js?ver=1.11.4'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/dialog/dialog.min.js?ver=4.5.0'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/waypoints/waypoints.min.js?ver=4.0.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/swiper/swiper.jquery.min.js?ver=4.4.3'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var elementorFrontendConfig = {"isEditMode":"","is_rtl":"","breakpoints":{"xs":0,"sm":480,"md":768,"lg":1025,"xl":1440,"xxl":1600},"version":"2.2.7","urls":{"assets":"https:\/\/yrise.yale.edu\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/"},"settings":{"page":[],"general":{"elementor_global_image_lightbox":"yes","elementor_enable_lightbox_in_editor":"yes"}},"post":{"id":366,"title":"Political Economy Effects of Policy Interventions","excerpt":""}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://yrise.yale.edu/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/js/frontend.min.js?ver=2.2.7'></script> </body> </html>