CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Economic history of Ghana - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1bfbdde4-e00a-44ec-9ec5-10f8747d82d4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Economic_history_of_Ghana","wgTitle":"Economic history of Ghana","wgCurRevisionId":1255205951,"wgRevisionId":1255205951,"wgArticleId":68726669,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Source attribution","CS1 maint: postscript","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","EngvarB from August 2024","Use Ghanaian English from August 2024","All Wikipedia articles written in Ghanaian English","Use dmy dates from August 2024","Articles needing additional references from November 2024","All articles needing additional references","Economic history of Ghana"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage": "en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Economic_history_of_Ghana","wgRelevantArticleId":68726669,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q108577904", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg/1200px-GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="847"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg/800px-GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="565"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg/640px-GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="452"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Economic history of Ghana - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ghana"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ghana"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Economic_history_of_Ghana rootpage-Economic_history_of_Ghana skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Economic+history+of+Ghana" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Economic+history+of+Ghana" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Economic+history+of+Ghana" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Economic+history+of+Ghana" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pre-independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1957-1995" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1957-1995"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1957-1995</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1957-1995-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1995-present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1995-present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1995-present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1995-present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Economic history of Ghana</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108577904#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ghana" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Economic_history_of_Ghana" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ghana"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ghana"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Economic_history_of_Ghana" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Economic_history_of_Ghana" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&oldid=1255205951" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Economic_history_of_Ghana&id=1255205951&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEconomic_history_of_Ghana"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEconomic_history_of_Ghana"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Economic_history_of_Ghana&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108577904" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg/400px-GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg/600px-GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg/800px-GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Change in per capita GDP of Ghana, 1870–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Acca.jpg/240px-Acca.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Acca.jpg/360px-Acca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Acca.jpg/480px-Acca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a> is the capital as well as the economic center of Ghana</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Ghana" title="Category:History of Ghana">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">History of <span class="fn org label">Ghana</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackStar.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Black Star of Africa"><img alt="Black Star of Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BlackStar.PNG/50px-BlackStar.PNG" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BlackStar.PNG/75px-BlackStar.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BlackStar.PNG/100px-BlackStar.PNG 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="273" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_state" title="Bono state">Bonoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denkyira" title="Denkyira">Denkyira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankessim_Kingdom" title="Mankessim Kingdom">Mankessim Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Dagbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Gold_Coast_Convention" title="United Gold Coast Convention">United Gold Coast Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Six_(Ghana)" title="The Big Six (Ghana)">The Big Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ghanaian_history" title="Timeline of Ghanaian history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Ghana" title="Early history of Ghana">Early history</a> (pre-1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">British rule</a> (1821–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Dominion</a> (1957–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="First Republic of Ghana">First Republic</a> (1960–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Republic of Ghana">Second Republic</a> (1966–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Republic of Ghana">Third Republic</a> (1979–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Fourth Republic</a> (1993–present)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> By topic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Ghana" title="Political history of Ghana">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Ghana" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Ghana">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Ghana" title="Template:History of Ghana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Ghana" title="Template talk:History of Ghana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Ghana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Ghana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Economic_history_of_Ghana##" title="Talk:Economic history of Ghana">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Economic+history+of+Ghana%22">"Economic history of Ghana"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Economic+history+of+Ghana%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Economic+history+of+Ghana%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Economic+history+of+Ghana%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Economic+history+of+Ghana%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Economic+history+of+Ghana%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>economic history of Ghana</b> details the <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> and the current economic situation of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> since pre-colonial times to date. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-independence">Pre-independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre-independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Endowed with gold and oil palms and situated between the trans-Saharan trade routes and the African coastline visited by successive European traders, the area known today as Ghana has been involved in all phases of Africa's economic development during the last thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the economic fortunes of African societies have waxed and waned, so, too, have Ghana's, leaving that country in the early 1990s in a state of arrested development, unable to make the "leap" to Africa's next, as yet uncertain, phase of economic evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as the thirteenth century, present-day Ghana was drawn into long-distance trade, in large part because of its gold reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trans-Saharan trade, one of the most wide-ranging trading networks of pre-modern times, involved an exchange of European, North African, and Saharan commodities for the products of the African savannas and forests, including gold, kola nuts, and slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Present-day Ghana, named the Gold Coast by European traders, was an important source of the gold traded across the Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Centralized states such as Asante controlled prices by regulating production and marketing of this precious commodity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As European navigational techniques improved in the fifteenth century, Portuguese and later Dutch and English traders tried to circumvent the Saharan trade by sailing directly to its southernmost source on the West African coast.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1482 the Portuguese built a fortified trading post at Elmina and began purchasing gold, ivory, and pepper from African coastal merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Africans for centuries had exported their raw materials — ivory, gold, kola nuts — in exchange for imports ranging from salt to foreign metals, the introduction of the Atlantic slave trade in the early sixteenth century changed the nature of African export production in fundamental ways.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increasing number of Ghanaians sought to enrich themselves by capturing fellow Africans in warfare and selling them to slave dealers from North America and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slaves were transported to the coast and sold through African merchants, using the same routes and connections through which gold and ivory had formerly flowed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return, Africans often received guns as payment, which could be used to capture more slaves and, more importantly, to gain and preserve political power.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An estimated ten million Africans, at least half a million from the Gold Coast, left the continent in this manner.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some economists have argued that the slave trade increased African economic resources and therefore did not necessarily impede development, but others, notably historian Walter Rodney, have argued that by removing the continent's most valuable resource — humans — the slave trade robbed Africa of unknown invention, innovation, and production.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodney further argues that the slave trade fueled a process of underdevelopment, whereby African societies came to rely on the export of resources crucial to their own economic growth, thereby precluding local development of those resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some scholars maintain that the subsequent economic history of this region supports Rodney's interpretation, no consensus exists on this point.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, in recent years, some historians not only have rejected Rodney's interpretation but also have advanced the notion that it is the Africans themselves rather than an array of external forces that are to blame for the continent's economic plight.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the slave trade ended in the early years of the nineteenth century, the local economy became the focus of the so-called legitimate trade, which the emerging industrial powers of Europe encouraged as a source of materials and markets to aid their own production and sales.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British, in particular, gained increasing control over the region throughout the nineteenth century and promoted the production of palm oil and timber as well as the continuation of gold production.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return, Africans were inundated with imports of consumer goods that, unlike the luxuries or locally unavailable imports of the trans-Saharan trade, quickly displaced African products, especially textiles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1878 cacao trees were introduced from the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocoa quickly became the colony's major export; Ghana produced more than half the global yield by the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African farmers used kinship networks like business corporations to spread cocoa cultivation throughout large areas of southern Ghana.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legitimate trade restored the overall productivity of Ghana's economy; however, the influx of European goods began to displace indigenous industries, and farmers focused more on cash crops than on essential food crops for local consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1957-1995">1957-1995</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1957-1995"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Ghana gained its independence from Britain in 1957, the economy appeared stable and prosperous.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghana was the world's leading producer of cocoa, boasted a well-developed infrastructure to service trade, and enjoyed a relatively advanced education system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At independence, President Kwame Nkrumah sought to use the apparent stability of the Ghanaian economy as a springboard for economic diversification and expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began the process of moving Ghana from a primarily agricultural economy to a mixed agricultural-industrial one.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using cocoa revenues as security, Nkrumah took out loans to establish industries that would produce import substitutes as well as process many of Ghana's exports.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nkrumah's plans were ambitious and grounded in the desire to reduce Ghana's vulnerability to world trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, the price of cocoa collapsed in the mid-1960s, destroying the fundamental stability of the economy and making it nearly impossible for Nkrumah to continue his plans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pervasive corruption exacerbated these problems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966 a group of military officers overthrew Nkrumah and inherited a nearly bankrupt country.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1966 Ghana has been caught in a cycle of debt, weak commodity demand, and currency overvaluation, which has resulted in the decay of productive capacities and a crippling foreign debt.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the price of cocoa fell in the mid-1960s, Ghana obtained less of the foreign currency necessary to repay loans, the value of which jumped almost ten times between 1960 and 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some economists recommended that Ghana devalue its currency, the cedi, to make its cocoa price more attractive on the world market, but devaluation would also have rendered loan repayment in United States dollars much more difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, such a devaluation would have increased the costs of imports, both for consumers and nascent industries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the early 1980s, successive governments refused to devalue the currency (with the exception of the government of Kofi Abrefa Busia, which devalued the cedi in 1971 and was promptly overthrown).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocoa prices languished, discouraging cocoa production altogether and leading to smuggling of existing cocoa crops to neighboring countries, where francs rather than cedis could be obtained in payment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As production and official exports collapsed, revenue necessary for the survival of the economy was obtained through the procurement of further loans, thereby intensifying a self-destructive cycle driven by debt and reliance on vulnerable world commodity markets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1980s, Ghana's economy was in an advanced state of collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per capita gross domestic product (GDP) showed negative growth throughout the 1960s and fell by 3.2 percent per year from 1970 to 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most important was the decline in cocoa production, which fell by half between the mid-1960s and the late 1970s, drastically reducing Ghana's share of the world market from about one-third in the early 1970s to only one-eighth in 1982-83.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, mineral production fell by 32 percent; gold production declined by 47 percent, diamonds by 67 percent, manganese by 43 percent, and bauxite by 46 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inflation averaged more than 50 percent a year between 1976 and 1981, hitting 116.5 percent in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Real minimum wages dropped from an index of 75 in 1975 to one of 15.4 in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tax revenue fell from 17 percent of GDP in 1973 to only 5 percent in 1983, and actual imports by volume in 1982 were only 43 percent of average 1975-76 levels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Productivity, the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>, and the government's resources had plummeted dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981 a military government under the leadership of Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings came to power. Calling itself the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC), the Rawlings regime initially blamed the nation's economic problems on the corruption of previous governments. Rawlings soon discovered, however, that Ghana's problems were the result of forces more complicated than economic abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a severe drought in 1983, the government accepted stringent International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank loan conditions and instituted the Economic Recovery Program (ERP).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Signaling a dramatic shift in policies, the ERP fundamentally changed the government's social, political, and economic orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aimed primarily at enabling Ghana to repay its foreign debts, the ERP exemplified the structural adjustment policies formulated by international banking and donor institutions in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program emphasized the promotion of the export sector and an enforced fiscal stringency, which together aimed to eradicate budget deficits. The PNDC followed the ERP faithfully and gained the support of the international financial community.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of the ERP on the domestic economy, however, led to a lowered standard of living for most Ghanaians.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1990s, Ghana's economic recovery still appeared uneven and was geared primarily to the export rather than domestic market.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GDP had risen by an average of 5 percent per year since 1984, inflation had been reduced to about 20 percent, and export earnings had reached US$1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most production came from the export sector, and by the 1992-93 crop year, cocoa production surpassed 300,000 tons, placing Ghana third in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990 exports of minerals — primarily gold but also diamonds, manganese, and bauxite — brought in US$234 million, an increase of 23.2 percent from the year before.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, salaries were low, and because the cost of public services continued to rise, Ghana's poor bore the brunt of the negative effects of the austerity program.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1995-present">1995-present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1995-present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oil was discovered in commercial quantities under the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Kufuor" title="Presidency of John Kufuor">Presidency of John Kufuor</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Atta_Mills" title="Presidency of John Atta Mills">successor</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills">John Atta Mills</a> initiated Ghana's first ever foray into oil production.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the government <a href="/wiki/2010_Ghana_GDP_rebasing" title="2010 Ghana GDP rebasing">rebased</a> the economic statistics of the country resulting in an upward push of the <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> of Ghana by more than 60%. The base year for calculations was also changed from 1993 to 2006. The rebase moved Ghana into middle income status and it placed the country as the third largest in the ranking of GDP per person in West Africa behind Cape Verde and Nigeria. After the changes in statistics, the service sector became the largest sector of Ghana's economy with a share of 51%. <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ghana" title="Agriculture in Ghana">Agriculture</a>, which was initially the dominant sector, accounted for 30.2% after the economic rebasing whiles the <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Ghana" title="Manufacturing in Ghana">industrial sector</a> lagged behind with a share of 18.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghana became the fastest growing nation in the world in 2011<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and once more in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghana’s rapid growth (7 percent per year in 2017-19) was halted by the consequences of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, especially the March 2020 Ghana’s <a href="/wiki/Lockdown" title="Lockdown">lockdown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Economy of Ghana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-49"><sup><i><b>ax</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-50"><sup><i><b>ay</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-51"><sup><i><b>az</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-52"><sup><i><b>ba</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-53"><sup><i><b>bb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-54"><sup><i><b>bc</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-55"><sup><i><b>bd</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-56"><sup><i><b>be</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-57"><sup><i><b>bf</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-58"><sup><i><b>bg</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClark1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Clark, Nancy L. (1995). "The Economy". In Berry, LaVerle (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/95018891/"><i>Ghana: a country study</i></a> (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. pp. 132–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0835-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0835-2"><bdi>0-8444-0835-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32508385">32508385</a>. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Economy&rft.btitle=Ghana%3A+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=132-137&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32508385&rft.isbn=0-8444-0835-2&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Nancy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F95018891%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11996983">"Ghana oil begins pumping for first time"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 15 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120902051028/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11996983">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ghana+oil+begins+pumping+for+first+time&rft.date=2010-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-11996983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ghana-s-GDP-goes-up-by-60-196833">"Ghana's GDP goes up by 60%"</a>. GhanaWeb. 5 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghana%27s+GDP+goes+up+by+60%25&rft.pub=GhanaWeb&rft.date=2010-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghanaweb.com%2FGhanaHomePage%2FNewsArchive%2FGhana-s-GDP-goes-up-by-60-196833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cp-africa.com/2011/08/11/ghana-is-currently-the-worlds-fastest-growing-economy-in-2011/">"Ghana is currently the world's fastest growing economy in 2011"</a>. Cp-africa.com. 11 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120814072058/http://www.cp-africa.com/2011/08/11/ghana-is-currently-the-worlds-fastest-growing-economy-in-2011/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghana+is+currently+the+world%27s+fastest+growing+economy+in+2011&rft.pub=Cp-africa.com&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp-africa.com%2F2011%2F08%2F11%2Fghana-is-currently-the-worlds-fastest-growing-economy-in-2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ventures-africa.com/2012/08/the-7-fastest-growing-economies-in-africa/">"The 7 Fastest Growing Economies in Africa"</a>. Ventures Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130708044807/http://www.ventures-africa.com/2012/08/the-7-fastest-growing-economies-in-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+7+Fastest+Growing+Economies+in+Africa&rft.pub=Ventures+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ventures-africa.com%2F2012%2F08%2Fthe-7-fastest-growing-economies-in-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cp-africa.com/2011/08/11/ghana-is-currently-the-worlds-fastest-growing-economy-in-2011/">"Ghana is currently the world's fastest growing economy in 2011"</a>. Celebrating Progress Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120814072058/http://www.cp-africa.com/2011/08/11/ghana-is-currently-the-worlds-fastest-growing-economy-in-2011/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghana+is+currently+the+world%27s+fastest+growing+economy+in+2011&rft.pub=Celebrating+Progress+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp-africa.com%2F2011%2F08%2F11%2Fghana-is-currently-the-worlds-fastest-growing-economy-in-2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaidoo2019" class="citation news cs1">Naidoo, Pinesha (10 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-10/ghana-is-the-star-in-imf-s-2019-economic-growth-forecast-chart">"Ghana Is the Star in IMF's 2019 Economic Growth Forecast"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412184254/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-10/ghana-is-the-star-in-imf-s-2019-economic-growth-forecast-chart">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Ghana+Is+the+Star+in+IMF%27s+2019+Economic+Growth+Forecast&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft.aulast=Naidoo&rft.aufirst=Pinesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-04-10%2Fghana-is-the-star-in-imf-s-2019-economic-growth-forecast-chart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrohlich" class="citation web cs1">Frohlich, Sija. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.dw.com/en/imf-world-economic-outlook-puts-ghana-in-the-lead/a-48356052">"IMF World Economic Outlook puts Ghana in the lead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=IMF+World+Economic+Outlook+puts+Ghana+in+the+lead&rft.aulast=Frohlich&rft.aufirst=Sija&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.dw.com%2Fen%2Fimf-world-economic-outlook-puts-ghana-in-the-lead%2Fa-48356052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmond" class="citation web cs1">Edmond, Charlotte. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/05/ghana-is-set-to-be-the-worlds-fastest-growing-economy-this-year-according-to-the-imf/">"Ghana will grow faster than any other economy this year, the IMF says why"</a>. <i>World Economic Forum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=Ghana+will+grow+faster+than+any+other+economy+this+year%2C+the+IMF+says+why&rft.aulast=Edmond&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2019%2F05%2Fghana-is-set-to-be-the-worlds-fastest-growing-economy-this-year-according-to-the-imf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ghana/overview">"Overview"</a>. <i>World Bank</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fghana%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ghana_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ghana_topics" title="Template:Ghana topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ghana_topics" title="Template talk:Ghana topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ghana_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ghana topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ghana_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ghana-related_articles" title="Index of Ghana-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ghanaian_history" title="Timeline of Ghanaian history">Historical timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Ghana" title="Early history of Ghana">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_state" title="Bono state">Bono state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumah_government" title="Nkrumah government">First Republic (1960–1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Council" title="National Liberation Council">National Liberation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Abrefa_Busia" title="Kofi Abrefa Busia">Kofi Busia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Kutu_Acheampong" title="Ignatius Kutu Acheampong">Ignatius Kutu Acheampong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Revolutionary_Council,_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, Ghana">Armed Forces Revolutionary Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilla_Limann" title="Hilla Limann">Hilla Limann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_National_Defence_Council" title="Provisional National Defence Council">Provisional National Defence Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Jerry Rawlings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">John Kufuor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills">John Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mahama" title="John Mahama">John Mahama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Nana Akufo-Addo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Ghana" title="Political history of Ghana">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Ghana" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Ghana">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana" title="Geography of Ghana">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Ghana" title="Template:Borders of Ghana">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ghana" title="List of cities in Ghana">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ghana" title="Climate of Ghana">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Ghana" title="Climate change in Ghana">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Ghana" title="Category:Forests of Ghana">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Ghana" title="Category:Mountains of Ghana">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Ghana" title="List of national parks of Ghana">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Ghana" title="Category:Protected areas of Ghana">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ghana" title="List of rivers of Ghana">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of Ghana">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ghana" title="Politics of Ghana">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ghana" title="Administrative divisions of Ghana">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ghana" title="Constitution of Ghana">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ghana" title="Cabinet of Ghana">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ghana" title="Elections in Ghana">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ghana" title="Foreign relations of Ghana">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ghana" title="Government of Ghana">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ghana" title="Human rights in Ghana">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ghana">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ghana" title="Judiciary of Ghana">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ghana" title="Law enforcement in Ghana">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Armed_Forces" title="Ghana Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ghana" title="List of political parties in Ghana">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ghana" title="Parliament of Ghana">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ghana" title="Prime Minister of Ghana">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ghana" title="Agriculture in Ghana">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">Cedi (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ghana" title="Bank of Ghana">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Ghana" title="Electricity sector in Ghana">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Ghana">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ghana" title="Trade unions in Ghana">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Ghana" title="Manufacturing in Ghana">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Ghana" title="Mining industry of Ghana">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Ghana" title="Oil reserves in Ghana">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Stock_Exchange" title="Ghana Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ghana" title="Telecommunications in Ghana">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ghana" title="Tourism in Ghana">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ghana" title="Transport in Ghana">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ghana" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ghana">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ghana" title="Category:Society of Ghana">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ghana" title="Abortion in Ghana">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ghana" title="Crime in Ghana">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime_in_Ghana" title="Cybercrime in Ghana">Cybercrime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ghana" title="Demographics of Ghana">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_Ghana" title="Discrimination in Ghana">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Ghana" title="Domestic violence in Ghana">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ghana" title="Education in Ghana">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Ghana" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Ghana">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ghana" title="Health in Ghana">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ghana" title="Human trafficking in Ghana">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Ghana" title="Illegal immigration to Ghana">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana" title="Languages of Ghana">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_justice_in_Ghana" title="Mob justice in Ghana">Mob justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Ghana" title="Polygamy in Ghana">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Ghana" title="Prostitution in Ghana">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_children_in_Ghana" title="Street children in Ghana">Street children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ghana" title="Squatting in Ghana">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ghana" title="Women in Ghana">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ghana" title="Culture of Ghana">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%27s_material_cultural_heritage" title="Ghana's material cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Ghana">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Bless_Our_Homeland_Ghana" title="God Bless Our Homeland Ghana">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pledge_Of_Ghana" title="National Pledge Of Ghana">National pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ghana" title="Public holidays in Ghana">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Ghana" title="Sports in Ghana">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conduct_in_Ghana" title="Social conduct in Ghana">Social conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Ghana" title="Video games in Ghana">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Ghana" title="Witchcraft in Ghana">Witchcraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ghana" title="Outline of Ghana">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ghana-related_articles" title="Index of Ghana-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Ghana#Further_reading" title="Ghana">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ghana" title="Category:Ghana">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ghana&#124;link=Ghana_Economy_of_Ghana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Ghana" title="Template:Economy of Ghana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Ghana" title="Template talk:Economy of Ghana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Ghana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Ghana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ghana&#124;link=Ghana_Economy_of_Ghana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Economy of Ghana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Currency: <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">Ghanaian cedi</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retail_banking" title="Retail banking">Retail</a> / <a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">savings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absa_Bank_Ghana_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Absa Bank Ghana Limited">Absa Bank Ghana Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_Bank_Ghana_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Access Bank Ghana Limited">Access Bank Ghana Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Development_Bank_of_Ghana" title="Agricultural Development Bank of Ghana">Agricultural Development Bank of Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Africa_(Ghana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Africa (Ghana)">Bank of Africa Ghana Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CalBank" title="CalBank">CalBank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Bank_Ghana" title="Consolidated Bank Ghana">Consolidated Bank Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Databank_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Databank Group (page does not exist)">Databank Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecobank_Ghana" title="Ecobank Ghana">Ecobank Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_Nigeria" title="First Bank of Nigeria">FBN Bank Ghana Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity_Bank_Ghana" title="Fidelity Bank Ghana">Fidelity Bank Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Atlantic_Bank" title="First Atlantic Bank">First Atlantic Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_National_Bank_Ghana" title="First National Bank Ghana">First National Bank Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Commercial_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghana Commercial Bank">GCB Bank Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranty_Trust_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaranty Trust Bank">Guaranty Trust Bank Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investment_Bank" title="National Investment Bank">National Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniBSIC_Bank_Ghana_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="OmniBSIC Bank Ghana Limited">OmniBSIC Bank Ghana Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudential_Bank_Limited" title="Prudential Bank Limited">Prudential Bank Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Finance_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Finance Company">Republic Bank Ghana Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SG-SSB" class="mw-redirect" title="SG-SSB">Société Générale Ghana Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanbic_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanbic Bank">Stanbic Bank Ghana Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered_Bank_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Chartered Bank Ghana">Standard Chartered Bank Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Bank_for_Africa" title="United Bank for Africa">UBA Ghana Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Merchant_Bank" title="Universal Merchant Bank">Universal Merchant Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenith_Bank" title="Zenith Bank">Zenith Bank Ghana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABii_National" title="ABii National">ABii National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_Loans_Company" title="Savings and Loans Company">Savings and Loans Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Group_(Ghana)" title="Enterprise Group (Ghana)">Enterprise Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIC_Insurance_Company" title="SIC Insurance Company">SIC Insurance Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ghana" title="Telecommunications in Ghana">Communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_media_in_Ghana" title="New media in Ghana">New media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Ghana" title="Electricity sector in Ghana">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ghana" title="Transport in Ghana">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ghana" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ghana">Water supply and sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatisation_in_Ghana" title="Water privatisation in Ghana">Water privatization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Ghana" title="List of companies of Ghana">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ghana" title="Agriculture in Ghana">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Ghana" title="Cocoa production in Ghana">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_industry_in_Ghana" title="Salt industry in Ghana">Salt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ghana" title="Health in Ghana">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Ghana" title="Manufacturing in Ghana">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Ghana" title="Mining industry of Ghana">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Ghana" title="Oil reserves in Ghana">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ghana" title="Tourism in Ghana">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ghana" title="Trade unions in Ghana">Trade unions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Federation_of_Labour" title="Ghana Federation of Labour">Ghana Federation of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Trades Union Congress of Ghana">Trades Union Congress of Ghana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takoradi_Harbour" title="Takoradi Harbour">Takoradi Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tema_Harbour" title="Tema Harbour">Tema Harbour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ghana_templates" title="Category:Ghana templates">Ghana templates</a></b></li> <li> <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Ghana_topics" title="Template:Ghana topics">Ghana</a> topics</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_histories_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_history" title="Template:Economic history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_history" title="Template talk:Economic history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_histories_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_world" title="Economic history of the world">Economic histories by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Africa" title="Economic history of Africa">Africa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economic history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Economic history of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economic history of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Morocco" title="Economic history of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nigeria" title="Economic history of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Somalia" title="Economic history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sudan" title="Economic history of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Uganda" title="Economic history of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economic history of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Argentina" title="Economic history of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Chile" title="Economic history of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Colombia" title="Economic history of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ecuador" title="Economic history of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nicaragua" title="Economic history of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Panama" title="Economic history of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru" title="Economic history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Arab_world" title="Economic history of the Arab world">Arab world</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economic history of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cambodia" title="Economic history of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Malaysia" title="Economic history of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Pakistan" title="Economic history of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Taiwan" title="Economic history of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Vietnam" title="Economic history of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Europe">Europe</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ireland" title="Economic history of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economic history of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Netherlands_(1500%E2%80%931815)" title="Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sweden" title="Economic history of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Scotland" title="Economic history of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Economic history of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former industrialized<br />economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Economy of Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the German Democratic Republic">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Economy of the Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Economy of the Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Economy of Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Ashanti Empire"> Ashanti Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Economy of the Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Economy of the Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Economy of the Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Economy of the Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Financial history of the Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">England in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Economy of the Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_feudal_Japan" title="Economics of feudal Japan">Feudal Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Habsburg_monarchy" title="Economy of the Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Economy of the Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Iroquois" title="Economy of the Iroquois">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of Scotland in the Middle Ages">Scotland in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Economy of ancient Tamil country">Tamil Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_history_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_history_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Africa" title="Economic history of Africa">Economic history of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Chad (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economic history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Economic history of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economic history of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Morocco" title="Economic history of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Niger (page does not exist)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nigeria" title="Economic history of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Somalia" title="Economic history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sudan" title="Economic history of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Uganda" title="Economic history of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economic history of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/21px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/42px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&oldid=1255205951">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&oldid=1255205951</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_Ghana" title="Category:Economic history of Ghana">Economic history of Ghana</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">CS1 maint: postscript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_August_2024" title="Category:EngvarB from August 2024">EngvarB from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Ghanaian_English_from_August_2024" title="Category:Use Ghanaian English from August 2024">Use Ghanaian English from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Ghanaian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Ghanaian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Ghanaian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2024">Use dmy dates from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2024">Articles needing additional references from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 November 2024, at 18:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Ghana&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-cghgc","wgBackendResponseTime":145,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.627","walltime":"0.861","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3063,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":146385,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13144,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":30,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":97203,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 724.718 1 -total"," 17.34% 125.633 1 Template:Ghana_topics"," 17.05% 123.542 1 Template:Country_topics"," 16.26% 117.850 1 Template:Short_description"," 15.80% 114.486 1 Template:History_of_Ghana"," 15.31% 110.951 1 Template:Sidebar"," 11.85% 85.846 1 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 9.09% 65.906 1 Template:Single_source"," 8.50% 61.624 1 Template:Ambox"," 7.50% 54.370 1 Template:Portalbar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.312","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6704310,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-8f575c78d-kzxct","timestamp":"20241126212214","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Economic history of Ghana","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_history_of_Ghana","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q108577904","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q108577904","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2021-09-15T00:51:30Z","dateModified":"2024-11-03T18:33:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5d\/GDP_per_capita_development_development_of_Ghana.svg","headline":"aspect of history"}</script> </body> </html>