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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Ešarra-ḫammat</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Queens_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Woman of the Palace</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eyestone_Esarra-hammat_1967_1483.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Eyestone_Esarra-hammat_1967_1483.jpg/220px-Eyestone_Esarra-hammat_1967_1483.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Eyestone_Esarra-hammat_1967_1483.jpg/330px-Eyestone_Esarra-hammat_1967_1483.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Eyestone_Esarra-hammat_1967_1483.jpg/440px-Eyestone_Esarra-hammat_1967_1483.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1322" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Stone 'eye' (onyx) with cuneiform inscription, "(Property) of Ešarra-ḫammat, wife of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeichty2011313–314_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeichty2011313–314-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 712 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 672 BC (aged <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 40)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%93r%C5%AB%CA%BEa-%C4%93%E1%B9%ADirat" title="Šērūʾa-ēṭirat">Šērūʾa-ēṭirat</a> (?)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a> (?)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (?)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ešarra-ḫammat</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ešarra-ḫammat</b> (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: <i lang="akk">Ešarra-ḫammat</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009168_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009168-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "Ešarra is mistress")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014189_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014189-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">queen of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> as the primary consort<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>681–669 BC). Ešarra-ḫammat had been married to Esarhaddon for over a decade by the time he became king, having married him <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 695 BC. Few sources from Ešarra-ḫammat's lifetime that mention her are known and she is thus chiefly known from sources dating to after her death in February 672 BC, an event which deeply affected Esarhaddon. Esarhaddon had a great <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> constructed for her, unusual for burials of Assyrian queens, and had her death recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</a>. Ešarra-ḫammat might have been the mother of Esarhaddon's most prominent children, i.e. the daughter <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%93r%C5%AB%CA%BEa-%C4%93%E1%B9%ADirat" title="Šērūʾa-ēṭirat">Šērūʾa-ēṭirat</a> and the sons <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ešarra-ḫammat married <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 695 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Austrian British Assyriologist <a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Leick" title="Gwendolyn Leick">Gwendolyn Leick</a>, Ešarra-ḫammat might have been of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick2002Ashurbanipal_and_the_fall_of_Nineveh_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick2002Ashurbanipal_and_the_fall_of_Nineveh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ešarra-ḫammat is known mainly from commemorative documents and inscriptions written after her death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the few known inscriptions written by Ešarra-ḫammat (i.e. written when she was alive) is an inscription on an eye-stone marking it as her property.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeichty2011313–314_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeichty2011313–314-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ešarra-ḫammat's name translated literally means "Ešarra is mistress".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014189_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014189-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ešarra was a temple,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014189_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014189-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Mesopotamian cosmology, the name Ešarra was also applied to a heavenly cosmic location.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998113_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998113-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is perhaps best interpreted as "[<a href="/wiki/Mullissu" title="Mullissu">Mullissu</a> of] Ešarra is mistress", referencing the goddess associated with the temple/realm. Alternative translations and interpretations include the name just referring to the temple/realm itself, or that it should be read "[Mullissu of] Ešarra gathers [all the powers]" or "[In] Ešarra, she is mistress". Given that no other individual by the name Ešarra-ḫammat is known, it is possible that the name was assumed by the future queen upon her marriage to Esarhaddon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014189_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014189-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ešarra-ḫammat died, probably aged about 40, in February 672 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is the only known queen of Esarhaddon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Esarhaddon was also only about 40, and would rule for a few more years, no incumbent queen is known from the sources after his death, and the position is obviously absent from preserved lists of officials from this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013120_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013120-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of Ešarra-ḫammat, which had shortly before been preceded by the death of one of their infant children, sunk Esarhaddon into depression,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner201550_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner201550-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he did not choose a new queen. Instead, some of the queen's responsibilities and duties were assigned to Esarhaddon's mother, <a href="/wiki/Naqi%CA%BEa" title="Naqiʾa">Naqiʾa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013120_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013120-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvärd2015161_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvärd2015161-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though there are two surviving accounts of Ešarra-ḫammat's funeral and the rituals performed for her, her grave has not yet been located.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This grave was not just a simple site, or placed within the palace (as was the case for some earlier queens);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017174_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017174-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esarhaddon had a great <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> constructed for Ešarra-ḫammat<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGansell2018159_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGansell2018159-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he had her death recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGansell2018159_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGansell2018159-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is known that Esarhaddon had other wives than Ešarra-ḫammat, as his succession documents distinguish between the sons of "<a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>'s mother" (Ashurbanipal being his son and successor) and the other sons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is as such not known for certain which among Esarhaddon's at least 18 children<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner2003170_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003170-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were also Ešarra-ḫammat's children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that Esarhaddon's most prominent children, the eldest daughter <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%93r%C5%AB%CA%BEa-%C4%93%E1%B9%ADirat" title="Šērūʾa-ēṭirat">Šērūʾa-ēṭirat</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the sons Ashurbanipal and <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a>, were Ešarra-ḫammat's children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeichty2011313_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeichty2011313-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ešarra-ḫammat's funeral was a grand affair, in which multiple distinguished women from the court and elsewhere partook,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChavalas2014220_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavalas2014220-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Ešarra-ḫammat's "daughter" and "daughter-in-law". In 2013, the Assyriologist David Kertai assumed the daughter referenced to be Šērūʾa-ēṭirat, and suggested that the daughter-in-law could be <a href="/wiki/Libb%C4%81li-%C5%A1arrat" title="Libbāli-šarrat">Libbāli-šarrat</a>, the wife of Ashurbanipal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At some point after Ashurbanipal was proclaimed Esarhaddon's heir later in 672 BC, three months after Ešarra-ḫammat's death, Esarhaddon's chief exorcist Adad-šumu-uṣur reported to the king that Ešarra-ḫammat's ghost had appeared to Ashurbanipal to confirm his status as heir. Partially quoting Ashurbanipal's words, Adad-šumu-uṣur presented the following account:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPongratz-Leisten200626_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPongratz-Leisten200626-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"<a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> ordained me to be the crown prince of Assyria because of her [Ešarra-ḫammat's] righteousness". (And) her ghost blesses him in the same degree as he has revered the ghost: "May his descendants rule over Assyria!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPongratz-Leisten200626_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPongratz-Leisten200626-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though usually used by historians today,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the title of "queen" as such did not exist in the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>. The feminine version of the word for king (<i>šarrum</i>) was <i>šarratum</i>, but this was reserved for goddesses and foreign queens who ruled in their own right. Because the consorts of the kings did not rule themselves, they were not regarded as their equals and as such not called <i>šarratum</i>. Instead, the term reserved for the primary consort was <small>MUNUS É.GAL</small> (woman of the palace).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017173_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017173-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Assyrian, this term was rendered <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">issi ekalli</i></span>, later abbreviated to <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">sēgallu</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assyrian kings at times had multiple wives at the same time, but not all were recognized as queens (or "women of the palace"). Though it has been disputed in the past,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017166_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017166-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it appears that only one woman bore the title at any given time, as the term typically appears without qualifiers (indicating a lack of ambiguity).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertai2013">Kertai 2013</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017173-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017173_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpurrier2017">Spurrier 2017</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeichty2011313–314-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeichty2011313–314_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeichty2011313–314_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeichty2011">Leichty 2011</a>, pp. 313–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009168-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009168_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovotnySingletary2009">Novotny & Singletary 2009</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014189-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014189_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014189_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014189_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014189_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrahm2014">Frahm 2014</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017166-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017166_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpurrier2017">Spurrier 2017</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013119_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertai2013">Kertai 2013</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick2002Ashurbanipal_and_the_fall_of_Nineveh-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick2002Ashurbanipal_and_the_fall_of_Nineveh_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeick2002">Leick 2002</a>, Ashurbanipal and the fall of Nineveh.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998113-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998113_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorowitz1998">Horowitz 1998</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013120-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013120_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013120_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertai2013">Kertai 2013</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner201550-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner201550_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadner2015">Radner 2015</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESvärd2015161-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvärd2015161_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSvärd2015">Svärd 2015</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017174-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017174_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpurrier2017">Spurrier 2017</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotnySingletary2009174–176_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovotnySingletary2009">Novotny & Singletary 2009</a>, p. 174–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGansell2018159-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGansell2018159_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGansell2018159_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGansell2018">Gansell 2018</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003170-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner2003170_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadner2003">Radner 2003</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeichty2011313-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeichty2011313_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeichty2011">Leichty 2011</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavalas2014220-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChavalas2014220_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChavalas2014">Chavalas 2014</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPongratz-Leisten200626-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPongratz-Leisten200626_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPongratz-Leisten200626_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPongratz-Leisten2006">Pongratz-Leisten 2006</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChavalas2014" class="citation book cs1">Chavalas, Mark (2014). <i>Women in the Ancient Near East: a Sourcebook</i>. Oxford: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415448550" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415448550"><bdi>978-0415448550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+a+Sourcebook&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0415448550&rft.aulast=Chavalas&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrahm2014" class="citation book cs1">Frahm, Eckart (2014). "Family Matters: Psychohistorical Reflections on Sennacherib and His Times". In Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bF_bAgAAQBAJ"><i>Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography</i></a>. Leiden: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004265615" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004265615"><bdi>978-9004265615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Matters%3A+Psychohistorical+Reflections+on+Sennacherib+and+His+Times&rft.btitle=Sennacherib+at+the+Gates+of+Jerusalem%3A+Story%2C+History+and+Historiography&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9004265615&rft.aulast=Frahm&rft.aufirst=Eckart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbF_bAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGansell2018" class="citation book cs1">Gansell, Amy Rebecca (2018). "In Pursuit of Neo-Assyrian Queens: An Interdisciplinary Model for Researching Ancient Women and Engendering Ancient History". In Svärd, Saana; Agnès, Garcia-Ventura (eds.). <i>Studying Gender in the Ancient Near East</i>. University Park: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575067704" title="Special:BookSources/978-1575067704"><bdi>978-1575067704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Pursuit+of+Neo-Assyrian+Queens%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Model+for+Researching+Ancient+Women+and+Engendering+Ancient+History&rft.btitle=Studying+Gender+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1575067704&rft.aulast=Gansell&rft.aufirst=Amy+Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz1998" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Wayne (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P8fl8BXpR0MC"><i>Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography</i></a>. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931464-99-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-931464-99-4"><bdi>0-931464-99-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamian+Cosmic+Geography&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-931464-99-4&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP8fl8BXpR0MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKertai2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kertai, David (2013). "The Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire". <i>Altorientalische Forschungen</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 108–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Faof.2013.0006">10.1524/aof.2013.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163392326">163392326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Altorientalische+Forschungen&rft.atitle=The+Queens+of+the+Neo-Assyrian+Empire&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108-124&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Faof.2013.0006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163392326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kertai&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeichty2011" class="citation book cs1">Leichty, Erle (2011). <i>The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680–669 BC)</i>. University Park: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575062099" title="Special:BookSources/978-1575062099"><bdi>978-1575062099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Inscriptions+of+Esarhaddon%2C+King+of+Assyria+%28680%E2%80%93669+BC%29&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1575062099&rft.aulast=Leichty&rft.aufirst=Erle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeick2002" class="citation book cs1">Leick, Gwendolyn (2002) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HUFdfwRpDykC"><i>Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141927114" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141927114"><bdi>978-0141927114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia%3A+The+Invention+of+the+City&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0141927114&rft.aulast=Leick&rft.aufirst=Gwendolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHUFdfwRpDykC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovotnySingletary2009" class="citation journal cs1">Novotny, Jamie; Singletary, Jennifer (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52460">"Family Ties: Assurbanipal's Family Revisited"</a>. <i>Studia Orientalia Electronica</i>. <b>106</b>: 167–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Orientalia+Electronica&rft.atitle=Family+Ties%3A+Assurbanipal%27s+Family+Revisited&rft.volume=106&rft.pages=167-177&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Novotny&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft.au=Singletary%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Fstore%2Farticle%2Fview%2F52460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPongratz-Leisten2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2006). 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(2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/690911">"Finding Hama: On the Identification of a Forgotten Queen Buried in the Nimrud Tombs"</a>. <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>76</b> (1): 149–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F690911">10.1086/690911</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164734557">164734557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Finding+Hama%3A+On+the+Identification+of+a+Forgotten+Queen+Buried+in+the+Nimrud+Tombs&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=149-174&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F690911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164734557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spurrier&rft.aufirst=Tracy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F690911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvärd2015" class="citation journal cs1">Svärd, Saana (2015). "Changes in Neo-Assyrian Queenship". <i>State Archives of Assyria Bulletin</i>. <b>XXI</b>: 157–171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=State+Archives+of+Assyria+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Changes+in+Neo-Assyrian+Queenship&rft.volume=XXI&rft.pages=157-171&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Sv%C3%A4rd&rft.aufirst=Saana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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queens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neo-Assyrian_queens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neo-Assyrian queens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Queens_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Queens_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua" title="Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua">Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_(queen)" title="Hama (queen)">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia" title="Iaba, Banitu and Atalia">Iaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia" title="Iaba, Banitu and Atalia">Banitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia" title="Iaba, Banitu and Atalia">Atalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashmetu-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashmetu-sharrat">Tashmetu-sharrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqi'a">Naqi'a</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esharra-hammat" class="mw-redirect" title="Esharra-hammat">Esharra-hammat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libbali-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Libbali-sharrat">Libbali-sharrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana-Tashmetum-taklak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ana-Tashmetum-taklak">Ana-Tashmetum-taklak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Assyrian_queens" title="Category:Assyrian queens">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sargonid_dynasty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sargonid_dynasty" title="Template:Sargonid dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sargonid_dynasty" title="Template talk:Sargonid dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sargonid_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sargonid dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sargonid_dynasty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a></i> <small>(Babylon)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a></i> <small>(Babylon)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia" title="Iaba, Banitu and Atalia">Atalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashmetu-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashmetu-sharrat">Tashmetu-sharrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqi'a">Naqi'a</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esharra-hammat" class="mw-redirect" title="Esharra-hammat">Esharra-hammat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libbali-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Libbali-sharrat">Libbali-sharrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana-Tashmetum-taklak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ana-Tashmetum-taklak">Ana-Tashmetum-taklak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arda-Mulissu" title="Arda-Mulissu">Arda-Mulissu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serua-eterat" class="mw-redirect" title="Serua-eterat">Serua-eterat</a></li> <li><small>(<i><a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty#Family_tree_of_the_Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Full family tree</a></i>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sargonid_dynasty" title="Category:Sargonid dynasty">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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