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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Content of Tomb II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_of_Tomb_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleopathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleopathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Paleopathology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paleopathology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paleopathology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paleopathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Body_II_B_(Iaba)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_II_B_(Iaba)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Body II B (Iaba)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_II_B_(Iaba)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_II_A_(Atalia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_II_A_(Atalia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Body II A (Atalia)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_II_A_(Atalia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate_of_the_bones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate_of_the_bones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fate of the bones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fate_of_the_bones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Assyrian queens</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neo-Assyrian,_Nimrud,_Tomb_II,_main_chamber,_North_Wall.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Tomb_II%2C_main_chamber%2C_North_Wall.png/330px-Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Tomb_II%2C_main_chamber%2C_North_Wall.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Tomb_II%2C_main_chamber%2C_North_Wall.png/495px-Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Tomb_II%2C_main_chamber%2C_North_Wall.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Tomb_II%2C_main_chamber%2C_North_Wall.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Photographs of Tomb II, from which the objects and remains of the queens have been recovered: the sarcophagus (upper right), an opening/entranceway (upper left) and the northern wall, with pottery (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Iaba </b>(also called <b>Yaba</b>), <b>Banitu,</b> and <b>Atalia</b> were <a href="/wiki/Queens_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> as the primary consorts<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the successive kings <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>745–727 BC), <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>727–722 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>722–705 BC), respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little is known of the lives of the three queens; they were not known by name by modern historians prior to the 1989 discovery of a stone sarcophagus among the <a href="/wiki/Queens%27_tombs_at_Nimrud" title="Queens' tombs at Nimrud">Queens' tombs at Nimrud</a> which contained objects inscribed with the names of all three women.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stone sarcophagus, believed to originally have been the tomb of Iaba since her name is on the nearby funerary inscription, presents a problem of identification as it contains objects with the names of three queens, but contains only two skeletons. The conventional interpretation is that the skeletons are those of Iaba (since it was originally her tomb) and Atalia (since her objects have to be the latest in the tomb), but several alternate hypotheses have also been made, such as the idea that Iaba and Banitu could be the same person. Iaba and Banitu being the same person is however not supported by either historical or chronological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114–115_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114–115-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017394_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017394-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The names of the queens have aroused some interest since out of the three names, only Banitu appears to be an <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> (the language of ancient Assyria) name. Various etymological origins have been proposed for the other names; Iaba has variously been identified as a <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> name, and Atalia has also variously been identified as Hebrew or Arabic. Since Iaba's funerary inscription includes a curse against anyone who disturbs her tomb, it is possible that she and Atalia were related (as such perhaps circumventing the curse). </p><p>The bones discovered in the Nimrud tombs have been the subject of <a href="/wiki/Paleopathology" title="Paleopathology">paleopathological</a> research since the 1990s, which has made it possible to gain some insight into the lives and health of the ancient queens. Iaba suffered from several health issues, including chronic <a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">sinusitis</a> and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Neoplastic_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplastic meningitis">neoplastic meningitis</a>. Out of all the queens found in the tombs at <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a>, Atalia had by far the most health issues. Atalia's bones suggest that the queen suffered from mild <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a> and the early stages of <a href="/wiki/Scheuermann%27s_disease" title="Scheuermann's disease">Scheuermann's disease</a>. Her most painful condition was inflammations within her skull, a recurring and incurable affliction which caused immense head pain. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_backgrounds">Names and backgrounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and backgrounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three names of the queens are unusually short and modest compared to the names of some of the other known Assyrian queens, such as <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libbali-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Libbali-sharrat">Libbali-sharrat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2008172_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2008172-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iaba's name is inscribed in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> as <sup>f</sup><i>ia-ba-a</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transliterated as <i>Iabâ<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201728_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201728-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo2007388_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo2007388-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2019689_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2019689-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> or <i>Yabâ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014174_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014174-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name, clearly not of <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> origin, might be of either <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollon2010149_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollon2010149-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramean</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> origin, with possible roots including <i>yph</i> ("beautiful"), <i>nby</i> ("to name") and <i>yhb</i> ("to give").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banitu's name is inscribed in cuneiform as <sup>f</sup><i>ba-ni-ti</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transliterated as <i>Banītu</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo2007388_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo2007388-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014174_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014174-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Banîtu</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201728_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201728-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Banêti</i>,<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> <i>Banīti<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008138_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008138-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> or <i>Banitu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2019689_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2019689-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just like Iaba, Banitu might also mean "beautiful" (<i>banītu</i> in Akkadian), but it might also be derived from the Akkadian <i>bānītu</i>, which means "(divine) Creatress".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simo_Parpola" title="Simo Parpola">Simo Parpola</a> believes the name Banitu to be of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> origin, and as a consequence speculates that Queen Banitu might have been a Babylonian princess, brought to Assyria as a hostage after Tiglath-Pileser's conquest of Babylon in 729 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atalia's name is inscribed in cuneiform as <sup>f</sup><i>a-ta-li-a</i> or <sup>f</sup><i>a-tal-ia-a</i>, depending on the inscription,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transliterated as <i>Atalia</i>,<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201728_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201728-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo2007388_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo2007388-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> <i>Ataliā</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014174_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014174-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ataliya</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Ataliyā</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008138_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008138-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> The name is clearly not of Akkadian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Stephanie Dalley</a> proposed that both Iaba and Atalia were actually names of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> origin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and speculated that they were both princesses of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>, from the same royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002207_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002207-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalley based her argument on the name Atalia being similar, and perhaps etymologically identical, to the name <a href="/wiki/Athaliah" title="Athaliah">Athaliah</a> (borne by a Judean queen who ruled about a century earlier), that the ending of the name (<i>i-a</i> or <i>ia-a</i>) could represent a <a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">theophoric</a> element deriving from <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, and that Atalia and Iaba might have been related.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002217_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002217-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalley also argued that the inter-marriage of the Assyrian and Judean royal families could help explain why Sargon II's successor <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>705–681 BC), who warred against <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> of Judah, in his inscriptions refer to Hezekiah as "strong and mighty", highly unusual epithets for the Assyrians to bestow upon an enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2008174_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2008174-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalley's arguments have met with both support and opposition and the idea that the names were Hebrew has also been independently forwarded by Simo Parpola.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, K. Lawson Younger pointed out that it was far from certain that <i>i-a</i> or <i>ia-a</i> actually corresponded to Yahweh since there are few analogues in other Neo-Assyrian names and inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002217–218_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002217–218-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identification of Atalia as a Hebrew name was also doubted by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Postgate_(academic)" title="Nicholas Postgate (academic)">Nicholas Postgate</a> in 2008, and in that year Ran Zadok alternatively suggested that Atalia was an Arabic name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_of_Tomb_II">Content of Tomb II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Content of Tomb II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Queens%27_tombs_at_Nimrud" title="Queens' tombs at Nimrud">Queens' tombs at Nimrud</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:320px;max-width:320px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:293px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neo-Assyrian,_Nimrud,_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs,_Tomb_II,_Objects_after_Excavation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Objects_after_Excavation.png/318px-Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Objects_after_Excavation.png" decoding="async" width="318" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Objects_after_Excavation.png/477px-Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Objects_after_Excavation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Objects_after_Excavation.png/636px-Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Objects_after_Excavation.png 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Various objects from Tomb II after excavation</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neo-Assyrian,_Nimrud,_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs,_Tomb_II,_Golden_Crown.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Golden_Crown.png/202px-Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Golden_Crown.png" decoding="async" width="202" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Golden_Crown.png/303px-Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Golden_Crown.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Golden_Crown.png/404px-Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Golden_Crown.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="319" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neo-Assyrian,_Nimrud,_Tombs_of_Queens_Yaba,_Banitu,_and_Atalia,_Plaque_with_Date_Palm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Tombs_of_Queens_Yaba%2C_Banitu%2C_and_Atalia%2C_Plaque_with_Date_Palm.png/112px-Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Tombs_of_Queens_Yaba%2C_Banitu%2C_and_Atalia%2C_Plaque_with_Date_Palm.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Tombs_of_Queens_Yaba%2C_Banitu%2C_and_Atalia%2C_Plaque_with_Date_Palm.png/168px-Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Tombs_of_Queens_Yaba%2C_Banitu%2C_and_Atalia%2C_Plaque_with_Date_Palm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Tombs_of_Queens_Yaba%2C_Banitu%2C_and_Atalia%2C_Plaque_with_Date_Palm.png/224px-Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Tombs_of_Queens_Yaba%2C_Banitu%2C_and_Atalia%2C_Plaque_with_Date_Palm.png 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Close-up of a golden crown (left) and a decorative plaque (right) from Tomb II</div></div></div></div> <p>The tomb containing the remains of the queens was uncovered during excavations at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwest Palace (page does not exist)">Northwest Palace</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>883–859 BC) in <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a> in the late 1980s, by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Department_of_Antiquities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraqi Department of Antiquities (page does not exist)">Iraqi Department of Antiquities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017149_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017149-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While excavating portions of the residential quarters of the Northwest Palace in 1988, an unevenness of the floor was noted and soon, the chamber of tombs below was discovered. The tombs were excavated and examined 1988–1990.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017151_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017151-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tomb II, which contains the finds relevant to Iaba, Banitu and Atalia, was discovered and excavated in 1989.<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamerji200881_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamerji200881-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> Although the tombs were immediately recognized as extraordinary on account of the great treasures contained within them, their discovery was soon overshadowed by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> (1991), which meant that scientific study of the tombs thereafter was a slow process. Out of the over two dozen individuals found in the tombs many remain unidentified<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017149_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017149-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given that inscriptions do not provide identifications for all the bodies and tombs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017151_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017151-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The many individuals were spread out in four different chambers, buried in three bronze coffins, two clay coffins and three sarcophagi made of stone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017149_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017149-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finds relevant to Iaba, Banitu and Atalia were discovered in and around the stone sarcophagus in the chamber designated Tomb II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017390_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017390-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iaba, Banitu and Atalia were not known by name prior to the discovery of the tomb. The find of the tombs, which contained other remains and names as well, nearly doubled the number of Neo-Assyrian queens known by name.<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2019687_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2019687-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> On an alabaster tablet recording a funerary inscription, found in the alcove of the tomb's antechamber, Iaba's name is recorded and she is described as the queen, though the name of her husband is not mentioned. Iaba's name also appears on two golden bowls found in the sarcophagus, where she is explicitly called the "queen of Tiglath-Pileser".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017390_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017390-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from these bowls, five other inscribed objects were also found in the sarcophagus. Three (a rock crystal jar, bronze mirror and another golden bowl) are inscribed with "Atalia, queen of Sargon" and two (a bronze cosmetic container and a fourth golden bowl) are inscribed with "Banitu, queen of Shalmaneser".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also numerous objects in the tomb that are not inscribed with any name, including bracelets, bowls and two golden crowns. In total Tomb II contained 26 kilograms (57 lbs) of gold objects.<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> Several of these are marked with a scorpion symbol, often used for royal women, rather than a specific name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollon2010158_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollon2010158-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sarcophagus contained two female skeletons, one buried on top of the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201728_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201728-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower skeleton has been designated Body II B and the upper skeleton has been designated Body II A.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skeletons were covered with burnt remains of linen garments. For security reasons, the bones and treasures of the tomb were placed in plastic bags and taken to the <a href="/wiki/Mosul_Museum" title="Mosul Museum">Mosul Museum</a> on the same day they were discovered.<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> There were several alabaster jars found in the tomb, one of which included brown and decomposed organic material. Analysis of this material has ruled it out being a heart, liver or kidney but it may be a dehydrated brain, of unclear origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008148_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008148-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification">Identification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tomb, clearly originally belonging to Iaba since her name is on the funerary inscription,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presents a problem of identification since it contains the inscriptions of three queens but only contains two skeletons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201728_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201728-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally assumed that the bodies belong to two of the three queens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several explanations for there only being two bodies, but accompanied by the names of three queens, have been proposed since the discovery of the tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most scholars assume that the two bodies belong to Iaba, clearly the original occupant of the tomb, and Atalia, the latest name that appears on the inscribed objects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollon2010149_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollon2010149-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002216_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002216-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The items inscribed with Banitu's name could then have been buried with Atalia, who was buried alongside items from various other kings as well (such as the Babylonian kings <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013115_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013115-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is even possible that Atalia, after her husband deposed Shalmaneser, took the objects with Banitu's name as trophies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017395_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017395-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A popular alternative hypothesis,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first proposed by Stephanie Dalley in 2008, is that Iaba and Banitu were actually the same person, with Iaba being her name in Hebrew or Aramean and Banitu being her name in Akkadian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are examples of royal women in Assyria changing their name or using two names, notably the later queen <a href="/wiki/Naqi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqi'a">Naqi'a</a>, who is also known as Zakutû. Dalley also argued that while Banitu's objects could be in the tomb as trophies taken by Atalia, it is unclear why Atalia then would not erase the old queen's name from them and inscribe her own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As explained previously, it is possible to translate both names to mean "beautiful",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that is far from the only possible translation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shalmaneser V, in this scenario not the son of Iaba,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would thus have married his father's widow to further strengthen his position as king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201728_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201728-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are issues with the idea that Iaba and Banitu were the same person, one prominent issue being that the two names are never used interchangeably in the surviving material.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114–115_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114–115-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, David Kertai opposed identifying Iaba and Banitu as the same person from a chronological standpoint. Microscopic investigations of the preservation of the skeletons have demonstrated that the two queens were buried at least 20 years (though possibly as much as 50 years) apart and that both died aged approximately 30–35.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114–115_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114–115-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Iaba and Banitu were the same person, she would have had to have died during or after Shalmaneser's reign. Atalia, as Sargon's queen cannot have died earlier than 722 BC but was probably dead before 707/706 BC since the royal court was in that year moved to the new city <a href="/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin" title="Dur-Sharrukin">Dur-Sharrukin</a> and she is not attested in the reign of Sennacherib. Even if limiting the gap between the two burials to 20 years, Iaba and Banitu could then only be the same person if Atalia died very late in Sargon's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013115_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013115-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saana Svärd defended Dalley's hypothesis in 2015 by suggesting that Ataliya was "deposed" as queen sometime before the end of Sargon's reign and actually died in the reign of Sennacherib, 20–50 years after the death of Iaba/Banitu, and was buried in the same tomb. In 2017, Keiko Yamada and Shigeo Yamada questioned this hypothesis by wondering if it was really likely that Sargon's queen would be buried together with the queen of Shalmaneser, whom Sargon had deposed and by pointing out that the hypothesis that Iaba and Banitu were the same person was based solely in one of several possible interpretations of the meanings of their names since no inscription otherwise designates them as the same and the two names do not appear together on any of the objects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017394_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017394-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neo-Assyrian,_Nimrud,_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs,_Tomb_II,_Stone_Tablet_with_Jaba_Inscription.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Stone_Tablet_with_Jaba_Inscription.png/150px-Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Stone_Tablet_with_Jaba_Inscription.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Stone_Tablet_with_Jaba_Inscription.png/225px-Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Stone_Tablet_with_Jaba_Inscription.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Stone_Tablet_with_Jaba_Inscription.png/300px-Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Stone_Tablet_with_Jaba_Inscription.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Cuneiform text of Iaba's funerary inscription</figcaption></figure> <p>Iaba's funerary inscription contains a curse against disturbing her tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In full, the inscription reads:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008119,_124_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008119,_124-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By the name of <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a>, the great gods of the earth, mortal destiny overtook Iaba, the queen, in death, she went to the path of her ancestors.<br />Whomever, in the future, be it a queen who sits on the throne or a palace lady who is a concubine of the king, removes me from my tomb, or puts anybody else with me, and lays their hand upon my jewelry with evil intent or breaks open the seal of that tomb, above (earth), under the rays of the sun, let their spirit roam outside in thirst, below in the underworld, when libations of water are offered, they must not receive with the Anunnaki as a funerary offering any beer, wine or meal. May <a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a> and the great door-keeper, <a href="/wiki/Neti_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neti (deity)">Bitu</a>, the great gods of the underworld, afflict their corpse and ghost with eternal restlessness!<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008119,_124_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008119,_124-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Perhaps the fact that another body was buried in Iaba's tomb later on in direct violation of the inscription demonstrates that whoever was buried was somehow "immune" from this curse. This could be explained by the possibility that the two queens in Tomb II were closely related. Though it has thus in the past been suggested, first by Muayyad Said Damerji in 1999, that Iaba and Atalia were mother and daughter, it would not have been appropriate for Sargon to marry his sister,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are no other known cases of incestuous marriages in ancient Assyria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002216_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002216-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, it is possible that they were close relatives in some other arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleopathology">Paleopathology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Paleopathology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bones discovered in the Nimrud tombs have been the subject of <a href="/wiki/Paleopathology" title="Paleopathology">paleopathological</a> research since the 1990s. Across the seventeen different individuals found, common health issues include stiff joints, childhood illness, headaches, allergies and colds. Many of the individuals, though their dental hygiene was good relative to the average ancient Assyrian, suffered from dental problems. In ancient Assyria it was not possible to treat <a href="/wiki/Periodontal_abscess" title="Periodontal abscess">periodontal abscesses</a>, fill <a href="/wiki/Dental_cavities" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental cavities">dental cavities</a> or to scrape off <a href="/wiki/Dental_plaque" title="Dental plaque">dental plaque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_II_B_(Iaba)"><span id="Body_II_B_.28Iaba.29"></span>Body II B (Iaba)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Body II B (Iaba)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lower body, typically identified as Iaba,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998100_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998100-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having been buried decades earlier than the upper one is not indicated solely by it being placed furthest down, but also by the bones being in a more advanced stage of decomposition and that it appears to have been damaged when the upper body was placed in the sarcophagus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bones of Iaba were upon their discovery far more brittle than those of Atalia, perhaps due to the later opening of the tomb or due to heat exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998100_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998100-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iaba's bones reveal that she suffered from several health issues in her life. The interior of her skulls suggests that she had suffered from several minor <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain tumors</a>, probably the result of <a href="/wiki/Neoplastic_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplastic meningitis">neoplastic meningitis</a>. Analysis of the jaw and teeth showed that Iaba also suffered from a severe inflammation of the gums and <a href="/wiki/Dental_abscess" title="Dental abscess">dental abscesses</a> which resulted in the loss of two teeth. Although no dental plaque was detected on any of the surviving teeth, it was likely present. Iaba suffered from slight wear to some of her joints; slight signs of wear were found in the right elbow and right knee joints, with stronger signs of wear found in the left hip joint.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998101_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998101-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spine shows signs of the early stages of <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a> and further signs of wear was also found in the joints of some of the vertebrae. Iaba also suffered from chronic <a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">sinusitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998102_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998102-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_II_A_(Atalia)"><span id="Body_II_A_.28Atalia.29"></span>Body II A (Atalia)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Body II A (Atalia)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The upper skeleton in the sarcophagus, smaller than the lower one<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> and typically identified as Atalia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter199895_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter199895-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had by far the most health issues of any of the seventeen individuals buried in the tombs at Nimrud.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the other queen, Atalia appears to have died aged approximately 30–35,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114–115_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114–115-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and her body was after death for unknown reasons<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> roasted or smoked for several hours (at a temperature in the range 150–250 °C; 302–482 °F) before being wrapped in a shroud. Compared to the other queens, Atalia's dental health was notably bad; her first <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolar</a> has a cavity and she suffered not only from dental plaque but also from an abscess and from inflammation in her gums. Problems were not limited to the teeth; both her <a href="/wiki/Frontal_sinus" title="Frontal sinus">frontal sinuses</a> exhibit evidence of inflammation and though she was at most 35 years old at the time of death, several of Atalia's vertebrae, as well as her ankle joints, hips, shoulders and knees show signs of mild <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>. Atalia's vertebrae show some features that may suggest that she was suffering from the early stages of <a href="/wiki/Scheuermann%27s_disease" title="Scheuermann's disease">Scheuermann's disease</a>, which eventually produces a "hunchback". Perhaps this condition was brought on by <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> weakening Atalia's bone structure, <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>, or some unknown infection. Because Atalia's teeth exhibit <a href="/wiki/Linear_enamel_hypoplasia" title="Linear enamel hypoplasia">linear enamel hypoplasia</a>, it is evident that she at some point in her childhood suffered from a severe long-term illness. At some point she also pulled a leg muscle and at another point, she broke one of her toes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atalia's perhaps most painful condition was revealed by the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">frontal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">parietal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">occipital</a> bones of her skull being thickened. The inner surfaces of these bones suggest that Atalia, due to her <a href="/wiki/Meninges" title="Meninges">meninges</a> reacting to the thickening, suffered from inflammation within the skull so severe that the swelling blood vessels changed the interior of the skull bones. This recurring and incurable condition would have caused immense pain. A number of stone amulets found in Tomb II contain spells meant to protect against head pain. Though no name is inscribed on these, they likely belonged to Atalia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fate_of_the_bones">Fate of the bones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fate of the bones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 2002, there were rumors that the bones of the two queens from Tomb II, and the other royal individuals in the tombs, were to be honored with a state funeral and reburied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008141_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008141-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any such plans never came to fruition. In 2015, the bones were still stored at the Mosul Museum. That year, the ruins of the Northwest Palace were destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> and the Mosul Museum was also attacked, leaving the fate of the royal remains unclear. The gold from Tomb II is stored at the Baghdad Museum and unscathed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assyrian kings at times had multiple wives at the same time, but not all were recognized as queens (or "women of the palace", the actual term used in Assyria). Though it has been disputed in the past,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017166_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017166-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it appears that only one woman bore the title at any given time, as the term typically appears without qualifiers (indicating a lack of ambiguity).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For further discussion on the hypothesis that the two were related, see the "Identification" section</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other alternate hypotheses include Banitu being either the older skeleton or the younger one, though neither of these suggestions have received much attention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though whether Sargon II was actually Tiglath-Pileser III's son, as he claimed to be, is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020201_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020201-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possible explanations include that this was for preservation purposes, for transportation purposes or to prevent the spread of some disease she might have had.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertai2013">Kertai 2013</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017166-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017166_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpurrier2017">Spurrier 2017</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBogdanos2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bogdanos, Matthew (2005-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.109.3.477">"The Casualities of War: The Truth about the Iraq Museum"</a>. <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>109</b> (3): 477–526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3764%2Faja.109.3.477">10.3764/aja.109.3.477</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9114">0002-9114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163583412">163583412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Casualities+of+War%3A+The+Truth+about+the+Iraq+Museum&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=477-526&rft.date=2005-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163583412%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-9114&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3764%2Faja.109.3.477&rft.aulast=Bogdanos&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3764%2Faja.109.3.477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIaba%2C+Banitu+and+Atalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Moore, Michael (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/81x0p8m9"><i>Hittite Queenship: Women and Power in Hittite Anatolia</i></a> (Thesis). UCLA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Hittite+Queenship%3A+Women+and+Power+in+Hittite+Anatolia&rft.inst=UCLA&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F81x0p8m9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIaba%2C+Banitu+and+Atalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114–115-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114–115_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114–115_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114–115_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114–115_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertai2013">Kertai 2013</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017394-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017394_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017394_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamadaYamada2017">Yamada & Yamada 2017</a>, p. 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2008172-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2008172_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2008">Dalley 2008</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamadaYamada2017">Yamada & Yamada 2017</a>, p. 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201728-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201728_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201728_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201728_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201728_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201728_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201728_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElayi2017">Elayi 2017</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo2007388-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo2007388_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo2007388_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo2007388_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeppo2007">Teppo 2007</a>, p. 388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2019689-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2019689_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2019689_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelville2019">Melville 2019</a>, p. 689.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertai2013">Kertai 2013</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014174-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014174_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014174_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014174_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrahm2014">Frahm 2014</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2008">Dalley 2008</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamadaYamada2017">Yamada & Yamada 2017</a>, p. 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollon2010149-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollon2010149_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollon2010149_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollon2010">Collon 2010</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamerji2008">Damerji 2008</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008138-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008138_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008138_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFal-Rawi2008">al-Rawi 2008</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002207-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002207_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson_Younger2002">Lawson Younger 2002</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002217-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002217_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson_Younger2002">Lawson Younger 2002</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2008174-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2008174_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2008">Dalley 2008</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002217–218-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002217–218_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson_Younger2002">Lawson Younger 2002</a>, pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017149-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017149_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017149_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017149_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpurrier2017">Spurrier 2017</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017151-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017151_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017151_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpurrier2017">Spurrier 2017</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamerji200881-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamerji200881_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamerji2008">Damerji 2008</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017390-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017390_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017390_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamadaYamada2017">Yamada & Yamada 2017</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2019687-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2019687_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelville2019">Melville 2019</a>, p. 687.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollon2010158-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollon2010158_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollon2010">Collon 2010</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015_31-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpurrier2015">Spurrier 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008">Müller-Karpe, Kunter & Schultz 2008</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008148-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008148_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008">Müller-Karpe, Kunter & Schultz 2008</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002216-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002216_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002216_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson_Younger2002">Lawson Younger 2002</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamadaYamada2017">Yamada & Yamada 2017</a>, p. 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013115-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013115_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013115_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertai2013">Kertai 2013</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017395-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017395_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamadaYamada2017">Yamada & Yamada 2017</a>, p. 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008119,_124-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008119,_124_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008119,_124_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFal-Rawi2008">al-Rawi 2008</a>, pp. 119, 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020201-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020201_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChen2020">Chen 2020</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998100-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998100_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998100_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchultzKunter1998">Schultz & Kunter 1998</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998101-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998101_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchultzKunter1998">Schultz & Kunter 1998</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998102-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998102_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchultzKunter1998">Schultz & Kunter 1998</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter199895-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter199895_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchultzKunter1998">Schultz & Kunter 1998</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008141-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008141_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008">Müller-Karpe, Kunter & Schultz 2008</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Rawi2008" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">al-Rawi, Farouk N. H. (2008). <i>Inscriptions from the Tombs of the Queens of Assyria</i>. Nimrud Conference. Vol. New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference 11th–13th March 2002. pp. 119–138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+from+the+Tombs+of+the+Queens+of+Assyria&rft.pages=119-138&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=al-Rawi&rft.aufirst=Farouk+N.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIaba%2C+Banitu+and+Atalia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2020" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Fei (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3znDwAAQBAJ"><i>Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur</i></a>. Leiden: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004430914" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004430914"><bdi>978-9004430914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Study+on+the+Synchronistic+King+List+from+Ashur&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-9004430914&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Fei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3znDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIaba%2C+Banitu+and+Atalia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollon2010" class="citation journal cs1">Collon, Dominique (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021088900000619">"Getting it Wrong in Assyria: Some Bracelets from Nimrud"</a>. <i>Iraq</i>. <b>72</b>: 149–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021088900000619">10.1017/S0021088900000619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20779022">20779022</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191932360">191932360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=Getting+it+Wrong+in+Assyria%3A+Some+Bracelets+from+Nimrud&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=149-162&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191932360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20779022%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021088900000619&rft.aulast=Collon&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0021088900000619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIaba%2C+Banitu+and+Atalia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalley2008" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dalley, Stephanie (2008). <i>The Identity of the Princesses in Tomb II and a New Analysis of the Events in 701 BC</i>. 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