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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Naqiʾa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakutu" title="Zakutu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zakutu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqia" title="Naqia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Naqia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqi%27a" title="Naqi'a – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Naqi'a" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naki%27a_Zakutu" title="Naki'a Zakutu – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naki'a Zakutu" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakutu" title="Zakutu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zakutu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqi%27a" title="Naqi'a – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Naqi'a" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%95" title="נקיה-זכותו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נקיה-זכותו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakija" title="Nakija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nakija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqi%27a-Zakutu" title="Naqi'a-Zakutu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Naqi'a-Zakutu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2" title="ナキア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナキア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqi%E2%80%99a" title="Naqi’a – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Naqi’a" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naquia" title="Naquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Naquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Накия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Накия" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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style="display:none">Ancient Assyrian royal woman</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Naqiʾa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Queens_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Woman of the Palace</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Mother of the King<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Naqi%27a_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Naqi%27a_crop.png/220px-Naqi%27a_crop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Naqi%27a_crop.png/330px-Naqi%27a_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Naqi%27a_crop.png/440px-Naqi%27a_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="1112" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Naqiʾa depicted in a contemporary relief</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Before <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 728 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">After 669 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shadittu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadittu">Šadditu</a> (?)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a><br /><small>(possibly <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>)</small></th><td class="infobox-data">Naqīʾa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zakūtu</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Naqiʾa</b> or <b>Naqia</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2017895_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2017895-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGansell201880_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGansell201880-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200515_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200515-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: <span title="Akkadian-language text"><i lang="akk"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_cuneiform_U122A9_MesZL_883.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Assyrian_cuneiform_U122A9_MesZL_883.svg/13px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U122A9_MesZL_883.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Assyrian_cuneiform_U122A9_MesZL_883.svg/20px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U122A9_MesZL_883.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Assyrian_cuneiform_U122A9_MesZL_883.svg/26px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U122A9_MesZL_883.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2302" data-file-height="2855" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_cuneiform_U1223E_MesZL_110.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Assyrian_cuneiform_U1223E_MesZL_110.svg/25px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U1223E_MesZL_110.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Assyrian_cuneiform_U1223E_MesZL_110.svg/38px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U1223E_MesZL_110.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Assyrian_cuneiform_U1223E_MesZL_110.svg/50px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U1223E_MesZL_110.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="1993" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_cuneiform_U121A5_MesZL_815.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Assyrian_cuneiform_U121A5_MesZL_815.svg/25px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U121A5_MesZL_815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Assyrian_cuneiform_U121A5_MesZL_815.svg/38px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U121A5_MesZL_815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Assyrian_cuneiform_U121A5_MesZL_815.svg/50px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U121A5_MesZL_815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3738" data-file-height="2370" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_cuneiform_U1202A_MesZL_635.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Assyrian_cuneiform_U1202A_MesZL_635.svg/38px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U1202A_MesZL_635.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Assyrian_cuneiform_U1202A_MesZL_635.svg/57px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U1202A_MesZL_635.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Assyrian_cuneiform_U1202A_MesZL_635.svg/76px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U1202A_MesZL_635.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4924" data-file-height="2009" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_cuneiform_U12000_MesZL_839.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Assyrian_cuneiform_U12000_MesZL_839.svg/13px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U12000_MesZL_839.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Assyrian_cuneiform_U12000_MesZL_839.svg/20px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U12000_MesZL_839.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Assyrian_cuneiform_U12000_MesZL_839.svg/26px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U12000_MesZL_839.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="1993" /></a></span></i></span> <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Naqīʾa</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200536_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200536-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Zakūtu</b> (<span title="Akkadian-language text"><i lang="akk"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_cuneiform_U122A9_MesZL_883.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Assyrian_cuneiform_U122A9_MesZL_883.svg/14px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U122A9_MesZL_883.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Assyrian_cuneiform_U122A9_MesZL_883.svg/21px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U122A9_MesZL_883.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Assyrian_cuneiform_U122A9_MesZL_883.svg/28px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U122A9_MesZL_883.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2302" data-file-height="2855" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_cuneiform_U1235D_MesZL_851_or_U12409_MesZL_852_or_MesZL_853.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Assyrian_cuneiform_U1235D_MesZL_851_or_U12409_MesZL_852_or_MesZL_853.svg/13px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U1235D_MesZL_851_or_U12409_MesZL_852_or_MesZL_853.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Assyrian_cuneiform_U1235D_MesZL_851_or_U12409_MesZL_852_or_MesZL_853.svg/20px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U1235D_MesZL_851_or_U12409_MesZL_852_or_MesZL_853.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Assyrian_cuneiform_U1235D_MesZL_851_or_U12409_MesZL_852_or_MesZL_853.svg/26px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U1235D_MesZL_851_or_U12409_MesZL_852_or_MesZL_853.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="1993" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_cuneiform_U120A0_or_U12365_MesZL_810_or_U121AA_or_U12089_MesZL_808_or_U12306_or_U12247_MesZL_809_and_MesZL_811.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Assyrian_cuneiform_U120A0_or_U12365_MesZL_810_or_U121AA_or_U12089_MesZL_808_or_U12306_or_U12247_MesZL_809_and_MesZL_811.svg/21px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U120A0_or_U12365_MesZL_810_or_U121AA_or_U12089_MesZL_808_or_U12306_or_U12247_MesZL_809_and_MesZL_811.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Assyrian_cuneiform_U120A0_or_U12365_MesZL_810_or_U121AA_or_U12089_MesZL_808_or_U12306_or_U12247_MesZL_809_and_MesZL_811.svg/32px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U120A0_or_U12365_MesZL_810_or_U121AA_or_U12089_MesZL_808_or_U12306_or_U12247_MesZL_809_and_MesZL_811.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Assyrian_cuneiform_U120A0_or_U12365_MesZL_810_or_U121AA_or_U12089_MesZL_808_or_U12306_or_U12247_MesZL_809_and_MesZL_811.svg/42px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U120A0_or_U12365_MesZL_810_or_U121AA_or_U12089_MesZL_808_or_U12306_or_U12247_MesZL_809_and_MesZL_811.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="2370" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_cuneiform_U12313_MesZL_596.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Assyrian_cuneiform_U12313_MesZL_596.svg/15px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U12313_MesZL_596.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Assyrian_cuneiform_U12313_MesZL_596.svg/23px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U12313_MesZL_596.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Assyrian_cuneiform_U12313_MesZL_596.svg/30px-Assyrian_cuneiform_U12313_MesZL_596.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="1993" /></a></span></i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200536_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200536-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201816_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201816-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a wife of the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>705–681 BC) and the mother of his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>681–669). Naqiʾa is the best documented woman in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she reached an unprecedented level of prominence and public visibility;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she was perhaps the most influential woman in Assyrian history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is one of the few ancient Assyrian women to be depicted in artwork, to commission her own building projects, and to be granted laudatory epithets in letters by courtiers. She is also the only known ancient Assyrian figure other than kings to write and issue a treaty. </p><p>Naqiʾa must have been married to Sennacherib before he became king (705) since she gave birth to his son Esarhaddon <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 713. Whether she ever held the position of <a href="/wiki/Queens_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">queen</a> is debated; Assyrian kings had multiple wives but the evidence suggests that only one of them could be the queen at any one given time. Sennacherib is known to have had another queen, <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%A1m%C4%93tu-%C5%A1arrat" title="Tašmētu-šarrat">Tašmētu-šarrat</a>. Naqiʾa might have become queen late in Sennacherib's reign. She is referred to as the "queen of Sennacherib" in documents from the reign of her son. In 684, Sennacherib, perhaps influenced by Naqiʾa, designated Esarhaddon as his crown prince despite having older sons. </p><p>During the reign of her son, Naqiʾa reached her most prominent position, bearing the title <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">ummi šari</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Mother of the King</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). Under Esarhaddon, Naqiʾa secured ownership of several estates throughout the empire and grew enormously wealthy, perhaps wealthier than Esarhaddon's own queen <a href="/wiki/E%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat" title="Ešarra-ḫammat">Ešarra-ḫammat</a>. Naqiʾa might have governed her own set of territories surrounding the Babylonian city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahira (page does not exist)">Lahira</a>. The last known attestation of Naqiʾa is from 669, in the months after Esarhaddon's death. After her son's death, Naqiʾa wrote a treaty which forced the royal family, aristocracy and all of Assyria to swear loyalty to her grandson <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>669–631). After this, Naqiʾa appears to have retired from public life. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_origin">Name and origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naqi%CA%BEa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though nothing certain can be said of her origins, Naqiʾa having two names could point to her originating outside of Assyria proper, possibly in <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> or in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201816_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201816-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Naqīʾa</i></span> is originally of <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancier201423_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancier201423-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201816_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201816-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or at the very least <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200536_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200536-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> origin while <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Zakūtu</i></span> is <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201816_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201816-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Zakūtu</i></span>, used only sometimes,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETetlow2004288_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETetlow2004288-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was probably adopted when she became associated with the Assyrian royal family; both names have the same meaning, interpreted as "purity",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat2014240_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat2014240-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "pure"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGansell201880_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGansell201880-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "the pure one".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naqiʾa is known to have had a sister, Abirami (<span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Abi-rāmi</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoannès201631_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoannès201631-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Abi-rāmu</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200534_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200534-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attested as purchasing land in the city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baruri (page does not exist)">Baruri</a> in 674 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETetlow2004288_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETetlow2004288-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoannès201631_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoannès201631-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naqi%CA%BEa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Sennacherib">Reign of Sennacherib</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naqi%CA%BEa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign of Sennacherib"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given the age at which she gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>, Naqiʾa cannot have been born later than <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 728.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2017902_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2017902-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naqiʾa was one of the consorts of the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>705–681),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013118_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013118-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the marriage taking place by the late 8th century due to the birth of their son in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 713.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200537_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200537-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was before Sennacherib's accession to the throne, when he was still <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a> under his father <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013118_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013118-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except for Esarhaddon, it is unknown which of Sennacherib's many children were also the children of Naqiʾa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201817_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201817-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is probable that Naqiʾa was also the mother of Sennacherib's only daughter known by name, <a href="/wiki/Shadittu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadittu">Šadditu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since Šadditu retained a prominent position under Esarhaddon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201817_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201817-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naqiʾa was not the mother of Sennacherib's elder sons, such as <a href="/wiki/Arda-Mulissu" title="Arda-Mulissu">Arda-Mulissu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible that Naqiʾa gained influence already in Sennacherib's reign; in 684 she may have been responsible for the king dismissing Arda-Mulissu as heir and instead proclaiming their son Esarhaddon as crown prince.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201816_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201816-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite growing reports that Esarhaddon suffered from various illnesses, Sennacherib at no point changed the succession after Esarhaddon's appointment as crown prince, also perhaps due to Naqiʾa's influence. She is recorded as employing <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> to bolster Sennacherib's opinion of Esarhaddon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2017903_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2017903-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout her life, Naqiʾa seems to have maintained a close relationship with prophets active in the city of <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Arbela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENissinen2017320_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENissinen2017320-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though often identified as a queen of Sennacherib,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGansell201880_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGansell201880-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200536_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200536-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is not clear whether Naqiʾa held that position in Sennacherib's lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200536_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200536-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief issue is that Naqiʾa is known to have been associated with Sennacherib before he became king and with Esarhaddon throughout his subsequent reign (681–669), but Sennacherib is known to also have been married to another woman, <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%A1m%C4%93tu-%C5%A1arrat" title="Tašmētu-šarrat">Tašmētu-šarrat</a>, who is securely attested with the title of queen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013118_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013118-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general assumption among researchers is that while kings could have multiple wives, only one of them was at any given time recognized as the queen since administrative documents always use the title without qualification (implying that there was no ambiguity).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201815_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201815-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naqiʾa is referred to as Sennacherib's queen (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">mí.é.gal</span>) in multiple documents, but all of them, perhaps with a single exception, were written in Esarhaddon's reign,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that she might have been bestowed the title retroactively by her son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201815_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201815-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The single possible exception is a single bead with a fragmentary inscription that calls her "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">mí.é.gal</span> of Sennacherib" and then breaks off; it is possible that it was written in Sennacherib's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possibility is that Naqiʾa achieved the status of queen only late in Sennacherib's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201815_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201815-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tašmētu-šarrat is not mentioned in any documents from Esarhaddon's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014192_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014192-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the promotion of Naqiʾa's son as crown prince means that she was queen around 684 and that Tašmētu-šarrat (otherwise attested only securely in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 694)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013118_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013118-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was dead at that point in time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Esarhaddon became crown prince, Sennacherib granted some tax-exempt lands to Naqiʾa. In the document describing the grant, she is however titled only as the "mother of the crown prince".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETetlow2004288_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETetlow2004288-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Esarhaddon">Reign of Esarhaddon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naqi%CA%BEa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reign of Esarhaddon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Esarhaddon_Louvre_AO20185.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Relief_Esarhaddon_Louvre_AO20185.jpg/220px-Relief_Esarhaddon_Louvre_AO20185.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Relief_Esarhaddon_Louvre_AO20185.jpg/330px-Relief_Esarhaddon_Louvre_AO20185.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Relief_Esarhaddon_Louvre_AO20185.jpg/440px-Relief_Esarhaddon_Louvre_AO20185.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Relief depicting Naqiʾa (left) and her son <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>Naqiʾa's authority grew in the reign of her son; early on she built a palace for him in <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, the Assyrian capital, and made an inscription commemorating the construction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200537_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200537-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constructing palaces was an unusual activity for a queen to engage in, usually done only by kings. The inscription documenting the project is bombastic and clearly takes inspiration from those of the kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most sources from Esarhaddon's time,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200537_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200537-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naqiʾa is referred simply to as the <a href="/wiki/Queen_mother" title="Queen mother">queen mother</a> (<i>ummi šari</i>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Mother of the King</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). Naqiʾa retained this title in the reign of Esarhaddon's son (and her grandson) <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>669–631), despite then no longer being the mother of the reigning king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013120_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013120-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of surviving sources she was by far the most prominent queen mother in Assyrian history; most known occurrences of the title are from her lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200537_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200537-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As queen mother, the basic structure of Naqiʾa's household was similar to that of the queen and other officials. In addition to Nineveh, Naqiʾa probably had residencies in other cities, including some in Babylonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200537_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200537-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naqiʾa appears to have had significant estates in the Babylonian city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahira (page does not exist)">Lahira</a> (<i>Laḫiru</i>), which she perhaps governed herself;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoannès201631_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoannès201631-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 678 document describes the city as part of "the queen mother's domain".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoannès201631_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoannès201631-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All queens also appear to have had large holdings in the western city of <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>. Some mentions exist of a statue of Naqiʾa being built in the city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadis%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadisê (page does not exist)">Gadisê</a>, near Harran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoannès201631_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoannès201631-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naqiʾa was likely very wealthy, perhaps even wealthier than Esarhaddon's queen <a href="/wiki/E%C5%A1arra-%E1%B8%ABammat" title="Ešarra-ḫammat">Ešarra-ḫammat</a>. Naqiʾa is recorded to have made numerous donations to temples, to have provided the royal palace with horses from her estates and to have employed a large and extensive staff. It is clear that she held an exceptional position; in letters addressed to her numerous flattering epithets, such as "able like Adapa", are used. A legal document from Esarhaddon's reign claims that "the verdict of the mother of the king, my lord, is as final as that of the gods".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200537_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200537-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such statements are highly unusual given that they usually only applied to kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolvang200339_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolvang200339-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous letters from courtiers refer to the health of Naqiʾa. Her security appears to have been a matter of great concern as one document containing a query to the sun-god <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> asks whether a person who might be appointed to her guard would guard Naqiʾa "like his own self.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200538_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200538-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though letters to Naqiʾa were mostly about religious affairs, some concern politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200537_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200537-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that she partook in Esarhaddon's rebuilding project of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, destroyed by his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps Naqiʾa's prominence resulted from Esarhaddon's own tumultuous accession, when he had to fight a civil war against his brother <a href="/wiki/Arda-Mulissu" title="Arda-Mulissu">Arda-Mulissu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200538_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200538-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, Philippe Clancier speculated that Naqiʾa might have commanded armies during this civil war, though no Assyrian text describes her doing so. The only Assyrian queen, and woman overall, confidently known to have partaken in military campaigns is the earlier <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a>. If Naqiʾa did lead armies against Arda-Mulissu, omitting this from the records would not be surprising since all battlefield victories were normally ascribed to the Assyrian king personally whether or not the king was at the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancier201423_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancier201423-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civil war is thought to have been the catalyst of Esarhaddon's later paranoia and distrust of his servants, vassals and family members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner2003166_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003166-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although highly distrustful of his male relatives, Esarhaddon seems to not have been paranoid in regards to his female relatives. During his reign his queen Ešarra-ḫammat, his mother Naqiʾa and his daughter <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%93r%C5%AB%CA%BEa-%C4%93%E1%B9%ADirat" title="Šērūʾa-ēṭirat">Šērūʾa-ēṭirat</a> all wielded considerably more influence and political power than women during most earlier parts of Assyrian history,<b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner2003168_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003168-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> though they never occupied any formal political positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2012_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A explanation for the reverence accorded to Naqiʾa by officials of the empire is that the people might have partly credited the empire's successes in Esarhaddon's reign to her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2017903_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2017903-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though capable and energetic,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esarhaddon was chronically ill for the duration of his reign and Naqiʾa might have been believed to have had some sort of magical influence, connected to the association between the Assyrian queen and the goddess <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, that kept the empire victorious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2017903_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2017903-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naqi%CA%BEa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zakutu_Treaty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Zakutu_Treaty.jpg/220px-Zakutu_Treaty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Zakutu_Treaty.jpg/330px-Zakutu_Treaty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Zakutu_Treaty.jpg/440px-Zakutu_Treaty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption>Cuneiform tablet from <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> containing a copy of the Zakutu Treaty</figcaption></figure> <p>The last evidence of Naqiʾa is from around the time of Ashurbanipal's accession, at the end of 669, when she forced the royal family, aristocracy and all of Assyria to swear loyalty to her grandson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200538_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200538-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The royal treaty forced on the people by Naqiʾa, dubbed the Zakutu Treaty by modern historians, is a remarkable document as the only text of its kind written by someone other than the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2012_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Why Naqiʾa, and not Ashurbanipal, was the one to implement the treaty is not known. Some aspects of the treaty, for instance its brevity, indicate that it was created relatively hastily after Esarhaddon's death in 669.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zakutu Treaty reads:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Treaty of Zakutu, queen of Sennacherib, king of Assyria, mother of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, (grandmother of Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria) with <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a>, his equal brother, with <a href="/wiki/Shamash-metu-uballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-metu-uballit">Shamash-metu-uballit</a> and the rest of his brothers, with the king's relatives, with the officials and the governors, the bearded and the eunuchs, the courtiers, the exempted people, and everyone who enters the palace, with the people of Assyria, small and great: Anyone who (concludes) this treaty which Zakutu, the queen dowager, has imposed on all the people of Assyria on behalf of Ashurbanipal, her favorite grandson, anyone who should [...] lie and carry out a deceitful or evil plan or revolt against Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, your lord; in your hearts plot evil intrigue (or) speak slander against Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, your lord; in your hearts contrive (or) plan an evil mission (or) wicked proposal for rebellion (and) uprising against Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, your lord; [...] or conspire with another for the murder of Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, your lord: May [...] Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, Mercury, [...] (And if) from this day on you (hear) an evil (plan) of conspiracy (and) rebellion against Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, your lord, you shall come and report to Zakutu, his (grand)mother and Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, your lord; and if you hear of a (plot) to kill or destroy Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, your lord, you shall come and report to Zakutu, his (grand)mother and Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, your lord; and if you hear of evil intrigue being contrived against Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, your lord, you shall speak (of it) in the presence of Zakutu, his (grand) mother and Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, your lord; and if you hear and know that there are men who agitate or conspire among you – whether bearded men or eunuchs, whether his brothers or royal relatives or your brothers or your friends or anyone in the whole country – should you hear or know, you shall seize and kill them and bring them to Zakūtu, his (grand) mother and Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, your lord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231–232_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231–232-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After Ashurbanipal became king without incident, Naqiʾa appears to have retired from public life<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2012_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since there is no further evidence of her acting publicly again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebastian Fink believes Naqiʾa died shortly after Ashurbanipal's accession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gregory D. Cook, Naqiʾa was probably dead by the time of Ashurbanipal's <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thebes" title="Sack of Thebes">Sack of Thebes</a> in 663.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2017902_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2017902-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Finegan" title="Jack Finegan">Jack Finegan</a> on the other hand believed that Naqiʾa was alive by the time of the civil war between Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin in 652–648 and that she during this conflict again tried to support Ashurbanipal's right to rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naqiʾa's career resulted in her achieving, for a woman of her time, an unprecedented level of prominence and public visibility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2012_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is the best documented, and perhaps most influential, woman of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naqiʾa stands apart from nearly all other Assyrian queens, who are often rarely mentioned by name in surviving texts. She is the only royal woman, other than Ashurbanipal's queen <a href="/wiki/Libb%C4%81li-%C5%A1arrat" title="Libbāli-šarrat">Libbāli-šarrat</a>, known to have been depicted in royal artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2017896_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2017896-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a relief depicting Naqiʾa and Esarhaddon, she is depicted seemingly nearly as his equal and as doing the same religious gesture as the king. She is also depicted wearing a "mural crown", a royal crown with features of a castle wall, also included in the artwork of Libbāli-šarrat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinnock2018734_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinnock2018734-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naqi%CA%BEa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitocris_of_Assyria_building_a_bridge_over_the_Euphrates.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nitocris_of_Assyria_building_a_bridge_over_the_Euphrates.png/220px-Nitocris_of_Assyria_building_a_bridge_over_the_Euphrates.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nitocris_of_Assyria_building_a_bridge_over_the_Euphrates.png/330px-Nitocris_of_Assyria_building_a_bridge_over_the_Euphrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nitocris_of_Assyria_building_a_bridge_over_the_Euphrates.png/440px-Nitocris_of_Assyria_building_a_bridge_over_the_Euphrates.png 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>18th-century illustration of <a href="/wiki/Nitocris_of_Babylon" title="Nitocris of Babylon">Nitocris</a>, possibly a legendary rendition of Naqiʾa, building a bridge across the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In later Greco-Roman literary tradition, two great queens of Assyria were remembered: <a href="/wiki/Semiramis" title="Semiramis">Semiramis</a> (based on the earlier queen Shammuramat) and <a href="/wiki/Nitocris_of_Babylon" title="Nitocris of Babylon">Nitocris</a>. It is possible that the figure of Nitocris, said to have lived five generations after Semiramis and to have conducted building projects in Babylon, was based on Naqiʾa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200515_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200515-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legend of building work in Babylon could relate to her lands in Babylonia, the possibility that she partook in Esarhaddon's projects in the city,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or perhaps to the palace she built for her son in Nineveh early in his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2013124_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2013124-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palace at Nineveh could also have served as inspiration since the ancient Greeks sometimes erroneously equated Nineveh and Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200516_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200516-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible that some portions of the Semiramis legend were based on Naqiʾa, rather than Shammuramat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200515_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200515-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, one of the legendary tales of Semiramis describes the queen as founding Babylon. While there are no obvious connections between the historical Shammuramat and Babylon,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200514_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200514-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is, as mentioned, possible to draw connections to Naqiʾa and building works in the city or the surrounding region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200516_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200516-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Characterizations of Naqiʾa vary among modern historians. Some, such as Sarah C. Melville have viewed her as an unselfish mother, who worked to help her son during his reign, whereas others, such as Zafrira Ben-Barak, have viewed her as a politically ambitious woman who exploited every opportunity she could to advance her personal position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200538_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200538-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naqi%CA%BEa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was the formal title of Neo-Assyrian queens. Though it is debated whether she actually held the title in Sennacherib's reign, she was in any case (possibly retroactively) attributed it in the reign of Esarhaddon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Title used in the reigns of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013120_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013120-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naqi%CA%BEa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014191_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrahm2014">Frahm 2014</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013120-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013120_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013120_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertai2013">Kertai 2013</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2017895-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2017895_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook2017">Cook 2017</a>, p. 895.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGansell201880-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGansell201880_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGansell201880_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGansell201880_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGansell2018">Gansell 2018</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200515-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200515_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200515_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200515_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2005">Dalley 2005</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200536-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200536_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200536_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200536_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200536_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200536_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeppo2005">Teppo 2005</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201816-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201816_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201816_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201816_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201816_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201816_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElayi2018">Elayi 2018</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2020-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFink2020">Fink 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2012_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2012_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2012_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2012_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2012_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelville2012">Melville 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancier201423-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancier201423_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancier201423_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClancier2014">Clancier 2014</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETetlow2004288-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETetlow2004288_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETetlow2004288_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETetlow2004288_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTetlow2004">Tetlow 2004</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat2014240-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat2014240_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNemet-Nejat2014">Nemet-Nejat 2014</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan1979Assyrian_Empire_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinegan1979">Finegan 1979</a>, Assyrian Empire.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoannès201631-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoannès201631_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoannès201631_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoannès201631_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoannès201631_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoannès201631_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoannès2016">Joannès 2016</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200534-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200534_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeppo2005">Teppo 2005</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2017902-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2017902_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2017902_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook2017">Cook 2017</a>, p. 902.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013118-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013118_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013118_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013118_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013118_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertai2013">Kertai 2013</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200537-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200537_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200537_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200537_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200537_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200537_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200537_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200537_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeppo2005">Teppo 2005</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201817-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201817_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201817_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElayi2018">Elayi 2018</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2017903-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2017903_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2017903_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2017903_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook2017">Cook 2017</a>, p. 903.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENissinen2017320-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENissinen2017320_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNissinen2017">Nissinen 2017</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertai2013">Kertai 2013</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201815-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201815_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201815_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201815_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElayi2018">Elayi 2018</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014192-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014192_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrahm2014">Frahm 2014</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolvang200339-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolvang200339_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolvang2003">Solvang 2003</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo200538-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200538_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200538_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200538_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeppo200538_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeppo2005">Teppo 2005</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003166-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner2003166_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadner2003">Radner 2003</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003168-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner2003168_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadner2003">Radner 2003</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelville2014">Melville 2014</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231–232-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014231–232_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelville2014">Melville 2014</a>, pp. 231–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2017896-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2017896_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook2017">Cook 2017</a>, p. 896.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinnock2018734-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinnock2018734_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinnock2018">Pinnock 2018</a>, p. 734.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2013124-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2013124_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2013">Dalley 2013</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200516-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200516_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200516_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2005">Dalley 2005</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200514-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200514_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2005">Dalley 2005</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naqi%CA%BEa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClancier2014" class="citation journal cs1">Clancier, Philippe (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26238711">"Warlike men and invisible women: how scribes in the Ancient Near East represented warfare"</a>. <i>Clio</i>. <b>39</b> (39): 17–34. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26238711">26238711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clio&rft.atitle=Warlike+men+and+invisible+women%3A+how+scribes+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+represented+warfare&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=17-34&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26238711%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clancier&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26238711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaqi%CA%BEa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, Gregory D. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.15699/jbl.1364.2017.198627">"Naqia and Nineveh in Nahum: Ambiguity and the Prostitute Queen"</a>. <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>136</b> (4): 895–904. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15699%2Fjbl.1364.2017.198627">10.15699/jbl.1364.2017.198627</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.15699/jbl.1364.2017.198627">10.15699/jbl.1364.2017.198627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Naqia+and+Nineveh+in+Nahum%3A+Ambiguity+and+the+Prostitute+Queen&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=895-904&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15699%2Fjbl.1364.2017.198627&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.15699%2Fjbl.1364.2017.198627%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Gregory+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.15699%2Fjbl.1364.2017.198627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaqi%CA%BEa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalley2005" class="citation book cs1">Dalley, Stephanie (2005). 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Leiden: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004265615" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004265615"><bdi>978-9004265615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Matters%3A+Psychohistorical+Reflections+on+Sennacherib+and+His+Times&rft.btitle=Sennacherib+at+the+Gates+of+Jerusalem%3A+Story%2C+History+and+Historiography&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9004265615&rft.aulast=Frahm&rft.aufirst=Eckart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbF_bAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaqi%CA%BEa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGansell2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gansell, Amy Rebecca (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3764/aja.122.1.0065">"Dressing the Neo-Assyrian Queen in Identity and Ideology: Elements and Ensembles from the Royal Tombs at Nimrud"</a>. <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>122</b> (1): 65–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3764%2Faja.122.1.0065">10.3764/aja.122.1.0065</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3764/aja.122.1.0065">10.3764/aja.122.1.0065</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194770386">194770386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Dressing+the+Neo-Assyrian+Queen+in+Identity+and+Ideology%3A+Elements+and+Ensembles+from+the+Royal+Tombs+at+Nimrud&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-100&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194770386%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3764%2Faja.122.1.0065%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3764%2Faja.122.1.0065&rft.aulast=Gansell&rft.aufirst=Amy+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3764%2Faja.122.1.0065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaqi%CA%BEa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoannès2016" class="citation journal cs1">Joannès, Francis (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient/51/0/51_29/_pdf/-char/ja">"Women and Palaces in the Neo-Assyrian Period"</a>. <i>Orient</i>. <b>51</b>: 29–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5356%2Forient.51.29">10.5356/orient.51.29</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189033552">189033552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orient&rft.atitle=Women+and+Palaces+in+the+Neo-Assyrian+Period&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=29-46&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5356%2Forient.51.29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189033552%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Joann%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Forient%2F51%2F0%2F51_29%2F_pdf%2F-char%2Fja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaqi%CA%BEa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKertai2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kertai, David (2013). 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Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses universitaires de Louvain. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87558-691-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87558-691-9"><bdi>978-2-87558-691-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+city+of+gold+for+the+queen%3A+some+thoughts+about+the+mural+crown+of+Assyrian+queens&rft.btitle=Mvlta+per+%C3%86gvora%3A+Il+polisemico+significato+della+moderna+della+moderna+ricerca+archeologica.+Omaggio+a+Sara+Santoro&rft.place=Louvain-la-Neuve&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Louvain&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-2-87558-691-9&rft.aulast=Pinnock&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaqi%CA%BEa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadner2003" class="citation journal cs1">Radner, Karen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.uam.es/handle/10486/3476">"The Trials of Esarhaddon: The Conspiracy of 670 BC"</a>. <i>ISIMU: Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad</i>. <b>6</b>. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid: 165–183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISIMU%3A+Revista+sobre+Oriente+Pr%C3%B3ximo+y+Egipto+en+la+antig%C3%BCedad&rft.atitle=The+Trials+of+Esarhaddon%3A+The+Conspiracy+of+670+BC&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=165-183&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Radner&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.uam.es%2Fhandle%2F10486%2F3476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaqi%CA%BEa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolvang2003" class="citation book cs1">Solvang, Elna K. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K6p6QuFuWDoC"><i>A Woman's Place is in the House: Royal Women of Judah and their Involvement in the House of David</i></a>. London: Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-6213-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-6213-8"><bdi>0-8264-6213-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Woman%27s+Place+is+in+the+House%3A+Royal+Women+of+Judah+and+their+Involvement+in+the+House+of+David&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8264-6213-8&rft.aulast=Solvang&rft.aufirst=Elna+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK6p6QuFuWDoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaqi%CA%BEa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeppo2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Teppo, Saana (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/19226/womenand.pdf?sequence=2"><i>Women and their Agency in the Neo-Assyrian Empire</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). University of Helsinki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Women+and+their+Agency+in+the+Neo-Assyrian+Empire&rft.inst=University+of+Helsinki&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Teppo&rft.aufirst=Saana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelda.helsinki.fi%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10138%2F19226%2Fwomenand.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaqi%CA%BEa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTetlow2004" class="citation book cs1">Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ONkJ_Rj1SS8C"><i>Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: Volume 1: The Ancient Near East</i></a>. New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-1628-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-1628-4"><bdi>0-8264-1628-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Crime+and+Punishment+in+Ancient+Law+and+Society%3A+Volume+1%3A+The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8264-1628-4&rft.aulast=Tetlow&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth+Meier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DONkJ_Rj1SS8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaqi%CA%BEa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_(queen)" title="Hama (queen)">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia" title="Iaba, Banitu and Atalia">Iaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia" title="Iaba, Banitu and Atalia">Banitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia" title="Iaba, Banitu and Atalia">Atalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashmetu-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashmetu-sharrat">Tashmetu-sharrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqi'a">Naqi'a</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esharra-hammat" class="mw-redirect" title="Esharra-hammat">Esharra-hammat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libbali-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Libbali-sharrat">Libbali-sharrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana-Tashmetum-taklak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ana-Tashmetum-taklak">Ana-Tashmetum-taklak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Assyrian_queens" title="Category:Assyrian queens">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sargonid_dynasty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sargonid_dynasty" title="Template:Sargonid dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sargonid_dynasty" title="Template talk:Sargonid dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sargonid_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sargonid dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sargonid_dynasty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a></i> <small>(Babylon)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a></i> <small>(Babylon)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia" title="Iaba, Banitu and Atalia">Atalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashmetu-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashmetu-sharrat">Tashmetu-sharrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqi'a">Naqi'a</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esharra-hammat" class="mw-redirect" title="Esharra-hammat">Esharra-hammat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libbali-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Libbali-sharrat">Libbali-sharrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana-Tashmetum-taklak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ana-Tashmetum-taklak">Ana-Tashmetum-taklak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arda-Mulissu" title="Arda-Mulissu">Arda-Mulissu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serua-eterat" class="mw-redirect" title="Serua-eterat">Serua-eterat</a></li> <li><small>(<i><a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty#Family_tree_of_the_Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Full family tree</a></i>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sargonid_dynasty" title="Category:Sargonid dynasty">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2174785#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2174785#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2174785#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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