Hard Choices in Defense

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-js" lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MF4NFW');</script> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WKSKNQJ');</script>  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#48acdb"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="home" href="https://www.cnas.org/" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cnas.org/assets/stylesheets/app-cde0411cb8.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//cloud.typography.com/6895734/7858552/css/fonts.css"> <script> function isTouchDevice() { return (('ontouchstart' in window) || (navigator.MaxTouchPoints > 0) || (navigator.msMaxTouchPoints > 0)); } function supportsObjectFit() { return ('objectFit' in document.documentElement.style === true); } var html = document.documentElement; html.className = html.className.replace('no-js', 'js'); html.classList.add((isTouchDevice() ? '' : 'no-') + 'touch'); html.classList.add((supportsObjectFit() ? '' : 'no-') + 'object-fit'); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.typekit.net/skl0tcm.css"> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LdYExsqAAAAAIQrguiy7V0Mzf19k4izriCKzUBJ"></script> <script src="https://www.cnas.org/picturefill.min.js" async></script> <title>Hard Choices in Defense | CNAS</title><meta name="generator" content="SEOmatic"> <meta name="description" content="Developing strong, pragmatic and principled national security and defense policies."> <meta name="referrer" content="no-referrer-when-downgrade"> <meta name="robots" content="all"> <meta content="en_US" property="og:locale"> <meta content="CNAS" property="og:site_name"> <meta content="website" property="og:type"> <meta content="https://www.cnas.org/research/defense/hard-choices-in-defense" property="og:url"> <meta content="Hard Choices in Defense" property="og:title"> <meta content="Developing strong, pragmatic and principled national security and defense policies." property="og:description"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Hard Choices in Defense"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Developing strong, pragmatic and principled national security and defense policies."> <link href="https://www.cnas.org/research/defense/hard-choices-in-defense" rel="canonical"> <link href="https://www.cnas.org" rel="home"> <link type="text/plain" href="https://www.cnas.org/humans.txt" rel="author"> <style> /* Progress bar */ .progress-header { z-index: 1; } /* The progress container (transparent background) */ .progress-container { width: 100%; height: 2px; background:rgba(0,0,0,0); } /* The progress bar (scroll indicator) */ .progress-bar { height: 2px; background: #43c1eb; width: 0%; } </style></head> <body style="font-family: freight-text-pro,sans-serif;color:#687279" class="subpage " data-spy="scroll" data-offset="60" data-target="#toc">  <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MF4NFW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WKSKNQJ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <header class="header"> <div class="header__inner"> <div class="header__flag"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/" class="logo"> <span class="screenreader-only">Center for a New American Security</span> <img class="small-logo" src="/assets/images/CNAS-Logo-Web-NEW.png" alt="CNAS small logo"> </a> <ul id="megamenu-triggers" class="nav -primary"> <li> <button class="nav__button" aria-controls="research-menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Open the Research Menu" data-module="collapsible" data-parent="megamenu-triggers"> <span class="nav__button__flex"> <span>Research</span> <span class="chevron -down"></span> </span> </button> </li> <li> <button class="nav__button" aria-controls="experts-menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Open the Experts Menu" data-module="collapsible" data-parent="megamenu-triggers"> <span class="nav__button__flex"> <span>Experts</span> <span class="chevron -down"></span> </span> </button> </li> <li> <button class="nav__button" aria-controls="about-menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Open the About Menu" data-module="collapsible" data-parent="megamenu-triggers"> <span class="nav__button__flex"> <span>About</span> <span class="chevron -down"></span> </span> </button> </li> </ul> </div> <ul class="nav -secondary"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/events" class="nav__link"><span>Events</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/join" class="nav__link"><span>Subscribe</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/support-cnas" class="nav__link"><span>Support</span></a> </li> <li> <button class="nav__button -search" aria-controls="search-form" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Open the Search Form" data-module="collapsible"> <span class="nav__button__flex"> <span class="screenreader-only">Open the Search Form</span> <span class="sprite -magnifier "> <svg width="16" height="16" class="svgsprite"> <use xlink:href="/assets/images/icons.svg?v=2#magnifier"></use> </svg> </span> <span class="x"></span> </span> </button> </li> </ul> </div> <form id="search-form" action="https://www.cnas.org/search" method="get" aria-hidden="true" class="header__search"> <label for="q"> <span class="screenreader-only">Search by keyword:</span> </label> <input type="search" name="q" placeholder="What are you looking for?"> <button type="submit" class="square-chevron-button"> <span class="screenreader-only">Search</span> <span class="chevron -right -white"></span> </button> </form> <div id="research-menu" aria-hidden="true" class="megamenu"> <div class="menu"> <button type="button" class="megamenu__close x-button" data-js="close"> <span class="megamenu__close__flex"> <span class="screenreader-only">Close</span> <span class="x"></span> </span> </button> <div class="menu__pane -c2"> <h3 class="menu__heading" data-toc-skip>Publications</h3> <ul class="menu__list"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/reports">Reports</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/articles-multimedia">Articles & Multimedia</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/articles-multimedia?type=congressional-testimony">Congressional Testimony</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/articles-multimedia?type=commentary">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/articles-multimedia?type=video">Video</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/articles-multimedia?type=podcast">Podcast</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="menu__pane -c10"> <h3 class="menu__heading" data-toc-skip>Research Areas</h3> <ul class="menu__list"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/defense">Defense</a> <ul class="hide-on-mobile"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/defense/hard-choices-in-defense">Hard Choices in Defense</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/defense/the-future-of-warfare">The Future of Warfare</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/defense/strengthening-deterrence">Strengthening Deterrence</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/defense/wargaming">The Gaming Lab</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/defense/defense-discussions">Defense Discussions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/indo-pacific-security">Indo-Pacific Security</a> <ul class="hide-on-mobile"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/indo-pacific-security/china">The China Challenge</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/indo-pacific-security/regional-alliances-and-partnerships">Regional Alliances and Partnerships</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/indo-pacific-security/the-india-opportunity">The India Opportunity</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/indo-pacific-security/north-korea">The North Korea Threat</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/military-veterans-and-society">Military, Veterans & Society</a> <ul class="hide-on-mobile"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/military-veterans-and-society/military">Military</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/military-veterans-and-society/veterans-1">Veterans</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/military-veterans-and-society/society">Society</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/transatlantic-security">Transatlantic Security</a> <ul class="hide-on-mobile"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/transatlantic-security/russia">Russia</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/transatlantic-security/confronting-threats-to-democracy">Confronting Threats to Democracy</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/transatlantic-security/nato-and-european-security">NATO and European Security</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/transatlantic-security/the-future-of-europe">Responding to Strategic Challenges</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/middle-east-security">Middle East Security</a> <ul class="hide-on-mobile"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/middle-east-security/israel-hamas-war">Israel-Hamas War</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/middle-east-security/evolving-the-mission">Evolving the Mission–Iraq/Syria/ISIS</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/middle-east-security/iran">Iran Futures</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/middle-east-security/constructing-regional-partnerships-and-seizing-emerging-opportunities">Constructing Regional Partnerships and Seizing Emerging Opportunities</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/middle-east-security/israel">Security Assistance</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/energy-economics-and-security">Energy, Economics & Security</a> <ul class="hide-on-mobile"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/energy-economics-and-security/sanctions">Targeted Sanctions: Russia and Iran</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/energy-economics-and-security/economic-statecraft">Economic Statecraft</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/energy-economics-and-security/energy-exports">Energy & Geopolitics</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/energy-economics-and-security/sanctions-by-the-numbers">Sanctions by the Numbers</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/technology-and-national-security">Technology & National Security</a> <ul class="hide-on-mobile"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/technology-and-national-security/artificial-intelligence-ssp">Artificial Intelligence</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/technology-and-national-security/technology-strategy">Technology Strategy</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/technology-and-national-security/5g-security">Critical Digital Infrastructure</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/technology-and-national-security/biotechnology">Biotechnology</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/congress-and-national-security">Securing U.S. Democracy Initiative</a> <ul class="hide-on-mobile"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/congress-and-national-security/enhancing-dhs-oversight-accountability">Enhancing DHS Oversight & Accountability</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/congress-and-national-security/safe-home">Safe@Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/congress-and-national-security/intelligence-oversight">Congress and National Security</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/congress-and-national-security/key-national-security-issues">Renewing the National Security Consensus</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="experts-menu" aria-hidden="true" class="megamenu"> <div class="menu"> <button type="button" class="megamenu__close x-button" data-js="close"> <span class="megamenu__close__flex"> <span class="screenreader-only">Close</span> <span class="x"></span> </span> </button> <div class="menu__pane -c6"> <h3 class="menu__heading" data-toc-skip>Resident Experts</h3> <ul class="menu__list"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/experts">All Resident Experts</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu__list"> <li class="break"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/molly-campbell">Molly Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/vivek-chilukuri">Vivek Chilukuri</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/carrie-cordero">Carrie Cordero</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/lisa-curtis">Lisa Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/michael-depp">Michael Depp</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/bill-drexel">Bill Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/janet-egan">Janet Egan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/joshua-fitt">Joshua Fitt</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/richard-fontaine">Richard Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/geoffrey-gertz">Geoffrey Gertz</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/noah-greene">Noah Greene</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/carlton-haelig">Carlton Haelig</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/sam-howell">Sam Howell</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/kate-johnston">Kate Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/andrea-kendall-taylor">Andrea Kendall-Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/emily-kilcrease">Emily Kilcrease</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/katherine-kuzminski">Katherine L. Kuzminski</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/nicholas-lokker">Nicholas Lokker</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/jonathan-lord">Jonathan Lord</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/gibbs-mckinley">Gibbs McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/carisa-nietsche">Carisa Nietsche</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/stacie-pettyjohn">Stacie Pettyjohn</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/ruby-scanlon">Ruby Scanlon</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/paul-scharre">Paul Scharre</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/philip-sheers">Philip Sheers</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/jacob-stokes">Jacob Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/taren-sylvester">Taren Sylvester</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/adam-h-tong">Adam H. Tong</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/constanza-m-vidal-bustamante">Constanza M. Vidal Bustamante</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/josh-wallin">Josh Wallin</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/becca-wasser">Becca Wasser</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/caleb-withers">Caleb Withers</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/robert-work">Robert O. Work</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="menu__pane -c6"> <h3 class="menu__heading" data-toc-skip>Adjunct Experts</h3> <ul class="menu__list"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/experts#adjunct">All Adjunct Experts</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu__list"> <li class="break"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/manpreet-singh-anand">Manpreet Singh Anand</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/brandon-j-archuleta">Brandon J. Archuleta</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/lt-gen-robert-ashley-jr-ret">Lt. Gen. Robert Ashley, Jr. (Ret.)</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/christian-beckner">Christian Beckner</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/samuel-bendett">Samuel Bendett</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/paul-benfield">Paul Benfield</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/rachel-brandenburg">Rachel Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/dr-jonathan-brewer">Dr. Jonathan Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/josh-campbell">Josh Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/pablo-chavez">Pablo Chavez</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/richard-connolly">Richard Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/john-costello">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/eitan-danon">Eitan Danon</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/richard-j-danzig">Richard J. Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/jason-dempsey">Jason Dempsey</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/yaya-j-fanusie">Yaya J. Fanusie</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/ryan-fedasiuk">Ryan Fedasiuk</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/david-feith">David Feith</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/edward-fishman-1">Edward Fishman</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/tim-fist">Tim Fist</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/greg-grant">Greg Grant</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/dr-erik-lin-greenberg">Dr. Erik Lin-Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/michael-greenwald">Michael Greenwald</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/hamzeh-hadad">Hamzeh Hadad</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/hon-robert-f-hale">Hon. Robert F. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/heli-hautala">Heli Hautala</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/franz-stefan-gady">Franz-Stefan Gady</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/jeannette-gaudry-haynie">Dr. Jeannette Gaudry Haynie</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/jacob-helberg">Jacob Helberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/michelle-holko-phd-pmp">Michelle Holko, PhD, PMP</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/john-hughes">John Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/kyleanne-hunter">Dr. Kyleanne Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/ltg-anthony-r-tony-ierardi-usa-ret">LTG Anthony R. "Tony" Ierardi, USA (Ret.)</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/akira-igata">Akira Igata</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/elsa-b-kania">Elsa B. Kania</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/robert-kaplan">Robert D. Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/duyeon-kim">Dr. Duyeon Kim</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/christopher-d-kolenda">Christopher D. Kolenda</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/margarita-rita-konaev">Margarita "Rita" Konaev</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/steven-kosiak">Steven Kosiak</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/dr-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr">Dr. Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/thomas-krueger">Thomas Krueger</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/peter-l-levin">Peter L. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/jennifer-mcardle">Jennifer McArdle</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/brendan-mccord">Brendan McCord</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/dr-ed-mcgrady">Dr. ED McGrady</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/trey-meeks">Trey Meeks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/jack-midgley">Jack Midgley</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/j-travis-mosier">J Travis Mosier</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/dr-go-myong-hyun">Dr. Go Myong-Hyun</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/catherine-a-novelli">Catherine A. Novelli</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/dr-john-park">Dr. John Park</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/dr-lynne-e-parker">Dr. Lynne E. Parker</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/ben-renda">Ben Renda</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/diem-salmon">Diem Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/jordan-schneider">Jordan Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/peter-schroeder">Peter Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/michael-sellitto">Michael Sellitto</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/vance-serchuk">Vance Serchuk</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/mark-seip">Mark Seip</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/lt-gen-jack-shanahan-usaf-ret">John (Jack) N.T. Shanahan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/tom-shugart">Tom Shugart</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/daniel-silverberg">Daniel Silverberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/alexander-sullivan">Alexander Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/tobias-switzer">Tobias Switzer</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/rachel-tecott">Rachel Tecott Metz</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/alanna-c-torres-van-antwerp">Alanna C. Torres-Van Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/jim-townsend">Jim Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/richard-verma">Richard R. Verma</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/anthony-vinci">Anthony Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/jon-b-wolfsthal">Jon B. Wolfsthal</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/alex-zerden">Alex Zerden</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/rachel-ziemba">Rachel Ziemba</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/morgan-poyant">Morgan Poyant</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="about-menu" aria-hidden="true" class="megamenu"> <div class="menu"> <button type="button" class="megamenu__close x-button" data-js="close"> <span class="megamenu__close__flex"> <span class="screenreader-only">Close</span> <span class="x"></span> </span> </button> <div class="menu__pane -c2"> <h3 class="menu__heading" data-toc-skip>Who We Are</h3> <ul class="menu__list"> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/mission">Mission</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/people?group=full-time-staff">People</a> <ul> <li class="hide-on-mobile"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people?group=full-time-staff">Full-Time Staff</a></li> <li class="hide-on-mobile"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people?group=executive-team">Executive Team</a></li> <li class="hide-on-mobile"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people?group=board-of-directors">Board of Directors</a></li> <li class="hide-on-mobile"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people?group=board-of-advisors">Board of Advisors</a></li> <li class="hide-on-mobile"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people?group=directors-emeriti">Directors Emeriti</a></li> <li class="hide-on-mobile"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people?group=distinguished-senior-fellows">Distinguished Senior Fellows</a></li> <li class="hide-on-mobile"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people?group=adjunct-staff">Adjunct Fellows</a></li> <li class="hide-on-mobile"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people?group=visting-fellow">Senior Military Fellows</a></li> <li class="hide-on-mobile"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people?group=joseph-s-nye">Joseph S. Nye Interns</a></li> <li class="hide-on-mobile"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people?group=cnas-supporters">CNAS Supporters</a></li> <li class="hide-on-mobile"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people?group=next-generation-national-security-fellows">Next Generation National Security Fellows</a></li> <li class="hide-on-mobile"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people?group=visiting-fellow">Visiting Fellows</a></li> <li class="hide-on-mobile"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people?group=writer-in-residence">Writer in Residence</a></li> <li class="hide-on-mobile"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/people?group=in-memoriam">In Memoriam</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/careers">Careers</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/careers/internships">Internships</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="menu__pane -c6"> <h3 class="menu__heading" data-toc-skip>CNAS Programs</h3> <ul class="menu__list"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/next-generation-programs">Next Generation Programs</a> <ul class="hide-on-mobile"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/next-generation-programs/nextgeneration">The Shawn Brimley Next Generation National Security Leaders Fellowship</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/next-generation-programs/robert-m-gates-fellowship">Robert M. Gates Fellowship</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/next-generation-programs/1lt-andrew-j-bacevich-jr-usa-award">1LT Andrew J. Bacevich Jr., USA Award</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/next-generation-programs/make-room-initiative">Make Room</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/next-generation-programs/internships">Joseph S. Nye, Jr. National Security Internship and Mentoring Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/next-generation-programs/the-pitch-a-competition-of-new-ideas">The Pitch: A Competition of New Ideas</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/women-in-national-security">Women in National Security</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/visiting-fellows">Visiting Fellows</a> <ul class="hide-on-mobile"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/visiting-fellows/writers-in-residence">Writers in Residence</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/visiting-fellows/senior-military-fellows-program">Senior Military Fellows Program</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/support-cnas">Support CNAS</a> <ul class="hide-on-mobile"> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/support-cnas/cnas-council">Join the CNAS Council</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/support-cnas/cnas-corporate-partnership-program">CNAS Corporate Partnership Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/support-cnas/frequently-asked-questions">Frequently Asked Questions</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="menu__pane -c2"> <h3 class="menu__heading" data-toc-skip>Press</h3> <ul class="menu__list"> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/press">All Press</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/photos">Photos</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="menu__pane -c2"> <h3 class="menu__heading" data-toc-skip>Events</h3> <ul class="menu__list"> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/events">All Events</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/events/cnas-2024-national-security-conference-high-stakes">CNAS 2024 National Security Conference: High Stakes</a> </li> </ul> <h3 class="menu__heading" data-toc-skip>Connect</h3> <ul class="menu__list"> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/support-cnas">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/contact">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/join">Subscribe</a></li> </ul> <ul class="menu__social"> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/cnasdc" title="Twitter"> <span class="sprite -twitter "> <svg width="16" height="16" class="svgsprite"> <title>Twitter</title> <use xlink:href="/assets/images/icons.svg?v=2#twitter"></use> </svg> </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/CNASdc" title="YouTube"> <span class="sprite -youtube "> <svg width="16" height="16" class="svgsprite"> <title>YouTube</title> <use xlink:href="/assets/images/icons.svg?v=2#youtube"></use> </svg> </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/CNASdc" title="Facebook"> <span class="sprite -facebook "> <svg width="16" height="16" class="svgsprite"> <title>Facebook</title> <use xlink:href="/assets/images/icons.svg?v=2#facebook"></use> </svg> </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#a8c1c6cec7e8cbc6c9db86c7dacf" title="Email"> <span class="sprite -email "> <svg width="16" height="16" class="svgsprite"> <title>Email</title> <use xlink:href="/assets/images/icons.svg?v=2#email"></use> </svg> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="progress-header"> <div class="progress-container"> <div class="progress-bar" id="myBar"></div> </div> </div>  </header> <main id="content" role="main"> <article> <header> <div class="wrapper -full"> <figure class="hero"> <picture class="no-shadow">  <source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_1600x600_crop_center-center_none/guided-missile-destroyer.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 1025px)" srcset="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_1200x450_crop_center-center_none/guided-missile-destroyer.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcset="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_1024x384_crop_center-center_none/guided-missile-destroyer.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 600px)" srcset="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_768x432_crop_center-center_none/guided-missile-destroyer.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 376px)" srcset="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_600x400_crop_center-center_none/guided-missile-destroyer.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 320px)" srcset="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_375x250_crop_center-center_none/guided-missile-destroyer.jpg">  <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt=""> </picture> </figure> </div> <div class="article__header -overlap -blue wrapper -extra-large"> <div class="attribution-block"> <button class="image-attribution credit sans-serif fz11 margin-bottom-1em animated-link" aria-label="U.S. Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Justin Wolpert"> <span class="image-attribution__label">Image Credit</span> </button> </div> <p class="overlap-label margin-bottom"> <span class="overlap-label__underline">Part of</span> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/research/defense"> <span class="chevron -left -gray"></span> Defense </a> </p> <h1 class="page-title">Hard Choices in Defense</h1> </div> </header> <div class="wrapper wysiwyg margin-vertical"> </div> <div class="margin-vertical-2x"> <div class="wrapper wysiwyg margin-vertical "> <p>The U.S. Department of Defense faces difficult strategic choices. It needs sound decision making processes to act with speed when aligning resources to strategy. The CNAS Defense Program helps policymakers make the right choices in resource expenditure, organizational transformation, and process reform through the following lines of effort:</p> <p><strong>Closing the Say-Do Gap</strong></p> <p>Implementing the defense strategy requires not only an appropriate level of resources but that sufficient funds are allocated to key strategic priorities, such as rebuilding munitions stores. In this line of effort, the CNAS Defense Program assesses the alignment between the president’s budget requests and the defense strategy and offers recommendations on how to bring the two into lockstep.</p> <p><strong>CNAS Defense Technology Task Force </strong></p> <p>In October 2023, the Defense Program launched the <a href="https://www.cnas.org/defense-technology-task-force?x-craft-preview=SLjRUD8nDY&token=1W3ngTr-COw8MI7RcMB2XVkcOyN-mOAU">Defense Technology Task Force</a> to bring together experts and practitioners from across the innovation ecosystem to include government, startups, new commercial entrants, legacy industry, and venture capital. The Task Force explores how organizations can better use existing authorities to innovate with the speed and scale required by today’s rapidly evolving threats.</p> <p><strong>A Changing Space</strong></p> <p>Space is becoming an increasingly important domain for competition and future warfare. In 2019, the United States created the newest service, the U.S. Space Force. This line of effort explores the organizational and strategic culture of the Space Force and considers its implications for joint warfare, inter-service relations, and the future of the service.</p> </div> <div class="wrapper -large -clear margin-vertical"> <h2 class="section-title margin-bottom-half-em">Research Team</h2> <ul class="person-list"> <li> <a class="team-link no-animated-link" href="https://www.cnas.org/people/stacie-pettyjohn" aria-label="Stacie Pettyjohn - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/thumbnails/_120x120_crop_center-center_none/Stacie-Pettyjohn-thumbnail.jpg 1x, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/thumbnails/_240x240_crop_center-center_none/Stacie-Pettyjohn-thumbnail.jpg 2x" width="120" height="120" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <h3 class="h4 margin-bottom-half-em"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/stacie-pettyjohn">Stacie Pettyjohn</a> </h3> <p class="person-list__title">Senior Fellow and Director, Defense Program</p> </li> <li> <a class="team-link no-animated-link" href="https://www.cnas.org/people/becca-wasser" aria-label="Becca Wasser - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/thumbnails/_120x120_crop_center-center_none/BeccaWasser_Square.jpg 1x, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/thumbnails/_240x240_crop_center-center_none/BeccaWasser_Square.jpg 2x" width="120" height="120" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <h3 class="h4 margin-bottom-half-em"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/becca-wasser">Becca Wasser</a> </h3> <p class="person-list__title">Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Defense Program</p> </li> <li> <a class="team-link no-animated-link" href="https://www.cnas.org/people/carlton-haelig" aria-label="Carlton Haelig - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/thumbnails/_120x120_crop_center-center_none/Haelig-thumbnail.png 1x, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/thumbnails/_240x240_crop_center-center_none/Haelig-thumbnail.png 2x" width="120" height="120" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <h3 class="h4 margin-bottom-half-em"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/carlton-haelig">Carlton Haelig</a> </h3> <p class="person-list__title">Fellow, Defense Program</p> </li> <li> <a class="team-link no-animated-link" href="https://www.cnas.org/people/philip-sheers" aria-label="Philip Sheers - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/thumbnails/_120x120_crop_center-center_none/Philip-Sheers.jpeg 1x, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/thumbnails/_240x240_crop_center-center_none/Philip-Sheers.jpeg 2x" width="120" height="120" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <h3 class="h4 margin-bottom-half-em"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/philip-sheers">Philip Sheers</a> </h3> <p class="person-list__title">Research Assistant, Defense Program</p> </li> <li> <a class="team-link no-animated-link" href="https://www.cnas.org/people/molly-campbell" aria-label="Molly Campbell - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/thumbnails/_120x120_crop_center-center_none/Molly_Campbell-2024-thumbnail.jpg 1x, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/thumbnails/_240x240_crop_center-center_none/Molly_Campbell-2024-thumbnail.jpg 2x" width="120" height="120" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <h3 class="h4 margin-bottom-half-em"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/molly-campbell">Molly Campbell</a> </h3> <p class="person-list__title">Research Assistant, Defense Program</p> </li> <li> <a class="team-link no-animated-link" href="https://www.cnas.org/people/jupiter-huang" aria-label="Jupiter Huang - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/thumbnails/_120x120_crop_center-center_none/Jupiter-Huang-Headshot.png 1x, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/thumbnails/_240x240_crop_center-center_none/Jupiter-Huang-Headshot.png 2x" width="120" height="120" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <h3 class="h4 margin-bottom-half-em"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/people/jupiter-huang">Jupiter Huang</a> </h3> <p class="person-list__title">Intern, Defense Program</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <p class="center"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/support-cnas" class="button -solid">Support CNAS</a></p> <section class="featured-block margin-vertical-2x"> <h2 class="featured-block__title">Highlights</h2> <ul class="featured-listing"> <li> <div class="labeled-image"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/space-to-grow" aria-label="Space to Grow - image link"> <img src="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/_600x360_crop_center-center_none/Space-Force-hero.jpg" width="285" height="190" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <span class="label">Reports</span> </div> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/space-to-grow" class="sans-serif fz14 bold margin-top-half-em">Space to Grow</a> <p class="fz13 sans-serif margin-vertical-half-em"> In the more than 50 years since the first satellite launch, space has become irrevocably intertwined with the American way of life and the American way of war. During the Cold... </p> <p class="fz15 margin-top-half-em"> <span class="screenreader-only">By</span> Hannah Dennis </p> </li> <li> <div class="labeled-image"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/to-focus-on-china-u-s-needs-to-wean-off-europe-and-middle-east-missions" aria-label="To Focus on China, U.S. Needs to Wean off Europe and Middle East Missions - image link"> <img src="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_600x360_crop_center-center_none/guided-missile-destroyer.jpg" width="285" height="190" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <span class="label">Commentary</span> </div> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/to-focus-on-china-u-s-needs-to-wean-off-europe-and-middle-east-missions" class="sans-serif fz14 bold margin-top-half-em">To Focus on China, U.S. Needs to Wean off Europe and Middle East Missions</a> <p class="fz13 sans-serif margin-vertical-half-em"> If the United States cannot rebalance its military focus toward the Indo-Pacific it risks expediting Chinese aggression in the region and furthering the decline of the US-led ... </p> <p class="fz15 margin-top-half-em"> <span class="screenreader-only">By</span> Carlton Haelig </p> </li> <li> <div class="labeled-image"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/integration-for-innovation" aria-label="Integration for Innovation - image link"> <img src="https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/_600x360_crop_center-center_none/Defense-taskforce-hero-final_2024-10-01-145805_ntve.jpg" width="285" height="190" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <span class="label">Reports</span> </div> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/integration-for-innovation" class="sans-serif fz14 bold margin-top-half-em">Integration for Innovation</a> <p class="fz13 sans-serif margin-vertical-half-em"> Executive Summary In August 2023, Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathleen Hicks made a clear case that the Department of Defense (DoD) must do better in “creat[ing] and exploit[i... </p> <p class="fz15 margin-top-half-em"> <span class="screenreader-only">By</span> Michael Brown, Ellen Lord, Andrew Metrick & Robert O. Work </p> </li> </ul> </section> </article> <section class="wrapper -extra-large margin-vertical-2x"> <h2 class="section-title margin-bottom-half-em">Recent Publications</h2> <div class="wrapper"> <ul class="entry-listing"> <li class="-with-image"> <div class="labeled-image"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/to-focus-on-china-u-s-needs-to-wean-off-europe-and-middle-east-missions" aria-label="To Focus on China, U.S. Needs to Wean off Europe and Middle East Missions - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset=" https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_165x110_crop_center-center_none/guided-missile-destroyer.jpg 165w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_285x190_crop_center-center_none/guided-missile-destroyer.jpg 285w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_400x267_crop_center-center_none/guided-missile-destroyer.jpg 400w" sizes="(min-width: 600px) 285px, (min-width: 430px) 400px, calc(100vw - 30px)" width="400" height="267" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <span class="label">Commentary</span> </div> <ul class="entry-listing__meta"> <li>Breaking Defense</li> <li>October 28, 2024</li> </ul> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/to-focus-on-china-u-s-needs-to-wean-off-europe-and-middle-east-missions" class="sans-serif fz16 bold margin-top-half-em">To Focus on China, U.S. Needs to Wean off Europe and Middle East Missions</a> <p class="fz15 margin-top-1em"> <span class="screenreader-only">By</span> Carlton Haelig </p> </li> <li class="-with-image"> <div class="labeled-image"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/integration-for-innovation" aria-label="Integration for Innovation - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset=" https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/_165x110_crop_center-center_none/Defense-taskforce-hero-final_2024-10-01-145805_ntve.jpg 165w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/_285x190_crop_center-center_none/Defense-taskforce-hero-final_2024-10-01-145805_ntve.jpg 285w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/_400x267_crop_center-center_none/Defense-taskforce-hero-final_2024-10-01-145805_ntve.jpg 400w" sizes="(min-width: 600px) 285px, (min-width: 430px) 400px, calc(100vw - 30px)" width="400" height="267" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <span class="label">Reports</span> </div> <ul class="entry-listing__meta"> <li>September 25, 2024</li> </ul> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/integration-for-innovation" class="sans-serif fz16 bold margin-top-half-em">Integration for Innovation</a> <p class="fz15 margin-top-1em"> <span class="screenreader-only">By</span> Michael Brown, Ellen Lord, Andrew Metrick & Robert O. Work </p> </li> <li class="-with-image"> <div class="labeled-image"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/how-the-space-force-can-better-tell-its-story" aria-label="How the Space Force Can Better Tell Its Story - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset=" https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_165x110_crop_center-center_none/Space-Force-Logo-Cookies.jpg 165w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_285x190_crop_center-center_none/Space-Force-Logo-Cookies.jpg 285w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_400x267_crop_center-center_none/Space-Force-Logo-Cookies.jpg 400w" sizes="(min-width: 600px) 285px, (min-width: 430px) 400px, calc(100vw - 30px)" width="400" height="267" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <span class="label">Commentary</span> </div> <ul class="entry-listing__meta"> <li>War on the Rocks</li> <li>September 10, 2024</li> </ul> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/how-the-space-force-can-better-tell-its-story" class="sans-serif fz16 bold margin-top-half-em">How the Space Force Can Better Tell Its Story</a> <p class="fz15 margin-top-1em"> <span class="screenreader-only">By</span> Hannah Dennis </p> </li> <li class="-with-image"> <div class="labeled-image"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/differentiating-innovation-from-performance-art-to-production-scale" aria-label="Differentiating Innovation: From Performance Art to Production Scale - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset=" https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_165x110_crop_center-center_none/pentagon-getty-hero.jpg 165w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_285x190_crop_center-center_none/pentagon-getty-hero.jpg 285w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_400x267_crop_center-center_none/pentagon-getty-hero.jpg 400w" sizes="(min-width: 600px) 285px, (min-width: 430px) 400px, calc(100vw - 30px)" width="400" height="267" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <span class="label">Commentary</span> </div> <ul class="entry-listing__meta"> <li>Breaking Defense</li> <li>May 29, 2024</li> </ul> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/differentiating-innovation-from-performance-art-to-production-scale" class="sans-serif fz16 bold margin-top-half-em">Differentiating Innovation: From Performance Art to Production Scale</a> <p class="fz15 margin-top-1em"> <span class="screenreader-only">By</span> Andrew Metrick </p> </li> <li class="-with-image"> <div class="labeled-image"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/the-pentagon-isnt-buying-enough-ammo" aria-label="The Pentagon Isn’t Buying Enough Ammo - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset=" https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/_165x110_crop_center-center_none/ammo-pentagon.png 165w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/_285x190_crop_center-center_none/ammo-pentagon.png 285w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/_400x267_crop_center-center_none/ammo-pentagon.png 400w" sizes="(min-width: 600px) 285px, (min-width: 430px) 400px, calc(100vw - 30px)" width="400" height="267" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <span class="label">Commentary</span> </div> <ul class="entry-listing__meta"> <li>Foreign Policy</li> <li>May 21, 2024</li> </ul> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/the-pentagon-isnt-buying-enough-ammo" class="sans-serif fz16 bold margin-top-half-em">The Pentagon Isn’t Buying Enough Ammo</a> <p class="fz15 margin-top-1em"> <span class="screenreader-only">By</span> Stacie Pettyjohn & Hannah Dennis </p> </li> </ul> <p class="margin-top-1em"> <a href="/reports?area=hard-choices-in-defense" class="button">View All Reports</a> <a href="/articles-multimedia?area=hard-choices-in-defense" class="button">View All Articles & Multimedia</a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="wrapper -extra-large margin-vertical-2x"> <h2 class="section-title margin-bottom-half-em">Related Events</h2> <div class="wrapper -extra-large"> <div class="wrapper -extra-large -clear margin-vertical"> <div class="photo-listing -multiple -c3 "> <figure class="photo-listing__item"> <div class="labeled-image"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/events/virtual-event-integration-for-innovation-a-report-of-the-cnas-defense-technology-task-force" aria-label="Virtual Event | Integration for Innovation: A Report of the CNAS Defense Technology Task Force - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset=" https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_580x348_crop_center-center_none/Defense-taskforce-hero-final_2024-10-01-145805_ntve.jpg 580w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_690x414_crop_center-center_none/Defense-taskforce-hero-final_2024-10-01-145805_ntve.jpg 690w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_768x461_crop_center-center_none/Defense-taskforce-hero-final_2024-10-01-145805_ntve.jpg 768w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_1140x684_crop_center-center_none/Defense-taskforce-hero-final_2024-10-01-145805_ntve.jpg 1140w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 1140px, (min-width: 600px) calc(100vw - 60px), calc(100vw - 30px)" width="1140" height="684" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <span class="label">Defense</span> </div> <figcaption> <h2 class="h4"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/events/virtual-event-integration-for-innovation-a-report-of-the-cnas-defense-technology-task-force">Virtual Event | Integration for Innovation: A Report of the CNAS Defense Technology Task Force</a></h2> <p class="margin-top-1em"> Oct 18, 2024</p> <p> </p> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="photo-listing__item"> <div class="labeled-image"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/events/speeding-to-scale-institutionalizing-defense-innovation" aria-label="Speeding to Scale: Institutionalizing Defense Innovation - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset=" https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/_580x348_crop_center-center_none/Artboard-8.png 580w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/_690x414_crop_center-center_none/Artboard-8.png 690w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/_768x461_crop_center-center_none/Artboard-8.png 768w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/_1140x684_crop_center-center_none/Artboard-8.png 1140w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 1140px, (min-width: 600px) calc(100vw - 60px), calc(100vw - 30px)" width="1140" height="684" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <span class="label">Defense</span> </div> <figcaption> <h2 class="h4"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/events/speeding-to-scale-institutionalizing-defense-innovation">Speeding to Scale: Institutionalizing Defense Innovation</a></h2> <p class="margin-top-1em"> Jun 6, 2024</p> <p> </p> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="photo-listing__item"> <div class="labeled-image"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/events/virtual-fireside-chat-the-honorable-dr-william-laplante-under-secretary-of-defense-for-acquisition-and-sustainment" aria-label="Virtual Fireside Chat | The Honorable Dr. William LaPlante, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset=" https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_580x348_crop_center-center_none/Pentagon-building-Department-of-Defense-Getty-Header-min.jpg 580w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_690x414_crop_center-center_none/Pentagon-building-Department-of-Defense-Getty-Header-min.jpg 690w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_768x461_crop_center-center_none/Pentagon-building-Department-of-Defense-Getty-Header-min.jpg 768w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/hero/_1140x684_crop_center-center_none/Pentagon-building-Department-of-Defense-Getty-Header-min.jpg 1140w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 1140px, (min-width: 600px) calc(100vw - 60px), calc(100vw - 30px)" width="1140" height="684" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <span class="label">Defense</span> </div> <figcaption> <h2 class="h4"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/events/virtual-fireside-chat-the-honorable-dr-william-laplante-under-secretary-of-defense-for-acquisition-and-sustainment">Virtual Fireside Chat | The Honorable Dr. William LaPlante, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment</a></h2> <p class="margin-top-1em"> Sep 15, 2023</p> <p> </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <p class="margin-top-1em"> <a href="/events?area=hard-choices-in-defense" class="button">View All Events</a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="wrapper -extra-large margin-vertical-2x"> <h2 class="section-title margin-bottom-half-em">Related Press</h2> <div class="wrapper -extra-large"> <div class="wrapper -extra-large -clear margin-vertical"> <div class="photo-listing -multiple -c3 "> <figure class="photo-listing__item"> <div class="labeled-image"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/press/in-the-news/as-middle-east-crisis-grinds-on-pentagon-shows-signs-of-strain" aria-label="As Middle East Crisis Grinds On, Pentagon Shows Signs of Strain - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset=" https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/title/_580x348_crop_center-center_none/US_Navy_051128-N-2383B-013_An_aerial_view_of_the_headquarters_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Defense_located_between_the_Potomac_River_and_Arlington_National_Cemetery.jpeg 580w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/title/_690x414_crop_center-center_none/US_Navy_051128-N-2383B-013_An_aerial_view_of_the_headquarters_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Defense_located_between_the_Potomac_River_and_Arlington_National_Cemetery.jpeg 690w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/title/_768x461_crop_center-center_none/US_Navy_051128-N-2383B-013_An_aerial_view_of_the_headquarters_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Defense_located_between_the_Potomac_River_and_Arlington_National_Cemetery.jpeg 768w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/title/_1140x684_crop_center-center_none/US_Navy_051128-N-2383B-013_An_aerial_view_of_the_headquarters_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Defense_located_between_the_Potomac_River_and_Arlington_National_Cemetery.jpeg 1140w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 1140px, (min-width: 600px) calc(100vw - 60px), calc(100vw - 30px)" width="1140" height="684" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <span class="label">Defense</span> </div> <figcaption> <h2 class="h4"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/press/in-the-news/as-middle-east-crisis-grinds-on-pentagon-shows-signs-of-strain">As Middle East Crisis Grinds On, Pentagon Shows Signs of Strain</a></h2> <p class="margin-top-1em"> The open-ended crisis in the Middle East has begun to squeeze the Pentagon, fueling unease over the U.S. military’s ability to balance imminent threats to American interests t... </p> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="photo-listing__item"> <div class="labeled-image"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/press/press-release/top-former-defense-officials-release-new-report-on-accelerating-dod-innovation" aria-label="Top Former Defense Officials Release New Report on Accelerating DoD Innovation - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset=" https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/title/_580x348_crop_center-center_none/Defense-taskforce-hero-final_2024-10-01-145805_ntve.jpg 580w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/title/_690x414_crop_center-center_none/Defense-taskforce-hero-final_2024-10-01-145805_ntve.jpg 690w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/title/_768x461_crop_center-center_none/Defense-taskforce-hero-final_2024-10-01-145805_ntve.jpg 768w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/title/_1140x684_crop_center-center_none/Defense-taskforce-hero-final_2024-10-01-145805_ntve.jpg 1140w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 1140px, (min-width: 600px) calc(100vw - 60px), calc(100vw - 30px)" width="1140" height="684" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <span class="label">Defense</span> </div> <figcaption> <h2 class="h4"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/press/press-release/top-former-defense-officials-release-new-report-on-accelerating-dod-innovation">Top Former Defense Officials Release New Report on Accelerating DoD Innovation</a></h2> <p class="margin-top-1em"> Washington, September 25, 2024 – Today, the Center for a New American Security released a new report, Integration for Innovation: A Report of the CNAS Defense Technology Task ... </p> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="photo-listing__item"> <div class="labeled-image"> <a href="https://www.cnas.org/press/in-the-news/chinas-shipyards-are-ready-for-a-protracted-war-americas-arent" aria-label="China’s Shipyards Are Ready for a Protracted War. America’s Aren’t. - image link"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset=" https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/title/_580x348_crop_center-center_none/US_Navy_111128-N-YC845-350_The_amphibious_transport_dock_ship_USS_Ponce_LPD_15_departs_Naval_Station_Norfolk_for_a_brief_underway_period.jpg 580w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/title/_690x414_crop_center-center_none/US_Navy_111128-N-YC845-350_The_amphibious_transport_dock_ship_USS_Ponce_LPD_15_departs_Naval_Station_Norfolk_for_a_brief_underway_period.jpg 690w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/title/_768x461_crop_center-center_none/US_Navy_111128-N-YC845-350_The_amphibious_transport_dock_ship_USS_Ponce_LPD_15_departs_Naval_Station_Norfolk_for_a_brief_underway_period.jpg 768w, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/title/_1140x684_crop_center-center_none/US_Navy_111128-N-YC845-350_The_amphibious_transport_dock_ship_USS_Ponce_LPD_15_departs_Naval_Station_Norfolk_for_a_brief_underway_period.jpg 1140w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 1140px, (min-width: 600px) calc(100vw - 60px), calc(100vw - 30px)" width="1140" height="684" class="desaturate" alt=""> </a> <span class="label">Defense</span> </div> <figcaption> <h2 class="h4"><a href="https://www.cnas.org/press/in-the-news/chinas-shipyards-are-ready-for-a-protracted-war-americas-arent">China’s Shipyards Are Ready for a Protracted War. America’s Aren’t.</a></h2> <p class="margin-top-1em"> “The scale [of China’s shipbuilding] is just almost hard to fathom,” said Thomas Shugart, an adjunct senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security whose research foc... </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <p class="margin-top-1em"> <a href="/press?area=hard-choices-in-defense" class="button">View All Press</a> </p> </div> </section> </main> <footer class="footer"> <div class="footer__inner"> <dl class="footer__contact-info"> <dt class="screenreader-only">Address:</dt> <dd> <span class="sprite -pin "> <svg width="16" height="16" class="svgsprite"> <use xlink:href="/assets/images/icons.svg?v=2#pin"></use> </svg> </span> <span> Center for a New American Security<br> 1701 Pennsylvania Ave NW<br> Suite 700<br> Washington, DC 20006 </span> </dd> <dt class="screenreader-only">Phone:</dt> <dd> <span class="sprite -phone "> <svg width="16" height="16" class="svgsprite"> <use xlink:href="/assets/images/icons.svg?v=2#phone"></use> </svg> </span> <span>(202) 457-9400</span> </dd> <dt class="screenreader-only">Email:</dt> <dd> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#ea83848c85aa89848b99c485988d"> <span class="sprite -email "> <svg width="16" height="16" class="svgsprite"> <use xlink:href="/assets/images/icons.svg?v=2#email"></use> </svg> </span> <span><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="f49d9a929bb4979a9587da9b8693">[email protected]</span></span> </a> </dd> </dl> <ul class="footer__social-nav"> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/cnasdc"> <span class="sprite -twitter "> <svg width="16" height="16" class="svgsprite"> <use xlink:href="/assets/images/icons.svg?v=2#twitter"></use> </svg> </span> <span>Twitter</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/center-for-a-new-american-security/"> <span class="sprite -linkedin "> <svg width="16" height="16" class="svgsprite"> <use xlink:href="/assets/images/icons.svg?v=2#linkedin"></use> </svg> </span> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/CNASdc"> <span class="sprite -youtube "> <svg width="16" height="16" class="svgsprite"> <use xlink:href="/assets/images/icons.svg?v=2#youtube"></use> </svg> </span> <span>YouTube</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://instagram.com/cnasdc"> <span class="sprite -instagram "> <svg width="16" height="16" class="svgsprite"> <use xlink:href="/assets/images/icons.svg?v=2#instagram"></use> </svg> </span> <span>Instagram</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/CNASdc"> <span class="sprite -facebook "> <svg width="16" height="16" class="svgsprite"> <use xlink:href="/assets/images/icons.svg?v=2#facebook"></use> </svg> </span> <span>Facebook</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="footer__supplementary-nav"> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/mission">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/careers/internships">Internships</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/careers">Careers</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/support-cnas">Support CNAS</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/join">Subscribe</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/contact">Contact</a></li> </ul> <p class="footer__copyright"> © 2024 Center for a New American Security. </p> </div> <div class="return-top"> <a href="#top" title="Return to top"> <img class="return-top-icon" alt="Return to top" src="/assets/images/return-top-white.png"> </a> </div> </footer> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://www.cnas.org/assets/javascripts/app-83c83bd3c129aa526fb9.js"></script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","author":{"@id":"#identity"},"copyrightHolder":{"@id":"#identity"},"copyrightYear":"2022","creator":{"@id":"#creator"},"dateCreated":"2022-05-06T15:32:46-04:00","dateModified":"2024-11-20T10:56:32-05:00","datePublished":"2022-05-06T15:32:46-04:00","description":"Developing strong, pragmatic and principled national security and defense policies.","headline":"Hard Choices in Defense","inLanguage":"en-us","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.cnas.org/research/defense/hard-choices-in-defense","name":"Hard Choices in Defense","publisher":{"@id":"#creator"},"url":"https://www.cnas.org/research/defense/hard-choices-in-defense"},{"@id":"#identity","@type":"LocalBusiness","priceRange":"$"},{"@id":"#creator","@type":"Organization"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","description":"Breadcrumbs list","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","item":"https://www.cnas.org","name":"Homepage","position":1},{"@type":"ListItem","item":"https://www.cnas.org/research/defense","name":"Defense","position":2},{"@type":"ListItem","item":"https://www.cnas.org/research/defense/hard-choices-in-defense","name":"Hard Choices in Defense","position":3}],"name":"Breadcrumbs"}]}</script><script>window.rsk = "6LdYExsqAAAAAIQrguiy7V0Mzf19k4izriCKzUBJ"; // Progress bar window.onscroll = function() {progressScroll()}; function progressScroll() { var winScroll = document.body.scrollTop || document.documentElement.scrollTop; var height = document.documentElement.scrollHeight - document.documentElement.clientHeight; var scrolled = (winScroll / height) * 100; document.getElementById("myBar").style.width = scrolled + "%"; };</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Hard Choices in Defense | CNAS