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T. Barnum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-P._T._Barnum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tom_Norman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tom_Norman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tom Norman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tom_Norman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dime_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dime_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dime Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dime_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Circus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Disability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Historical timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_freak_shows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_freak_shows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Modern freak shows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_freak_shows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Freak show</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AE" title="عرض المسوخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عرض المسوخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Freak show" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoptikum" title="Panoptikum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Panoptikum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Freak show" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B9%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="نمایش عجیب‌الخلقه‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمایش عجیب‌الخلقه‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Freak show" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%98%95%EC%87%BC" title="기형쇼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기형쇼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertunjukan_orang_aneh" title="Pertunjukan orang aneh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertunjukan orang aneh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomeni_da_baraccone" title="Fenomeni da baraccone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fenomeni da baraccone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freakshow_(show)" title="Freakshow (show) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Freakshow (show)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%8B%E4%B8%96%E7%89%A9%E5%B0%8F%E5%B1%8B" title="見世物小屋 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="見世物小屋" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Freak show" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_de_aberra%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Show de aberrações – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Show de aberrações" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%83_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Шоу уродцев – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шоу уродцев" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friikkisirkus" title="Friikkisirkus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Friikkisirkus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Freak show" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucube_g%C3%B6sterisi" title="Ucube gösterisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ucube gösterisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Фрік-шоу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фрік-шоу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%B8%E5%BD%A2%E7%A7%80" title="畸形秀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="畸形秀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2591557#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li>Freak show</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity 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title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freak_show_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Freak_show_1941.jpg/220px-Freak_show_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Freak_show_1941.jpg/330px-Freak_show_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Freak_show_1941.jpg/440px-Freak_show_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13915" data-file-height="10615" /></a><figcaption>A freak show in <a href="/wiki/Rutland_(city),_Vermont" title="Rutland (city), Vermont">Rutland, Vermont</a> in 1941</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coney2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coney2008.jpg/220px-Coney2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coney2008.jpg/330px-Coney2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coney2008.jpg/440px-Coney2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a> and its popular ongoing freak show in August 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>freak show</b> is an exhibition of <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a> rarities, referred to in popular culture as "<a href="/wiki/Freak" title="Freak">freaks</a> of nature". Typical features would be physically unusual <a href="/wiki/Human#Anatomy_and_physiology" title="Human">humans</a>, such as those uncommonly large or small, those with <a href="/wiki/Intersexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersexuality">intersex variations</a>, those with extraordinary diseases and conditions, and others with performances expected to be shocking to viewers. Heavily <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattooed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">pierced</a> people have sometimes been seen in freak shows (more common in modern times as a <a href="/wiki/Sideshow" title="Sideshow">sideshow</a> act), as have attention-getting physical performers such as <a href="/wiki/Fire_eater" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire eater">fire-eating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sword_swallowing" title="Sword swallowing">sword-swallowing</a> acts.<sup id="cite_ref-thingssaidanddone.wordpress.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thingssaidanddone.wordpress.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freak_show&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since at latest the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval period">medieval period</a>, deformed people have often been treated as objects of interest and entertainment, and crowds have flocked to see them exhibited.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A famous <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">early modern</a> example was the exhibition at the court of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_and_Joannes_Baptista_Colloredo" title="Lazarus and Joannes Baptista Colloredo">Lazarus and Joannes Baptista Colloredo</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Conjoined_twins" title="Conjoined twins">conjoined brothers</a> born in <a href="/wiki/Genoa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa, Italy">Genoa, Italy</a>. While Lazarus appeared to be otherwise ordinary, the underdeveloped body of his brother dangled from his chest. When Lazarus was not exhibiting himself, he covered his brother with his cloak to avoid unnecessary attention.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as exhibitions, freak shows were popular in the <a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">taverns</a> and fairgrounds, where the freaks were often combined with talent displays. For example, in the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Buchinger" title="Matthias Buchinger">Matthias Buchinger</a>, born without arms or lower legs, entertained crowds with astonishing displays of <a href="/wiki/Stage_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage magic">magic</a> and musical ability, both in England and later, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-penny_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penny-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was in the 19th century, both in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, where freak shows finally reached maturity as successful commercially run enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-thingssaidanddone.wordpress.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thingssaidanddone.wordpress.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, freak shows were at their height of popularity; the period 1840s through to the 1940s saw the organized for-profit exhibition of people with physical, <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental</a>, or behavioral rarities. Although not all abnormalities were real, some being alleged, the exploitation for profit was seen as an accepted part of US-American culture.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attractiveness of freak shows led to the spread of the shows that were commonly seen at <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dime_museum" title="Dime museum">dime museums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>. The amusement park industry flourished in the United States by the expanding middle class who benefited from short work weeks and a larger income. There was also a shift in US-American culture that influenced people to see leisure activities as a necessary and beneficial equivalent to working, thus leading to the popularity of the freak show.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Chicago_Press_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Chicago_Press-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Showman" title="Showman">showmen</a> and promoters exhibited all types of freaks. People who appeared non-white or who had a disability were often exhibited as unknown races and cultures. These "unknown" races and disabled whites were advertised as being undiscovered humans to attract viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, those with <a href="/wiki/Microcephaly" title="Microcephaly">microcephaly</a>, a condition linked to intellectual disabilities and characterized by a very small, pointed head and small overall structure, were considered or characterized as "missing links" or as <a href="/wiki/Atavism" title="Atavism">atavistic</a> specimens of an extinct race. <a href="/wiki/Hypopituitary_dwarfism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypopituitary dwarfism">Hypopituitary dwarfs</a> who tend to be well proportioned were advertised as lofty. <a href="/wiki/Achondroplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Achondroplastic">Achondroplastic</a> dwarfs, whose head and limbs tend to be out of proportion to their trunks, were characterized as exotic mode. Those who were armless, legless, or limbless were also characterized in the exotic mode as animal-people, such as "The Snake-Man", and "The Seal Man".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were four ways freak shows were produced and marketed. The first was the oral spiel or lecture. This featured a showman or professor who managed the presentation of the people or "freaks". The second was a printed advertisement, usually using long pamphlets and broadside or newspaper advertisement of the freak show. The third step included costuming, <a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">choreography</a>, performance, and space used to display the show, designed to emphasize the things that were considered abnormal about each performer. The final stage was a collectable drawing or photograph that portrayed the group of freaks on stage for viewers to take home.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collectable printed souvenirs were accompanied by recordings of the showman's pitch, the lecturer's yarn, and the professor's exaggerated accounts of what was witnessed at the show. Exhibits were authenticated by doctors who used medical terms that many could not comprehend but which added an air of authenticity to the proceedings. Freak show culture normalized a specific way of thinking about gender, race, sexual aberrance, ethnicity, and disability.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first decade of the 20th century, the popularity of the freak show was starting to dwindle.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their prime, freak shows had been the main attraction of the midway, but by 1940 they were starting to lose their audience, with credible people turning their backs on the show.<sup id="cite_ref-Univ._of_Chicago_Pr_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Univ._of_Chicago_Pr-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, science supported and legitimized the growth of freak shows, but by the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Medicalization" title="Medicalization">medicalization</a> of human abnormalities contributed to the end of the exhibits' mystery and appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-Univ._of_Chicago_Pr_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Univ._of_Chicago_Pr-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="P._T._Barnum">P. T. Barnum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freak_show&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: P. T. Barnum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum">P. T. Barnum</a> was considered the father of modern-day advertising, and one of the most famous showmen and managers of the freak show industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States he was a major figure in popularizing the entertainment. However, it was common for Barnum's acts to be schemes and not altogether true. Barnum was fully aware of the improper ethics behind his business as he said, "I don't believe in duping the public, but I believe in first attracting and then pleasing them." During the 1840s Barnum began his museum, which had a constantly rotating acts schedule, which included obese people, "living skeletons" (men who appear emaciated), <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">little people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gigantism" title="Gigantism">giants</a>, and other people deemed to be freaks.<sup id="cite_ref-nickell_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nickell-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum drew in about 400,000 visitors a year.<sup id="cite_ref-priceonomics.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priceonomics.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barnum%27s_American_Museum" title="Barnum's American Museum">Barnum's American Museum</a> was one of the most popular museums in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to exhibit freaks. In 1841 Barnum purchased The American Museum, which made freaks the major attraction, following mainstream America in the mid-19th century. Barnum was known to advertise aggressively and make up outlandish stories about his exhibits. The façade of the museum was decorated with bright banners showcasing his attractions and included a band that performed outside.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnum's American Museum also offered multiple attractions that not only entertained but tried to educate and uplift its working-class visitors. Barnum offered one ticket that guaranteed admission to his lectures, theatrical performances, an animal menagerie, and a glimpse at curiosities both living and dead.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Chicago_Press_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Chicago_Press-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Barnum's exhibits centered around Charles Sherwood Stratton, the dwarf billed as "<a href="/wiki/General_Tom_Thumb" title="General Tom Thumb">General Tom Thumb</a>" who was then 4 years of age but was stated to be 11. Charles had stopped growing after the first 6 months of his life, at which point he was 25 inches (64 cm) tall and weighed 15 pounds (6.8 kg). With heavy coaching and natural talent, the boy was taught to imitate people from <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>. By 5, he was drinking wine, and by 7 smoking cigars for the public's amusement. During 1844–45, Barnum toured with Tom Thumb in Europe and met <a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria</a>, who was amused<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and saddened by the little man, and the event was a publicity coup.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_B._Kunhardt,_et_al.,_p._73_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip_B._Kunhardt,_et_al.,_p._73-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnum paid Stratton handsomely – about $150.00 a week. When Stratton retired, he lived in the most esteemed neighborhood of New York, owned a yacht, and dressed in the nicest clothing he could buy.<sup id="cite_ref-priceonomics.com_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priceonomics.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1860, The American Museum had listed and archived thirteen human curiosities in the museum, including an <a href="/wiki/Albinism_in_humans" title="Albinism in humans">albino</a> family, The Living Aztecs, three dwarfs, a Black mother with two albino children, <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Clofullia" title="Josephine Clofullia">The Swiss Bearded Lady</a>, The Highland Fat Boys, and What Is It? (Henry Johnson, an intellectually disabled Black man).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnum introduced the "man-monkey" <a href="/wiki/Zip_the_Pinhead" title="Zip the Pinhead">William Henry Johnson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Microcephalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcephalic">microcephalic</a> Black dwarf who spoke a mysterious language created by Barnum and was known as <a href="/wiki/Zip_the_Pinhead" title="Zip the Pinhead">Zip the Pinhead</a>. In 1862, he discovered the giantess <a href="/wiki/Anna_Swan" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Swan">Anna Swan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodore_Nutt" title="Commodore Nutt">Commodore Nutt</a>, a new Tom Thumb, with whom Barnum visited President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, Barnum's museum drew large audiences seeking diversion from the conflict. </p><p>Barnum's most popular and highest grossing act was the Tattooed Man, <a href="/wiki/Captain_George_Costentenus" title="Captain George Costentenus">George Costentenus</a>. He claimed to be a Greek-Albanian prince raised in a Turkish <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a>. He had 338 tattoos covering his body. Each one was ornate and told a story. His story was that he was on a military expedition but was captured by native people, who gave him the choice of either being chopped up into little pieces or receive full body tattoos. This process supposedly took three months and Costentenus was the only hostage who survived. He produced a 23-page book, which detailed every aspect of his experience and drew a large crowd. When Costentenus partnered with Barnum, he began to earn more than $1,000 a week. His wealth became so staggering that the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> wrote, "He wears very handsome diamond rings and other jewelry, valued altogether at about $3,000 [$94,699 in 2024 dollars] and usually goes armed to protect himself from persons who might attempt to rob him." Though Costentenus was fortunate, other freaks were not. Upon his death in 1891, he donated about half of his life earnings to other freaks who did not make as much money as he did.<sup id="cite_ref-priceonomics.com_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priceonomics.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Barnum's most famous <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoaxes</a> was early in his career. He hired a blind and <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralyzed</a> former slave for $1,000. He claimed this woman was 160 years old, but she was actually only 80. This lie helped Barnum make a weekly profit of nearly $1,000. This hoax was one of the first, but one of the more convincing.<sup id="cite_ref-priceonomics.com_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priceonomics.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barnum retired in 1865 when his museum burnt to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Barnum was and still is criticized for exploitation, he paid the performers fairly handsome sums of money. Some of the acts made the equivalent of what some sports stars make today.<sup id="cite_ref-priceonomics.com_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priceonomics.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tom_Norman">Tom Norman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freak_show&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tom Norman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barnum's English counterpart was <a href="/wiki/Tom_Norman" title="Tom Norman">Tom Norman</a>, a renowned Victorian <a href="/wiki/Showman" title="Showman">showman</a>, whose traveling exhibitions featured Eliza Jenkins, the "Skeleton Woman", a "Balloon Headed Baby" and a woman who <a href="/wiki/Geek_show" title="Geek show">bit off the heads of live rats</a>—the "most gruesome" act Norman claimed to have seen.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shef_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shef-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other acts included fleas, fat ladies, giants, dwarfs and retired white seamen, painted black and speaking in an invented language, billed "savage <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulus</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Howell69_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell69-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He displayed a "family of <a href="/wiki/Midget" title="Midget">midgets</a>" which in reality was composed of two men and a borrowed baby.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell70_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell70-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He operated a number of shops in London and <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, and exhibited travelling shows throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most famously, in 1884, Norman came into contact with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Merrick" title="Joseph Merrick">Joseph Merrick</a>, sometimes called "the Elephant Man", a young man from <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> with extreme deformities. Merrick arrived in London and into Norman's care. Norman, initially shocked by Merrick's appearance and reluctant to display him, nonetheless exhibited him at his penny gaff shop at 123 <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Road" title="Whitechapel Road">Whitechapel Road</a>, directly across the road from the <a href="/wiki/London_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="London Hospital">London Hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howell72_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell72-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its proximity to the hospital, the shop received medical students and doctors as visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell5_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these was a young surgeon named <a href="/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Treves,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Frederick Treves, 1st Baronet">Frederick Treves</a>, who arranged to have Merrick brought to the hospital to be examined.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell77_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell77-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhibition of the Elephant Man was reasonably successful, particularly with the added income from a printed pamphlet about Merrick's life and condition. </p><p>At this time, however, public opinion about freak shows was starting to change and the display of human novelties was beginning to be viewed as distasteful. After only a few weeks with Norman, the Elephant Man exhibition was shut down by the police, and Norman and Merrick parted ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell30_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell30-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treves later arranged for Merrick to live at the London Hospital until his death in 1890. In Treves' 1923 memoir, <i>The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences</i> made Norman infamous as a drunk who cruelly exploited Merrick.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shef_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shef-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norman counteracted these claims in a letter in the <i><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Fair">World's Fair</a></i> newspaper that year, as well as his own autobiography.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norman's opinion was that he provided Merrick (and his other exhibits) a way of making a living and remaining independent, but that on entering the London Hospital, Merrick remained a freak on display, only with no control over how or when he was viewed.<sup id="cite_ref-Durbach34_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durbach34-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dime_Museum">Dime Museum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freak_show&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dime Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A different way to display a freak show was in a <a href="/wiki/Dime_museum" title="Dime museum">dime museum</a>. In a dime museum, freak show performers were exhibited as an educational display of people with different disabilities. For a cheap admission viewers were awed with its <a href="/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama">dioramas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">panoramas</a>, georamas, <a href="/wiki/Cosmorama" title="Cosmorama">cosmoramas</a>, paintings, relics, freaks, stuffed animals, menageries, waxworks, and theatrical performances. No other type of entertainment appealed to such diverse audiences before.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Univ._Press_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Univ._Press-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1870s, dimes grew and grew, peaking in the 1880s and 1890s, available for all from coast to coast. With more dime museums than any place in the world, New York City was the dime museum capital, with an entertainment district that included German <a href="/wiki/Beer_garden" title="Beer garden">beer gardens</a>, theaters, vendors, photography, studios, and a variety of other amusement institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Univ._Press_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Univ._Press-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freak shows were the main attraction of most dime museums during 1870–1900, with the human oddity as the king of museum entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were four types of human abnormalities on display in dime museums: natural freaks, those born with physical or mental abnormalities, such as dwarfs and "pinheads"; self-made freaks who cultivated freakdom, for example tattooed people; novelty artists who were considered freaks for their "freakish" performances, such as <a href="/wiki/Snake_charmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake charmer">snake charmers</a>, mesmerists, <a href="/wiki/Hypnotist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypnotist">hypnotists</a>, and fire-eaters; non-Western freaks who were promoted as exotic curiosities, for example savages and <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibals</a>, usually promoted as being from Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Univ._Press_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Univ._Press-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most dime museums had no seats in the curio halls. Visitors were directed from platform to platform by a lecturer, whose role was to be the master of ceremonies. During his performance, the lecturer, also known as the "Professor", held the audience's attention by describing the freaks displayed on the various stages. The lecturer needed to have both charisma and persuasiveness in addition to a loud voice. His rhetorical style usually was styled after the traditional distorted spiel of carnival barkers, filled with classical and biblical suggestions. Dime museum freak shows also provided audiences with medical testimonials provided by "doctors", psychologists and other behavioral "experts" who were there to help the audience understand a particular problem and to validate a show's subject.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the 19th century, there was a shift in popularity of the dime museum and it began its downward turn. Audiences could now choose from a wide variety of popular entertainments. Circuses, street fairs, world's fairs, <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnivals</a>, and urban amusement parks, all of which exhibited freaks, began to take business away from the dime museums.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circus">Circus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freak_show&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Circus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the circus world, freak shows, also called <a href="/wiki/Sideshow" title="Sideshow">sideshows</a>, were an essential part of the circus. The largest sideshow was attached to the most prestigious circus, <a href="/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus" title="Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus">Ringling Brothers, Barnum and Bailey</a>, known as the "big one". It was a symbol of the peak of the practice and its acceptance in American society.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1800s, single human oddities started joining <a href="/wiki/Traveling_circus" class="mw-redirect" title="Traveling circus">traveling circuses</a>, but these shows were not organized into anything like typical sideshows until the midcentury. During the 1870s it was common to see freak shows at most circuses, eventually making the circus a hub for the display of human oddities.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the museums and sideshows that had traveled with major circuses were owned during most of 1876. By 1880 human phenomena were now combined with a variety of entertainment acts from the sideshows. By 1890 tent size and the number of sideshow attractions began to increase, with most sideshows in large circuses with twelve to fifteen exhibits plus a band. Bands typically were made up of Black musicians, <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a> minstrel bands, and troupes of dancers dressed as <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian">Hawaiians</a>. These entertainers were used to attract crowds and provide a festive atmosphere inside the show tent.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1920s, the circus was declining as a major form of amusement due to competition from amusement parks, movie houses and <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a> tours, and the rise of the radio. Circuses also saw a large decline in audience during <a href="/wiki/The_Depression" class="mw-redirect" title="The Depression">the Depression</a>, as economic hard times and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">union</a> demands made the circus less and less affordable and valuable.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disability">Disability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freak_show&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freak shows were viewed as a normal part of American culture in the late 19th to the early 20th centuries. The shows were viewed as a suitable amusement for the middle class and were profitable for the showmen, who exploited freak show performers' disabilities for profit.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly laws</a> in the United States, starting in the 1860s, banned those who were "diseased, maimed, mutilated, or in any way deformed" from public view—making it hard for such people to support themselves. Exhibitions, however, were specifically excepted. Although freak shows were viewed as a place for entertainment, they were also a place of employment for those who could advertise, manage, and perform in the attractions. In an era before <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social safety nets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_compensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker's compensation">worker's compensation</a>, severely disabled people often found that exhibiting themselves was their only opportunity to make a living.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century performing in an organized freak show was perceived as a "viable" way to earn a living, as opposed to begging.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many freak show performers were lucky and gifted enough to earn a livelihood and have a good life through exhibitions, some becoming celebrities, commanding high salaries and earning far more than acrobats, novelty performers, and actors. The salaries of dime museum freaks usually varied from 25 to 500 dollars a week, making more money than lecture-room variety performers.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freaks were seen to have profitable traits, with an opportunity to become celebrities obtaining fame and fortune. At the height of freak shows' popularity, they were one of the few jobs for <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarfs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many scholars have argued that freak show performers were exploited by the showmen and managers for profit because of their disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many freaks were paid generously, but had to deal with museum managers who were often insensitive about the performers' schedules, working them long hours just to make a profit. This was particularly hard for top performers, since more frequent shows sold more tickets.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many entertainers were abused by small-time museum operators, kept to grueling schedules, and given only a small percentage of their total earnings. Individual exhibits were hired for about one to six weeks by dime museums. The average performer had a schedule that included 10 to 15 shows a day, and was shuttled back and forth week after week from one museum to another.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a popular freak show performer came to a dime museum in New York, they were overworked and exploited to make the museum money. For example, when <a href="/wiki/Fedor_Jeftichew" title="Fedor Jeftichew">Fedor Jeftichew</a> (known as "Jo-Jo, the Dog-Faced Boy") appeared at the <a href="/wiki/Globe_Museum" title="Globe Museum">Globe Museum</a> in New York, his manager arranged to have him perform 23 shows during a 12- to 14-hour day.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changing attitudes about physical differences led to the decline of the freak show as a form of entertainment towards the end of the 19th century. As previously mysterious anomalies were scientifically explained as <a href="/wiki/Genetic_mutations" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mutations">genetic mutations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases">diseases</a>, freaks became the objects of sympathy rather than fear or disdain. Laws were passed restricting freak shows for these reasons. For example, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> law forbids the "exhibition [of] any deformed human being or human monstrosity, except as used for scientific purposes".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of the 20th century, movies and television began to satisfy audiences' thirst for entertainment. People could see similar types of acts and abnormalities from the comfort of their own homes or a nice theater, and no longer needed to pay to see freaks. Though movies and television played a big part in the decline of the freak show, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Disability_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability rights">disability rights</a> was a larger cause of decline. Many now viewed freak shows as wrong and profiting from others' misfortune.<sup id="cite_ref-priceonomics.com_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priceonomics.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though paid well, the freaks of the 19th century did not always enjoy quality of life. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lentini" title="Frank Lentini">Frank Lentini</a>, the three-legged man, was quoted saying, "My limb does not bother me as much as the curious, critical gaze."<sup id="cite_ref-priceonomics.com_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priceonomics.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_timeline">Historical timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freak_show&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extended_mouthpiece_for_pipe_smoking_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Extended_mouthpiece_for_pipe_smoking_woman.jpg/170px-Extended_mouthpiece_for_pipe_smoking_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Extended_mouthpiece_for_pipe_smoking_woman.jpg/255px-Extended_mouthpiece_for_pipe_smoking_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Extended_mouthpiece_for_pipe_smoking_woman.jpg/340px-Extended_mouthpiece_for_pipe_smoking_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Madam Gustika of the "<a href="/wiki/Lip_plate" title="Lip plate">Duckbill tribe</a>" smoking a pipe with an extended mouthpiece for her lips during a show in a New York circus in 1930. Her lips were stretched by the insertion of <a href="/wiki/Lip_plate" title="Lip plate">disks</a> of incrementally increasing size.</figcaption></figure> <p>The exhibition of human oddities has a long history: </p> <dl><dt>1630s</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_and_Joannes_Baptista_Colloredo" title="Lazarus and Joannes Baptista Colloredo">Lazarus Colloredo</a>, and his conjoined twin brother, Joannes Baptista, who was attached at Lazarus' sternum, toured Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1704–1718</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter the Great</a> collected human oddities at the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">Kunstkammer</a> in what is now St. Petersburg, Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (December 2018)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1738</dt> <dd>The exhibition of a creature who "was taken in a wook at Guinea; 'tis a female about four feet high in every part like a woman excepting her head which nearly resembles the ape."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1739</dt> <dd>Peter the Great's niece <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna Ioannovna</a> had a parade of circus freaks escort Mikhail Alekseyevich Galitzine and his bride Avdotya Ivanovna Buzheninova to a <a href="/wiki/Ice_palace" title="Ice palace">mock palace made of ice</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1810–1815</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Baartman" title="Sarah Baartman">Sarah Baartman</a> (aka "Hottentot Venus"), a <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a> woman, was exhibited in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews2002_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews2002-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1829–1870</dt> <dd>The original "<a href="/wiki/Siamese_twins" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese twins">Siamese twins</a>", <a href="/wiki/Chang_and_Eng_Bunker" title="Chang and Eng Bunker">Chang and Eng Bunker</a> were conjoined twin brothers who started performing in 1829. They stopped performing in 1870 due to Chang having a stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1842–1883</dt> <dd>In 1842 Charles Sherwood Stratton was presented on the freak show platform as "<a href="/wiki/General_Tom_Thumb" title="General Tom Thumb">General Tom Thumb</a>". Charles had <a href="/wiki/Hypopituitary_dwarfism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypopituitary dwarfism">hypopituitary dwarfism</a>; he stopped performing in 1883 due to a stroke that led to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1849–1867</dt> <dd>In 1849 <a href="/wiki/Maximo_and_Bartola" title="Maximo and Bartola">Maximo and Bartola</a> started performing in freak shows as "The Last of the Ancient Aztecs of Mexico". Both performers had <a href="/wiki/Microcephaly" title="Microcephaly">microcephaly</a> and stopped performing in 1867 after they were married to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1860–1905</dt> <dd>Hiram and Barney Davis were presented as the <a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Men_of_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wild Men of Borneo">"wild men" from Borneo</a>. Both brothers were intellectually disabled. They stopped performing in 1905 after Hiram's death.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1884</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Merrick" title="Joseph Merrick">Joseph Merrick</a> was exhibited as "The Elephant Man" by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Norman" title="Tom Norman">Tom Norman</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">London's East End</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1912–1935</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daisy_and_Violet_Hilton" title="Daisy and Violet Hilton">Daisy and Violet Hilton</a> were conjoined twin sisters who started performing at the age of four in 1912. They grew in popularity during the 1920s to the 1930s performing dance routines and playing instruments. They stopped performing in 1935 due to financial troubles.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1932</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tod_Browning" title="Tod Browning">Tod Browning</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pre-Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Code">Pre-Code</a>-<a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">era</a> <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Freaks_(1932_film)" title="Freaks (1932 film)">Freaks</a></i> tells the story of a traveling freakshow. The use of real freaks in the film provoked public outcries, and the film was relegated to obscurity until its re-release at the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two stars of the film were Daisy and Violet Hilton: conjoined sisters who had been raised being exhibited in freak shows.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1960</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Karas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Karas (page does not exist)">Albert-Alberta Karas</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (two siblings, each half man, half woman) exhibited with Bobby Reynolds on sideshow tour.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Rose_Circus" title="Jim Rose Circus">Jim Rose Circus</a> played the <a href="/wiki/Lollapalooza" title="Lollapalooza">Lollapalooza</a> Festival, starting a new wave of performers and resurgence of interest in the genre.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Grady_Stiles" title="Grady Stiles">Grady Stiles</a> ("Lobster Boy") was shot in his home in <a href="/wiki/Gibsonton,_Florida" title="Gibsonton, Florida">Gibsonton, Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1996</dt> <dd>Chicago shock-jock <a href="/wiki/Mancow_Muller" title="Mancow Muller">Mancow Muller</a> presented <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mancow%27s_Freak_Show&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mancow's Freak Show (page does not exist)">Mancow's Freak Show</a> at the United Center in the middle of 1996, to a crowd of 30,000. The show included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathy_Stiles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathy Stiles (page does not exist)">Kathy Stiles</a> and her brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grady_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grady III (page does not exist)">Grady III</a> as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobster_Twins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lobster Twins (page does not exist)">Lobster Twins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>2000–2010</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Harck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ken Harck (page does not exist)">Ken Harck</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brothers_Grim_Sideshow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brothers Grim Sideshow (page does not exist)">Brothers Grim Sideshow</a> debuted at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Circus_Parade" title="Great Circus Parade">Great Circus Parade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee, Wisconsin">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a>. The Milwaukee run included a fat lady and bearded lady <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melinda_Maxi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melinda Maxi (page does not exist)">Melinda Maxi</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as well as self-made freaks <a href="/wiki/The_Enigma_(performer)" title="The Enigma (performer)">The Enigma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katzen_(performer)" title="Katzen (performer)">Katzen</a>. In later years the show has included Half-boy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Stitcher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesse Stitcher (page does not exist)">Jesse Stitcher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_%22Chuy%22_Aceves" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus "Chuy" Aceves">Jesus "Chuy" Aceves</a> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Werewolf_Boy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mexican Werewolf Boy (page does not exist)">Mexican Werewolf Boy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalking_Cat" title="Stalking Cat">Stalking Cat</a>. Brothers Grim toured with the <a href="/wiki/Ozz_Fest" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozz Fest">Ozz Fest</a> music festival in 2006, 2007 and 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>2005</dt> <dd>999 Eyes Freakshow is founded, touting itself as the "last genuine traveling freakshow in the United States." 999 Eyes portrays freaks in a positive light, insisting that "what is different is beautiful." Freaks include <a href="/wiki/Black_Scorpion_(performer)" title="Black Scorpion (performer)">Black Scorpion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>2007</dt> <dd>Wayne Schoenfeld brought together several sideshow performers to <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_L.A._Circus_Congress_of_Freaks_and_Exotics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The L.A. Circus Congress of Freaks and Exotics (page does not exist)">The L.A. Circus Congress of Freaks and Exotics</a>, to photograph sideshow folks for <a href="/wiki/Cirque_Du_Soleil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirque Du Soleil">Cirque Du Soleil</a> – Circus of the Sun. In attendance were Bill Quinn, the halfman; Percilla, the fat lady; Mighty Mike Murga the Mighty Dwarf; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dieguito_El_Negrito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dieguito El Negrito (page does not exist)">Dieguito El Negrito</a>, a wildman; Christopher Landry; fire-eaters; sword swallowers, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-wayne_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wayne-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cast_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cast-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_freak_shows">Modern freak shows</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freak_show&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern freak shows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LobsterBoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/LobsterBoy.jpg/170px-LobsterBoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/LobsterBoy.jpg/255px-LobsterBoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/LobsterBoy.jpg/340px-LobsterBoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Scorpion_(performer)" title="Black Scorpion (performer)">Black Scorpion</a> performing in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>The entertainment appeal of the traditional "freak shows" is arguably echoed in numerous programmes made for television. <i><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_People_(2005_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraordinary People (2005 TV series)">Extraordinary People</a></i> on the British television channel <a href="/wiki/Five_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five (TV channel)">Five</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/BodyShock" class="mw-redirect" title="BodyShock">BodyShock</a></i> show the lives of severely disabled or deformed people, and can be seen as the modern equivalent of circus freak shows.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To cater to current cultural expectations of disability narratives, the subjects are usually portrayed as heroic and attention is given to their family and friends and the way they help them overcome their disabilities. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, Chris Shaw, however, comments that "one man's freak show is another man's portrayal of heroic triumph over medical adversity" and carries on with "call me prejudiced but I suspect your typical twentysomething watched this show with their jaw on the floor rather than a tear in their eye".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freak_show&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freak shows are a common subject in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern Gothic</a> literature, including stories such as <a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">Flannery O'Connor</a>'s <i>Temple Of The Holy Ghost</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a>'s <i>Petrified Man</i> and <i>Keela the Outcast Indian Maiden</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Truman_Capote" title="Truman Capote">Truman Capote</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Tree_of_Night_and_Other_Stories" title="A Tree of Night and Other Stories">Tree of Night</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Carson_McCullers" title="Carson McCullers">Carson McCullers</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Heart_Is_a_Lonely_Hunter" title="The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter">The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The musical <i><a href="/wiki/Side_Show_(musical)" title="Side Show (musical)">Side Show</a></i> centers around Daisy and Violet Hilton and their lives as conjoined twins on exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/American_Horror_Story:_Freak_Show" title="American Horror Story: Freak Show">American Horror Story: Freak Show</a></i> also focuses on freak shows. Some of its characters are played by disabled people, rather than all of the disabilities being created through makeup or effects.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> criticized the show, saying it perpetuated the term "freak" and the negative view of disability associated with it.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freak_show&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_zoo" title="Human zoo">Human zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprachicos" title="Comprachicos">Comprachicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geek_show" title="Geek show">Geek show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show_fight" title="Freak show fight">Freak show fight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Ambroise_Seurat" title="Claude-Ambroise Seurat">Claude-Ambroise Seurat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freak_show&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-thingssaidanddone.wordpress.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thingssaidanddone.wordpress.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thingssaidanddone.wordpress.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thingssaidanddone.wordpress.com/2010/09/26/strange-and-bizarre-the-history-of-freak-shows/">"Strange and Bizarre: The History of Freak Shows"</a>. 26 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strange+and+Bizarre%3A+The+History+of+Freak+Shows&rft.date=2010-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthingssaidanddone.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F09%2F26%2Fstrange-and-bizarre-the-history-of-freak-shows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drimmer, Frederick (1985). <i>Very Special People: the Struggles, Loves, and Triumphs of Human Oddities</i>. New York: Bell Publishing Co. p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bondeson, Jan. (2000) <i>The Two-Headed Boy, and Other Medical Marvels</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3767-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3767-0">978-0-8014-3767-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-penny-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-penny_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryireland.com/articles/BuchingerDPJ1-44/index.php">"Matthew Buchinger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Penny_Journal" title="Dublin Penny Journal">Dublin Penny Journal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Ireland" title="National Library of Ireland">National Library of Ireland</a>. 27 April 1833<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2009</span>. <q>Matthew Buchinger was born in Germany, without hands or feet, on the 3rd of June, 1674. He came over to England, from Hanover, in the retinue of George the first, with whom he expected to have ingratiated himself, by presenting to his Majesty a musical instrument of his own invention, resembling, we believe, a flute, and on which he played with considerable skill. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Matthew+Buchinger&rft.date=1833-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libraryireland.com%2Farticles%2FBuchingerDPJ1-44%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogdan, Robert (2007). <i>Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit</i> (Paperback ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6"><bdi>978-0-226-06312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freak+Show%3A+presenting+human+oddities+for+amusement+and+profit&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=Paperback+ed.%2C+%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Pr.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06312-6&rft.aulast=Bogdan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_Chicago_Press-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Chicago_Press_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Chicago_Press_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2009" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Rachel (2009). <i>Sideshow U.S.A.: Freaks and the American Cultural Imagination</i> ([Nachdr.]. ed.). Chicago [u.a.]: University of Chicago Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00539-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00539-3"><bdi>978-0-226-00539-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sideshow+U.S.A.%3A+Freaks+and+the+American+Cultural+Imagination&rft.place=Chicago+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=11&rft.edition=%5BNachdr.%5D.&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-00539-3&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogdan, Robert (2007). <i>Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit</i> (Paperback ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6"><bdi>978-0-226-06312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freak+Show%3A+presenting+human+oddities+for+amusement+and+profit&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=Paperback+ed.%2C+%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Pr.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06312-6&rft.aulast=Bogdan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogdan, Robert (2007). <i>Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit</i> (Paperback ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6"><bdi>978-0-226-06312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freak+Show%3A+presenting+human+oddities+for+amusement+and+profit&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=112&rft.edition=Paperback+ed.%2C+%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Pr.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06312-6&rft.aulast=Bogdan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. G Thomson in <i>Freakery The cultural specatcle of the extraordinary body</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2009" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Rachel (2009). <i>Sideshow U.S.A.: Freaks and the American Cultural Imagination</i> ([Nachdr.]. ed.). Chicago [u.a.]: University of Chicago Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00539-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00539-3"><bdi>978-0-226-00539-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sideshow+U.S.A.%3A+Freaks+and+the+American+Cultural+Imagination&rft.place=Chicago+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=%5BNachdr.%5D.&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-00539-3&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogdan, Robert (2007). <i>Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit</i> (Paperback ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6"><bdi>978-0-226-06312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freak+Show%3A+presenting+human+oddities+for+amusement+and+profit&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=62&rft.edition=Paperback+ed.%2C+%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Pr.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06312-6&rft.aulast=Bogdan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Univ._of_Chicago_Pr-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Univ._of_Chicago_Pr_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Univ._of_Chicago_Pr_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogdan, Robert (2007). <i>Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit</i> (Paperback ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6"><bdi>978-0-226-06312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freak+Show%3A+presenting+human+oddities+for+amusement+and+profit&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=67&rft.edition=Paperback+ed.%2C+%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Pr.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06312-6&rft.aulast=Bogdan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogdan, Robert (2007). <i>Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit</i> (Paperback ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6"><bdi>978-0-226-06312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freak+Show%3A+presenting+human+oddities+for+amusement+and+profit&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=32&rft.edition=Paperback+ed.%2C+%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Pr.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06312-6&rft.aulast=Bogdan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nickell-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nickell_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickell2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Nickell, Joe</a> (2005). <i>Secrets of the sideshows</i>. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-7179-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-7179-2"><bdi>0-8131-7179-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65377460">65377460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+the+sideshows&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Ky.&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65377460&rft.isbn=0-8131-7179-2&rft.aulast=Nickell&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-priceonomics.com-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-priceonomics.com_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-priceonomics.com_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-priceonomics.com_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-priceonomics.com_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-priceonomics.com_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-priceonomics.com_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-priceonomics.com_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zachary Crockett, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://priceonomics.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-circus-freakshows/">"The Rise and Fall of Circus Freakshows"</a>, "Priceonomics", June 28, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/401800.html">Queen Victoria and Tom Thumb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philip_B._Kunhardt,_et_al.,_p._73-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philip_B._Kunhardt,_et_al.,_p._73_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunhardtKunhardtKunhardt1995">Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995</a>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogdan, Robert (2007). <i>Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit</i> (Paperback ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6"><bdi>978-0-226-06312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freak+Show%3A+presenting+human+oddities+for+amusement+and+profit&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=33&rft.edition=Paperback+ed.%2C+%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Pr.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06312-6&rft.aulast=Bogdan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborneHarrison2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Osborne, Peter; Harrison, B. (September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37759">"Merrick, Joseph Carey [Elephant Man] (1862–1890)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37759">10.1093/ref:odnb/37759</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Merrick%2C+Joseph+Carey+%5BElephant+Man%5D+%281862%E2%80%931890%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37759&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Harrison%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F37759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shef-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shef_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shef_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToulmin2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Toulmin" title="Vanessa Toulmin">Toulmin, Vanessa</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101010034818/http://www.nfa.dept.shef.ac.uk/history/shows/norman.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It Was Not The Show It Was The Tale That You Told': The Life And Legend Of Tom Norman, the Silver King"</a>, <i>National Fairground Archive</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfa.dept.shef.ac.uk/history/shows/norman.html">the original</a> on 10 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Fairground+Archive&rft.atitle=%27It+Was+Not+The+Show+It+Was+The+Tale+That+You+Told%27%3A+The+Life+And+Legend+Of+Tom+Norman%2C+the+Silver+King&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Toulmin&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfa.dept.shef.ac.uk%2Fhistory%2Fshows%2Fnorman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howell69-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howell69_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Howell">Howell & Ford (1992)</a>, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howell70-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howell70_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Howell">Howell & Ford (1992)</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howell72-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howell72_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Howell">Howell & Ford (1992)</a>, p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howell5-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howell5_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Howell">Howell & Ford (1992)</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howell77-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howell77_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Howell">Howell & Ford (1992)</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howell30-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howell30_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Howell">Howell & Ford (1992)</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Durbach34-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Durbach34_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Durbach">Durbach (2009)</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Univ._Press-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Univ._Press_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Univ._Press_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Univ._Press_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1996" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Rosemarie Garland, ed. (1996). <i>Freakery: cultural spectacles of the extraordinary body</i> (5. imp. ed.). New York [u.a.]: New York Univ. Press. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8217-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8217-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-8217-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freakery%3A+cultural+spectacles+of+the+extraordinary+body&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=315&rft.edition=5.+imp.&rft.pub=New+York+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-8217-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogdan, Robert (2007). <i>Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit</i> (Paperback ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6"><bdi>978-0-226-06312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freak+Show%3A+presenting+human+oddities+for+amusement+and+profit&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=Paperback+ed.%2C+%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Pr.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06312-6&rft.aulast=Bogdan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogdan, Robert (2007). <i>Freak show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit</i> (Paperback ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6"><bdi>978-0-226-06312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freak+show%3A+presenting+human+oddities+for+amusement+and+profit&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=37&rft.edition=Paperback+ed.%2C+%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Pr.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06312-6&rft.aulast=Bogdan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1996" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Rosemarie Garland, ed. (1996). <i>Freakery: cultural spectacles of the extraordinary body</i> (5. imp. ed.). New York [u.a.]: New York Univ. Press. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8217-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8217-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-8217-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freakery%3A+cultural+spectacles+of+the+extraordinary+body&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=312&rft.edition=5.+imp.&rft.pub=New+York+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-8217-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogdan, Robert (2007). <i>Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit</i> (Paperback ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6"><bdi>978-0-226-06312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freak+Show%3A+presenting+human+oddities+for+amusement+and+profit&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=38&rft.edition=Paperback+ed.%2C+%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Pr.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06312-6&rft.aulast=Bogdan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogdan, Robert (2007). <i>Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit</i> (Paperback ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6"><bdi>978-0-226-06312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freak+Show%3A+presenting+human+oddities+for+amusement+and+profit&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=40&rft.edition=Paperback+ed.%2C+%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Pr.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06312-6&rft.aulast=Bogdan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogdan, Robert (2007). <i>Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit</i> (Paperback ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6"><bdi>978-0-226-06312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freak+Show%3A+presenting+human+oddities+for+amusement+and+profit&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=46&rft.edition=Paperback+ed.%2C+%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Pr.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06312-6&rft.aulast=Bogdan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogdan, Robert (2007). <i>Freak Show: presenting human oddities for amusement and profit</i> (Paperback ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr. pp. 41–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06312-6"><bdi>978-0-226-06312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freak+Show%3A+presenting+human+oddities+for+amusement+and+profit&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=41-44&rft.edition=Paperback+ed.%2C+%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Pr.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06312-6&rft.aulast=Bogdan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2009" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Rachel (2009). <i>Sideshow U.S.A.: Freaks and the American Cultural Imagination</i> ([Nachdr.]. ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=The+lure+of+the+weird+%26%23124%3B+Media+%26%23124%3B+MediaGuardian&rft.date=2006-02-20&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2006%2Ffeb%2F20%2Fbroadcasting.comment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparrow" class="citation web cs1">Sparrow, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flanneryoconnor.org/ssmybody.html">"This is My Body"</a>. <i>www.flanneryoconnor.org</i>. The Flannery O'Connor Repository<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.flanneryoconnor.org&rft.atitle=This+is+My+Body&rft.aulast=Sparrow&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flanneryoconnor.org%2Fssmybody.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaxtonEichelberger2018" class="citation book cs1">Claxton, Mae Miller; Eichelberger, Julia (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mitEDwAAQBAJ&q=freak+show&pg=PT139"><i>Teaching the Works of Eudora Welty: Twenty-First-Century Approaches</i></a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-1454-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-1454-8"><bdi>978-1-4968-1454-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+the+Works+of+Eudora+Welty%3A+Twenty-First-Century+Approaches&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4968-1454-8&rft.aulast=Claxton&rft.aufirst=Mae+Miller&rft.au=Eichelberger%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmitEDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfreak%2Bshow%26pg%3DPT139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScofield2006" class="citation book cs1">Scofield, Martin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBjucQepRn8C&q=freak+show+southern+gothic&pg=PA199"><i>The Cambridge Introduction to the American Short Story</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45765-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45765-1"><bdi>978-1-139-45765-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Introduction+to+the+American+Short+Story&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45765-1&rft.aulast=Scofield&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBjucQepRn8C%26q%3Dfreak%2Bshow%2Bsouthern%2Bgothic%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCothren" class="citation web cs1">Cothren, Claire Renae. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/155404/COTHREN-DISSERTATION-2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Freaks, the Grotesque, and Other Sideshow Attractions in the Fiction of Carson McCullers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Texas A&M University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freaks%2C+the+Grotesque%2C+and+Other+Sideshow+Attractions+in+the+Fiction+of+Carson+McCullers&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University&rft.aulast=Cothren&rft.aufirst=Claire+Renae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foaktrust.library.tamu.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1969.1%2F155404%2FCOTHREN-DISSERTATION-2015.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelhardt2017" class="citation web cs1">Engelhardt, Joanne (6 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/03/06/a-splendid-show-full-of-love-for-side-show-sisters/">"A splendid show full of love for 'Side Show' sisters"</a>. <i>The Mercury News</i>. The Daily News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=A+splendid+show+full+of+love+for+%27Side+Show%27+sisters&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft.aulast=Engelhardt&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2017%2F03%2F06%2Fa-splendid-show-full-of-love-for-side-show-sisters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupfer2014" class="citation web cs1">Kupfer, Lindsey (15 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bustle.com/articles/44086-which-ahs-freak-show-freaks-are-real-and-which-ones-are-modified-for-tv">"How Much of 'Freak Show' Is Reality?"</a>. <i>Bustle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bustle&rft.atitle=How+Much+of+%27Freak+Show%27+Is+Reality%3F&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.aulast=Kupfer&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bustle.com%2Farticles%2F44086-which-ahs-freak-show-freaks-are-real-and-which-ones-are-modified-for-tv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2014" class="citation web cs1">Sherman, Howard (26 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/26/disabled-people-freak-show-horror-story-pop-culture">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Freak' is a slur and 'Freak Show' is propagating it. Disabled people deserve better | Howard Sherman"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Freak%27+is+a+slur+and+%27Freak+Show%27+is+propagating+it.+Disabled+people+deserve+better+%7C+Howard+Sherman&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2014%2Fsep%2F26%2Fdisabled-people-freak-show-horror-story-pop-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freak_show&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunhardtKunhardtKunhardt1995" class="citation book cs1">Kunhardt, Philip B. Jr.; Kunhardt, Philip B. III; Kunhardt, Peter W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barnumillustrate00kunh"><i>P. T. Barnum: America's Greatest Showman</i></a>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43574-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43574-7"><bdi>978-0-679-43574-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P.+T.+Barnum%3A+America%27s+Greatest+Showman&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-43574-7&rft.aulast=Kunhardt&rft.aufirst=Philip+B.+Jr.&rft.au=Kunhardt%2C+Philip+B.+III&rft.au=Kunhardt%2C+Peter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbarnumillustrate00kunh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreak+show" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freak_show&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puvodni.mzm.cz/Anthropologie/article.php?ID=2240">Půtová, B.: Freak Shows. Otherness of the Human Body as a Form of Public Presentation. Anthropologie: International Journal of Human Diversity and Evolution 56(2), 2018, s. 91–102</a></li> <li>Martin Monestier, <i>Human Freaks, Encyclopedic Book on the Human Freaks from the Beginning to Today</i>. (In French: <i>Les Monstres humains: Oubliés de Dieu ou chefs-d'œuvres de la nature</i>)</li> <li>Niall Richardson (2010) 'Transgressive Bodies' (Ashgate)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freak_show&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.showhistory.com/">Showhistory.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shockedandamazed.com/">Shocked and Amazed</a> – periodical devoted to sideshow and variety entertainment</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003051548/http://freaks.monstrous.com/">Freaks and prodigies</a> – Section of Monstrous.Com dedicated to freaks and prodigies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sideshowworld.com/">Sideshow World</a> – "Preserving the past... promoting the future"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missioncreep.com/mundie/images/sideshow.htm">Congress of Oddities: James G. Prodigies</a> – freakshow ephemera from the collection of artist <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_G_Mundie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James G Mundie (page does not exist)">James G Mundie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL.Hough:hou02245">Collection Guide to Human curiosity prints, playbills, broadsides and other printed material, 1695–1937</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111121125844/http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/">Houghton Library</a>, Harvard University</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy 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colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White 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