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id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سور جرجان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سور جرجان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_Mawr_Gorgan" title="Mur Mawr Gorgan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mur Mawr Gorgan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Mauer_von_Gorgan" title="Große Mauer von Gorgan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Große Mauer von Gorgan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αλεξάνδρειο Τείχος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξάνδρειο Τείχος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_muro_de_Gorg%C3%A1n" title="Gran muro de Gorgán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran muro de Gorgán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دیوار بزرگ گرگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوار بزرگ گرگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muraille_de_Gorgan" title="Muraille de Gorgan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Muraille de Gorgan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_bangon_Gorgan" title="Babban bangon Gorgan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Babban bangon Gorgan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_gorganski_zid" title="Veliki gorganski zid – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Veliki gorganski zid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_muraglia_di_Gorgan" title="Grande muraglia di Gorgan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande muraglia di Gorgan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="חומת גורגאן הגדולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומת גורגאן הגדולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="گرگان سرخ دیوار – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گرگان سرخ دیوار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Muur_van_Gorgan" title="Grote Muur van Gorgan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grote Muur van Gorgan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgans_store_mur" title="Gorgans store mur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gorgans store mur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_Mur_Gorga%C5%84ski" title="Wielki Mur Gorgański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielki Mur Gorgański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Горганская стена – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Горганская стена" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_gorganski_zid" title="Veliki gorganski zid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veliki gorganski zid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கோர்கனின் பெருஞ்சுவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோர்கனின் பெருஞ்சுவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrgan_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Duvar%C4%B1" title="Gürgan Büyük Duvarı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gürgan Büyük Duvarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80" title="Великий Горганський мур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великий Горганський мур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q739507#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.2604343_N_55.010165_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%2814%29"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°15′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°00′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2604343°N 55.010165°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2604343; 55.010165</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (14)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient defensive wall in Iran</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Great Wall of Gorgan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="label">Near Gorgan in Iran</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorgan-e-Difar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gorgan-e-Difar.svg/250px-Gorgan-e-Difar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gorgan-e-Difar.svg/375px-Gorgan-e-Difar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gorgan-e-Difar.svg/500px-Gorgan-e-Difar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="652" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Series of ancient defensive fortifications</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">200 km</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">5th or 6th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Materials</th><td class="infobox-data">Mud-brick, fired brick, gypsum, and mortar</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.2604343_N_55.010165_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%2814%29"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°15′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°00′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2604343°N 55.010165°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2604343; 55.010165</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (14)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p><p>The <b>Great Wall of Gorgan</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian-era</a> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_defense_lines" title="Sasanian defense lines">defense system</a> located near modern <a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Golest%C4%81n_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Golestān Province">Golestān Province</a> of northeastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, at the southeastern corner of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. The western, Caspian Sea, end of the wall is near the remains of the fort at: <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.13981_N_54.1788733_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°08′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">54°10′44″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.13981°N 54.1788733°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.13981; 54.1788733</span></span></span></a></span></span>; the eastern end of the wall, near the town of <a href="/wiki/Pishkamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pishkamar">Pishkamar</a>, is near the remains of the fort at: <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.5206739_N_55.5770498_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°31′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°34′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.5206739°N 55.5770498°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.5206739; 55.5770498</span></span></span></a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title coordinate is for the location of the remains of a fort midway along the wall. </p><p>The wall is located at a geographic narrowing between the Caspian Sea and the mountains of northeastern Iran. It is one of several <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Gates">Caspian Gates</a> at the eastern part of a region known in antiquity as <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a>, on the nomadic route from the northern steppes to the Iranian heartland. The wall is believed to have protected the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> to the south from the peoples to the north,<sup id="cite_ref-Rekavandi1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rekavandi1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">White Huns</a>. In his book <i>Empires and Walls</i>, Chaichian (2014) questions the validity of this interpretation using historical evidence of potential political-military threats in the region as well as the economic geography of Gorgan Wall's environs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is described as "amongst the most ambitious and sophisticated frontier walls" ever built in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the most important of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_defense_lines" title="Sasanian defense lines">Sasanian defense fortifications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fortifications_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fortifications-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is 195 km (121 mi) long and 6–10 m (20–33 ft) wide,<sup id="cite_ref-Red_snake_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_snake-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and features over 30 <a href="/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortresses</a> spaced at intervals of between 10 and 50 km (6.2 and 31.1 mi). It is surpassed only by the walls systems of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheolli_Jangseong" title="Cheolli Jangseong">Cheolli Jangseong</a> (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>) as the longest single-segment building and the longest defensive wall in existence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among archaeologists the wall is also known as "<b>The Red Snake</b>" (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: Qizil Alan) because of the colour of its bricks. In <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, it was popularized by the name "<b>Alexander's Barrier</b>" (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سد اسکندر</span></span> <i>Sadd-i-Iskandar</i>) or "<b>Alexander's Wall</b>", as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> is thought by early Muslims to have passed through the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Gates">Caspian Gates</a> on his hasty march to <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a> and the east. It is also known as "<b>Anushirvân's Barrier</b>" (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سد انوشیروان</span></span> <i>Sadd-i Anushiravan</i>) and "<b>Firuz/Piruz's Barrier</b>" (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سد پیروز</span></span>), and is officially referred to as the "<b>Gorgan Defence Wall</b>" (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">دیوار دفاعی گرگان</span></span>). It is known as <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">Qïzïl Yïlan</i></span> or <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">Qazal Al'an</i></span> to local <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The barrier consists of a wall, 195 km (121 mi) long and 6–10 m (20–33 ft) wide,<sup id="cite_ref-Red_snake_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_snake-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with over 30 <a href="/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortresses</a> at intervals of between 10 and 50 km (6.2 and 31.1 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Red_snake_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_snake-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The building materials consist of <a href="/wiki/Mud-brick" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud-brick">mud-brick</a>, fired brick, <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a> was also used during the early <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian era</a>. Mud-bricks were more popular in the early period in the construction of forts and cities, while fired bricks became popular in the later period. Sometimes one brick was set in the vertical position, with two horizontal rows of bricks laid above and below. The sizes of mud or fired bricks differ, but in general the standard size was 40 × 40 × 10 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fired bricks were made from the local <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> soil, and fired in kilns along the line of the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Red_snake_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_snake-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Wall_of_Gorgan_20160522_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan_20160522_05.jpg/185px-Great_Wall_of_Gorgan_20160522_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan_20160522_05.jpg/278px-Great_Wall_of_Gorgan_20160522_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan_20160522_05.jpg/370px-Great_Wall_of_Gorgan_20160522_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>This wall starts from the Caspian coast, circles north of <a href="/wiki/Gonbad-e_Kavus" title="Gonbad-e Kavus">Gonbad-e Kavus</a> (ancient Gorgan, or <i>Jorjan</i> in Arabic), continues towards the northeast, and vanishes in the <a href="/wiki/Pishkamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pishkamar">Pishkamar</a> Mountains. The wall lies slightly to the north of a local river, and features a 5 m (16 ft) ditch that conducted water along most of the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Rekavandi1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rekavandi1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999 a logistical archaeological survey was conducted regarding the wall due to problems in development projects, especially during construction of the Golestan Dam, which <a href="/wiki/Irrigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigate">irrigates</a> all the areas covered by the wall. At the point of the connection of the wall and the drainage <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a> from the dam, architects discovered the remains of the Great Wall of Gorgan. The 40 identified fortresses vary in dimension and shape but the majority are square fortresses, made of the same brickwork as the wall itself and at the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-Rekavandi1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rekavandi1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to many difficulties in development and agricultural projects, archaeologists have been assigned to mark the boundary of the historical find by laying cement blocks. </p><p>Larger than <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a> combined (two separate structures in Britain that marked the northern limits of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>), it has been called the greatest monument of its kind between Europe and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. The wall is third only to the walls that make up the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cheolli_Jangseong" title="Cheolli Jangseong">Cheolli Jangseong</a> (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>) as the longest defensive wall in existence, and although now in substantial disrepair, it was perhaps even more solidly built than the early forms of the Great Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Rekavandi1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rekavandi1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Route">Route</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Route"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>Map this section's coordinates using</b> <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&section=Route">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> <p><b>Download coordinates as:</b> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&section=Route">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&section=Route">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&section=Route">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&section=Route">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <p>The route, from east to west, is represented by the coordinates of the remains of the following forts and other features which lie along the wall. The coordinates and fort numbers, etc. are from Wikimapia: </p><p><b>East end of wall</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>Coordinates </th></tr> <tr> <td>fort (1) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.5206739_N_55.5770498_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%281%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°31′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°34′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.5206739°N 55.5770498°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.5206739; 55.5770498</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (1)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (2) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.5008423_N_55.5210721_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%282%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°30′03″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°31′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.5008423°N 55.5210721°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.5008423; 55.5210721</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (2)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (3?) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.4747559_N_55.4633295_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%283%3F%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°28′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°27′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.4747559°N 55.4633295°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.4747559; 55.4633295</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (3?)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (4) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.4519502_N_55.4202157_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%284%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°27′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°25′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.4519502°N 55.4202157°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.4519502; 55.4202157</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (4)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bend </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.4339426_N_55.3920364_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=bend"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°26′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°23′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.4339426°N 55.3920364°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.4339426; 55.3920364</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">bend</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bend </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.4294784_N_55.3828955_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=bend"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°25′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°22′58″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.4294784°N 55.3828955°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.4294784; 55.3828955</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">bend</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bend </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.4287627_N_55.3755999_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=bend"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°25′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°22′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.4287627°N 55.3755999°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.4287627; 55.3755999</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">bend</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (5) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.4270545_N_55.3724777_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%285%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°25′37″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°22′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.4270545°N 55.3724777°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.4270545; 55.3724777</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (5)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bend </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.4187427_N_55.3549147_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=bend"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°25′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°21′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.4187427°N 55.3549147°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.4187427; 55.3549147</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">bend</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (6) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.3991674_N_55.3339988_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%286%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°23′57″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°20′02″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.3991674°N 55.3339988°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.3991674; 55.3339988</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (6)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (7) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.3779074_N_55.3097141_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%287%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°22′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°18′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.3779074°N 55.3097141°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.3779074; 55.3097141</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (7)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (8) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.345827_N_55.2734506_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%288%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°20′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°16′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.345827°N 55.2734506°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.345827; 55.2734506</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (8)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (9) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.3072092_N_55.2290708_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%289%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°18′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°13′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.3072092°N 55.2290708°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.3072092; 55.2290708</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (9)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bend </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.2880529_N_55.2055693_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=bend"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°17′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°12′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2880529°N 55.2055693°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2880529; 55.2055693</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">bend</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (10) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.2808739_N_55.1753488_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%2810%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°16′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°10′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2808739°N 55.1753488°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2808739; 55.1753488</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (10)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (12) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.2669322_N_55.1104903_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%2812%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°16′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°06′38″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2669322°N 55.1104903°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2669322; 55.1104903</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (12)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bend </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.2619287_N_55.0805569_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=bend"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°15′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°04′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2619287°N 55.0805569°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2619287; 55.0805569</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">bend</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (14) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.2604343_N_55.010165_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%2814%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°15′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°00′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2604343°N 55.010165°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2604343; 55.010165</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (14)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (15) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.2606563_N_54.9755966_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%2815%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°15′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">54°58′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2606563°N 54.9755966°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2606563; 54.9755966</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (15)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (17) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.2594096_N_54.9330085_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%2817%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°15′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">54°55′59″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2594096°N 54.9330085°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2594096; 54.9330085</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (17)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (18) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.2558914_N_54.8976731_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%2818%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°15′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">54°53′52″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2558914°N 54.8976731°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2558914; 54.8976731</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (18)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (20) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.2494609_N_54.8232901_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%2820%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°14′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">54°49′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2494609°N 54.8232901°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2494609; 54.8232901</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (20)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (22) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.2176589_N_54.695853_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%2822%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°13′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">54°41′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2176589°N 54.695853°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2176589; 54.695853</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (22)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.1398186_N_54.6595144_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°08′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">54°39′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.1398186°N 54.6595144°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.1398186; 54.6595144</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (25) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.1181987_N_54.5549244_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%2825%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°07′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">54°33′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.1181987°N 54.5549244°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.1181987; 54.5549244</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (25)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (26) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.115538_N_54.5270026_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%2826%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°06′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">54°31′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.115538°N 54.5270026°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.115538; 54.5270026</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (26)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (27) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.1176298_N_54.5025676_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%2827%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°07′03″N</span> <span class="longitude">54°30′09″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.1176298°N 54.5025676°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.1176298; 54.5025676</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (27)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qaleh_Kharabeh,_Gorgan" title="Qaleh Kharabeh, Gorgan">Qaleh Kharabeh fortress</a> (c 1 mile south of Wall) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.1024599_N_54.4261944_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=Qaleh+Kharabeh+fortress"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°06′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">54°25′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.1024599°N 54.4261944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.1024599; 54.4261944</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Qaleh Kharabeh fortress</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (30) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.13786_N_54.3265128_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%2830%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°08′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">54°19′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.13786°N 54.3265128°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.13786; 54.3265128</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (30)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort (33) </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=37.13981_N_54.1788733_E_region:IR_type:landmark&title=fort+%2833%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°08′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">54°10′44″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.13981°N 54.1788733°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.13981; 54.1788733</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">fort (33)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>West end of wall</b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating">Dating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dr. Kiani, who led the archaeological team in 1971, believed that the wall was built during the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> (247 BC–224 AD), and that it was reconstructed and restored during the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> era (3rd to 7th century AD).<sup id="cite_ref-Rekavandi1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rekavandi1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005 a team excavated samples of charcoal from the many brick kilns along the wall, and samples from the Gorgan Wall and the smaller Wall of Tammishe (location of a drowned fort at the northern end: <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=36_48.595_N_54_1.234_E_scale:200000&title=Wall+of+Tammishe%3A+drowned+fort"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°48.595′N</span> <span class="longitude">54°1.234′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.809917°N 54.020567°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.809917; 54.020567</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Wall of Tammishe: drowned fort</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>; location of a fortlet or watchtower at the inland end: <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=36_43.360_N_54_3.675_E_scale:200000&title=Wall+of+Tammishe%3A+inland+fortlet+or+watchtower"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°43.360′N</span> <span class="longitude">54°3.675′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.722667°N 54.061250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.722667; 54.061250</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Wall of Tammishe: inland fortlet or watchtower</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-wall`_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wall`-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); <a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">OSL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> indicated a date for both walls in the late 5th or 6th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Rekavandi1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rekavandi1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These dates suggest that the current wall, at least, is Sassanid rather than Parthian, and that the current structure did not yet exist, some 800 years earlier, in the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (died 323 BC). If Alexander encountered a barrier at this location it was a predecessor of the current wall. </p> <blockquote><p>If we assumed that the forts were occupied as densely as those on Hadrian's Wall, then the garrison on the Gorgan Wall would have been in the order of 30,000 men. Models, taking into account the size and room number of the barrack blocks in the Gorgan Wall forts and likely occupation density, produce figures between 15,000 and 36,000 soldiers. Even the lowest estimate suggests a strong and powerful army, all the more remarkable as our investigations focused just on 200km of vulnerable frontier, a small fraction of the thousands of kilometres of borders of one of the ancient world's largest empires.<sup id="cite_ref-Rekavandi1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rekavandi1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Wall_of_Gorgan_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan_-_panoramio.jpg/400px-Great_Wall_of_Gorgan_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan_-_panoramio.jpg/600px-Great_Wall_of_Gorgan_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan_-_panoramio.jpg/800px-Great_Wall_of_Gorgan_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>The Great wall of Gorgan</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derbent_Caspian_Gate">Derbent Caspian Gate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Derbent Caspian Gate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A similar <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_defense_lines" title="Sasanian defense lines">Sasanian defence wall</a> and fortification lies on the opposite, western, side of the Caspian Sea at the port of <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Republic of Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. There the remains of a line of fortifications run inland for some 3 km (1.9 mi) from the shore of the Caspian Sea (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=42.062643_N_48.307185_E_scale:20000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°03′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">48°18′26″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.062643°N 48.307185°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.062643; 48.307185</span></span></span></a></span></span>) to what is today an extraordinarily well preserved Sassanian fort (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&params=42.05284_N_48.27423_E_scale:20000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°03′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">48°16′27″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.052840°N 48.274230°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.052840; 48.274230</span></span></span></a></span></span>) on the first foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Derbent and its <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Gates">Caspian Gates</a> are at the western part of the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a>. While the fortification and walls on the east side of the Caspian Sea remained unknown to the Graeco-Roman historians, the western half of the impressive "northern fortifications" in the Caucasus were well known to Classical authors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Alexander" title="Gates of Alexander">Gates of Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Architecture">Iranian Architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iranica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iranica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKiani" class="citation book cs1">Kiani, M. Y. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gorgan-iv"><i>Gorgan, iv. Archeology</i></a> (online edition). New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gorgan%2C+iv.+Archeology&rft.place=New+York&rft.aulast=Kiani&rft.aufirst=M.+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgorgan-iv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+Gorgan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rekavandi1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rekavandi1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rekavandi1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rekavandi1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rekavandi1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rekavandi1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rekavandi1_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rekavandi1_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Omrani Rekavandi, H., Sauer, E., <a href="/wiki/Tony_Wilkinson" title="Tony Wilkinson">Wilkinson, T.</a> & Nokandeh, J. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1555&Itemid=27">The enigma of the red snake: revealing one of the world’s greatest frontier walls</a>, <i>Current World Archaeology</i>, No. 27, February/March 2008, pp. 12-22.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shc.ed.ac.uk/staff/academic/esauer/pubs/iranian_walls.pdf">PDF 5.3 MB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928144242/http://www.shc.ed.ac.uk/staff/academic/esauer/pubs/iranian_walls.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaichian2014" class="citation book cs1">Chaichian, Mohammad (2014). <i>Empires and Walls</i>. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004236035" title="Special:BookSources/9789004236035"><bdi>9789004236035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Walls&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004236035&rft.aulast=Chaichian&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+Gorgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ball-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ball_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2016" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Warwick (2016). <i>Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire</i>. Routledge. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317296355" title="Special:BookSources/9781317296355"><bdi>9781317296355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East%3A+The+Transformation+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317296355&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+Gorgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fortifications-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fortifications_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleiss1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kleiss, Wolfram (15 December 1999). "Fortifications". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fortifications-"><i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i></a>. Vol. X, Fasc. 1. pp. <span class="nowrap">102–</span>106<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fortifications&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=1999-12-15&rft.aulast=Kleiss&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ffortifications-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+Gorgan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Red_snake-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Red_snake_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Red_snake_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Red_snake_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Red_snake_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.co.uk/world-news/the-enigma-of-the-red-snake.htm"><i>The Enigma of the Red Snake</i> (Archaeology.co.uk)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311060314/http://archaeology.co.uk/world-news/the-enigma-of-the-red-snake.htm">Archived</a> 2009-03-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wall`-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wall`_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kavehfarrokh.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Gorgan-Walll.pdf">British Institute of Persian Studies: Linear Barriers of Northern Iran: The Great Wall of Gorgan and the Wall of Tammishe</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, page 152 + PDF page 33; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4300707">also at JSTOR</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>FURTHER READING</b> </p> <ul><li>Chaichian, Mohammad <i>Empires and Walls: Globalization, Migration, and Colonial Control</i>, chapter 3, 2014 Brill: Leiden <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B90%2B04%2B23603%2B5" title="Special:BookSources/978+90+04+23603+5">978 90 04 23603 5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Wall_of_Gorgan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Wall_of_Gorgan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Great Wall of Gorgan">Great Wall of Gorgan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/image:Gorgon-e-difar.jpg" class="extiw" title="mzn:image:Gorgon-e-difar.jpg">Aerial view in the Mazandarani wiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080218155534.htm">Gorgan's Great Red Snake (<i>Science Daily</i>, February 2008)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/staff/supporting_files/esauer/iranian_walls.pdf">Secrets of the Great Wall of Gorgan (Red Snake)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101138/http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/staff/supporting_files/esauer/iranian_walls.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kavehfarrokh.com/news/the-great-wall-of-gorgan">Pictures & Diagrams of the Great Wall of Gorgan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/irans-great-wall-is-now-buried-and-forgotten">Atlas Obscura page</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img 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