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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table des matières" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muraille de Gorgan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 20 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سور جرجان – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سور جرجان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_Mawr_Gorgan" title="Mur Mawr Gorgan – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mur Mawr Gorgan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Mauer_von_Gorgan" title="Große Mauer von Gorgan – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Große Mauer von Gorgan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αλεξάνδρειο Τείχος – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξάνδρειο Τείχος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan" title="Great Wall of Gorgan – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Great Wall of Gorgan" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_muro_de_Gorg%C3%A1n" title="Gran muro de Gorgán – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran muro de Gorgán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دیوار بزرگ گرگان – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوار بزرگ گرگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_bangon_Gorgan" title="Babban bangon Gorgan – haoussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Babban bangon Gorgan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haoussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="חומת גורגאן הגדולה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומת גורגאן הגדולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_gorganski_zid" title="Veliki gorganski zid – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Veliki gorganski zid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_muraglia_di_Gorgan" title="Grande muraglia di Gorgan – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande muraglia di Gorgan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="گرگان سرخ دیوار – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گرگان سرخ دیوار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Muur_van_Gorgan" title="Grote Muur van Gorgan – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grote Muur van Gorgan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgans_store_mur" title="Gorgans store mur – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gorgans store mur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_Mur_Gorga%C5%84ski" title="Wielki Mur Gorgański – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielki Mur Gorgański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Горганская стена – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Горганская стена" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_gorganski_zid" title="Veliki gorganski zid – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veliki gorganski zid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கோர்கனின் பெருஞ்சுவர் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோர்கனின் பெருஞ்சுவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrgan_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Duvar%C4%B1" title="Gürgan Büyük Duvarı – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gürgan Büyük Duvarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates" class="noprint"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Map/13/37.070382/54.076552/fr" data-zoom="13" data-lat="37.070382" data-lon="54.076552" data-overlays="["_44b047197b1b0478419d4fa5ecaba033ed90b1b4"]">37° 04′ 13″ nord, 54° 04′ 36″ est</a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete map" style="background-color:#CCCCAA;color:black;">Muraille de Gorgan<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r151886662">.mw-parser-output .entete.map{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")}</style> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fichier:Gorgan-e-Difar.svg&lang=fr" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Muraille de Gorgan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gorgan-e-Difar.svg/langfr-280px-Gorgan-e-Difar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gorgan-e-Difar.svg/langfr-420px-Gorgan-e-Difar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gorgan-e-Difar.svg/langfr-560px-Gorgan-e-Difar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="652" /></a></span> <br />Tracé de la muraille </td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#CCCCAA; color:#000000">Localisation</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_pays_du_monde" title="Liste des pays du monde">Pays</a> </th> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Iran"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Iran"><img alt="Drapeau de l'Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/20px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_d%27Iran" title="Provinces d'Iran">Province</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_du_Golestan" title="Province du Golestan">Golestan</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Province historique </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanie" title="Hyrcanie">Hyrcanie</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Coordonn%C3%A9es_g%C3%A9ographiques" title="Coordonnées géographiques">Coordonnées</a> </th><td><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Map/13/37.070382/54.076552/fr" data-zoom="13" data-lat="37.070382" data-lon="54.076552" data-overlays="["_44b047197b1b0478419d4fa5ecaba033ed90b1b4"]">37° 04′ 13″ nord, 54° 04′ 36″ est</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#CCCCAA; color:#000000">Histoire</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Époque </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Empire_sassanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire sassanide">Empire sassanide</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> </th> <td>5e-7e s. ap. J.-C. </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Critères </th> <td>(i) <small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23038972" class="extiw" title="d:Q23038972"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Voir l'élément Wikidata correspondant">d</span></a>)</small>, (ii) <small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23038976" class="extiw" title="d:Q23038976"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Voir l'élément Wikidata correspondant">d</span></a>)</small>, (iii) <small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23038977" class="extiw" title="d:Q23038977"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Voir l'élément Wikidata correspondant">d</span></a>)</small>, (iv) <small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23038978" class="extiw" title="d:Q23038978"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Voir l'élément Wikidata correspondant">d</span></a>)</small> et (v) <small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23038979" class="extiw" title="d:Q23038979"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Voir l'élément Wikidata correspondant">d</span></a>)</small> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div class="img_toggle" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="geobox"> <div><small>Géolocalisation sur la carte : <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></small></div> <table class="DebutCarte" style="width:auto; margin:0; border:none; border-spacing:0; padding:0; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0"><div style="position:relative;;"><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Iran_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(Voir situation sur carte : Iran)"><img alt="(Voir situation sur carte : Iran)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iran_relief_location_map.jpg/280px-Iran_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iran_relief_location_map.jpg/420px-Iran_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iran_relief_location_map.jpg/560px-Iran_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1071" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute;border:none;line-height:0px;top:18.900761290323%;left:51.592936585366%;"><div style="position:absolute;border:none;top:-4px;left:-4px;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Muraille de Gorgan"><img alt="Muraille de Gorgan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Archaeological_site_icon.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Archaeological_site_icon.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Archaeological_site_icon.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></div><span class="toponyme" style="display:none"><small>Muraille de Gorgan</small></span><div style="position:absolute;padding:0;line-height:2ex; top:18.900761290323%;left:51.592936585366%;right:0px;"><div style="position:absolute;top:-5px;left:5px;right:0px;"><div style="position:absolute;bottom:0px;left:0px;right:0px;text-align:left;"><span class="toponyme"><small>Muraille de Gorgan</small></span></div></div></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #CCCCAA solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color: inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muraille_de_Gorgan&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Site_arch%C3%A9ologique" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>La <b>muraille de Gorgan</b>, surnommée le Serpent rouge, est un système de défense de l'époque <a href="/wiki/Sassanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanide">sassanide</a> situé près de <a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a>, dans la province du <a href="/wiki/Golestan_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golestan (district)">Golestān</a>, dans le nord-est de l'Iran, au sud-est de la <a href="/wiki/Mer_Caspienne" title="Mer Caspienne">mer Caspienne</a>. </p><p>Le mur relie cet espace maritime aux montagnes du nord-est de l'Iran. Il s'agit de l'une des nombreuses <a href="/wiki/Portes_de_la_Caspienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Portes de la Caspienne">portes de la Caspienne</a> situées à l'est d'une région connue pendant l'Antiquité sous le nom d'<a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a>, sur la route reliant les steppes du nord au centre iranien. </p><p>Construit en 420 et 530 après J.-C., le mur a sans doute protégé les Sassanides des peuples au nord de leur territoire, notamment les <a href="/wiki/Huns_blancs" class="mw-redirect" title="Huns blancs">Huns blancs</a>, mais cette hypothèse reste contestée en raison du manque de menaces avérées à cette époque dans la région. Il constitue l'un des murs frontaliers les plus ambitieux et les plus sophistiqués jamais construits dans le monde, ainsi que le plus important des remparts de défense sassanides. </p><p>Il mesure 195 km de long et jusqu'à 10 mètres de large, et comprend 38 forteresses. Dépassé seulement par la <a href="/wiki/Grande_Muraille_de_Chine" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Muraille de Chine">Grande Muraille de Chine</a>, c'est le plus long mur de briques antique. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noms">Noms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraille_de_Gorgan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Noms" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraille_de_Gorgan&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Noms"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La muraille de Gorgan est aussi surnommée « le serpent rouge » en raison de la couleur de ses briques. En persan, l'édifice a été couramment désigné comme la « Barrière d'Alexandre » (سد اسکندر <i>Sadd-i-Iskandar</i>) ou « <a href="/wiki/Portes_d%27Alexandre" title="Portes d'Alexandre">Mur d'Alexandre</a> » mais aussi sous celui de « barrière d'Anushirvân » (سد انوشروان) et de « barrière de Firuz » (سد پیروز). Sa dénomination officielle est simplement « mur de défense de Gorgan » (دیوار دفاعی گرگان). Les <a href="/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nes_iraniens" title="Turkmènes iraniens">Turkmènes iraniens</a> locaux le connaissent aussi sous le terme de Qïzïl Yïlan ou Qazal Al'an<sup id="cite_ref-Kiani_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiani-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraille_de_Gorgan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Description" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraille_de_Gorgan&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Description"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depuis de la côte Caspienne, la muraille encercle <a href="/wiki/Gonbad-e_Qabus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad-e Qabus">Gonbad-e Qabus</a> par le nord, continue vers le nord-est et disparaît dans les montagnes de Piškamar. Formant une ligne de 195 km de long, de 6 à 10 mètres de large, elle est ponctuée de 38 forteresses qui, espacées de 10 à 50 km, signalent la fonction défensive de l'ouvrage. Construites pendant la même période, ces forteresses adoptent pour la majorité une forme carrée<sup id="cite_ref-CWA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWA-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les matériaux de construction sont la brique, le gypse et le mortier, l'argile étant utilisée seulement aux premiers temps de la construction. Des briques disposées de manière verticale alternent avec des rangées de briques horizontales. Les tailles des briques varient, qu'elles soient crues ou cuites, mais en général, la taille standard correspond à une dimension de 40 × 40 × 10 cm<sup id="cite_ref-Kiani_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiani-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les briques cuites ont été fabriquées à partir du sol de <a href="/wiki/Loess" class="mw-redirect" title="Loess">loess</a> local et chauffées dans des fours le long du mur<sup id="cite_ref-CWA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWA-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les <a href="/wiki/Fouilles_arch%C3%A9ologiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouilles archéologiques">fouilles archéologiques</a> ont commencé en 1999 sous la direction de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jebrael_Nokandeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jebrael Nokandeh (page inexistante)">Jebrael Nokandeh</a>, notamment en <a href="/wiki/Arch%C3%A9ologie_pr%C3%A9ventive" title="Archéologie préventive">prévention</a> des problèmes posés par la construction du barrage du Golestan. C'est devenu une campagne irano-britannique de 2005 à 2009<sup id="cite_ref-CWA_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWA-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Datation">Datation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraille_de_Gorgan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Datation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraille_de_Gorgan&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Datation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un temps datée de la période <a href="/wiki/Parthe" title="Parthe">parthe</a>, l'édification du mur remonte aux règnes de <a href="/wiki/Yazdgard_II" title="Yazdgard II">Yazdgard II</a> ou de <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9roz_Ier" title="Péroz Ier">Péroz Ier</a>, entre le milieu du Ve et le début du VIe s.ap. J.-C. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il fut abandonné au milieu du VIIe siècle<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraille_de_Gorgan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraille_de_Gorgan&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="SauerOmrani_RekavandiWilkinsonNokandeh2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Eberhard_W._SauerHamid_Omrani_RekavandiTony_J._WilkinsonJebrael_Nokandeh2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Eberhard W. Sauer, Hamid Omrani Rekavandi, Tony J. Wilkinson et Jebrael Nokandeh, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Persia’s Imperial Power in Late Antiquity : The Great Wall of Gorgan and Frontier Landscape of Sasanian Iran</cite>, Oxford, Oakville, British Institute of Persian Studies, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Archaeological Monographs Series », <time>2013</time>, XVI-712 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781842175194" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781842175194"><span class="nowrap">9781842175194</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/abstractairanica/41492">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persia%E2%80%99s+Imperial+Power+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Oakville&rft.pub=British+Institute+of+Persian+Studies&rft.stitle=The+Great+Wall+of+Gorgan+and+Frontier+Landscape+of+Sasanian+Iran&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Eberhard+W.&rft.au=Hamid+Omrani+Rekavandi&rft.au=Tony+J.+Wilkinson&rft.au=Jebrael+Nokandeh&rft.date=2013&rft.tpages=XVI-712&rft.isbn=9781842175194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMuraille+de+Gorgan"></span></span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Omrani_RekavandiSauerWilkinson2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hamid_Omrani_RekavandiEberhard_W._SauerTony_Wilkinson2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Hamid Omrani Rekavandi, Eberhard W. Sauer, Tony Wilkinson <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">An Imperial Frontier of the Sasanian Empire : Further Fieldwork at the Great Wall of Gorgan</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Iran</span></i>, Taylor & Francis, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 45,‎ <time>2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">95-136</span>, article <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 45 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jstor.org/stable/25651414">25651414</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/abstractairanica/37733#quotation">résumé</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/11873087/An_Imperial_Frontier_of_the_Sasanian_Empire.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+Imperial+Frontier+of+the+Sasanian+Empire&rft.jtitle=Iran&rft.issue=45&rft.stitle=Further+Fieldwork+at+the+Great+Wall+of+Gorgan&rft.au=Hamid+Omrani+Rekavandi&rft.au=Eberhard+W.+Sauer&rft.au=Tony+Wilkinson&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=95-136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMuraille+de+Gorgan"></span></span></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraille_de_Gorgan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraille_de_Gorgan&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">« <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan?oldid=847287876">Great Wall of Gorgan</a> » <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</li></ul> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kiani-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kiani_1-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Kiani_1-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">M.Y. Kiani, « Gorgan, iv. Archeology », <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gorgan-iv">édition en ligne</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CWA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CWA_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CWA_2-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-CWA_2-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Nokandeh Jebrael, Sauer Eberhard W. et al., « The enigma of the Red Snake : Revealing one of the World’s Greatest Frontier Walls »,<i>Current World Archaeology</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 27, february-march 2004, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">12-22</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Rémy Boucharlat. Sauer, Eberhard W., Omrani Rekavandi, Hamid, Wilkinson, Tony J. et Nokandeh, Jebrael, « Eberhard W. Sauer, Hamid Omrani Rekavandi, Tony J. Wilkinson, Jebrael Nokandeh. Persia’s Imperial Power in Late Antiquity. The Great Wall of Gorgan and Frontier Landscape of Sasanian Iran », <i>Abstracta Iranica</i> [En ligne], Volume 34-35-36 | 2017, document 1, mis en ligne le 15 juillet 2016, consulté le 09 novembre 2018. URL : <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://journals.openedition.org/abstractairanica/41492">http://journals.openedition.org/abstractairanica/41492</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Rémy Boucharlat. Rekavandi, H. Omrani, Sauer, E. W., Wilkinson, T., Tomak, E. Safari, Ainsle, R., Mahmoudi, M., Friffiths, S., Ershadi, M., Rensburg, J. J. Van, M. Fattahi, Ratcliffe, J., Nokandeh, J., Nazifi, A., Thomar, R., Gale, R. et Hoffmann, B., « « An Imperial Frontier of the Sasanian Empire: Further Fieldwork at the Great Wall of Gorgan ». Iran, 45, 2007, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">95-136</span>. », Abstracta Iranica [En ligne], Volume 30 | 2010, document 117, mis en ligne le 08 avril 2010, consulté le 09 novembre 2018. URL : <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://journals.openedition.org/abstractairanica/37733">http://journals.openedition.org/abstractairanica/37733</a></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Arch%C3%A9ologie" title="Portail de l’archéologie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Portal_Archeology_icon.svg/24px-Portal_Archeology_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Portal_Archeology_icon.svg/36px-Portal_Archeology_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Portal_Archeology_icon.svg/48px-Portal_Archeology_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Arch%C3%A9ologie" title="Portail:Archéologie">Portail de l’archéologie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Architecture_et_urbanisme" title="Portail de l’architecture et de l’urbanisme"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ciudad.svg/24px-Ciudad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ciudad.svg/36px-Ciudad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ciudad.svg/48px-Ciudad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Architecture_et_urbanisme" title="Portail:Architecture et urbanisme">Portail de l’architecture et de l’urbanisme</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Iran_et_monde_iranien" title="Portail de l’Iran et du monde iranien"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag-map_of_Iran_%28tricolour%29.svg/26px-Flag-map_of_Iran_%28tricolour%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag-map_of_Iran_%28tricolour%29.svg/39px-Flag-map_of_Iran_%28tricolour%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag-map_of_Iran_%28tricolour%29.svg/52px-Flag-map_of_Iran_%28tricolour%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="812" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Iran_et_monde_iranien" title="Portail:Iran et monde iranien">Portail de l’Iran et du monde iranien</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Proche-Orient_ancien" title="Portail du Proche-Orient ancien"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Babylonlion.JPG/27px-Babylonlion.JPG" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Babylonlion.JPG/41px-Babylonlion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Babylonlion.JPG/55px-Babylonlion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="218" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Proche-Orient_ancien" title="Portail:Proche-Orient ancien">Portail du Proche-Orient ancien</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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