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The western, Caspian Sea, end of the wall is near the remains of the fort at: {{coord|37.13981|54.1788733|display=inline}}; the eastern end of the wall, near the town of [[Pishkamar]], is near the remains of the fort at: {{coord|37.5206739|55.5770498|display=inline}}.<ref name="iranica">{{cite book |last=Kiani |first=M. Y. |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gorgan-iv |title=Gorgan, iv. Archeology |work=Encyclopaedia Iranica |type=online edition |location=New York |access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref> The title coordinate is for the location of the remains of a fort midway along the wall. The wall is located at a geographic narrowing between the Caspian Sea and the mountains of northeastern Iran. It is one of several [[Caspian Gates]] at the eastern part of a region known in antiquity as [[Hyrcania]], on the nomadic route from the northern steppes to the Iranian heartland. The wall is believed to have protected the [[Sasanian Empire]] to the south from the peoples to the north,<ref name=Rekavandi1>Omrani Rekavandi, H., Sauer, E., [[Tony Wilkinson|Wilkinson, T.]] & Nokandeh, J. (2008), [http://www.archaeology.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1555&Itemid=27 The enigma of the red snake: revealing one of the world’s greatest frontier walls], ''Current World Archaeology'', No. 27, February/March 2008, pp. 12-22.[http://www.shc.ed.ac.uk/staff/academic/esauer/pubs/iranian_walls.pdf PDF 5.3 MB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928144242/http://www.shc.ed.ac.uk/staff/academic/esauer/pubs/iranian_walls.pdf |date=2011-09-28 }}.</ref> probably the [[Hephthalite Empire|White Huns]]. In his book ''Empires and Walls'', Chaichian (2014) questions the validity of this interpretation using historical evidence of potential political-military threats in the region as well as the economic geography of Gorgan Wall's environs.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaichian|first1=Mohammad|title=Empires and Walls|date=2014|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden, the Netherlands|isbn=9789004236035|pages=52–89}}</ref> It is described as "amongst the most ambitious and sophisticated frontier walls" ever built in the world,<ref name=Ball>{{cite book|last1=Ball|first1=Warwick|title=Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317296355|page=365}}</ref> and the most important of the [[Sasanian defense lines|Sasanian defense fortifications]].<ref name=fortifications>{{cite book|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fortifications- |chapter=Fortifications |first=Wolfram |last=Kleiss |title=Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=X, Fasc. 1 |pages=102–106 |date=15 December 1999 |access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref> It is {{convert|195|km|mi|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|6|-|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide,<ref name="Red snake"> [http://www.archaeology.co.uk/world-news/the-enigma-of-the-red-snake.htm ''The Enigma of the Red Snake'' (Archaeology.co.uk)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311060314/http://archaeology.co.uk/world-news/the-enigma-of-the-red-snake.htm |date=2009-03-11 }} </ref> and features over 30 [[fortress]]es spaced at intervals of between {{convert|10|and|50|km|mi|abbr=on}}. It is surpassed only by the walls systems of the [[Great Wall of China]] and [[Cheolli Jangseong]] (in modern-day [[North Korea]]) as the longest single-segment building and the longest defensive wall in existence. ==Name== Among archaeologists the wall is also known as "'''The Red Snake'''" ([[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]: Qizil Alan) because of the colour of its bricks. In [[Persian language|Persian]], it was popularized by the name "'''Alexander's Barrier'''" ({{lang|fa|سد اسکندر|rtl=yes}} ''Sadd-i-Iskandar'') or "'''Alexander's Wall'''", as [[Alexander the Great]] is thought by early Muslims to have passed through the [[Caspian Gates]] on his hasty march to [[Hyrcania]] and the east. It is also known as "'''Anushirvân's Barrier'''" ({{lang|fa|سد انوشیروان|rtl=yes}} ''Sadd-i Anushiravan'') and "'''Firuz/Piruz's Barrier'''" ({{lang|fa|سد پیروز|rtl=yes}}), and is officially referred to as the "'''Gorgan Defence Wall'''" ({{lang|fa|دیوار دفاعی گرگان|rtl=yes}}). It is known as {{lang|tk|Qïzïl Yïlan}} or {{lang|tk|Qazal Al'an}} to local [[Turkmens|Iranian Turkmens]].<ref name="iranica" /> ==Description== The barrier consists of a wall, {{convert|195|km|mi|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|6|-|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide,<ref name="Red snake"/> with over 30 [[fortress]]es at intervals of between {{convert|10|and|50|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Red snake"/> The building materials consist of [[mud-brick]], fired brick, [[gypsum]], and [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]]. [[Clay]] was also used during the early [[Parthian Empire|Parthian era]]. Mud-bricks were more popular in the early period in the construction of forts and cities, while fired bricks became popular in the later period. Sometimes one brick was set in the vertical position, with two horizontal rows of bricks laid above and below. The sizes of mud or fired bricks differ, but in general the standard size was 40 × 40 × 10&nbsp;cm.<ref name="iranica" /> The fired bricks were made from the local [[loess]] soil, and fired in kilns along the line of the wall.<ref name="Red snake"/> [[File:Great Wall of Gorgan 20160522 05.jpg|thumb|185x185px]] This wall starts from the Caspian coast, circles north of [[Gonbad-e Kavus]] (ancient Gorgan, or ''Jorjan'' in Arabic), continues towards the northeast, and vanishes in the [[Pishkamar]] Mountains. The wall lies slightly to the north of a local river, and features a {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on|adj=on}} ditch that conducted water along most of the wall.<ref name=Rekavandi1 /> In 1999 a logistical archaeological survey was conducted regarding the wall due to problems in development projects, especially during construction of the Golestan Dam, which [[irrigate]]s all the areas covered by the wall. At the point of the connection of the wall and the drainage [[canal]] from the dam, architects discovered the remains of the Great Wall of Gorgan. The 40 identified fortresses vary in dimension and shape but the majority are square fortresses, made of the same brickwork as the wall itself and at the same period.<ref name=Rekavandi1 /> Due to many difficulties in development and agricultural projects, archaeologists have been assigned to mark the boundary of the historical find by laying cement blocks. Larger than [[Hadrian's Wall]] and the [[Antonine Wall]] combined (two separate structures in Britain that marked the northern limits of the [[Roman Empire]]), it has been called the greatest monument of its kind between Europe and [[China]]. The wall is third only to the walls that make up the [[Great Wall of China]] and the [[Cheolli Jangseong]] (in modern-day [[North Korea]]) as the longest defensive wall in existence, and although now in substantial disrepair, it was perhaps even more solidly built than the early forms of the Great Wall.<ref name=Rekavandi1 /> ==Route== {{GeoGroup|section=Route}} The route, from east to west, is represented by the coordinates of the remains of the following forts and other features which lie along the wall. The coordinates and fort numbers, etc. are from Wikimapia: '''East end of wall''' {| class="wikitable" ! Location ! Coordinates |- | fort (1) | {{coord|37.5206739|55.5770498|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (1)}} |- | fort (2) | {{coord|37.5008423|55.5210721|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (2)}} |- | fort (3?) | {{coord|37.4747559|55.4633295|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (3?)}} |- | fort (4) | {{coord|37.4519502|55.4202157|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (4)}} |- | bend | {{coord|37.4339426|55.3920364|region:IR_type:landmark|name=bend}} |- | bend | {{coord|37.4294784|55.3828955|region:IR_type:landmark|name=bend}} |- | bend | {{coord|37.4287627|55.3755999|region:IR_type:landmark|name=bend}} |- | fort (5) | {{coord|37.4270545|55.3724777|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (5)}} |- | bend | {{coord|37.4187427|55.3549147|region:IR_type:landmark|name=bend}} |- | fort (6) | {{coord|37.3991674|55.3339988|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (6)}} |- | fort (7) | {{coord|37.3779074|55.3097141|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (7)}} |- | fort (8) | {{coord|37.345827|55.2734506|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (8)}} |- | fort (9) | {{coord|37.3072092|55.2290708|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (9)}} |- | bend | {{coord|37.2880529|55.2055693|region:IR_type:landmark|name=bend}} |- | fort (10) | {{coord|37.2808739|55.1753488|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (10)}} |- | fort (12) | {{coord|37.2669322|55.1104903|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (12)}} |- | bend | {{coord|37.2619287|55.0805569|region:IR_type:landmark|name=bend}} |- | fort (14) | {{coord|37.2604343|55.010165|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (14)}} |- | fort (15) | {{coord|37.2606563|54.9755966|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (15)}} |- | fort (17) | {{coord|37.2594096|54.9330085|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (17)}} |- | fort (18) | {{coord|37.2558914|54.8976731|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (18)}} |- | fort (20) | {{coord|37.2494609|54.8232901|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (20)}} |- | fort (22) | {{coord|37.2176589|54.695853|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (22)}} |- | fort | {{coord|37.1398186|54.6595144|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort}} |- | fort (25) | {{coord|37.1181987|54.5549244|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (25)}} |- | fort (26) | {{coord|37.115538|54.5270026|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (26)}} |- | fort (27) | {{coord|37.1176298|54.5025676|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (27)}} |- | [[Qaleh Kharabeh, Gorgan|Qaleh Kharabeh fortress]] (c 1 mile south of Wall) | {{coord|37.1024599|54.4261944|region:IR_type:landmark|name=Qaleh Kharabeh fortress}} |- | fort (30) | {{coord|37.13786|54.3265128|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (30)}} |- | fort (33) | {{coord|37.13981|54.1788733|region:IR_type:landmark|name=fort (33)}} |} '''West end of wall''' ==Dating== Dr. Kiani, who led the archaeological team in 1971, believed that the wall was built during the [[Parthian Empire]] (247 BC–224 AD), and that it was reconstructed and restored during the [[Sassanid]] era (3rd to 7th century AD).<ref name=Rekavandi1 /> In 2005 a team excavated samples of charcoal from the many brick kilns along the wall, and samples from the Gorgan Wall and the smaller Wall of Tammishe (location of a drowned fort at the northern end: {{coord|36|48.595|N|54|1.234|E|scale:200000|name=Wall of Tammishe: drowned fort}}; location of a fortlet or watchtower at the inland end: {{coord|36|43.360|N|54|3.675|E|scale:200000|name=Wall of Tammishe: inland fortlet or watchtower}}<ref name=wall`>[http://www.kavehfarrokh.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Gorgan-Walll.pdf British Institute of Persian Studies: Linear Barriers of Northern Iran: The Great Wall of Gorgan and the Wall of Tammishe]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, page 152 + PDF page 33; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4300707 also at JSTOR].</ref>); [[Luminescence dating|OSL]] and [[radiocarbon dating]] indicated a date for both walls in the late 5th or 6th century AD.<ref name=Rekavandi1 /> These dates suggest that the current wall, at least, is Sassanid rather than Parthian, and that the current structure did not yet exist, some 800 years earlier, in the time of [[Alexander the Great]] (died 323 BC). If Alexander encountered a barrier at this location it was a predecessor of the current wall. <blockquote>If we assumed that the forts were occupied as densely as those on Hadrian's Wall, then the garrison on the Gorgan Wall would have been in the order of 30,000 men. Models, taking into account the size and room number of the barrack blocks in the Gorgan Wall forts and likely occupation density, produce figures between 15,000 and 36,000 soldiers. Even the lowest estimate suggests a strong and powerful army, all the more remarkable as our investigations focused just on 200km of vulnerable frontier, a small fraction of the thousands of kilometres of borders of one of the ancient world's largest empires.<ref name=Rekavandi1 /> </blockquote> [[File:Great Wall of Gorgan - panoramio.jpg|thumb|center|400px|The Great wall of Gorgan]] ==Derbent Caspian Gate== A similar [[Sasanian defense lines|Sasanian defence wall]] and fortification lies on the opposite, western, side of the Caspian Sea at the port of [[Derbent]], in the [[Dagestan|Republic of Dagestan]], [[Russia]]. There the remains of a line of fortifications run inland for some {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the shore of the Caspian Sea ({{coord|42.062643|48.307185|scale:20000}}) to what is today an extraordinarily well preserved Sassanian fort ({{coord|42.052840|48.274230|scale:20000}}) on the first foothills of the [[Caucasus Mountains]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} Derbent and its [[Caspian Gates]] are at the western part of the historical region of [[Hyrcania]]. While the fortification and walls on the east side of the Caspian Sea remained unknown to the Graeco-Roman historians, the western half of the impressive "northern fortifications" in the Caucasus were well known to Classical authors.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} ==See also== *[[Hadrian's Wall]] *[[Gates of Alexander]] *[[Iranian Architecture]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} '''FURTHER READING''' * Chaichian, Mohammad ''Empires and Walls: Globalization, Migration, and Colonial Control'', chapter 3, 2014 Brill: Leiden {{ISBN|978 90 04 23603 5}}. ==External links== {{commons category}} *[[:mzn:image:Gorgon-e-difar.jpg|Aerial view in the Mazandarani wiki]] *[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080218155534.htm Gorgan's Great Red Snake (''Science Daily'', February 2008)] *[http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/staff/supporting_files/esauer/iranian_walls.pdf Secrets of the Great Wall of Gorgan (Red Snake)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101138/http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/staff/supporting_files/esauer/iranian_walls.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} *[http://www.kavehfarrokh.com/news/the-great-wall-of-gorgan Pictures & Diagrams of the Great Wall of Gorgan] *[http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/irans-great-wall-is-now-buried-and-forgotten Atlas Obscura page] [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century]] [[Category:Archaeological sites in Iran]] [[Category:Archaeology of Iran]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Golestan province]] [[Category:Sassanian fortifications]] [[Category:Fortification lines]] [[Category:1st-century fortifications]] [[Category:Sasanian defense lines]] [[Category:6th-century fortifications]] [[Category:5th-century fortifications]] [[Category:Walls in Iran]] [[Category:Fortifications in Iran]] [[Category:Walls]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded 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