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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="المسيرة الخضراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المسيرة الخضراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88" title="Зялёны марш – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зялёны марш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxa_Verda" title="Marxa Verda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marxa Verda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelen%C3%BD_pochod" title="Zelený pochod – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zelený pochod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Marsch" title="Grüner Marsch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grüner Marsch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_marroqu%C3%AD_del_Sahara_espa%C3%B1ol" title="Invasión marroquí del Sahara español – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasión marroquí del Sahara español" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verda_mar%C5%9Do" title="Verda marŝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Verda marŝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibilaldi_Berdea" title="Ibilaldi Berdea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ibilaldi Berdea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche_verte" title="Marche verte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marche verte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcha_Verde" title="Marcha Verde – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marcha Verde" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EC%83%89%ED%96%89%EA%B5%B0" title="녹색행군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="녹색행군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_Hijau" title="Gerakan Hijau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan Hijau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A6na_gangan" title="Græna gangan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Græna gangan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_verde" title="Marcia verde – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marcia verde" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7" title="המצעד הירוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המצעד הירוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perarakan_Hijau" title="Perarakan Hijau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perarakan Hijau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groene_Mars" title="Groene Mars – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groene Mars" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%91%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%8C%E9%80%B2" title="緑の行進 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="緑の行進" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zielony_Marsz" title="Zielony Marsz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zielony Marsz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcha_Verde" title="Marcha Verde – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marcha Verde" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88" title="Зелёный марш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зелёный марш" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Green March" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawada_tazgzawt" title="Tawada tazgzawt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tawada tazgzawt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88" title="Зелений марш – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зелений марш" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E8%BF%9B%E5%86%9B" title="绿色进军 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="绿色进军" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%A3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q870684#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1975 military event</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical event. For the aerobatic team, see <a href="/wiki/Marche_Verte" title="Marche Verte">Marche Verte</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Green March</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_March_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Green_March_1975.jpg/220px-Green_March_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Green_March_1975.jpg/330px-Green_March_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Green_March_1975.jpg/440px-Green_March_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="734" /></a></span><br />Marches of 7 November (in green) and military action of 31 October (in red)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>6 November 1975</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Agreements</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Spain leaves the territory and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> partially occupy it</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="Spain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">Prince Juan Carlos</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro" title="Carlos Arias Navarro">Carlos Arias Navarro</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Osman_(politician)" title="Ahmed Osman (politician)">Ahmed Osman</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p>Units of <i><a href="/wiki/Tropas_N%C3%B3madas" title="Tropas Nómadas">Tropas Nómadas</a></i> Light cavalry groups of the Third and Fourth Thirds of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legion</a> </p> Expeditionary battalion of the Canary Infantry Regiment 50</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Army" title="Royal Moroccan Army">Royal Armed Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 5000 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">legionaries</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 350,000 civilians <br /> 25,000 soldiers</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mehdya_(1614)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Mehdya (1614)">Conquest of Mehdya (1614)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mamora_(1681)" title="Siege of Mamora (1681)">Siege of Mamora (1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Larache_(1689)" title="Siege of Larache (1689)">Siege of Larache (1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1693)" title="Siege of Oran (1693)">Siege of Oran (1693)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Melilla_(1694%E2%80%931696)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Melilla (1694–1696) (page does not exist)">Siege of Melilla (1694–1696)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melilla_(1774%E2%80%931775)" title="Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)">Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%931860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)">Tetuan War (1859–1860)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rif_conflicts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rif conflicts (page does not exist)">Rif conflicts</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">First Melillan campaign (1893–1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Second Melillan campaign (1909)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolf_Ravine" title="Battle of Wolf Ravine">Battle of Wolf Ravine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kert_campaign" title="Kert campaign">Kert campaign (1911–1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War (1920–1926)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Post-colonial conflicts</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War (1957–1958)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Green March (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perejil_Island_crisis" title="Perejil Island crisis">Perejil Island (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_incident" title="2012 Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera incident">Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (2012)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Green March</b> was a strategic mass demonstration in November 1975, coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> government and military, to force <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> to hand over the disputed, autonomous semi-metropolitan province of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a> to Morocco. The Spanish government was preparing to abandon the territory as part of the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonization of Africa">decolonization of Africa</a>, just as it had granted independence to <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> in 1968. The native inhabitants, the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi people</a>, aspired to form an independent state. The demonstration of some 350,000 Moroccans advanced several kilometers into the Western Sahara territory. Morocco later gained control of most of the former Spanish Sahara, which it continues to hold. </p><p>The Green March was condemned by the international community, notably in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_380" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 380">United Nations Security Council Resolution 380</a>. The march was considered an attempt to bypass the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion_on_Western_Sahara" title="Advisory opinion on Western Sahara">Advisory opinion on Western Sahara</a></i> that had been issued three weeks earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Bereketeab_2014_p._260-262_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bereketeab_2014_p._260-262-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morocco gained control of most of the former Spanish Sahara, which it still holds to this day. The refusal of the Saharawi people to submit to the Moroccan monarchy gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a>, still unresolved today, and whose main episode was the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_March&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:18em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding:0.5em 0.5em 0;">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg/200px-Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg/300px-Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg/400px-Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1304" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Army_of_Liberation" title="Moroccan Army of Liberation">Moroccan Army of Liberation</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Saguia_el_Hamra_and_Wadi_el_Dhahab" title="Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab">Movement for the Liberation of<br />Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_National_Union_Party" title="Sahrawi National Union Party">Sahrawi National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_partition_agreement" title="Western Sahara partition agreement">Partition agreement</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saguia_el-Hamra" title="Saguia el-Hamra">Saguia el-Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_Oro" title="Río de Oro">Río de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiris_al-Gharbiyya" title="Tiris al-Gharbiyya">Tiris al-Gharbiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(region)" title="Free Zone (region)">Free Zone</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Western_Sahara" title="Annexation of Western Sahara">Annexation of Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status of Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Morocco" title="Foreign relations of Morocco">Foreign relations of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Politics of the SADR</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Advisory_Council_for_Saharan_Affairs" title="Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs">Royal Advisory Council<br />for Saharan Affairs</a></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Clashes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemla_Intifada" title="Zemla Intifada">Zemla Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sahrawi_Intifada" title="First Sahrawi Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sahrawi_Intifada" title="Second Sahrawi Intifada">Independence Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gdeim_Izik_protest_camp" title="Gdeim Izik protest camp">Gdeim Izik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Western_Saharan_protests" title="2011 Western Saharan protests">Arab Spring protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">2020–present clashes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugees" title="Sahrawi refugees">Refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps" title="Sahrawi refugee camps">camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationality_law" title="Sahrawi nationality law">Sahrawi nationality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Green March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_settlers" title="Moroccan settlers">Moroccan settlers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">Moroccan Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Western_Sahara" title="Human rights in Western Sahara">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_peace_process" title="Western Sahara peace process">Peace process</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Western_Sahara" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Western Sahara">UN resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Nations_visiting_mission_to_Spanish_Sahara" title="1975 United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara">UN visiting mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">UN referendum mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion_on_Western_Sahara" title="Advisory opinion on Western Sahara">ICJ Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Morocco" title="Category:History of Morocco">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">History of <span class="fn org label">Morocco</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guillaume_Delisle_Morocco_1707.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Morocco"><img alt="Coat of arms of Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Guillaume_Delisle_Morocco_1707.jpg/240px-Guillaume_Delisle_Morocco_1707.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Guillaume_Delisle_Morocco_1707.jpg/360px-Guillaume_Delisle_Morocco_1707.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Guillaume_Delisle_Morocco_1707.jpg/480px-Guillaume_Delisle_Morocco_1707.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_North_Africa" title="Prehistoric North Africa">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Capsian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">Classical to Late Antiquity<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(8th century BC – 7th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Early_Islamic_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Early Islamic<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(8th–10th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolt</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nekor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Nekor">Emirate of Nekor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa#History" title="Sijilmasa">Emirate of Sijilmasa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghwata confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Fatimids,_Umayyads_and_Zenata_warlords_(c._900_–_c._1060)" title="History of Morocco">Territorial fragmentation<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(10th–11th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifranids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miknasa" title="Miknasa">Miknasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawas</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Morocco" title="List of rulers of Morocco">Empire<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(beginning 11th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">Alawis</a><br /></li></ul> <p><small>other political entities<br /></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_Dila%27iya" title="Zawiya Dila'iya">Zawiya Dila'iya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Debdou" title="Principality of Debdou">Principality of Debdou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#European_influence_(c._1830_–_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Decline<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(beginning 19th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">Franco-Moroccan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_Treaty_of_1856" title="Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856">Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%9360)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)">Hispano-Moroccan War</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9_system" title="Protégé system">Protégé system</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wad_Ras" title="Treaty of Wad Ras">Treaty of Wad Ras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1880)" title="Treaty of Madrid (1880)">Treaty of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Algeciras" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Algeciras">Treaty of Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hafidiya" title="Hafidiya">Hafidiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Casablanca_(1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)">Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">French conquest of Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#European_influence" title="History of Morocco">Protectorate<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1912–56)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fez" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Fez">Treaty of Fez</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French protectorate of Morocco">French protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish protectorate of Morocco">Spanish protectorate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">French Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangier_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangier Protocol">Tangier Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Opposition_to_European_control" title="History of Morocco">Opposition to European control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_the_King_and_the_People" title="Revolution of the King and the People">Revolution of the King and the People</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco:_since_1956" title="History of Morocco">Modern<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1956–present)</span></span></a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccanization" title="Moroccanization">Moroccanization</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_Moroccan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Moroccan coup d'état attempt">Coup d'état attempt in 1971</a> / <a href="/wiki/1972_Moroccan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 Moroccan coup d'état attempt">in 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulay_Bouazza_plot" title="Moulay Bouazza plot">Moulay Bouazza plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Morocco)" title="Years of Lead (Morocco)">Years of lead</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Green March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">2011–2012 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirak_Rif_Movement" title="Hirak Rif Movement">Hirak Rif Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Morocco" title="1970s in Morocco">Morocco in the<br />1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980s in Morocco (page does not exist)">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Morocco" title="1990s in Morocco">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Morocco" title="2000s in Morocco">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_in_Morocco" title="Category:2010s in Morocco">2010s</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>History by topic</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Morocco" title="History of the Jews in Morocco">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Morocco" title="Economic history of Morocco">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Morocco" title="Military history of Morocco">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Morocco" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Morocco">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cities_of_Morocco" title="Imperial cities of Morocco">Imperial cities</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/16px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/24px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/32px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Morocco" title="Portal:Morocco">Morocco portal</a></i></li><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Morocco" title="Template:History of Morocco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Morocco" title="Template talk:History of Morocco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Morocco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Morocco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Morocco, to the north of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a>, had long claimed that the territory was historically an integral part of Morocco. <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> to the south argued similarly that the territory was in fact Mauritanian. Since 1973, a Sahrawi <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla war</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> (armed and financed by Algiers) had challenged Spanish control, and in October 1975 Spain had quietly begun negotiations for a handover of power with leaders of the rebel movement, both in <a href="/wiki/El_Aai%C3%BAn" class="mw-redirect" title="El Aaiún">El Aaiún</a>, and with foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cortina_y_Mauri" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Cortina y Mauri">Pedro Cortina y Mauri</a> meeting <a href="/wiki/El_Ouali" class="mw-redirect" title="El Ouali">El Ouali</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morocco intended to vindicate its claims by demanding a verdict from the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ), which was issued on 16 October 1975. The <a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion_on_Western_Sahara" title="Advisory opinion on Western Sahara">ICJ stated</a> that there were historical legal ties of allegiance between "some, but only some" <a href="/wiki/Category:Sahrawi_tribes" title="Category:Sahrawi tribes">Sahrawi tribes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Morocco">Sultan of Morocco</a>, as well as ties including some rights relating to the land between Mauritania and other Sahrawi tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Advisory_Op._1975_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advisory_Op._1975-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the ICJ stated also that there were no ties of territorial sovereignty between the territory and Morocco, or Mauritania, at the time of Spanish <a href="/wiki/Colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation">colonization</a>; and that these contacts were not extensive enough to support either country's demand for <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a> of the Spanish Sahara. Instead, the court argued, the indigenous population (the Sahrawis) possessed the right of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. This meant that regardless of which political solution was found to the question of sovereignty (integration with Spain, Morocco, Mauritania, partition, or independence), it had to be explicitly approved by the people of the territory. A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_visiting_mission_to_Spanish_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara">UN visiting mission</a> had concluded on 15 October, the day before the ICJ verdict was released, that Sahrawi support for independence was "overwhelming".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, the reference to previous Moroccan-Sahrawi ties of allegiance was presented by Hassan II as a vindication of his position, with no public mention of the court's further ruling on self-determination. (Seven years later, he formally agreed to a referendum before the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a>). Within hours of the ICJ verdict's release, he announced the organizing of a "green march" to Spanish Sahara, to "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">reunite it with the Motherland</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In order to prepare head off any possible counter-invasion from <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Army">Moroccan Army</a> entered the far northeast corner of the region on 31 October, where it was met with stiff resistance from the <a href="/wiki/Polisario" class="mw-redirect" title="Polisario">Polisario</a>, by then a two-year-old independence movement.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Green_March">The Green March</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_March&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Green March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_dirham_back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/100_dirham_back.jpg/220px-100_dirham_back.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/100_dirham_back.jpg/330px-100_dirham_back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/100_dirham_back.jpg/440px-100_dirham_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>A 100 <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_dirham" title="Moroccan dirham">dirham</a> note from 1991 commemorating the Green March</figcaption></figure> <p>The Green March was a well-publicized popular march of enormous proportions. On 6 November 1975 approximately 350,000 unarmed and controlling the situation tens of thousands of Moroccan soldiers camouflaged among themselves <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Morocco" title="Demographics of Morocco">Moroccans</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> converged on the city of <a href="/wiki/Tarfaya" title="Tarfaya">Tarfaya</a> in southern Morocco and waited for a signal from <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Morocco" title="List of rulers of Morocco">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II</a> to cross into the region of <a href="/wiki/Saguia_El_Hamra" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguia El Hamra">Saguia El Hamra</a>. They brandished <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Morocco" title="Flag of Morocco">Moroccan flags</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>; banners calling for the "return of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Moroccan Sahara</a>", photographs of the King and the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>; the color <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a> for the march's name was intended as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As the marchers reached the <a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Western_Sahara_border" title="Morocco–Western Sahara border">border</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Spanish Armed Forces</a> were ordered not to fire to avoid bloodshed. The Spanish troops also cleared some previously mined zones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Moroccan_arguments_for_sovereignty">The Moroccan arguments for sovereignty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_March&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Moroccan arguments for sovereignty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Morocco" title="Politics of Morocco">Politics of Morocco</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="874" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Morocco" title="Constitution of Morocco">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Morocco" title="Human rights in Morocco">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Monarchy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">King</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Morocco" title="List of rulers of Morocco">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></dd></dl></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Dahir" title="Moroccan Dahir">Dahir</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Government</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Morocco" title="Prime Minister of Morocco">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Morocco" title="List of heads of government of Morocco">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Akhannouch" title="Aziz Akhannouch">Aziz Akhannouch</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Morocco" title="Cabinet of Morocco">Cabinet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Morocco" title="Parliament of Morocco">Parliament</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(Morocco)" title="House of Councillors (Morocco)">House of Councillors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Morocco)" title="House of Representatives (Morocco)">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Morocco#Judicial_branch" title="Politics of Morocco">Judiciary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Morocco">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Morocco" title="Regions of Morocco">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_and_provinces_of_Morocco" title="Prefectures and provinces of Morocco">Prefectures and provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communes_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities and communes of Morocco">Municipalities and communes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Morocco" title="Elections in Morocco">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Parliamentary: <a href="/wiki/2011_Moroccan_general_election" title="2011 Moroccan general election">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Moroccan_general_election" title="2016 Moroccan general election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Moroccan_general_election" title="2021 Moroccan general election">2021</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Morocco" title="List of political parties in Morocco">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Morocco" title="Foreign relations of Morocco">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs,_African_Cooperation_and_Moroccan_Expatriates" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs, African Cooperation and Moroccan Expatriates">Ministry of Foreign Affairs, African Cooperation and Moroccan Expatriates</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Nasser_Bourita" title="Nasser Bourita">Nasser Bourita</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Morocco" title="List of diplomatic missions of Morocco">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Morocco" title="List of diplomatic missions in Morocco">in Morocco</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_nationality_law" title="Moroccan nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_passport" title="Moroccan passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Moroccan_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Moroccan citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Morocco" title="Visa policy of Morocco">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/32px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/48px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/64px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Morocco" title="Portal:Morocco">Morocco portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Morocco" title="Template:Politics of Morocco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Morocco" title="Template talk:Politics of Morocco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Morocco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Morocco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, the exercise of sovereignty by the Moroccan state was characterized by official pledges of allegiance to the sultan. The Moroccan government was of the opinion that this allegiance existed during several centuries before the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupation</a> and that it was a legal and political tie.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sultan <a href="/wiki/Hassan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan I">Hassan I</a>, for example, had carried out two expeditions in 1886 in order to put an end to foreign incursions in this territory and to officially invest several <a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">caids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">cadis</a>. In its presentation to the ICJ, the Moroccan side also mentioned the levy of <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> as a further instance of the exercise of sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exercise of this sovereignty had also appeared, according to the Moroccan government, at other levels, such as the appointment of local officials (governors and military officers), and the definition of the missions which were assigned to them.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Moroccan government further pointed to several treaties between it and other states, such as with Spain in 1861, the United States of America in 1786, and 1836 and with the United Kingdom in 1856 <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">The International Court of Justice</a> found that "neither the internal nor the international acts relied upon by Morocco indicate the existence at the relevant period of either the existence or the international recognition of legal ties of territorial sovereignty between Western Sahara and the Moroccan State. Even taking account of the specific structure of that State, they do not show that Morocco displayed any effective and exclusive State activity in Western Sahara. They do, however, provide indications that a legal tie of allegiance existed at the relevant period between the Sultan and some, but only some, of the nomadic peoples of the territory, through Tekna caids of the Noun region, and they show that the Sultan displayed, and was recognized by other States to possess, some authority or influence with respect to those tribes. "<sup id="cite_ref-Advisory_Op._1975_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advisory_Op._1975-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Madrid_Accords">The Madrid Accords</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_March&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Madrid Accords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Green_March" title="Special:EditPage/Green March">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Green+March%22">"Green March"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Green+March%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Green+March%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Green+March%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Green+March%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Green+March%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords</a></div> <p>The Green March caught Spain in a moment of political crisis. The <i><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillo</a></i> General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, who had led the country for 36 years, was dying. Despite the overwhelming military and logistic superiority of the Spanish armed forces based in Western Sahara in relation to the Moroccan armed forces, the Spanish government feared that the conflict with Morocco could lead to an open colonial war in Africa, which could put <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> into question and lead to an abrupt political change or a social instability and disaster. The Spanish government, directed by Prince <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos</a>, who was acting Head of State in substitution of General Franco, and the incumbent Prime Minister Don Carlos <a href="/wiki/Arias_Navarro" class="mw-redirect" title="Arias Navarro">Arias Navarro</a>, were in no mood for troubles in the colony. Only the year before, the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">government</a> had been <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">toppled by the Portuguese armed forces</a> after becoming bogged down in colonial wars in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>. Therefore, following the Green March, and with a view to avoid war and preserving as much as possible of its interest in the territory, Spain agreed to enter direct bilateral negotiations with Morocco, bringing in also Mauritania, who had made similar demands. Under pressure from Morocco, Spain also agreed that no representatives of the native population would be present in the negotiations that resulted in 14 November <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords</a>. This was a treaty which divided Spanish Sahara between Mauritania and Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the agreements Spain agreed to cede the possession of the colony to Morocco and Mauritania, under the condition, expressed in point 3 of the Trilateral Agreement, that the views of the Saharan population had to be respected. </p><p>Spain received a 35% concession in the <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> mines of <a href="/wiki/Bou_Craa" title="Bou Craa">Bou Craa</a> and offshore fishing rights<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that were not respected by Morocco. Morocco and Mauritania then formally annexed the parts they had been allotted in the Accords. Morocco claimed the northern part, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Saguia_el-Hamra" title="Saguia el-Hamra">Saguia el-Hamra</a> and approximately half of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_Oro" title="Río de Oro">Río de Oro</a>, while Mauritania proceeded to occupy the southern third of the country under the name <a href="/wiki/Tiris_al-Gharbiyya" title="Tiris al-Gharbiyya">Tiris al-Gharbiyya</a>. Mauritania later abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979 and ceded this area to the Popular Army of Sahrawi Liberation (Polisario), but it was instead promptly occupied by Morocco. Nevertheless, Mauritania preserved for itself a small outpost at <a href="/wiki/La_G%C3%BCera" title="La Güera">La Güera</a> to preserve the security of its major port of <a href="/wiki/Nouadhibou" title="Nouadhibou">Nouadhibou</a>. </p><p>The Polisario, now with heavy <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> backing, refused the Madrid Accords, and demanded that the ICJ's opinion on Sahrawi <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> be respected. The consequence was that a conflict raged between the Polisario and the Moroccan government. The conflict has still not been resolved. Currently, there is a <a href="/wiki/Cease-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cease-fire">cease-fire</a> in effect, after a Moroccan-Polisario <a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">agreement</a> was struck in 1991 to solve the dispute through the organization of a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> on independence. A UN peace-keeping mission (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a>) has been charged with overseeing the cease-fire and organizing the referendum, which has still not taken place as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_March&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. Morocco has rejected the idea of the referendum as unworkable in 2000 and has suggested a plan of <a href="/wiki/Autonomy_for_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomy for Western Sahara">autonomy for Western Sahara</a> within Morocco. That proposal has been rejected by the Polisario, and also by its Algerian backers; it was presented to the UN in April 2007. </p><p>Spain is divided between its desire to preserve a good relation with Morocco, its southern neighbor with whom it shares terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="Morocco–Spain border">borders</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, and its responsibility to the international legality as the former colonial power. The traditional position of all the Spanish democratic governments until the election of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">Zapatero</a> had been that the wishes of the Western Saharan population have to be respected, and of support to the organization of the referendum requested by the United Nations. According to the US Department of State's documents leaked by Wikileaks, Spain, under Zapatero, has changed its traditional position concerning the organisation of the referendum for the Western Sahara, and now supports the Moroccan position. The documents also stated that Spain had been trying to broker an agreement between the two parties. However, in her speech to the Spanish Parliament of 15 December 2010, the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Trinidad Jiménez">Trinidad Jiménez</a> denied that Spain supports the Moroccan position in Spanish Sahara. She also argued that Spain will support any agreement between the Polisario and Morocco. In 2022, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sánchez</a> announced that Spain would back Morocco's autonomy plan during a visit to Rabat.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_March&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Sahara" title="History of Western Sahara">History of Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_colonial_wars_in_Morocco" title="List of Spanish colonial wars in Morocco">List of Spanish colonial wars in Morocco</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_March&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bereketeab_2014_p._260-262-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bereketeab_2014_p._260-262_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBereketeab2014" class="citation book cs1">Bereketeab, R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6n49BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA260"><i>Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State</i></a>. Routledge Studies in African Development. Taylor & Francis. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-64969-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-64969-4"><bdi>978-1-317-64969-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self-Determination+and+Secession+in+Africa%3A+The+Post-Colonial+State&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+African+Development&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-64969-4&rft.aulast=Bereketeab&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6n49BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMundy2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mundy, Jacob (September 2006). "Neutrality or Complicity? The United States and the 1975 Moroccan takeover of the Spanish Sahara". <i>Journal of North African Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (3). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Publishing: 283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629380600803001">10.1080/13629380600803001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145455013">145455013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+North+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Neutrality+or+Complicity%3F+The+United+States+and+the+1975+Moroccan+takeover+of+the+Spanish+Sahara&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=283&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13629380600803001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145455013%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mundy&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Advisory_Op._1975-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Advisory_Op._1975_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Advisory_Op._1975_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020211110516/http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/isasummary751016.htm">"Case Summaries : WESTERN SAHARA: Advisory Opinion"</a>. <i>icj-cij.org</i>. International Court of Justice. 16 October 1975. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/isasummary751016.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icj-cij.org&rft.atitle=Case+Summaries+%3A+WESTERN+SAHARA%3A+Advisory+Opinion&rft.date=1975-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Ficjwww%2Fidecisions%2Fisummaries%2Fisasummary751016.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMundy2006" class="citation web cs1">Mundy, Jacob (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondediplo.com/2006/01/12asahara">"How the US and Morocco seized the Spanish Sahara"</a>. <i>mondediplo.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mondediplo.com&rft.atitle=How+the+US+and+Morocco+seized+the+Spanish+Sahara&rft.date=2006-01&rft.aulast=Mundy&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F2006%2F01%2F12asahara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamdaoui2003" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hamdaoui, Neijma (31 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103155727/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN02113hassaetreve0">"Hassan II lance la Marche verte"</a>. <i>JeuneAfrique.com</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN02113hassaetreve0">the original</a> on 3 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JeuneAfrique.com&rft.atitle=Hassan+II+lance+la+Marche+verte&rft.date=2003-10-31&rft.aulast=Hamdaoui&rft.aufirst=Neijma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2Fjeune_afrique%2Farticle_jeune_afrique.asp%3Fart_cle%3DLIN02113hassaetreve0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICJ, Reports 1975, p. 83. For more details, Cf. pp. 83-102. Cf. also individual opinion of Judge M. Forster. Idem p. 103 and Annex no. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICJ, Western Sahara Pleadings, Arguments, Documents, Volume 111, Written Statements and Documents, pp. 205 to 497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* Nomination Dahirs, dating back to the reign of Moulay Abdelaziz Bel Hassan, (Two Dahirs in 1886 and two in 1899), of Abdelhafid Bel Hassan (1907 and 1909), and Dahirs of El Hassan Ben Mohammed (1877 and 1886) of Abdelaziz Ben El H~Hassan (1901)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The treaties are the following: <ul><li>Trading Treaty between Morocco and Spain in Madrid on 20 November 1861</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship">Treaty of Friendship</a> with the USA on 23 to 28 June 1786.</li> <li>Treaty of peace and friendship between the USA and Morocco, signed in Meknes on 16 September 1856</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Moroccan Accords">Anglo-Moroccan Accords</a>, 9 December 1856.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210082420/http://www.mincom.gov.ma/english/reg_cit/regions/sahara/s_hist.htm">"Historical Foundations of the Moroccanity of the Sahara"</a>. <i>Mincom.gov.ma</i>. Ministry of Communication, Morocco. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mincom.gov.ma/english/reg_cit/regions/sahara/s_hist.htm">the original</a> on 10 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mincom.gov.ma&rft.atitle=Historical+Foundations+of+the+Moroccanity+of+the+Sahara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mincom.gov.ma%2Fenglish%2Freg_cit%2Fregions%2Fsahara%2Fs_hist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trilateral Agreement concluded exclusively between the Spanish, Moroccan and Mauritanian Governments, the text of which has been transmitted to the Secretary General of the UN on 18 November 1975. (Resolution 3458 (XXX) B. 10/12/1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Lawyers_Association_for_International_Human_Rights1997" class="citation web cs1">Canadian Lawyers Association for International Human Rights (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arso.org/CLAIHR.htm">"Western Sahara Initiative"</a>. <i>arso.org</i>. Support Association to a free and fair referendum in Western Sahara<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arso.org&rft.atitle=Western+Sahara+Initiative&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Canadian+Lawyers+Association+for+International+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arso.org%2FCLAIHR.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220407-spain-s-sanchez-on-historic-morocco-visit-after-western-sahara-reversal">"Spain's Sanchez visits Morocco, marking 'new phase' after Western Sahara reversal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a></i>. 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Spain%E2%80%99s+Sanchez+visits+Morocco%2C+marking+%E2%80%98new+phase%E2%80%99+after+Western+Sahara+reversal&rft.date=2022-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fafrica%2F20220407-spain-s-sanchez-on-historic-morocco-visit-after-western-sahara-reversal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+March" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870684#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4279301-4">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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