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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Morocco" title="Category:History of Morocco">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">History of <span class="fn org label">Morocco</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guillaume_Delisle_Morocco_1707.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Morocco"><img alt="Coat of arms of Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Guillaume_Delisle_Morocco_1707.jpg/240px-Guillaume_Delisle_Morocco_1707.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Guillaume_Delisle_Morocco_1707.jpg/360px-Guillaume_Delisle_Morocco_1707.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Guillaume_Delisle_Morocco_1707.jpg/480px-Guillaume_Delisle_Morocco_1707.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_North_Africa" title="Prehistoric North Africa">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Capsian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">Classical to Late Antiquity<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(8th century BC – 7th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Early_Islamic_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Early Islamic<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(8th–10th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolt</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nekor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Nekor">Emirate of Nekor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa#History" title="Sijilmasa">Emirate of Sijilmasa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghwata confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Fatimids,_Umayyads_and_Zenata_warlords_(c._900_–_c._1060)" title="History of Morocco">Territorial fragmentation<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(10th–11th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifranids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miknasa" title="Miknasa">Miknasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawas</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Morocco" title="List of rulers of Morocco">Empire<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(beginning 11th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">Alawis</a><br /></li></ul> <p><small>other political entities<br /></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_Dila%27iya" title="Zawiya Dila'iya">Zawiya Dila'iya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Debdou" title="Principality of Debdou">Principality of Debdou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#European_influence_(c._1830_–_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Decline<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(beginning 19th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">Franco-Moroccan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_Treaty_of_1856" title="Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856">Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%9360)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)">Hispano-Moroccan War</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9_system" title="Protégé system">Protégé system</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wad_Ras" title="Treaty of Wad Ras">Treaty of Wad Ras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1880)" title="Treaty of Madrid (1880)">Treaty of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Algeciras" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Algeciras">Treaty of Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hafidiya" title="Hafidiya">Hafidiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Casablanca_(1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)">Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">French conquest of Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#European_influence" title="History of Morocco">Protectorate<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1912–56)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fez" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Fez">Treaty of Fez</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French protectorate of Morocco">French protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish protectorate of Morocco">Spanish protectorate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">French Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangier_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangier Protocol">Tangier Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Opposition_to_European_control" title="History of Morocco">Opposition to European control</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Revolution of the King and the People</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco:_since_1956" title="History of Morocco">Modern<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1956–present)</span></span></a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccanization" title="Moroccanization">Moroccanization</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_Moroccan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Moroccan coup d'état attempt">Coup d'état attempt in 1971</a> / <a href="/wiki/1972_Moroccan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 Moroccan coup d'état attempt">in 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulay_Bouazza_plot" title="Moulay Bouazza plot">Moulay Bouazza plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Morocco)" title="Years of Lead (Morocco)">Years of lead</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">2011–2012 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirak_Rif_Movement" title="Hirak Rif Movement">Hirak Rif Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Morocco" title="1970s in Morocco">Morocco in the<br />1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980s in Morocco (page does not exist)">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Morocco" title="1990s in Morocco">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Morocco" title="2000s in Morocco">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_in_Morocco" title="Category:2010s in Morocco">2010s</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>History by topic</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Morocco" title="History of the Jews in Morocco">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Morocco" title="Economic history of Morocco">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Morocco" title="Military history of Morocco">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Morocco" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Morocco">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cities_of_Morocco" title="Imperial cities of Morocco">Imperial cities</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/16px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/24px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/32px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Morocco" title="Portal:Morocco">Morocco portal</a></i></li><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Morocco" title="Template:History of Morocco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Morocco" title="Template talk:History of Morocco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Morocco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Morocco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Revolution of the King and the People</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ثورة الملك والشعب</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Thawrat al-Malik wal-Sha'ab</i></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-colonial</a> national liberation movement with the goal of ending the <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish protectorates in Morocco</a> in order to break free from colonial rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name refers to the coordination between the Moroccan monarch Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed V of Morocco">Mohammed V</a> and the popular <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Nationalist_Movement" title="Moroccan Nationalist Movement">Moroccan Nationalist Movement</a> in their efforts against colonialism and toward independence, particularly after the French authorities forced Sultan Mohammed V into exile on 20 August 1953 (<a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20 August is considered a national holiday in Morocco, in remembrance of the Revolution of the King and the People.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Morocco had regained independence from the French, the movement effectively ceased to exist, as the Sultan managed to take control of the state. Meanwhile, the Moroccan Nationalist Movement was turned into an opposition party.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_of_the_King_and_the_People&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the French <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Casablanca" title="Bombardment of Casablanca">bombardment of Casablanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">conquest of Morocco</a>, the 1912 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a> officially made Morocco a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though anti-colonial action occurred throughout the period of the French protectorate over Morocco, manifesting itself in activity such as the <a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain_(1874-1931)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain (1874-1931)">Spain</a>, organizing in response to the 1930 <a href="/wiki/Berber_Dahir" title="Berber Dahir">Berber Dahir</a>, and the establishment of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moroccan_Action_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moroccan Action Committee (page does not exist)">Moroccan Action Committee</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:كتلة العمل الوطني">ar</a>]</span> in 1933. Anti-colonial activity increased after the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> held the <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Anfa Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> in January 1943, with tacit encouragement for Moroccan independence from US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moroccan struggle for independence had globalized, with the nationalists creating a network of international supporters that spanned continents, helping to legitimize the call for independence across global public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The <a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Party" title="Istiqlal Party">Istiqlal Party</a> was created in December 1943, and it issued the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Independence_of_Morocco" title="Proclamation of Independence of Morocco">Proclamation of Independence of Morocco</a> on 11 January 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_of_the_King_and_the_People&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tangier_Speech">Tangier Speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_of_the_King_and_the_People&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tangier Speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tangier_Speech" title="Tangier Speech">Tangier Speech</a></div> <p>After French authorities failed in their attempt to disrupt his journey with the <a href="/wiki/1947_Casablanca_massacre" title="1947 Casablanca massacre">1947 Casablanca massacre</a>, Mohammed V spoke out demanding Morocco's independence for the first time in a historic and symbolic trip to the <a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a>, where he delivered the <a href="/wiki/Tangier_Speech" title="Tangier Speech">Tangier Speech</a> of 9 April 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of the historian Susan Gilson Miller: </p> <blockquote><p>"The shy and retiring Muhammad V rose up like a lion to meet his historical destiny. In an electric speech pronounced at Tangier on April 9, 1947, the sultan – who had never before uttered a word that might suggest he would deviate from Protectorate policy – praised the march toward Moroccan 'unity' and affirmed his belief in the country's 'Arabo-Islamic' destiny, publicly carving out a wide space between himself and the Residency. Carefully modulating his language, the sultan now joined the duel between the Istiqlal and the Protectorate regime, turning it into a three-sided altercation. The popularity of the sultan and his family soared, as 'monarchy fever' seized the Moroccan people and Muhammad V became the adored symbol of the nation. His portrait appeared everywhere, in the smallest shops of the madina to the place of honor inside the private home."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mounting_pressure">Mounting pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_of_the_King_and_the_People&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mounting pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The assassination of the Tunisian labor unionist <a href="/wiki/Farhat_Hached" title="Farhat Hached">Farhat Hached</a> by <i><a href="/wiki/La_Main_Rouge" title="La Main Rouge">La Main Rouge</a>,</i> the clandestine militant wing of <a href="/wiki/Service_de_Documentation_Ext%C3%A9rieure_et_de_Contre-Espionnage" class="mw-redirect" title="Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage">French foreign intelligence</a>, sparked protests in cities around the world and riots in Casablanca, especially in the bidonville <a href="/wiki/Carri%C3%A8res_Centrales" title="Carrières Centrales">Carrières Centrales</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Hay_Mohammadi" title="Hay Mohammadi">Hay Mohammadi</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 7–8 December 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 100 people were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These protests were influenced heavily by the broader transnational network of support that Moroccan nationalists had built. This network included diplomats and intelligence agents who provided information and strategic support, impacting local and international perceptions of the Moroccan independence movement.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_of_Mohammed_V">Exile of Mohammed V</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_of_the_King_and_the_People&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exile of Mohammed V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 20 August 1953 (Eid al-Adha), Mohammed V was deposed and exiled, first to <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, and then to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The events surrounding the exile were marked by significant international reactions, particularly from the United States and France, where public and diplomatic opinions were influenced by the widespread support that Moroccan nationalists had garnered globally.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Morocco" title="Catholic Church in Morocco">Catholic</a> and Protestant churches stood in solidarity with the Moroccan people and people such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Peyrigu%C3%A8re" title="Albert Peyriguère">Albert Peyriguère</a> denounced the injustices perpetrated by the French authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_resistance">Armed resistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_of_the_King_and_the_People&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Armed resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the sultan's exile, popular resistance became more aggressive. On 11 September 1953, <a href="/wiki/Allal_ben_Abdallah" title="Allal ben Abdallah">Allal ben Abdallah</a> attempted to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ben_Aarafa" title="Mohammed Ben Aarafa">Mohammed Ben Aarafa</a>, who had been installed as a puppet king by the French.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 December 1953 (<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>) Moroccan nationalist <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zarqtuni" title="Muhammad Zarqtuni">Muhammad Zarqtuni</a> bombed Casablanca's <a href="/wiki/Central_Market_(Casablanca)" title="Central Market (Casablanca)">Central Market</a>, which was frequented by European colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-colonial resistance was not exclusive to the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> Istiqlal Party or the urban clandestine cells of the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Nationalist_Movement" title="Moroccan Nationalist Movement">Moroccan Nationalist Movement</a>; in 1955, <a href="/wiki/Amazigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazigh">Amazigh</a> resistance fighters orchestrated an attack on Europeans living in <a href="/wiki/Oued_Zem" title="Oued Zem">Oued Zem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khouribga" title="Khouribga">Khuribga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France responded with airplanes, tanks, and ground troops, bringing some from <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the example of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria's</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front</a> (FLN), the Moroccan Nationalist Movement created a paramilitary force, the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Army_of_Liberation" title="Moroccan Army of Liberation">Moroccan Army of Liberation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جيش التحرير</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jish Etteḥrir</i></span>), a paramilitary force led by <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Messaadi" title="Abbas Messaadi">Abbas Messaadi</a> in northern Morocco in October 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_of_the_King_and_the_People&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under pressure and having lost control of the country, the French authorities removed Ben Arafa and were forced to negotiate with the exiled Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The negotiations at the Conference of <a href="/wiki/Aix-les-Bains" title="Aix-les-Bains">Aix-les-Bains</a> with "representatives of Moroccan public opinion" took place on 22 August 1955, but these were largely ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further negotiations took place in <a href="/wiki/Antsirabe" title="Antsirabe">Antsirabe</a> in September. In October, a plan was made including a temporary "Throne Council" of loyalists to France, such as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Muqri" title="Muhammad al-Muqri">Muhammad al-Muqri</a>, but this idea was rejected right away by the <a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Party" title="Istiqlal Party">Istiqlal Party</a> and general opinion in the Moroccan streets.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Paris, Mohammed V addressed Morocco, promising reforms to bring the country toward "a democratic state based on a constitutional monarchy." Muslims gathered in the mosques the following Friday to hear Mohammed V's <a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Friday sermon</a>, while national council of Moroccan rabbis met in Rabat and issued a declaration of joy.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 November 1955, Mohammed V arrived in Morocco. He announced the end of the French protectorate, and by proxy, the end of the "minor jihad" (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجهاد الأصغر</span>), which was primarily related to securing independence. At the same time, he announced the beginning of the "major jihad" (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجهاد الأكبر</span>), which was aimed at collectively building the new Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations between France and Morocco continued in February and March 1956, with the former suggesting that Morocco become "an independent state united with France by permanent ties of interdependency," while the latter pushed for a complete annulment of the 1912 Treaty of Fes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Franco-Moroccan Declaration of Independence was signed on 2 March 1956, although about 100,000 French troops remained on Moroccan land at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spain signed an agreement with Morocco in April 1956 to leave the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">northern zone</a>, but it did not withdraw its forces from <a href="/wiki/Tarfaya" title="Tarfaya">Tarfaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Ifni" title="Sidi Ifni">Sidi Ifni</a> in the Sahara for another 20 years, while <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> remain in Spanish hands to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 October 1956, an international conference in <a href="/wiki/Mohammedia" title="Mohammedia">Fedala</a> was convened to handle the restitution of <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_of_the_King_and_the_People&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not long after independence in 1956, the coalition between Mohammed V and the Moroccan Nationalist Movement started to crumble. The power vacuum created by the departure of the colonial authorities was primarily filled by the Sultan, while the Nationalist Movement became an opposition force. The Sultan succeeded in his efforts to secure power in part by co-opting several crucial figures in the Nationalist Movement and its international network.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anniversary of the Revolution of the King and the People is a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Morocco" title="Public holidays in Morocco">national holiday in Morocco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the holidays marked by the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">King of Morocco</a> delivering a televised speech and granting <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 June 2023, it was announced that King Mohammed VI would not address the nation that year.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_of_the_King_and_the_People&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed V of Morocco">Mohammed V of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Party" title="Istiqlal Party">Istiqlal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French protectorate in Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish protectorate in Morocco</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_of_the_King_and_the_People&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2m.ma/ar/news/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B4-20200820/">"فيديو..ذكرى ثورة الملك والشعب..تجسيد لتلاحم قوي بين الشعب المغربي والعرش"</a>. <i>2M</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2M&rft.atitle=%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88..%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89+%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8..%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85+%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2m.ma%2Far%2Fnews%2F%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D8%25B0%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1%25D9%2589-%25D8%25AB%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%2583-%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF-%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585-%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%258A-%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A-%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B4-20200820%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+of+the+King+and+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hespress.com/ثورة-الملك-والشعب-ملحمة-التحرر-من-الا-446013.html">"ثورة الملك والشعب .. ملحمة التحرر من الاستعمار"</a>. <i>Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية</i> (in Arabic). 20 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hespress+-+%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3+%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.atitle=%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8+..+%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hespress.com%2F%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7-446013.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+of+the+King+and+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Susan Gilson (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855022840"><i>A history of modern Morocco</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-62469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-62469-5"><bdi>978-1-139-62469-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855022840">855022840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Morocco&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F855022840&rft.isbn=978-1-139-62469-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Susan+Gilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F855022840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+of+the+King+and+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenner2019" class="citation book cs1">Stenner, David (2019). <i>Globalizing Morocco</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalizing+Morocco&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Stenner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+of+the+King+and+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenner, David. 2019. Globalizing Morocco: Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State. Stanford: Stanford University Press. P. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maptanger.ma/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ba%d9%81%d9%88%d8%b1-%d9%84%d9%87-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae/">"الزيارة التاريخية للمغفور له محمد الخامس لطنجة شكلت منعطفا حاسما في مسيرة الكفاح الوطني من أجل الحرية والاستقلال"</a>. <i>MapTanger</i> (in Arabic). 8 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MapTanger&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3+%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A9+%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7+%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84&rft.date=2021-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maptanger.ma%2F%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25b2%25d9%258a%25d8%25a7%25d8%25b1%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25aa%25d8%25a7%25d8%25b1%25d9%258a%25d8%25ae%25d9%258a%25d8%25a9-%25d9%2584%25d9%2584%25d9%2585%25d8%25ba%25d9%2581%25d9%2588%25d8%25b1-%25d9%2584%25d9%2587-%25d9%2585%25d8%25ad%25d9%2585%25d8%25af-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25ae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+of+the+King+and+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/casablanca-1952-architects-and-the-colonial-counter-revolution">"Casablanca 1952: Architecture For the Anti-Colonial Struggle or the Counter-Revolution"</a>. <i>THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE</i>. 9 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=THE+FUNAMBULIST+MAGAZINE&rft.atitle=Casablanca+1952%3A+Architecture+For+the+Anti-Colonial+Struggle+or+the+Counter-Revolution&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefunambulist.net%2Feditorials%2Fcasablanca-1952-architects-and-the-colonial-counter-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+of+the+King+and+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYabiladi.com" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yabiladi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/49006/decembre-1952-quand-casablancais-sont.html">"7-8 décembre 1952 : Quand les Casablancais se sont soulevés contre l'assassinat de Ferhat Hached"</a>. <i>www.yabiladi.com</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yabiladi.com&rft.atitle=7-8+d%C3%A9cembre+1952+%3A+Quand+les+Casablancais+se+sont+soulev%C3%A9s+contre+l%27assassinat+de+Ferhat+Hached&rft.au=Yabiladi.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yabiladi.com%2Farticles%2Fdetails%2F49006%2Fdecembre-1952-quand-casablancais-sont.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+of+the+King+and+the+People" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/913075180 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/913050268 cite #18 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/francemorocco-1930-1956/">"6. French Morocco (1912-1956)"</a>. <i>uca.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uca.edu&rft.atitle=6.+French+Morocco+%281912-1956%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuca.edu%2Fpoliticalscience%2Fdadm-project%2Fmiddle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region%2Ffrancemorocco-1930-1956%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+of+the+King+and+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenner, David. 2019. Globalizing Morocco: Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State. Stanford: Stanford University Press. P. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenner, David. 2019. Globalizing Morocco: Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State. Stanford: Stanford University Press. P. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterGreenberg2023" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Elizabeth A.; Greenberg, Udi (29 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uSm4EAAAQBAJ"><i>Decolonization and the Remaking of Christianity</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 114–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-2497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-2497-1"><bdi>978-1-5128-2497-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonization+and+the+Remaking+of+Christianity&rft.pages=114-115&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2023-08-29&rft.isbn=978-1-5128-2497-1&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+Udi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuSm4EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+of+the+King+and+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafon1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lafon, Michel (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dyONqY-sB2MC"><i>Bibliographie d'Albert Peyriguère</i></a> (in French). Presses Univ de Bordeaux. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86781-033-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86781-033-6"><bdi>978-2-86781-033-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.habous.gov.ma&rft.atitle=%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+-+%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%BA%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1+%5B%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.habous.gov.ma%2Fdaouat-alhaq%2Fitem%2F7682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+of+the+King+and+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirzaliyeva2022" class="citation web cs1">Mirzaliyeva, Maysara (1 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationaltoday.com/anniversary-of-the-revolution-of-the-king-and-the-people/">"Anniversary of the Revolution of the King and the People"</a>. <i>National Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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