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id="toc-Amazonian_rubber_tree_(Hevea_brasiliensis)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amazonian_rubber_tree_(Hevea_brasiliensis)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Amazonian rubber tree (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amazonian_rubber_tree_(Hevea_brasiliensis)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congo_rubber_(Landolphia_owariensis_and_L._spp.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congo_rubber_(Landolphia_owariensis_and_L._spp.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Congo rubber (<i>Landolphia owariensis</i> and <i>L.</i> spp.)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congo_rubber_(Landolphia_owariensis_and_L._spp.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dandelion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dandelion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Dandelion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dandelion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre–World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre–World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre–World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre–World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elasticity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elasticity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Elasticity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elasticity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malodour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malodour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Malodour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malodour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_makeup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_makeup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chemical makeup</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical_makeup-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemical makeup subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical_makeup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Collection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Field_coagula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_coagula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Field coagula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_coagula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cup_lump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cup_lump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.1</span> <span>Cup lump</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cup_lump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tree_lace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tree_lace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.2</span> <span>Tree lace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tree_lace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smallholders'_lump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smallholders'_lump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.3</span> <span>Smallholders' lump</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smallholders'_lump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earth_scrap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth_scrap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.4</span> <span>Earth scrap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth_scrap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Molecular structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulcanized_rubber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulcanized_rubber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Vulcanized rubber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulcanized_rubber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rubber_shortage_and_global_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rubber_shortage_and_global_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rubber shortage and global economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rubber_shortage_and_global_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allergic_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergic_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Allergic reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergic_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbial_degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbial_degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Microbial degradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbial_degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Natural rubber</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="مطاط طبيعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطاط طبيعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0" title="প্ৰাকৃতিক ৰবৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰাকৃতিক ৰবৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="প্রাকৃতিক রবার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাকৃতিক রবার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuakautschuk" title="Natuakautschuk – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Natuakautschuk" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwber_naturiol" title="Rwber naturiol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rwber naturiol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturkautschuk" title="Naturkautschuk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Naturkautschuk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaut%C5%A1uk" title="Kautšuk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kautšuk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucho_natural" title="Caucho natural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caucho natural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="لاستیک طبیعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاستیک طبیعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caoutchouc_naturel" title="Caoutchouc naturel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caoutchouc naturel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubar" title="Rubar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rubar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0" title="રબર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રબર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ռետին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռետին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="प्राकृतिक रबर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राकृतिक रबर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauchuko" title="Kauchuko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kauchuko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_sitere_n%27okike" title="Rubber sitere n'okike – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Rubber sitere n'okike" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karet_alami" title="Karet alami – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karet alami" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injoloba" title="Injoloba – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Injoloba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucci%C3%B9" title="Caucciù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caucciù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ರಬ್ಬರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಬ್ಬರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რეზინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რეზინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingotra_voajanahary" title="Fingotra voajanahary – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fingotra voajanahary" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC" title="സ്വാഭാവികറബ്ബർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വാഭാവികറബ്ബർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="रबर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रबर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getah_asli" title="Getah asli – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Getah asli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Байгалийн резин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Байгалийн резин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ကော်ဖတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကော်ဖတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A0" title="天然ゴム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天然ゴム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%DA%91" title="ربڑ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ربڑ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauczuk_naturalny" title="Kauczuk naturalny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kauczuk naturalny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauciuc_natural" title="Cauciuc natural – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cauciuc natural" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Натуральный каучук – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Натуральный каучук" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabara_ea_tlhaho" title="Rabara ea tlhaho – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Rabara ea tlhaho" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma_natyrale" title="Goma natyrale – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Goma natyrale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රබර් වගාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රබර් වගාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%BB%DA%99" title="قدرتي رٻڙ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قدرتي رٻڙ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இயற்கை மீள்மம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயற்கை மீள்மம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%9C_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="సహజ రబ్బరు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సహజ రబ్బరు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fal_kau%C3%A7uk" title="Doğal kauçuk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğal kauçuk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_su_t%E1%BB%B1_nhi%C3%AAn" title="Cao su tự nhiên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cao su tự nhiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rubber" and "India rubber" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rubber_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rubber (disambiguation)">Rubber (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Caoutchouc" redirects here. For the painting by Francis Picabia, see <a href="/wiki/Caoutchouc_(Picabia)" title="Caoutchouc (Picabia)">Caoutchouc (Picabia)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the polymeric material "natural rubber". For human-made rubber materials, see <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">Synthetic rubber</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caoutchouc_naturel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of pieces of natural rubber in a glass jar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Caoutchouc_naturel.jpg/220px-Caoutchouc_naturel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Caoutchouc_naturel.jpg/330px-Caoutchouc_naturel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Caoutchouc_naturel.jpg/440px-Caoutchouc_naturel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Pieces of natural <a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">vulcanized</a> rubber at <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_SA" title="Hutchinson SA">Hutchinson</a>'s Research and Innovation Center in France.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latex_-_Hevea_-_Cameroun.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Latex_-_Hevea_-_Cameroun.JPG/170px-Latex_-_Hevea_-_Cameroun.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Latex_-_Hevea_-_Cameroun.JPG/255px-Latex_-_Hevea_-_Cameroun.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Latex_-_Hevea_-_Cameroun.JPG/340px-Latex_-_Hevea_-_Cameroun.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Latex being collected from a <a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">tapped</a> <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1_rubber_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Pará rubber tree">rubber tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubber_tree_plantation_Thailand_%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A0%E5%9C%92_DSC05246.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rubber_tree_plantation_Thailand_%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A0%E5%9C%92_DSC05246.jpg/220px-Rubber_tree_plantation_Thailand_%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A0%E5%9C%92_DSC05246.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rubber_tree_plantation_Thailand_%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A0%E5%9C%92_DSC05246.jpg/330px-Rubber_tree_plantation_Thailand_%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A0%E5%9C%92_DSC05246.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rubber_tree_plantation_Thailand_%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A0%E5%9C%92_DSC05246.jpg/440px-Rubber_tree_plantation_Thailand_%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A0%E5%9C%92_DSC05246.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber tree">Rubber tree</a> plantation in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rubber</b>, also called <b>India rubber</b>, <b>latex</b>, <b>Amazonian rubber</b>, <i><b>caucho</b></i>, or <i><b>caoutchouc</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as initially produced, consists of <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> of the organic compound <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a>, with minor impurities of other organic compounds. <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> are four of the leading rubber producers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Types of <a href="/wiki/Polyisoprene" title="Polyisoprene">polyisoprene</a> that are used as natural rubbers are classified as <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">elastomers</a>. </p><p>Currently, rubber is harvested mainly in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hevea_brasiliensis" title="Hevea brasiliensis">Pará rubber tree</a> (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>) or others. The latex is a sticky, milky and white colloid drawn off by making incisions in the bark and collecting the fluid in vessels in a process called "tapping". The latex then is refined into the rubber that is ready for commercial processing. In major areas, latex is allowed to coagulate in the collection cup. The coagulated lumps are collected and processed into dry forms for sale. </p><p>Natural rubber is used extensively in many applications and products, either alone or in combination with other materials. In most of its useful forms, it has a large stretch ratio and high resilience and also is buoyant and water-proof.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Industrial demand for rubber-like materials began to outstrip natural rubber supplies by the end of the 19th century, leading to the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a> in 1909 by chemical means. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amazonian_rubber_tree_(Hevea_brasiliensis)"><span id="Amazonian_rubber_tree_.28Hevea_brasiliensis.29"></span>Amazonian rubber tree (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Amazonian rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major commercial source of natural rubber latex is the Amazonian rubber tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Hevea_brasiliensis" title="Hevea brasiliensis">Hevea brasiliensis</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a member of the <a href="/wiki/Spurge" class="mw-redirect" title="Spurge">spurge</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a></i>. Once native to Brazil, the species is now pan-tropical. This species is preferred because it grows well under cultivation. A properly managed tree responds to wounding by producing more latex for several years. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congo_rubber_(Landolphia_owariensis_and_L._spp.)"><span id="Congo_rubber_.28Landolphia_owariensis_and_L._spp..29"></span>Congo rubber (<i>Landolphia owariensis</i> and <i>L.</i> spp.)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Congo rubber (Landolphia owariensis and L. spp.)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Congo_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo rubber">Congo rubber</a>, formerly a major source of rubber, which motivated the <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">atrocities in the Congo Free State</a>, came from vines in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Landolphia" title="Landolphia">Landolphia</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Landolphia_kirkii" title="Landolphia kirkii">L. kirkii</a></i>, <i>L. heudelotis</i>, and <i>L. owariensis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dandelion">Dandelion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dandelion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dandelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandelion">Dandelion</a> milk contains latex. The latex exhibits the same quality as the natural rubber from <a href="/wiki/Rubber_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber trees">rubber trees</a>. In the wild types of dandelion, latex content is low and varies greatly. In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, research projects tried to use dandelions as a base for rubber production, but failed.<sup id="cite_ref-Heim2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heim2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, by inhibiting one key enzyme and using modern cultivation methods and optimization techniques, scientists in the <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Molecular_Biology_and_Applied_Ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology">Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology</a> (IME) in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> developed a cultivar of the Kazakh dandelion (<i><a href="/wiki/Taraxacum_kok-saghyz" title="Taraxacum kok-saghyz">Taraxacum kok-saghyz</a></i>) that is suitable for commercial production of natural rubber.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Continental_Tire" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Tire">Continental Tires</a>, IME began a pilot facility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many other plants produce forms of latex rich in isoprene polymers, though not all produce usable forms of polymer as easily as the Pará.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of them require more elaborate processing to produce anything like usable rubber, and most are more difficult to tap. Some produce other desirable materials, for example <a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">gutta-percha</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Palaquium_gutta" title="Palaquium gutta">Palaquium gutta</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">chicle</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Manilkara" title="Manilkara">Manilkara</a></i> species. Others that have been commercially exploited, or at least showed promise as rubber sources, include the rubber fig (<i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_elastica" title="Ficus elastica">Ficus elastica</a></i>), Panama rubber tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Castilla_elastica" title="Castilla elastica">Castilla elastica</a></i>), various spurges (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia" title="Euphorbia">Euphorbia</a></i> spp.), <a href="/wiki/Lettuce" title="Lettuce">lettuce</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lactuca" title="Lactuca">Lactuca</a></i> species), the related <i><a href="/wiki/Scorzonera_tau-saghyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorzonera tau-saghyz">Scorzonera tau-saghyz</a></i>, various <i><a href="/wiki/Taraxacum" title="Taraxacum">Taraxacum</a></i> species, including common dandelion (<i><a href="/wiki/Taraxacum_officinale" title="Taraxacum officinale">Taraxacum officinale</a></i>) and Kazakh dandelion, and, perhaps most importantly for its hypoallergenic properties, <a href="/wiki/Guayule" class="mw-redirect" title="Guayule">guayule</a> (<i>Parthenium argentatum</i>). The term <b>gum rubber</b> is sometimes applied to the tree-obtained version of natural rubber in order to distinguish it from the synthetic version.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber boom">Rubber boom</a></div> <p>The first use of rubber was by the indigenous cultures of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>. The earliest archeological evidence of the use of natural latex from the <a href="/wiki/Hevea_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Hevea tree"><i>Hevea</i> tree</a> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a> culture, in which rubber was first used for making balls for the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Mesoamerican ballgame</a>. Rubber was later used by the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> cultures: in addition to making balls, Aztecs used rubber for other purposes, such as making containers and to make textiles waterproof by impregnating them with the latex sap.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Marie_de_La_Condamine" title="Charles Marie de La Condamine">Charles Marie de La Condamine</a> is credited with introducing samples of rubber to the <i><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_des_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie Royale des Sciences">Académie Royale des Sciences</a></i> of France in 1736.<sup id="cite_ref-b_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1751, he presented a paper by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fresneau" class="mw-redirect" title="François Fresneau">François Fresneau</a> to the Académie (published in 1755) that described many of rubber's properties. This has been referred to as the first scientific paper on rubber.<sup id="cite_ref-b_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>, in 1770, observed that a piece of the material was extremely good for rubbing off <a href="/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">pencil</a> marks on paper, hence the name "rubber". It slowly made its way around England. In 1764, François Fresnau discovered that <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a> was a rubber <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>. <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Fabbroni" title="Giovanni Fabbroni">Giovanni Fabbroni</a> is credited with the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> as a rubber solvent in 1779. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodyear" title="Charles Goodyear">Charles Goodyear</a> redeveloped <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_vulcanization" title="Sulfur vulcanization">vulcanization</a> in 1839, although <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican">Mesoamericans</a> had used stabilized rubber for balls and other objects as early as 1600 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Slack2002_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slack2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South America remained the main source of latex rubber used during much of the 19th century. The rubber trade was heavily controlled by business interests but no laws expressly prohibited the export of seeds or plants. In 1876, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wickham_(explorer)" title="Henry Wickham (explorer)">Henry Wickham</a> smuggled 70,000 Amazonian rubber tree seeds from Brazil and delivered them to <a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Gardens</a>, England. Only 2,400 of these germinated. Seedlings were then sent to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a>. Malaya (now <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>) was later to become the biggest producer of rubber.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1900s, the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> in Africa was also a significant source of natural rubber latex, mostly gathered by <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Leopold II's colonial state brutally enforced production quotas due to the high price of natural rubber at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tactics to enforce the rubber quotas included removing the hands of victims to prove they had been killed. Soldiers often came back from raids with baskets full of chopped-off hands. Villages that resisted were razed to encourage better compliance locally.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities in the Congo Free State</a> for more information on the rubber trade in the Congo Free State in the late 1800s and early 1900s.)</span> </p><p>The rubber boom in the Amazon also similarly affected indigenous populations to varying degrees. Correrias, or slave raids were frequent in Colombia, Peru and Bolivia where many were either captured or killed. The most well known case of atrocities generated from rubber extraction in South America came from the <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Putumayo genocide</a>. Between the 1880s–1913 <a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Arana" title="Julio César Arana">Julio César Arana</a> and his company that would become the Peruvian Amazon Company controlled the Putumayo river. W.E. Hardenburg, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Salda%C3%B1a_Rocca" title="Benjamin Saldaña Rocca">Benjamin Saldaña Rocca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement">Roger Casement</a> were influential figures in exposing these atrocities. Roger Casement was also prominent in revealing the Congo atrocities to the world. Days before entering Iquitos by boat Casement wrote "'Caoutchouc was first called 'india rubber,' because it came from the Indies, and the earliest European use of it was to rub out or erase. It is now called India rubber because it rubs out or erases the Indians."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enslaved_natives_with_a_load_of_rubber_weighing_75_kilos,_they_have_journeyed_100_kilometers_with_no_food_given.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Enslaved_natives_with_a_load_of_rubber_weighing_75_kilos%2C_they_have_journeyed_100_kilometers_with_no_food_given.jpg/220px-Enslaved_natives_with_a_load_of_rubber_weighing_75_kilos%2C_they_have_journeyed_100_kilometers_with_no_food_given.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Enslaved_natives_with_a_load_of_rubber_weighing_75_kilos%2C_they_have_journeyed_100_kilometers_with_no_food_given.jpg/330px-Enslaved_natives_with_a_load_of_rubber_weighing_75_kilos%2C_they_have_journeyed_100_kilometers_with_no_food_given.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Enslaved_natives_with_a_load_of_rubber_weighing_75_kilos%2C_they_have_journeyed_100_kilometers_with_no_food_given.jpg/440px-Enslaved_natives_with_a_load_of_rubber_weighing_75_kilos%2C_they_have_journeyed_100_kilometers_with_no_food_given.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>"Enslaved natives with a load of rubber weighing 75 kilos, they have journeyed 100 kilometers with no food given"</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, commercial cultivation was introduced by British planters, although the experimental efforts to grow rubber on a commercial scale were initiated as early as 1873 at the <a href="/wiki/Acharya_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_Indian_Botanic_Garden" title="Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden">Calcutta Botanical Garden</a>. The first commercial <i>Hevea</i> plantations were established at Thattekadu in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> in 1902. In later years the plantation expanded to <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> of India. Today, India is the world's 3rd largest producer and 4th largest consumer of rubber.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Singapore and Malaya, commercial production was heavily promoted by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Nicholas_Ridley" title="Henry Nicholas Ridley">Sir Henry Nicholas Ridley</a>, who served as the first Scientific Director of the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Botanic_Gardens" title="Singapore Botanic Gardens">Singapore Botanic Gardens</a> from 1888 to 1911. He distributed rubber seeds to many planters and developed the first technique for tapping trees for latex without causing serious harm to the tree.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of his fervent promotion of this crop, he is popularly remembered by the nickname "Mad Ridley".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre–World_War_II"><span id="Pre.E2.80.93World_War_II"></span>Pre–World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pre–World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before World War II significant uses included door and window profiles, hoses, belts, gaskets, <a href="/wiki/Rubber_mat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber mat">matting</a>, flooring, and dampeners (antivibration mounts) for the <a href="/wiki/Automotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive">automotive</a> industry. The use of rubber in car <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a> (initially solid rather than pneumatic) in particular consumed a significant amount of rubber. <a href="/wiki/Gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloves">Gloves</a> (medical, household, and industrial) and toy <a href="/wiki/Balloon" title="Balloon">balloons</a> were large consumers of rubber, although the type of rubber used is concentrated latex. Significant tonnage of rubber was used as <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a> in many manufacturing industries and products, although the two most noticeable were the paper and the carpet industries. Rubber was commonly used to make <a href="/wiki/Rubber_band" title="Rubber band">rubber bands</a> and pencil <a href="/wiki/Eraser" title="Eraser">erasers</a>. </p><p>Rubber produced as a fiber, sometimes called 'elastic', had significant value to the textile industry because of its excellent elongation and recovery properties. For these purposes, manufactured rubber fiber was made as either an extruded round fiber or rectangular fibers cut into strips from extruded film. Because of its low dye acceptance, feel and appearance, the rubber fiber was either covered by yarn of another fiber or directly woven with other yarns into the fabric. Rubber yarns were used in foundation garments. While rubber is still used in textile manufacturing, its low tenacity limits its use in lightweight garments because latex lacks resistance to oxidizing agents and is damaged by aging, sunlight, oil and perspiration. The textile industry turned to <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> (polymer of <a href="/wiki/Chloroprene" title="Chloroprene">chloroprene</a>), a type of synthetic rubber, as well as another more commonly used elastomer fiber, <a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">spandex</a> (also known as elastane), because of their superiority to rubber in both strength and durability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latex_being_collected_from_a_tapped_rubber_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Latex_being_collected_from_a_tapped_rubber_tree.jpg/220px-Latex_being_collected_from_a_tapped_rubber_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Latex_being_collected_from_a_tapped_rubber_tree.jpg/330px-Latex_being_collected_from_a_tapped_rubber_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Latex_being_collected_from_a_tapped_rubber_tree.jpg/440px-Latex_being_collected_from_a_tapped_rubber_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Rubber latex</figcaption></figure> <p>Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties. Rubber's stress–strain behavior exhibits the <a href="/wiki/Mullins_effect" title="Mullins effect">Mullins effect</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Payne_effect" title="Payne effect">Payne effect</a> and is often modeled as <a href="/wiki/Hyperelastic_material" title="Hyperelastic material">hyperelastic</a>. Rubber <a href="/wiki/Strain_crystallization" title="Strain crystallization">strain crystallizes</a>. Because there are weakened <a href="/wiki/Allyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Allyl">allylic</a> C-H bonds in each <a href="/wiki/Repeat_unit" title="Repeat unit">repeat unit</a>, natural rubber is susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Vulcanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanisation">vulcanisation</a> as well as being sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Ozone_cracking" title="Ozone cracking">ozone cracking</a>. The two main <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> for rubber are <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> (petroleum). Because rubber does not dissolve easily, the material is finely divided by shredding prior to its immersion. An <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_solution" title="Ammonia solution">ammonia solution</a> can be used to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">coagulation</a> of raw latex. Rubber begins to melt at approximately 180 °C (356 °F). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elasticity">Elasticity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Elasticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Natural_rubber" title="Special:EditPage/Natural rubber">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rubber_elasticity" title="Rubber elasticity">Rubber elasticity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koh_Chang,_Thailand,_Rubber_tapping,_Latex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Koh_Chang%2C_Thailand%2C_Rubber_tapping%2C_Latex.jpg/220px-Koh_Chang%2C_Thailand%2C_Rubber_tapping%2C_Latex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Koh_Chang%2C_Thailand%2C_Rubber_tapping%2C_Latex.jpg/330px-Koh_Chang%2C_Thailand%2C_Rubber_tapping%2C_Latex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Koh_Chang%2C_Thailand%2C_Rubber_tapping%2C_Latex.jpg/440px-Koh_Chang%2C_Thailand%2C_Rubber_tapping%2C_Latex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>Rubber latex elasticity</figcaption></figure> <p>On a microscopic scale, relaxed rubber is a disorganized cluster of erratically changing wrinkled chains. In stretched rubber, the chains are almost linear. The restoring force is due to the preponderance of wrinkled conformations over more linear ones. For the quantitative treatment see <a href="/wiki/Ideal_chain" title="Ideal chain">ideal chain</a>, for more examples see <a href="/wiki/Entropic_force" title="Entropic force">entropic force</a>. </p><p>Cooling below the <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass transition temperature">glass transition temperature</a> permits local conformational changes but a reordering is practically impossible because of the larger <a href="/wiki/Activation_energy" title="Activation energy">energy barrier</a> for the concerted movement of longer chains. "Frozen" rubber's elasticity is low and <a href="/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strain (materials science)">strain</a> results from small changes of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bond</a> lengths and angles: this caused the <a href="/wiki/Challenger_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a>, when the American <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>'s flattened <a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">o-rings</a> failed to relax to fill a widening gap.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glass transition is fast and reversible: the force resumes on heating. </p><p>The parallel chains of stretched rubber are susceptible to crystallization. This takes some time because turns of twisted chains have to move out of the way of the growing <a href="/wiki/Crystallite" title="Crystallite">crystallites</a>. Crystallization has occurred, for example, when, after days, an inflated toy balloon is found withered at a relatively large remaining volume. Where it is touched, it shrinks because the temperature of the hand is enough to melt the crystals. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">Vulcanization</a> of rubber creates <a href="/wiki/Disulfide" title="Disulfide">di-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polysulfide" title="Polysulfide">polysulfide</a> bonds between chains, which limits the <a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(mechanics)" title="Degrees of freedom (mechanics)">degrees of freedom</a> and results in chains that tighten more quickly for a given strain, thereby increasing the elastic force constant and making the rubber harder and less extensible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malodour">Malodour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Malodour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raw rubber storage depots and rubber processing can produce malodour that is serious enough to become a source of complaints and protest to those living in the vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microbial impurities originate during the processing of block rubber. These impurities break down during storage or thermal degradation and produce volatile organic compounds. Examination of these compounds using <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">gas chromatography</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> (GC/MS) and gas chromatography (GC) indicates that they contain sulfur, ammonia, <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, nitrogen, and low-molecular-weight fatty acids (C2–C5).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aidic.it_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aidic.it-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When latex concentrate is produced from rubber, <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> is used for coagulation. This produces malodourous hydrogen sulfide.<sup id="cite_ref-aidic.it_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aidic.it-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry can mitigate these bad odours with <a href="/wiki/Scrubber" title="Scrubber">scrubber systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aidic.it_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aidic.it-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_makeup">Chemical makeup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chemical makeup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RubberSyn%26Natural.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="(1)trans-1,4-polyisoprene is called gutta-percha. (2)in natural rubber various chains are held together by weak Van Der Waal's interactions and has a coiled structure.so it can be stretched like a spring and exhibits elastic properties" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/RubberSyn%26Natural.png/330px-RubberSyn%26Natural.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/RubberSyn%26Natural.png/495px-RubberSyn%26Natural.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/RubberSyn%26Natural.png/660px-RubberSyn%26Natural.png 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>Chemical structure of cis-polyisoprene, the main constituent of natural rubber. Synthetic cis-polyisoprene and natural cis-polyisoprene are derived from distinct precursors, <a href="/wiki/Isopentenyl_pyrophosphate" title="Isopentenyl pyrophosphate">isopentenyl pyrophosphate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rubber is the polymer cis-1,4-polyisoprene – with a <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a> of 100,000 to 1,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">daltons</a>. Typically, a small percentage (up to 5% of dry mass) of other materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a>, and inorganic materials (salts) are found in natural rubber. Polyisoprene can also be created synthetically, producing what is sometimes referred to as "synthetic natural rubber", but the synthetic and natural routes are distinct.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some natural rubber sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">gutta-percha</a>, are composed of trans-1,4-polyisoprene, a <a href="/wiki/Structural_isomer" title="Structural isomer">structural isomer</a> that has similar properties. Natural rubber is an elastomer and a <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a>. Once the rubber is vulcanized, it is a <a href="/wiki/Thermoset" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermoset">thermoset</a>. Most rubber in everyday use is vulcanized to a point where it shares properties of both; i.e., if it is heated and cooled, it is degraded but not destroyed. The final properties of a rubber item depend not just on the polymer, but also on modifiers and fillers, such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">carbon black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factice" title="Factice">factice</a>, whiting and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rubber particles are formed in the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> of specialized latex-producing cells called <a href="/wiki/Laticifer" title="Laticifer">laticifers</a> within rubber plants.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rubber particles are surrounded by a single <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipid</a> membrane with <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> tails pointed inward. The membrane allows biosynthetic proteins to be sequestered at the surface of the growing rubber particle, which allows new monomeric units to be added from outside the biomembrane, but within the lacticifer. The rubber particle is an enzymatically active entity that contains three layers of material, the rubber particle, a biomembrane and free monomeric units. The biomembrane is held tightly to the rubber core by the high negative charge along the double bonds of the rubber polymer backbone.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free monomeric units and conjugated proteins make up the outer layer. The rubber precursor is <a href="/wiki/Isopentenyl_pyrophosphate" title="Isopentenyl pyrophosphate">isopentenyl pyrophosphate</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Allyl_group" title="Allyl group">allylic</a> compound), which elongates by Mg<sup>2+</sup>-dependent condensation by the action of rubber transferase. The monomer adds to the pyrophosphate end of the growing polymer. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Citation removed as it was attributed to a predatory publisher. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The process displaces the terminal high-energy pyrophosphate. The reaction produces a cis polymer. The initiation step is catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Prenyltransferase" title="Prenyltransferase">prenyltransferase</a>, which converts three monomers of isopentenyl pyrophosphate into <a href="/wiki/Farnesyl_pyrophosphate" title="Farnesyl pyrophosphate">farnesyl pyrophosphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The farnesyl pyrophosphate can bind to rubber transferase to elongate a new rubber polymer. </p><p>The required isopentenyl pyrophosphate is obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Mevalonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevalonate">mevalonate</a> pathway, which derives from <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">acetyl-CoA</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a>. In plants, isoprene pyrophosphate can also be obtained from the 1-deox-D-xyulose-5-phosphate/2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway within plasmids.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relative ratio of the farnesyl pyrophosphate initiator unit and isoprenyl pyrophosphate elongation monomer determines the rate of new particle synthesis versus elongation of existing particles. Though rubber is known to be produced by only one enzyme, extracts of latex host numerous small molecular weight proteins with unknown function. The proteins possibly serve as cofactors, as the synthetic rate decreases with complete removal.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Natural_rubber" title="Special:EditPage/Natural rubber">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubber_trees_in_Kerala,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Rubber_trees_in_Kerala%2C_India.jpg/220px-Rubber_trees_in_Kerala%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Rubber_trees_in_Kerala%2C_India.jpg/330px-Rubber_trees_in_Kerala%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Rubber_trees_in_Kerala%2C_India.jpg/440px-Rubber_trees_in_Kerala%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Rubber is generally cultivated in large plantations. The image shows a coconut shell used in collecting latex, in plantations in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_rubber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Natural_rubber.jpg/220px-Natural_rubber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Natural_rubber.jpg/330px-Natural_rubber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Natural_rubber.jpg/440px-Natural_rubber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Sheets of natural rubber</figcaption></figure> <p>More than 28 million tons of rubber were produced in 2017, of which approximately 47% was natural. Since the bulk is synthetic, which is derived from petroleum, the price of natural rubber is determined, to a large extent, by the prevailing global price of crude oil.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asia was the main source of natural rubber, accounting for about 90% of output in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three largest producers, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, Indonesia,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Malaysia, together account for around 72% of all natural rubber production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Natural rubber is not cultivated widely in its native continent of South America because of the South American leaf <a href="/wiki/Blight" title="Blight">blight</a>, and other natural predators there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rubber latex is extracted from rubber trees. The economic life of rubber trees in plantations is around 32 years, with up to 7 years being an immature phase and about 25 years of productive phase. </p><p>The soil requirement is well-drained, weathered soil consisting of <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterite</a>, lateritic types, sedimentary types, nonlateritic red or <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> soils. </p><p>The climatic conditions for optimum growth of rubber trees are: </p> <ul><li>Rainfall of around 250 centimetres (98 in) evenly distributed without any marked dry season and with at least 100 rainy days per year</li> <li>Temperature range of about 20 to 34 °C (68 to 93 °F), with a monthly mean of 25 to 28 °C (77 to 82 °F)</li> <li>Atmospheric humidity of around 80%</li> <li>About 2,000 hours sunshine per year at the rate of six hours per day throughout the year</li> <li>Absence of strong winds</li></ul> <p>Many high-yielding clones have been developed for commercial planting. These clones yield more than 2,000 kilograms per hectare (1,800 lb/acre) of dry rubber per year, under ideal conditions. </p><p>Rubber production has been linked to deforestation. Rubber therefore is one of seven commodities included in the 2023 <a href="/wiki/EU_Regulation_on_Deforestation-free_products" title="EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products">EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products</a> (EUDR), which aims to guarantee that the products <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) citizens consume do not contribute to deforestation or <a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">forest degradation</a> worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-eudef_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eudef-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collection">Collection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_tobacco_card,_Tapping_a_Rubber_Tree,_India,_Products_of_the_World_series,_Player%27s_Cigarettes,_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vintage_tobacco_card%2C_Tapping_a_Rubber_Tree%2C_India%2C_Products_of_the_World_series%2C_Player%27s_Cigarettes%2C_1909.jpg/170px-Vintage_tobacco_card%2C_Tapping_a_Rubber_Tree%2C_India%2C_Products_of_the_World_series%2C_Player%27s_Cigarettes%2C_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vintage_tobacco_card%2C_Tapping_a_Rubber_Tree%2C_India%2C_Products_of_the_World_series%2C_Player%27s_Cigarettes%2C_1909.jpg/255px-Vintage_tobacco_card%2C_Tapping_a_Rubber_Tree%2C_India%2C_Products_of_the_World_series%2C_Player%27s_Cigarettes%2C_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vintage_tobacco_card%2C_Tapping_a_Rubber_Tree%2C_India%2C_Products_of_the_World_series%2C_Player%27s_Cigarettes%2C_1909.jpg/340px-Vintage_tobacco_card%2C_Tapping_a_Rubber_Tree%2C_India%2C_Products_of_the_World_series%2C_Player%27s_Cigarettes%2C_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Vintage tobacco card, Tapping a Rubber Tree, India, Products of the World series, Player's Cigarettes, 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>In places such as Kerala and Sri Lanka, where coconuts are in abundance, the half shell of coconut was used as the latex collection container. Glazed pottery or aluminium or plastic cups became more common in <a href="/wiki/Kerala_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala India">Kerala-India</a> and other countries. The cups are supported by a wire that encircles the tree. This wire incorporates a spring so it can stretch as the tree grows. The latex is led into the cup by a <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanised</a> "spout" knocked into the bark. <a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a> normally takes place early in the morning, when the internal pressure of the tree is highest. A good tapper can tap a tree every 20 seconds on a standard half-spiral system, and a common daily "task" size is between 450 and 650 trees. Trees are usually tapped on alternate or third days, although many variations in timing, length and number of cuts are used. "Tappers would make a slash in the bark with a small hatchet. These slanting cuts allowed latex to flow from ducts located on the exterior or the inner layer of bark (<a href="/wiki/Cambium" title="Cambium">cambium</a>) of the tree. Since the cambium controls the growth of the tree, growth stops if it is cut. Thus, rubber tapping demanded accuracy, so that the incisions would not be too many given the size of the tree, or too deep, which could stunt its growth or kill it."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceylon_rubber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ceylon_rubber.jpg/170px-Ceylon_rubber.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ceylon_rubber.jpg/255px-Ceylon_rubber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Ceylon_rubber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>A woman in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> harvesting rubber, c. 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>It is usual to tap a panel at least twice, sometimes three times, during the tree's life. The economic life of the tree depends on how well the tapping is carried out, as the critical factor is bark consumption. A standard in Malaysia for alternate daily tapping is 25 cm (vertical) bark consumption per year. The latex-containing tubes in the bark ascend in a spiral to the right. For this reason, tapping cuts usually ascend to the left to cut more tubes. The trees drip latex for about four hours, stopping as latex coagulates naturally on the tapping cut, thus blocking the latex tubes in the bark. Tappers usually rest and have a meal after finishing their tapping work and then start collecting the liquid "field latex" at about midday. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Field_coagula">Field coagula</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Field coagula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MixedFieldCoagula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MixedFieldCoagula.jpg/220px-MixedFieldCoagula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MixedFieldCoagula.jpg/330px-MixedFieldCoagula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MixedFieldCoagula.jpg/440px-MixedFieldCoagula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Mixed field coagula.</figcaption></figure> <p>The four types of field coagula are "cuplump", "treelace", "smallholders' lump", and "earth scrap". Each has significantly different properties.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some trees continue to drip after the collection leading to a small amount of "cup lump" that is collected at the next tapping. The latex that coagulates on the cut is also collected as "tree lace". Tree lace and cup lump together account for 10%–20% of the dry rubber produced. Latex that drips onto the ground, "earth scrap", is also collected periodically for processing of low-grade product. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cup_lump">Cup lump</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cup lump"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MyanmarRubber1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MyanmarRubber1.jpg/220px-MyanmarRubber1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MyanmarRubber1.jpg/330px-MyanmarRubber1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MyanmarRubber1.jpg/440px-MyanmarRubber1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4243" data-file-height="2481" /></a><figcaption>Cup lump rubber coagula in a <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> road stall.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cup lump is the coagulated material found in the collection cup when the tapper next visits the tree to tap it again. It arises from latex clinging to the walls of the cup after the latex was last poured into the bucket, and from late-dripping latex exuded before the latex-carrying vessels of the tree become blocked. It is of higher purity and of greater value than the other three types. </p><p>'Cup lumps' can also be used to describe a completely different type of coagulate that has collected in smallholder plantations over a period of 1–2 weeks. After tapping all of the trees, the tapper will return to each tree and stir in some type of acid, which allows the newly harvested latex to mix with the previously coagulated material. The rubber/acid mixture is what gives rubber plantations, markets, and factories a strong odor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tree_lace">Tree lace</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tree lace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tree lace is the coagulum strip that the tapper peels off the previous cut before making a new cut. It usually has higher copper and manganese contents than cup lump. Both copper and manganese are pro-oxidants and can damage the physical properties of the dry rubber. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Smallholders'_lump"><span id="Smallholders.27_lump"></span>Smallholders' lump</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Smallholders' lump"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smallholders' lump is produced by smallholders, who collect rubber from trees far from the nearest factory. Many Indonesian smallholders, who farm paddies in remote areas, tap dispersed trees on their way to work in the paddy fields and collect the latex (or the coagulated latex) on their way home. As it is often impossible to preserve the latex sufficiently to get it to a factory that processes latex in time for it to be used to make high quality products, and as the latex would anyway have coagulated by the time it reached the factory, the smallholder will coagulate it by any means available, in any container available. Some smallholders use small containers, buckets etc., but often the latex is coagulated in holes in the ground, which are usually lined with plastic sheeting. Acidic materials and fermented fruit juices are used to coagulate the latex – a form of assisted biological coagulation. Little care is taken to exclude twigs, leaves, and even bark from the lumps that are formed, which may also include tree lace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Earth_scrap">Earth scrap</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Earth scrap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earth scrap is material that gathers around the base of the tree. It arises from latex overflowing from the cut and running down the bark, from rain flooding a collection cup containing latex, and from spillage from tappers' buckets during collection. It contains soil and other contaminants, and has variable rubber content, depending on the amount of contaminants. Earth scrap is collected by field workers two or three times a year and may be cleaned in a scrap-washer to recover the rubber, or sold to a contractor who cleans it and recovers the rubber. It is of low quality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processing">Processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RemovingCoagulumFromCoagulatingTroughs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/RemovingCoagulumFromCoagulatingTroughs.jpg/220px-RemovingCoagulumFromCoagulatingTroughs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/RemovingCoagulumFromCoagulatingTroughs.jpg/330px-RemovingCoagulumFromCoagulatingTroughs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/RemovingCoagulumFromCoagulatingTroughs.jpg/440px-RemovingCoagulumFromCoagulatingTroughs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Removing coagulum from coagulating troughs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Latex coagulates in the cups if kept for long and must be collected before this happens. The collected latex, "field latex", is transferred into coagulation tanks for the preparation of dry rubber or transferred into air-tight containers with sieving for ammoniation. Ammoniation, invented by patent lawyer and vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Rubber_Company" title="United States Rubber Company">United States Rubber Company</a> Ernest Hopkinson around 1920, preserves the latex in a colloidal state for longer periods of time. Latex is generally processed into either latex concentrate for manufacture of dipped goods or coagulated under controlled, clean conditions using formic acid. The coagulated latex can then be processed into the higher-grade, technically specified block rubbers such as SVR 3L or SVR CV or used to produce Ribbed Smoke Sheet grades. Naturally coagulated rubber (cup lump) is used in the manufacture of TSR10 and TSR20 grade rubbers. Processing for these grades is a size reduction and cleaning process to remove contamination and prepare the material for the final stage of drying.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dried material is then baled and palletized for storage and shipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_structure">Molecular structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Molecular structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rubber is a natural polymer of <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a> (polyisoprene), and an <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">elastomer</a> (a stretchy polymer). Polymers are simply chains of molecules that can be linked together. Rubber is one of the few naturally occurring polymers and prized for its high stretch ratio, resilience, and water-proof properties. Other examples of natural polymers include <a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">tortoise shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animal_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal horn">animal horn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When harvested, latex rubber takes the form of latex, an opaque, white, milky suspension of rubber particles in water. It is then transformed through industrial processes to the solid form widely seen in manufactured goods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulcanized_rubber">Vulcanized rubber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Vulcanized rubber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Natural_rubber" title="Special:EditPage/Natural rubber">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_vulcanization" title="Sulfur vulcanization">Sulfur vulcanization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torn_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Torn_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180011.jpg/220px-Torn_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Torn_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180011.jpg/330px-Torn_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Torn_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180011.jpg/440px-Torn_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Torn latex rubber dry suit wrist seal</figcaption></figure> <p>Natural rubber is reactive and vulnerable to oxidization, but it can be stabilized through a heating process called vulcanization. Vulcanization is a process by which the rubber is heated and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxide</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol" title="Bisphenol">bisphenol</a> are added to improve resistance and <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elasticity</a> and to prevent it from oxidizing. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">Carbon black</a>, which can be derived from a petroleum refinery or other natural incineration processes, is sometimes used as an additive to rubber to improve its strength, especially in vehicle tires.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During vulcanization, rubber's polyisoprene molecules (long chains of isoprene) are heated and cross-linked with molecular bonds to sulfur, forming a 3-D matrix. The optimal percentage of sulfur is approximately 10%. In this form, the polyisoprene molecules orientation is still random but they become aligned when the rubber is stretched. This sulfur vulcanization makes the rubber stronger and more rigid, but still very elastic.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And through the vulcanization process, the sulfur and latex are meant to be totally used up in individual form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Natural rubber latex is shipped from factories in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> to destinations around the world. As the cost of natural rubber has risen significantly and rubber products are dense, the shipping methods offering the lowest cost per unit weight are preferred. Depending on destination, warehouse availability, and transportation conditions, some methods are preferred by certain buyers. In international trade, latex rubber is mostly shipped in 20-foot ocean containers. Inside the container, smaller containers are used to store the latex.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rubber_shortage_and_global_economics">Rubber shortage and global economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rubber shortage and global economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is growing concern for the future supply of rubber due to various factors, including plant disease, climate change, and the volatile market price of rubber.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swain_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swain-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Producers of natural rubber are mostly small family-held plantations, often serving large industrial aggregators. High volatility in the price of rubber affects rubber plantation investment, and farmers may remove their rubber trees if the international market spot price of a seemingly more profitable crop (for example <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>) surges in relation to rubber. </p><p>For instance, during the 2020 and 2021 international <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, demand for <a href="/wiki/Rubber_glove" title="Rubber glove">rubber gloves</a> surged, leading to a spike in rubber prices of about 30%. In addition to the pandemic, demand exceeded supply in part because long term plantations had been torn out and replaced with other crops over the previous 5–10 years, and other areas were affected by climate-fueled natural disasters. In this environment, producers did increase their prices in keeping with supply and demand dynamics, putting upward price pressure on the whole downstream supply chain.<sup id="cite_ref-Swain_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swain-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Natural_rubber" title="Special:EditPage/Natural rubber">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Natural_rubber" title="Talk:Natural rubber">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Natural_rubber" title="Special:EditPage/Natural rubber">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubber_boots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rubber_boots.jpg/170px-Rubber_boots.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rubber_boots.jpg/255px-Rubber_boots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rubber_boots.jpg/340px-Rubber_boots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1142" /></a><figcaption>Compression molded (cured) <a href="/wiki/Rubber_boot" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber boot">rubber boots</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Flash_(manufacturing)" title="Flash (manufacturing)">flashes</a> are removed</figcaption></figure> <p>Uncured rubber is used for cements;<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for adhesive, insulating, and friction tapes; and for crepe rubber used in insulating blankets and footwear. <a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">Vulcanized rubber</a> has many more applications. Resistance to abrasion makes softer kinds of rubber valuable for the treads of vehicle tires and conveyor belts, and makes hard rubber valuable for pump housings and piping used in the handling of abrasive sludge. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Flexibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexibility">flexibility</a> of rubber is appealing in hoses, tires and rollers for devices ranging from domestic clothes wringers to printing presses; its elasticity makes it suitable for various kinds of shock absorbers and for specialized machinery mountings designed to reduce vibration. Its relative gas <a href="/wiki/Permeation" title="Permeation">impermeability</a> makes it useful in the manufacture of articles such as air hoses, balloons, balls and cushions. The <a href="/wiki/Permeation" title="Permeation">resistance of rubber to water</a> and to the action of most fluid chemicals has led to its use in rainwear, diving gear, and chemical and medicinal tubing and as a lining for storage tanks, processing equipment and railroad tank cars. Because of their <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">electrical resistance</a>, soft rubber goods are used as insulation and for protective gloves, shoes, and blankets; <a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">hard rubber</a> is used for articles such as telephone housings and parts for radio sets, meters, and other electrical instruments. The coefficient of <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> of rubber, which is high on dry surfaces and low on wet surfaces, leads to its use for <a href="/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)" title="Belt (mechanical)">power-transmission belting</a>, highly flexible couplings,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for water-lubricated bearings in deep-well pumps. Indian rubber balls or <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse_ball" title="Lacrosse ball">lacrosse balls</a> are made of rubber. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compression_Molding_Machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Compression_Molding_Machine.jpg/220px-Compression_Molding_Machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Compression_Molding_Machine.jpg/330px-Compression_Molding_Machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Compression_Molding_Machine.jpg/440px-Compression_Molding_Machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1802" /></a><figcaption>Compression molding machine for rubber parts</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 25 million tonnes of rubber are produced each year, of which 30 percent is natural.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder is synthetic rubber derived from petrochemical sources. The top end of latex production results in latex products such as surgeons' gloves, balloons, and other relatively high-value products. The mid-range which comes from the technically specified natural rubber materials ends up largely in tires but also in conveyor belts, marine products, windshield wipers, and miscellaneous goods. Natural rubber offers good elasticity, while synthetic materials tend to offer better resistance to environmental factors such as oils, temperature, chemicals, and ultraviolet light. "Cured rubber" is rubber that has been compounded and subjected to the vulcanisation process to create cross-links within the rubber matrix. Rubber can be added to cement to improve its properties.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allergic_reactions">Allergic reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Allergic reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">Latex allergy</a></div> <p>Some people have a serious <a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">latex allergy</a>, and exposure to natural latex rubber products such as <a href="/wiki/Latex_glove" class="mw-redirect" title="Latex glove">latex gloves</a> can cause <a href="/wiki/Anaphylactic_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaphylactic shock">anaphylactic shock</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Antibody_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody generator">antigenic proteins</a> found in <i>Hevea</i> latex are greatly reduced by about 99.9 percent (though not eliminated)<sup id="cite_ref-510k_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-510k-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through vulcanization processing. </p><p>Latex from non-<i><a href="/wiki/Hevea" title="Hevea">Hevea</a></i> sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Guayule" class="mw-redirect" title="Guayule">guayule</a>, can be used without allergic reaction by persons with an allergy to <i>Hevea</i> latex.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some allergic reactions are not to the latex itself, but from residues of chemicals used to accelerate the cross-linking process. Although this may be confused with an allergy to latex, it is distinct from it, typically taking the form of <a href="/wiki/Type_IV_hypersensitivity" title="Type IV hypersensitivity">Type IV hypersensitivity</a> in the presence of traces of specific processing chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-510k_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-510k-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microbial_degradation">Microbial degradation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Microbial degradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Natural rubber is susceptible to degradation by a wide range of bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bacteria <i><a href="/wiki/Streptomyces_coelicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Streptomyces coelicolor">Streptomyces coelicolor</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_citronellolis" title="Pseudomonas citronellolis">Pseudomonas citronellolis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Nocardia" title="Nocardia">Nocardia</a></i> spp. are capable of degrading vulcanized natural rubber.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a>, center of the United States rubber industry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crepe_rubber" title="Crepe rubber">Crepe rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emulsion_dispersion" title="Emulsion dispersion">Emulsion dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordl%C3%A2ndia" title="Fordlândia">Fordlândia</a>, failed attempt to establish a rubber plantation in Brazil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_rubber" title="Reinforced rubber">Reinforced rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilin" title="Resilin">Resilin</a>, a highly elastic protein found in insects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_seed_oil" title="Rubber seed oil">Rubber seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_technology" title="Rubber technology">Rubber technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevenson_Plan" title="Stevenson Plan">Stevenson Plan</a>, historical British plan to stabilize rubber prices</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Greville_Williams" title="Charles Greville Williams">Charles Greville Williams</a>, researched natural rubber being a polymer of the monomer isoprene</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDunstan1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dunstan, Wyndham Rowland (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rubber"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rubber">"Rubber" </a></span>. 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Hyperion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6789-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6789-9"><bdi>978-0-7868-6789-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noble+obsession%3A+Charles+Goodyear%2C+Thomas+Hancock%2C+and+the+race+to+unlock+the+greatest+industrial+secret+of+the+nineteenth+century&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7868-6789-9&rft.aulast=Slack&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCWzeAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+rubber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2008" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Joe (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thiefatendofworl0000jack"><i>The Thief at the End of the World</i></a>. 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Bode; Axel Zeeck; Kirsten Plückhahn; Dieter Jendrossek (September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC92206">"Physiological and Chemical Investigations into Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Poly(cis-1,4-isoprene)"</a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>. <b>66</b> (9): 3680–3685. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApEnM..66.3680B">2000ApEnM..66.3680B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.66.9.3680-3685.2000">10.1128/AEM.66.9.3680-3685.2000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC92206">92206</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10966376">10966376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Physiological+and+Chemical+Investigations+into+Microbial+Degradation+of+Synthetic+Poly%28cis-1%2C4-isoprene%29&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3680-3685&rft.date=2000-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC92206%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10966376&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FAEM.66.9.3680-3685.2000&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000ApEnM..66.3680B&rft.au=Helge+B.+Bode&rft.au=Axel+Zeeck&rft.au=Kirsten+Pl%C3%BCckhahn&rft.au=Dieter+Jendrossek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC92206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+rubber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ali, Muhammad Fadzli, et al. "The dynamics of rubber production in Malaysia: Potential impacts, challenges and proposed interventions." <i>Forest Policy and Economics</i> 127 (2021): 102449.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscherson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neal_Ascherson" title="Neal Ascherson">Ascherson, Neal</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ejpHsaY46XQC"><i>The King Incorporated: Leopold the Second and the Congo</i></a>. Granta Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-290-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-290-9"><bdi>978-1-86207-290-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King+Incorporated%3A+Leopold+the+Second+and+the+Congo&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86207-290-9&rft.aulast=Ascherson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DejpHsaY46XQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+rubber" class="Z3988"></span> (<i>1999 Granta edition</i>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrydson1988" class="citation book cs1">Brydson, J.A. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJAr_kL0V9sC"><i>Rubbery Materials and their Compounds</i></a>. Springer Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85166-215-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85166-215-9"><bdi>978-1-85166-215-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rubbery+Materials+and+their+Compounds&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-85166-215-9&rft.aulast=Brydson&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeJAr_kL0V9sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+rubber" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobhouse2005" class="citation book cs1">Hobhouse, Henry (2005) [2003]. <i>Seeds of Wealth: Five Plants That Made Men Rich</i>. Shoemaker & Hoard. pp. 125–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59376-089-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59376-089-2"><bdi>978-1-59376-089-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeds+of+Wealth%3A+Five+Plants+That+Made+Men+Rich&rft.pages=125-185&rft.pub=Shoemaker+%26+Hoard&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59376-089-2&rft.aulast=Hobhouse&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+rubber" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochschild2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Hochschild" title="Adam Hochschild">Hochschild, Adam</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qCOQPwAACAAJ"><i>King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa</i></a>. Pan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-49233-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-49233-1"><bdi>978-0-330-49233-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Leopold%27s+Ghost%3A+A+Story+of+Greed%2C+Terror%2C+and+Heroism+in+Colonial+Africa&rft.pub=Pan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-330-49233-1&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqCOQPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+rubber" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2013" class="citation book cs1">Morton, M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uETsCAAAQBAJ"><i>Rubber Technology</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-2925-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-2925-3"><bdi>978-94-017-2925-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rubber+Technology&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-94-017-2925-3&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuETsCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+rubber" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Dean_(historian)" title="Warren Dean (historian)">Dean, Warren</a>. (1997) <i>Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Grandin, Greg. <i>Fordlandia: The Rise and Fall of Henry Ford's Forgotten Jungle City</i>. Picador Press 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42962-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42962-1">978-0-312-42962-1</a></li> <li>Weinstein, Barbara (1983) <i>The Amazon Rubber Boom 1850–1920</i>. Stanford University Press.</li> <li>Tully, John A. <i>The Devil's Milk; A Social History of Rubber</i>. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_rubber" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Natural rubber">Natural rubber</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/natural_rubber" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/natural rubber"><i>natural rubber</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rubber" title="Template:Rubber"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rubber" title="Template talk:Rubber"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rubber" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rubber"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rubber" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rubber</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Natural rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">Synthetic rubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butyl_rubber" title="Butyl rubber">Butyl rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">Chloroprene rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPDM_rubber" title="EPDM rubber">EPDM rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrile_rubber" title="Nitrile rubber">Nitrile rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicone_rubber" title="Silicone rubber">Silicone rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene-butadiene" title="Styrene-butadiene">Styrene-butadiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_rubber" title="Cold rubber">Cold rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_rubber" title="Foam rubber">Foam rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumb_rubber" title="Crumb rubber">Crumb rubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micronized_rubber_powder" title="Micronized rubber powder">Micronized rubber powder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_additives" title="Biodegradable additives">Biodegradable additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(materials)" title="Filler (materials)">Filler (materials)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Additives" title="Plastic">Polymer additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_stabilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer stabilizers">Polymer stabilizers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rubber processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_technology" title="Rubber technology">Rubber technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">Vulcanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rubber_industry" title="Category:Rubber industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridgestone" title="Bridgestone">Bridgestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Rubber" title="Dunlop Rubber">Dunlop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company">Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelin" title="Michelin">Michelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_Board" title="Rubber Board">Rubber Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_industry_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber industry in Malaysia">Rubber industry in Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_Industry_Smallholders_Development_Authority" title="Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority">Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_Manufacturers_Association" title="Rubber Manufacturers Association">Rubber Manufacturers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Rubber_Company" title="United States Rubber Company">United States Rubber Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tire_companies" title="List of tire companies">List of tire companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rubber_products" title="Category:Rubber products">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_band" title="Rubber band">Rubber band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_mulch" title="Rubber mulch">Rubber mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tire_code" title="Tire code">codes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airfield_rubber_removal" title="Airfield rubber removal">Airfield rubber removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_hazard" title="Environmental hazard">Environmental hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire-derived_fuel" title="Tire-derived fuel">Tire-derived fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">Tire recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Rubber" title="Category:Rubber">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rubber" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rubber">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template talk:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-timber_forest_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Category:Non-timber forest products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Non-timber forest products">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_terpenes_and_terpenoids_(#_of_isoprene_units)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terpenoids" title="Template:Terpenoids"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terpenoids" title="Template talk:Terpenoids"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terpenoids" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terpenoids"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_terpenes_and_terpenoids_(#_of_isoprene_units)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">terpenoids</a> (# of <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a> units)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic forms:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Acyclic (linear, <i>cis</i> and <i>trans</i> forms)</li> <li>Monocyclic (single ring)</li> <li>Bicyclic (2 rings)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridoid" title="Iridoid">Iridoids</a> (cyclopentane ring)</li> <li>Iridoid glycosides (iridoids bound to a sugar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroids</a> (4 rings)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemiterpenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemiterpenoid">Hemiterpenoids</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">Isoprene</a> (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>8</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenol" title="Prenol">Prenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isovaleric_acid" title="Isovaleric acid">Isovaleric acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoterpene" title="Monoterpene">Monoterpenes</a> <br />(C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>16</sub>)(2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocimene" title="Ocimene">Ocimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrcene" title="Myrcene">Myrcenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monocyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limonene" title="Limonene">Limonene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terpinene" title="Terpinene">Terpinene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phellandrene" title="Phellandrene">Phellandrene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bicyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinene" title="Pinene">Pinene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pinene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pinene">α</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta-Pinene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Pinene">β</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphene" title="Camphene">Camphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thujene" title="Thujene">Thujene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabinene" title="Sabinene">Sabinene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carene" class="mw-redirect" title="Carene">Carene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monoterpenoids <br />(2,modified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citronellal" title="Citronellal">Citronellal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citral" title="Citral">Citral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citronellol" title="Citronellol">Citronellol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraniol" title="Geraniol">Geraniol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geranyl_pyrophosphate" title="Geranyl pyrophosphate">Geranyl pyrophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halomon" title="Halomon">Halomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monocyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grapefruit_mercaptan" title="Grapefruit mercaptan">Grapefruit mercaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-Cymene" title="P-Cymene">p-Cymene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thujaplicin" title="Thujaplicin">Thujaplicins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hinokitiol" title="Hinokitiol">Hinokitiol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perillyl_alcohol" title="Perillyl alcohol">Perillyl alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvacrol" title="Carvacrol">Carvacrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bicyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneol" title="Borneol">Borneol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornyl_acetate" title="Bornyl acetate">Bornyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascaridole" title="Ascaridole">Ascaridole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbellulone" title="Umbellulone">Umbellulone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sesquiterpenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesquiterpenoids">Sesquiterpenoids</a> (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin">Artemisinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisabolol" title="Bisabolol">Bisabolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadinene" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadinene">Cadinene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadinol" title="Cadinol">Cadinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrene" title="Cedrene">Cedrene</a></li> <li>Chanootin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnesyl_pyrophosphate" title="Farnesyl pyrophosphate">Farnesyl pyrophosphate</a></li> <li>Juniperol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longifolene" title="Longifolene">Longifolene</a></li> <li>Muurolene</li> <li>Nootkatin</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">Diterpenoids</a> (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phytol" title="Phytol">Phytol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geranylgeranyl_pyrophosphate" title="Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate">Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate</a></li> <li>Geranyl-linalool</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monocyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">Retinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal" title="Retinal">Retinal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bicyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>cis</i>-Abienol</li> <li>Epimanool</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tricyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cembrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Cembrene">Cembrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forskolin" title="Forskolin">Forskolin</a></li> <li>Manoyl oxide</li> <li>Pimaral</li> <li>Pimarol</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tetracyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphidicolin" title="Aphidicolin">Aphidicolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibberellin" title="Gibberellin">Gibberellin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin_acid" title="Resin acid">Resin acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abietic_acid" title="Abietic acid">Abietic acid</a></li> <li>Communic acid</li> <li>Dehydroabietic acid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopimaric_acid" title="Isopimaric acid">Isopimaric acid</a></li> <li>Lambertianic acid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levopimaric_acid" title="Levopimaric acid">Levopimaric acid</a></li> <li>Mercusic acid</li> <li>Neoabietic acid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimaric_acid" title="Pimaric acid">Pimaric acid</a></li> <li>Sandaracopimaric acid</li> <li>Secodehydroabietic acid</li> <li>Palustric acid</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sesterterpenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesterterpenoid">Sesterterpenoids</a> (5)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Geranylfarnesol</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triterpenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Triterpenoid">Triterpenoids</a> (6)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phytosterol" title="Phytosterol">Phytosterols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campesterol" title="Campesterol">Campesterol</a></li> <li>Citrostadienol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloartenol" title="Cycloartenol">Cycloartenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitostanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitostanol">Sitostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitosterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitosterol">Sitosterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmasterol" title="Stigmasterol">Stigmasterol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">Tocopherols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecalciferol" title="Cholecalciferol">Cholecalciferol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdysone" title="Ecdysone">Ecdysones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betulin" title="Betulin">Betulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanosterol" title="Lanosterol">Lanosterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saponin" title="Saponin">Saponins</a></li> <li>Serratenediol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squalane" title="Squalane">Squalane</a></li> <li>Acids <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oleanolic_acid" title="Oleanolic acid">Oleanolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursolic_acid" title="Ursolic acid">Ursolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betulinic_acid" title="Betulinic acid">Betulinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moronic_acid" title="Moronic acid">Moronic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sesquarterpenes/oids (7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ferrugicadiol</li> <li>Tetraprenylcurcumene</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetraterpenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraterpenoid">Tetraterpenoids</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">Carotenoids</a>) (8)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carotene" title="Carotene">Carotenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Carotene">Alpha-Carotene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">Beta-Carotene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Carotene">Gamma-Carotene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-Carotene">Delta-Carotene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopene" title="Lycopene">Lycopene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosporene" title="Neurosporene">Neurosporene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytofluene" title="Phytofluene">Phytofluene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoene" title="Phytoene">Phytoene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xanthophyll" title="Xanthophyll">Xanthophylls</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canthaxanthin" title="Canthaxanthin">Canthaxanthin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptoxanthin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptoxanthin">Cryptoxanthin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">Zeaxanthin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astaxanthin" title="Astaxanthin">Astaxanthin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">Lutein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubixanthin" title="Rubixanthin">Rubixanthin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polyterpenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyterpenoid">Polyterpenoids</a> (many)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Natural rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta_percha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutta percha">Gutta percha</a></li> <li>Gutta-balatá</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norisoprenoids (modified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>3-oxo-α-ionol</li> <li>7,8-dihydroionone</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Terpene synthase enzymes (many), having in common a <a href="/wiki/Terpene_synthase_N_terminal_domain" title="Terpene synthase N terminal domain">terpene synthase N terminal domain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protein_domain" title="Protein domain">protein domain</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activated isoprene forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isopentenyl_pyrophosphate" title="Isopentenyl pyrophosphate">Isopentenyl pyrophosphate</a> (IPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylallyl_pyrophosphate" title="Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate">Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate</a> (DMAPP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131877#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131877#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131877#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119580286">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562543">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kaučuk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121547&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546253605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9f15345e-1a41-4001-a672-a413a5ac4475">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&oldid=1254939935">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_rubber&oldid=1254939935</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rubber" title="Category:Rubber">Rubber</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adhesives" title="Category:Adhesives">Adhesives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crops" title="Category:Crops">Crops</a></li><li><a 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