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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Description </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Description subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Related species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Habitat and distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Habitat_and_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Habitat and distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Habitat_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Cultivation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-native_introductions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-native_introductions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Non-native introductions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-native_introductions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fruit_body_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruit_body_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Fruit body production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruit_body_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mycorrhizal_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mycorrhizal_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Mycorrhizal associations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mycorrhizal_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy-metal_contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy-metal_contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Heavy-metal contamination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy-metal_contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Pests and predators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culinary uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culinary_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culinary uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culinary_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dried" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dried"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Dried </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dried-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_harvest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_harvest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Commercial harvest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_harvest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemicals_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemicals_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Phytochemicals and research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phytochemicals_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phytochemicals and research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phytochemicals_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aroma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aroma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Aroma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aroma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Cited texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Boletus edulis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" > 80 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%85%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84" title="بوليط مأكول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوليط مأكول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Boletus edulis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="বোলেটাস এডুলাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বোলেটাস এডুলাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82:%D0%90%D0%A5%D0%91_%D1%82%D3%A9%D2%99%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%AF/%D0%90%D2%A1_%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Проект:АХБ төҙәтеү/Аҡ бәшмәк – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Проект:АХБ төҙәтеү/Аҡ бәшмәк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Баравік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баравік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Баравік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Баравік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Обикновена манатарка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обикновена манатарка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoabuiz" title="Stoabuiz – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stoabuiz" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrganj" title="Vrganj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vrganj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cep_(bolet)" title="Cep (bolet) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cep (bolet)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Шур кăмпа – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шур кăмпа" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Boletus edulis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%99ib_smrkov%C3%BD" title="Hřib smrkový – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hřib smrkový" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicsen_gron" title="Wicsen gron – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wicsen gron" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Johan_(svamp)" title="Karl Johan (svamp) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karl Johan (svamp)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeiner_Steinpilz" title="Gemeiner Steinpilz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemeiner Steinpilz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilik_kivipuravik" title="Harilik kivipuravik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harilik kivipuravik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βωλίτης ο εδώδιμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βωλίτης ο εδώδιμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Бояр панго – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бояр панго" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Boletus edulis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Boletus edulis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udazkeneko_onddozuri" title="Udazkeneko onddozuri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Udazkeneko onddozuri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="قارچ تیره‌سر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قارچ تیره‌سر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boletus edulis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceap" title="Ceap – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceap" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeirudo" title="Madeirudo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Madeirudo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%AC%BC%EB%B2%84%EC%84%AF" title="그물버섯 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그물버섯" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Սպիտակ սունկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպիտակ սունկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljetni_vrganj" title="Ljetni vrganj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ljetni vrganj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepo" title="Cepo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cepo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamur_babi_bayi" title="Jamur babi bayi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jamur babi bayi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3ngssveppur" title="Kóngssveppur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kóngssveppur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Boletus edulis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95" title="פורצ'ינו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורצ'ינו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="დათვისსოკო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დათვისსოკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2rz%C3%B3n" title="Bòrzón – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Bòrzón" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%9B%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Ақ саңырауқұлақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақ саңырауқұлақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AEqero%C5%9F" title="Fîqeroş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fîqeroş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%88_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Ош понгы – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ош понгы" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Boletus edulis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg%C4%BCu_baravika" title="Egļu baravika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Egļu baravika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikrinis_baravykas" title="Tikrinis baravykas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tikrinis baravykas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Boletus edulis" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgei_griba" title="Valgei griba – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Valgei griba" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dzletes_varg%C3%A1nya" title="Ízletes vargánya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ízletes vargánya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%9A" title="Летен вргањ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Летен вргањ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84" title="بوليط ماكول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوليط ماكول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Boletus edulis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewoon_eekhoorntjesbrood" title="Gewoon eekhoorntjesbrood – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gewoon eekhoorntjesbrood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B1" title="ヤマドリタケ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤマドリタケ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stianswaamp" title="Stianswaamp – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stianswaamp" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinsopp" title="Steinsopp – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Steinsopp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinsopp" title="Steinsopp – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Steinsopp" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Boletus edulis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Boletus edulis" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borowik_szlachetny" title="Borowik szlachetny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Borowik szlachetny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Boletus edulis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Boletus edulis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Белый гриб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белый гриб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%A5_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Үрүҥ тэллэй – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үрүҥ тэллэй" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Boletus edulis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C3%ADb_smrekov%C3%BD" title="Hríb smrekový – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hríb smrekový" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesenski_goban" title="Jesenski goban – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jesenski goban" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%9A" title="Прави вргањ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прави вргањ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrganj" title="Vrganj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vrganj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herkkutatti" title="Herkkutatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Herkkutatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karljohanssvamp" title="Karljohanssvamp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karljohanssvamp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="வெண்குடைக் காளான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெண்குடைக் காளான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99" title="Ак гөмбә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ак гөмбә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="เห็ดพอร์ชินี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เห็ดพอร์ชินี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%B6rek_mantar%C4%B1" title="Çörek mantarı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çörek mantarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Білий гриб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Білий гриб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Boletus edulis" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5m_th%C3%B4ng" title="Nấm thông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nấm thông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4be_boloe" title="Nôbe boloe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nôbe boloe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Boletus edulis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BA%B9%E7%89%9B%E8%82%9D%E8%8F%8C" title="网纹牛肝菌 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="网纹牛肝菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E8%82%9D%E8%8F%8C" title="牛肝菌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="牛肝菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barav%C4%ABks" title="Baravīks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Baravīks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%91%B3%E7%89%9B%E8%82%9D%E8%8F%8C" title="美味牛肝菌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美味牛肝菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of mushroom, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cep" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cep_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cep (disambiguation)">Cep (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)">Boletus edulis </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Boletus_edulis_IT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two mushrooms with brown caps and light brown stems growing on the ground, surrounded by fallen leaves and other forest debris. One mushroom has been plucked and lies beside the other; its under-surface is visible, and is a light yellow colour." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Boletus_edulis_IT.jpg/220px-Boletus_edulis_IT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Boletus_edulis_IT.jpg/330px-Boletus_edulis_IT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Boletus_edulis_IT.jpg/440px-Boletus_edulis_IT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4096" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">In the northern <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine Mountains</a>, Abetina Reale forest, Italy </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /> <a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a>  (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-iucn-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Boletus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agaricomycetes" title="Agaricomycetes">Agaricomycetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boletales" title="Boletales">Boletales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boletaceae" title="Boletaceae">Boletaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boletus" title="Boletus">Boletus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">B. edulis</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Boletus edulis <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pierre_Bulliard" title="Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard">Bull.</a> (1782)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-urlMycoBank:_Boletus_edulis-2">[2]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Ceriomyces crassus <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Battarra" title="Giovanni Antonio Battarra">Battarra</a> (1775)</li> <li>Boletus solidus <a href="/wiki/James_Sowerby" title="James Sowerby">Sowerby</a> (1809)</li> <li>Leccinum edule (Bull.) <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Frederick_Gray" title="Samuel Frederick Gray">Gray</a> (1821)</li> <li>Dictyopus edulis (Bull.) Forq. (1890)</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of fungus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="line-height: 1.4em; font-size:1.2em">Boletus edulis<div style="float:right; margin: 0 3px"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mycomorphbox" title="View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list"><img alt="View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/14px-Information_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/21px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/28px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="62" /></a></div><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycological characteristics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pores_icon.png/32px-Pores_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pores_icon.png/48px-Pores_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pores_icon.png/64px-Pores_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="298" /></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right">Pores on <a href="/wiki/Hymenium" title="Hymenium">hymenium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Convex_cap_icon.svg/32px-Convex_cap_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Convex_cap_icon.svg/48px-Convex_cap_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Convex_cap_icon.svg/64px-Convex_cap_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="342" /></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right"><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(mycology)" title="Pileus (mycology)">Cap</a> is convex</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Adnate_gills_icon2.svg/32px-Adnate_gills_icon2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Adnate_gills_icon2.svg/48px-Adnate_gills_icon2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Adnate_gills_icon2.svg/64px-Adnate_gills_icon2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right"><a href="/wiki/Hymenium" title="Hymenium">Hymenium</a> is adnate</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bare_stipe_icon.svg/32px-Bare_stipe_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bare_stipe_icon.svg/48px-Bare_stipe_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bare_stipe_icon.svg/64px-Bare_stipe_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right"><a href="/wiki/Stipe_(mycology)" title="Stipe (mycology)">Stipe</a> is bare</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><div style="background-color: #5d431f; float:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg/32px-Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg/48px-Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg/64px-Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="202" /></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right"><a href="/wiki/Spore_print" title="Spore print">Spore print</a> is brown</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg/32px-Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg/48px-Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg/64px-Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="200" /></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right">Ecology is <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycorrhizal">mycorrhizal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mycomorphbox_Choice.png/32px-Mycomorphbox_Choice.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mycomorphbox_Choice.png/48px-Mycomorphbox_Choice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mycomorphbox_Choice.png/64px-Mycomorphbox_Choice.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right">Edibility is <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">choice</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> Boletus edulis (English: cep, penny bun, porcino or porcini) is a <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycete" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomycete">basidiomycete</a> fungus, and the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> of the genus <a href="/wiki/Boletus" title="Boletus">Boletus</a>. Widely distributed in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> across Europe, Asia, and North America, it does not occur naturally in the Southern Hemisphere, although it has been <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> to southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Brazil. Several closely related European mushrooms formerly thought to be <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> or <a href="/wiki/Form_(botany)" title="Form (botany)">forms</a> of B. edulis have been shown using <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">molecular phylogenetic</a> analysis to be distinct species, and others previously classed as separate species are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conspecific" class="extiw" title="wikt:conspecific">conspecific</a> with this species. The western North American species commonly known as the California king bolete (Boletus edulis var. grandedulis) is a large, darker-coloured variant first formally identified in 2007. The fungus grows in <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous forest">deciduous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coniferous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferous forest">coniferous forests</a> and tree <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a>, forming <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic">symbiotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza#Ectomycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">ectomycorrhizal</a> associations with living trees by enveloping the tree's underground roots with sheaths of fungal tissue. The fungus produces <a href="/wiki/Basidiospore" title="Basidiospore">spore</a>-bearing <a href="/wiki/Basidiocarp" title="Basidiocarp">fruit bodies</a> above ground in summer and autumn. The fruit body has a large brown <a href="/wiki/Pileus_(mycology)" title="Pileus (mycology)">cap</a> which on occasion can reach 30 cm (12 in), rarely 40 cm (16 in) in diameter and 3 kg (6 lb 10 oz) in weight. Like other <a href="/wiki/Bolete" title="Bolete">boletes</a>, it has tubes extending downward from the underside of the cap, rather than gills; spores escape at maturity through the tube openings, or pores. The pore surface of the B. edulis fruit body is whitish when young, but ages to a greenish-yellow. The stout <a href="/wiki/Stipe_(mycology)" title="Stipe (mycology)">stipe</a>, or stem, is white or yellowish in colour, up to 20 cm (8 in), rarely 30 cm (12 in) tall and 10 cm (4 in) thick, and partially covered with a raised network pattern, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reticulate" class="extiw" title="wikt:reticulate">reticulations</a>. Prized as an ingredient in various culinary dishes, B. edulis is an <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">edible mushroom</a> held in high regard in many cuisines, and is commonly prepared and eaten in <a href="/wiki/Soups" class="mw-redirect" title="Soups">soups</a>, pasta, or <a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">risotto</a>. The mushroom is low in fat and digestible <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, and high in <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">minerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary fibre">dietary fibre</a>. Although it is sold commercially, it is very difficult to <a href="/wiki/Fungiculture" title="Fungiculture">cultivate</a>. Available fresh in autumn throughout Europe and Russia, it is most often dried, packaged, and distributed worldwide. It keeps its flavour after drying, and it is then reconstituted and used in cooking. B. edulis is also one of the few fungi sold <a href="/wiki/Pickled" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickled">pickled</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulliard00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Side view of the head and upper body of a man wearing a dark jacket and white ruffled collar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bulliard00.jpg/220px-Bulliard00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bulliard00.jpg/330px-Bulliard00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bulliard00.jpg/440px-Bulliard00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Pierre Bulliard first described B. edulis in 1782.</figcaption></figure> Boletus edulis was first <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a> in 1782 by the French botanist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pierre_Bulliard" title="Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard">Pierre Bulliard</a> and still bears its original name.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The starting date of fungal <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> had been set as January 1, 1821, to coincide with the date of the works of the 'father of mycology', Swedish naturalist <a href="/wiki/Elias_Magnus_Fries" title="Elias Magnus Fries">Elias Magnus Fries</a>, which meant the name required sanction by Fries (indicated in the name by a colon) to be considered valid, as Bulliard's work preceded this date. It was thus written Boletus edulis Bull.:Fr. A 1987 revision of the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Botanical_Nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="International Code of Botanical Nomenclature">International Code of Botanical Nomenclature</a> set the starting date at May 1, 1753, the date of publication of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>' work, the <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Hence, the name no longer requires the ratification of Fries' authority. Early <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">alternate names</a> include Boletus solidus by English naturalist <a href="/wiki/James_Sowerby" title="James Sowerby">James Sowerby</a> in 1809,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Frederick_Gray" title="Samuel Frederick Gray">Gray's</a> Leccinum edule.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Gray's transfer of the species to Leccinum was later determined to be inconsistent with the rules of botanical <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">nomenclature</a>, and he apparently was unfamiliar with the earlier works of Fries when he published his arrangement of bolete species.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Boletus edulis is the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> of the genus <a href="/wiki/Boletus" title="Boletus">Boletus</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Singer" title="Rolf Singer">Rolf Singer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">classification</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Agaricales" title="Agaricales">Agaricales</a> mushrooms, it is also the type species of <a href="/wiki/Section_(botany)#Ranks_in_botany" title="Section (botany)">section</a> Boletus, a grouping of about 30 related boletes united by several characteristics: a mild-tasting, white <a href="/wiki/Trama_(mycology)" title="Trama (mycology)">flesh</a> that does not change colour when exposed to air; a smooth to distinctly raised, netted pattern over at least the uppermost portion of the stem; a yellow-brown or olive-brown <a href="/wiki/Spore_print" title="Spore print">spore print</a>; white tubes that later become yellowish then greenish, which initially appear to be stuffed with cotton; and <a href="/wiki/Cystidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystidia">cystidia</a> that are not strongly coloured.<a href="#cite_note-Singer1986-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular</a> analysis published in 1997 established that the bolete mushrooms are all <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">derived from a common ancestor</a>, and established the <a href="/wiki/Boletales" title="Boletales">Boletales</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> separate from the Agaricales.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">generic</a> name is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> term bōlētus "mushroom", which was borrowed in turn from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> βωλίτης, "terrestrial fungus".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Ultimately, this last word derives from bōlos/βῶλος "lump", "clod", and, metaphorically, "mushroom".<a href="#cite_note-Liddell_1980-12">[12]</a> The βωλίτης of <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, like the boletus of Latin writers like <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> is often identified as the much prized <a href="/wiki/Amanita_caesarea" title="Amanita caesarea">Amanita caesarea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ramsbottom53-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific name (botany)">specific epithet</a> edulis in Latin means "eatable" or "edible".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_names">Common names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Common names">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">Common names</a> for B. edulis vary by region. The standard Italian name, porcino (pl. porcini), means <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/porcine" class="extiw" title="wikt:porcine">porcine</a>;<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> fungo porcino, in Italian, echoes the term suilli, literally "hog mushrooms", a term used by the Ancient Romans<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and still in use in southern Italian terms for this species.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The derivation has been ascribed to the resemblance of young fruit bodies to piglets, or to the fondness pigs have for eating them.<a href="#cite_note-Carluccio03-19">[19]</a> It is also known as "king bolete".<a href="#cite_note-Zeitl76-20">[20]</a> The English <a href="/wiki/Penny_bun" title="Penny bun">penny bun</a> refers to its rounded brownish shape. The German name Steinpilz (stone mushroom) refers to the species' firm flesh.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In Austria, it is called Herrenpilz, the "noble mushroom",<a href="#cite_note-Carluccio03-19">[19]</a> while in Mexico, the Spanish name is panza, meaning "belly".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Another Spanish name, rodellon, means "small round boulder", while the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> name eekhoorntjesbrood means "squirrel's bread".<a href="#cite_note-Schalkwijk-Barendsen1991-23">[23]</a> Russian names are belyy grib (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1" class="extiw" title="ru:белый гриб">ru:белый гриб</a>; "white mushroom" as opposed to less valuable "black mushrooms") and borovik (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:боровик">ru:боровик</a>; from bor—"pine forest"). The vernacular name cep is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> cep or its French name cèpe, although the latter is a generic term applying to several related species. In France, it is more fully cèpe de Bordeaux, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a> cep "trunk" for its fat stalk,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> ultimately from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> cippus "stake".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Ceppatello, ceppatello buono, ceppatello bianco, giallo leonato, ghezzo, and moreccio are names from Italian dialects,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and ciurenys or surenys is another term in Catalan.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The French-born King <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV John of Sweden">Charles XIV John</a> popularised B. edulis in Sweden after 1818,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and is honoured in the local vernacular name Karljohanssvamp, as well as the Danish name Karl Johan svamp. The monarch cultivated the fungus about his residence, <a href="/wiki/Rosersberg_Palace" title="Rosersberg Palace">Rosersberg Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The Finnish name is herkkutatti, from herkku 'delicacy', and tatti, 'bolete'. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boletus_edulis_herkkutatti_halki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Both halves of a thick-stemmed bisected mushroom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Boletus_edulis_herkkutatti_halki.jpg/220px-Boletus_edulis_herkkutatti_halki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Boletus_edulis_herkkutatti_halki.jpg/330px-Boletus_edulis_herkkutatti_halki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Boletus_edulis_herkkutatti_halki.jpg/440px-Boletus_edulis_herkkutatti_halki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2871" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section showing white flesh, broad stem, and spore tubes on the underside of the cap</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Pileus_(mycology)" title="Pileus (mycology)">cap</a> of this mushroom is 7–30 cm (3–12 in) broad at maturity. Slightly sticky to touch, it is convex in shape when young and flattens with age. The colour is generally reddish-brown fading to white in areas near the margin, and continues to darken as it matures. The <a href="/wiki/Stipe_(mycology)" title="Stipe (mycology)">stipe</a>, or stem, is 8–25 cm (3–10 in) in height, and up to 7 cm (3 in) thick—rather large in comparison to the cap;<a href="#cite_note-Kozikowski1996-31">[31]</a> it is club-shaped, or bulges out in the middle. It is finely <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reticulate" class="extiw" title="wikt:reticulate">reticulate</a> on the upper portion, but smooth or irregularly ridged on the lower part. The under surface of the cap is made of thin tubes, the site of <a href="/wiki/Basidiospore" title="Basidiospore">spore</a> production; they are <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1 to 2 cm (1⁄2 to 3⁄4 in) deep, and whitish in colour when young, but mature to a greenish-yellow.<a href="#cite_note-Grund1976-32">[32]</a> The angular pores, which do not stain when bruised, are small—roughly 2 to 3 pores per millimetre.<a href="#cite_note-Tylutki1987II-33">[33]</a> In youth, the pores are white and appear as if stuffed with cotton (which are actually <a href="/wiki/Mycelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycelia">mycelia</a>); as they age, they change colour to yellow and later to brown. The spore print is olive brown. The flesh of the fruit body is white, thick and firm when young, but becomes somewhat spongy with age. When bruised or cut, it either does not change colour, or turns a very light brown or light red.<a href="#cite_note-Wang1995-34">[34]</a> Fully mature specimens can weigh about 1 kg (2 lb 3 oz); a huge specimen collected on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Isle of Skye</a>, Scotland, in 1995 bore a cap of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">42 cm (16+1⁄2 in), with a stipe 18 cm (7 in) in height and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">14 cm (5+1⁄2 in) wide, and weighed 3.2 kg (7 lb 1 oz).<a href="#cite_note-Kozikowski1996-31">[31]</a> A similarly sized specimen found in Poland in 2013 made international news.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:74px;max-width:74px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Boletus_edulis_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A brown-capped mushroom lying flat on the grass with a white or light-brown coloured stem that gradually gets thicker, so as to roughly resemble the shape of a club." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Boletus_edulis_%287%29.jpg/72px-Boletus_edulis_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Boletus_edulis_%287%29.jpg/108px-Boletus_edulis_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Boletus_edulis_%287%29.jpg/144px-Boletus_edulis_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Boletus_edulis_JPG9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A brown-capped mushroom with a short, stout stem that is thickest in the middle, and whose thickness approaches the width of the cap it supports." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boletus_edulis_JPG9.jpg/128px-Boletus_edulis_JPG9.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boletus_edulis_JPG9.jpg/192px-Boletus_edulis_JPG9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boletus_edulis_JPG9.jpg/256px-Boletus_edulis_JPG9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="1659" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Stem shape can range from club-shaped to centrally bulbous</div></div></div></div> Boletus edulis is considered one of the safest wild mushrooms to pick for the table, as few poisonous species closely resemble it, and those that do may be easily distinguished by careful examination.<a href="#cite_note-Carluccio03-19">[19]</a> The most similar poisonous mushroom may be the devil's bolete (<a href="/wiki/Rubroboletus_satanas" title="Rubroboletus satanas">Rubroboletus satanas</a>), which has a similar shape, but has a red stem and stains blue on bruising.<a href="#cite_note-Carluccio03-19">[19]</a> It is often confused with the very bitter and unpalatable <a href="/wiki/Tylopilus_felleus" title="Tylopilus felleus">Tylopilus felleus</a>, but can be distinguished by the reticulation on the stalk; in porcini, it is a whitish, net-like pattern on a brownish stalk, whereas it is a dark pattern on white in the latter. Porcini have whitish pores while the other has pink. If in doubt, tasting a tiny bit of flesh will yield a bitter taste.<a href="#cite_note-Carluccio03-19">[19]</a> It can also resemble the "bolete-like" <a href="/wiki/Gyroporus_castaneus" title="Gyroporus castaneus">Gyroporus castaneus</a>, which is generally smaller, and has a browner stem. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_huronensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boletus huronensis (page does not exist)">Boletus huronensis</a>, an uncommon mushroom of northeastern North America, is another recognized look-alike known to cause severe <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal disorder">gastrointestinal disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Basidiospore" title="Basidiospore">spores</a> are elliptical to spindle-shaped, with dimensions of 12–17 by 5–7 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Basidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidia">basidia</a>, the spore-bearing cells, are produced in a layer lining the tubes, and arrange themselves so their ends are facing the center of the tube; this layer of cells is known technically as a <a href="/wiki/Hymenium" title="Hymenium">hymenium</a>. The basidia are thin-walled, mostly attached to four spores, and measure 25–30 by 8–10 μm. Another cell type present in the hymenium is the cystidia, larger sterile cells that protrude beyond the basidia into the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> of the hymenium, and act as air traps, regulating humidity.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> B. edulis has pleurocystidia (cystidia located on the face of a pore) that are thin-walled, roughly spindle-shaped to <a href="/wiki/Ventricose" title="Ventricose">ventricose</a>, and measure 30–45 by 7–10 μm; the "stuffed" feature of the hymenium is caused by cheilocystidia—cells found on the edges of the pores.<a href="#cite_note-Grund1976-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hypha" title="Hypha">hyphae</a> of B. edulis do not have <a href="/wiki/Clamp_connection" title="Clamp connection">clamp connections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tylutki1987II-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_species">Related species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Related species">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Boletus_edulis_var._grandedulis_27911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mushroom with an orange-brown cap and a yellowish underside that somewhat resembles a sponge. The light-yellow stem is about half the thickness of the caps diameter. This mushroom is growing on the ground, surrounded by twigs, leaves, log and other forest floor debris." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Boletus_edulis_var._grandedulis_27911.jpg/100px-Boletus_edulis_var._grandedulis_27911.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Boletus_edulis_var._grandedulis_27911.jpg/150px-Boletus_edulis_var._grandedulis_27911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Boletus_edulis_var._grandedulis_27911.jpg/200px-Boletus_edulis_var._grandedulis_27911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">B. edulis var. grandedulis</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Boletus_regineus_28082.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mushroom with a reddish-brown cap that is curled upwards to reveal a cream-coloured porous underside that somewhat resembles a sponge. The thick stipe has a pinkish hue, and its thickness is a little less than half of the cap's diameter. The mushroom has been pulled from the ground and the end of its stipe is a whitish colour caused by hyphal tufts, and is embedded with dirt and other small twigs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Boletus_regineus_28082.jpg/100px-Boletus_regineus_28082.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Boletus_regineus_28082.jpg/150px-Boletus_regineus_28082.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Boletus_regineus_28082.jpg/200px-Boletus_regineus_28082.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">B. regineus</div></div></div></div></div> Several similar brownish-coloured species are sometimes considered subspecies or forms of this mushroom. In Europe, in addition to B. edulis (or cèpe de Bordeaux), the most popular are: <ul><li>Cèpe bronzé ("dark cep"; <a href="/wiki/Boletus_aereus" title="Boletus aereus">Boletus aereus</a>), much rarer than B. edulis, is more highly regarded by gourmets, and consequently more expensive. Usually smaller than B. edulis, it is also distinctively darker in colour.<a href="#cite_note-Carluccio03-19">[19]</a> It is especially suited to drying.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitl76-20">[20]</a></li> <li>Cèpe des pins ("pine tree cep"; <a href="/wiki/Boletus_pinophilus" title="Boletus pinophilus">Boletus pinophilus</a> or Boletus pinicola) grows among pine trees. Rarer than B. edulis, it is less appreciated by gourmets than the two other kinds of porcini, but remains a mushroom rated above most others.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitl76-20">[20]</a></li> <li>Cèpe d'été ("summer cep"; <a href="/wiki/Boletus_reticulatus" title="Boletus reticulatus">Boletus reticulatus</a>), also less common and found earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Carluccio03-19">[19]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">Molecular phylogenetic</a> analyses have proven these three are all distinctive and separate species;<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> other taxa formerly believed to be unique species or subspecies, such as B. betulicola, B. chippewaensis, B. persoonii, B. quercicola and B. venturii, are now known to be part of a B. edulis <a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">species complex</a> with a wide <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a>, ecological and geographic range,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-dent10-40">[40]</a> and that the genetic variability in this complex is low.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Similar molecular technology has been developed to rapidly and accurately identify B. edulis and other commercially important fungi.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Three divergent lineages found in Yunnan province in China that are commonly marketed and sold as B. edulis (and are actually more closely related to B. aereus) were described in 2013 as <a href="/wiki/Boletus_bainiugan" title="Boletus bainiugan">B. bainiugan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boletus_meiweiniuganjun" class="mw-redirect" title="Boletus meiweiniuganjun">B. meiweiniuganjun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boletus_shiyong" title="Boletus shiyong">B. shiyong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dentinger_2013-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dentinger_2014-45">[45]</a> The classification has since been updated and expanded. All lineages are still members of Boletus sect. Boletus, the sensu sticto "porcini clade" of the genus.<a href="#cite_note-Cui2016-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boletus_rex-veris_42967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of three mushrooms with reddish-brown caps, bright yellow porous undersides, and thick white stipes. They are growing on the ground in soil covered with pine needles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Boletus_rex-veris_42967.jpg/220px-Boletus_rex-veris_42967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Boletus_rex-veris_42967.jpg/330px-Boletus_rex-veris_42967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Boletus_rex-veris_42967.jpg/440px-Boletus_rex-veris_42967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>B. rex-veris</figcaption></figure> Western North America has several species closely related to B. edulis. The white king bolete (<a href="/wiki/Boletus_barrowsii" title="Boletus barrowsii">Boletus barrowsii</a>), found in parts of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, and California (and possibly elsewhere), is named after its discoverer Chuck Barrows.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> It is lighter in colour than B. edulis, having a cream-coloured cap with pink tones;<a href="#cite_note-Miller2006-48">[48]</a> often mycorrhizal with <a href="/wiki/Ponderosa_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponderosa pine">Ponderosa pine</a>, it tends to grow in areas where there is less rainfall. Some find its flavour as good as if not better than B. edulis.<a href="#cite_note-Evenson-49">[49]</a> The California king bolete (Boletus edulis var. grandedulis) can reach massive proportions, and is distinguished from B. edulis by a mature pore surface that is brown to slightly reddish. The cap colour appears to be affected by the amount of light received during its development, and may range from white in young specimens grown under thick <a href="/wiki/Forest_canopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest canopy">canopy</a>, to dark-brown, red-brown or yellow brown in those specimens receiving more light.<a href="#cite_note-eb1-50">[50]</a> The queen bolete (<a href="/wiki/Boletus_regineus" title="Boletus regineus">Boletus regineus</a>), formerly considered a variety of B. aereus, is also a choice edible. It is generally smaller than B. edulis, and unlike that species, is typically found in <a href="/wiki/Mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed forest">mixed forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urlCalifornia_Fungi:_Boletus_regineus-51">[51]</a> The spring king bolete (<a href="/wiki/Boletus_rex-veris" title="Boletus rex-veris">Boletus rex-veris</a>), formerly considered a variety of B. edulis or B. pinophilus, is found throughout western North America. In contrast to B. edulis, B. rex-veris tends to fruit in clusters, and, as its common name suggests, appears in the spring.<a href="#cite_note-urlCalifornia_Fungi:_Boletus_rex-veris-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boletus_fibrillosus" title="Boletus fibrillosus">B. fibrillosus</a> is edible but considered inferior in taste.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat_and_distribution">Habitat and distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Habitat and distribution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boletus_edulis_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mushroom with a brown smooth cap the shape of a halved sphere, atop a thick, dirty white stipe. The mushroom is growing on a sloping patch of ground amongst moss, twigs and other forest debris; trees can be faintly seen in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Boletus_edulis_11.jpg/170px-Boletus_edulis_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Boletus_edulis_11.jpg/255px-Boletus_edulis_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Boletus_edulis_11.jpg/340px-Boletus_edulis_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>In Lithuania</figcaption></figure> The fruit bodies of Boletus edulis can grow singly or in small clusters of two or three specimens. The mushroom's habitat consists of areas dominated by pine (<a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">Pinus</a> spp.), spruce (<a href="/wiki/Picea" class="mw-redirect" title="Picea">Picea</a> spp.), hemlock (<a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">Tsuga</a> spp.) and fir (<a href="/wiki/Abies" class="mw-redirect" title="Abies">Abies</a> spp.) trees, although other hosts include <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysolepis" title="Chrysolepis">chinquapin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keteleeria" title="Keteleeria">Keteleeria</a> spp., <a href="/wiki/Lithocarpus" title="Lithocarpus">Lithocarpus</a> spp., and <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>. In California, porcini have been collected in a variety of forests, such as coastal forests, dry interior oak forests and <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a> and interior high-elevation <a href="/wiki/Montane_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane forest">montane</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed forest">mixed forests</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hall1998-54">[54]</a> to an altitude of 3,500 m (11,500 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Hall2003-55">[55]</a> In northwestern Spain, they are common in <a href="/wiki/Scrubland" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrubland">scrublands</a> dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Cistaceae" title="Cistaceae">rock rose</a> species <a href="/wiki/Cistus_ladanifer" title="Cistus ladanifer">Cistus ladanifer</a> and Halimium lasianthum.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">the Midi region of south-west France</a>, they are especially favoured and locally called cèpe de Bordeaux after the town from which they are traded to the north and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Boletus edulis has a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a>, concentrated in cool-<a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> regions.<a href="#cite_note-Hall1998-54">[54]</a> It is common in Europe—from northern Scandinavia, south to the extremities of Greece and Italy—and North America, where its southern range extends as far south as Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-Wang1995-34">[34]</a> It is well known from the <a href="/wiki/Borgotaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Borgotaro">Borgotaro</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, Italy, and has <a href="/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin" title="Protected designation of origin">PGI</a> status there. The European distribution extends north to Scandinavia and south to southern Italy and Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-Hall1998-54">[54]</a> In the American <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, it can be found from May to October.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In China, the mushroom can be found from the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guizhou_Plateau" title="Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau">Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wang1995-34">[34]</a> It has been recorded growing under Pinus and Tsuga in <a href="/wiki/Sagarmatha_National_Park" title="Sagarmatha National Park">Sagarmatha National Park</a> in Nepal,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> as well as in the Indian forests of <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In West Asia, the species has been reported from the northwest forests of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultivation">edit</a>]</div> Some steps have been made towards cultivating Boletus edulis,<a href="#cite_note-Wang2014-62">[62]</a> including mycorrhization of <a href="/wiki/Cistus_ladanifer" title="Cistus ladanifer">rockrose</a> shrubs enhanced by helper bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-Mediavilla2015-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-native_introductions">Non-native introductions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non-native introductions">edit</a>]</div> Boletus edulis grows in some areas where it is not believed to be <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">indigenous</a>. It is often found underneath oak and <a href="/wiki/Betula_pendula" title="Betula pendula">silver birch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hagley_Park,_Christchurch" title="Hagley Park, Christchurch">Hagley Park</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, New Zealand, where it is likely to have been <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a>,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> probably on the roots of container-grown beech, birch, and oak in the mid-19th century—around the time exotic trees began to be planted in the Christchurch area.<a href="#cite_note-Wang1995-34">[34]</a> Similarly, it has been collected in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills" title="Adelaide Hills">Adelaide Hills</a> region of Australia in association with three species of introduced trees.<a href="#cite_note-Catcheside_2011-65">[65]</a> It has been growing plentifully in association with pine forests in the southern <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="KwaZulu-Natal Midlands">KwaZulu-Natal Midlands</a> in South Africa for more than 50 years and is believed to have been introduced with the import of pine trees.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> It also grows in pine plantations in neighboring Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-Masuka1996-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_radiata_HuckleberryHill1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="About half a dozen pine trees with upward-pointing branches 15 to 30 metres in height with green needles. The upper half of the background is blue sky." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pinus_radiata_HuckleberryHill1.jpg/200px-Pinus_radiata_HuckleberryHill1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pinus_radiata_HuckleberryHill1.jpg/300px-Pinus_radiata_HuckleberryHill1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pinus_radiata_HuckleberryHill1.jpg/400px-Pinus_radiata_HuckleberryHill1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">B. edulis is <a href="/wiki/Ectomycorrhizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectomycorrhizal">ectomycorrhizal</a> and may co-occur with Pinus radiata</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of three mushrooms, ranging in size from small to large, with red caps dotted with white warts, and white stems. The largest of the three has a droopy skirt hanging from the upper portion of its stem. The mushrooms are growing in the ground, surrounded by fallen brown leaves, green grass, and a dark green bush in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg/200px-Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg/300px-Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg/400px-Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">and <a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruit_body_production">Fruit body production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fruit body production">edit</a>]</div> Italian folklore holds that porcini sprout up at the time of the new moon;<a href="#cite_note-Carluccio03-19">[19]</a> research studies have tried to investigate more scientifically the factors that influence the production of fruit bodies. Although fruit bodies may appear any time from summer to autumn (June to November in the UK), their growth is known to be triggered by rainfall during warm periods of weather followed by frequent autumn rain with a drop in soil temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Hall1998-54">[54]</a> Above average rainfall may result in the rapid appearance of large numbers of boletes, in what is known in some circles as a "bolete year".<a href="#cite_note-Nilper-69">[69]</a> A 2004 <a href="/wiki/Field_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Field study">field study</a> indicated that fruit body production is enhanced by an open and sunny wood habitat,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> corroborating an earlier observation made in a Zimbabwean study;<a href="#cite_note-Masuka1996-68">[68]</a> removal of the litter layer on the <a href="/wiki/Forest_floor" title="Forest floor">forest floor</a> appeared to have a negative effect on fruit body production, but previous studies reported contradictory results.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> A Lithuanian study conducted in 2001 concluded that the maximal daily growth rate of the cap (about 21 mm or 0.8 in) occurred when the <a href="/wiki/Relative_air_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative air humidity">relative air humidity</a> was the greatest, and the fruit bodies ceased growing when the air humidity dropped below 40%. Factors most likely to inhibit the appearance of fruit bodies included prolonged drought, inadequate air and soil humidity, sudden decreases of night air temperatures, and the appearance of the first <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Plots facing north tend to produce more mushrooms compared to equivalent plots facing south.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mycorrhizal_associations">Mycorrhizal associations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mycorrhizal associations">edit</a>]</div> Boletus edulis is <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhizal</a>—it is in a <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a> relationship with the roots of plants (hosts), in which the fungus exchanges <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and other nutrients extracted from the environment for <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">fixed carbon</a> from the host. Other benefits for the plant are evident: in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Castanea_mollissima" title="Castanea mollissima">Chinese chestnut</a>, the formation of mycorrhizae with B. edulis increases the ability of plant seedlings to resist <a href="/wiki/Moisture_stress" title="Moisture stress">water stress</a>, and increases leaf <a href="/wiki/Succulent_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Succulent plants">succulence</a>, leaf area, and water-holding ability.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The fungus forms a sheath of tissue around terminal, nutrient-absorbing root tips, often inducing a high degree of branching in the tips of the host, and penetrating into the root tissue, forming, to some mycologists, the defining feature of ectomycorrhizal relationships, a <a href="/wiki/Hartig_net" title="Hartig net">hartig net</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-76">[76]</a> The ectomycorrhizal fungi are then able to exchange nutrients with the plant, effectively expanding the root system of the host plant to the furthest reaches of the symbiont fungi.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-76">[76]</a> Compatible hosts may belong to multiple families of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> that are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere; according to one 1995 estimate, there are at least 30 host plant species distributed over more than 15 genera.<a href="#cite_note-Wang1995-34">[34]</a> Examples of mycorrhizal associates include <a href="/wiki/Pinus_massoniana" title="Pinus massoniana">Chinese red pine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pinus_patula" title="Pinus patula">Mexican weeping pine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scots_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots pine">Scots pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picea_abies" title="Picea abies">Norway spruce</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii">Coast Douglas-fir</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pinus_mugo" title="Pinus mugo">mountain pine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinus_virginiana" title="Pinus virginiana">Virginia pine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The fungus has also been shown to associate with <a href="/wiki/Cistus_ladanifer" title="Cistus ladanifer">gum rockrose</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_species" title="Pioneer species">pioneer</a> early stage shrub that is adapted for growth in degraded areas, such as burned forests.<a href="#cite_note-Agueda2008-83">[83]</a> These and other <a href="/wiki/Cistus" title="Cistus">rockrose</a> species are ecologically important as fungal reservoirs, maintaining an inoculum of mycorrhizal fungi for trees that appear later in the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">forest regrowth cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The mushroom has been noted to often co-occur with <a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amanita_rubescens" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita rubescens">A. rubescens</a>, although it is unclear whether this is due to a biological association between the species, or because of similarities in growing season, habitat, and ecological requirements.<a href="#cite_note-Hall1998-54">[54]</a> An association has also been reported between B. edulis and <a href="/wiki/Amanita_excelsa_var._spissa" title="Amanita excelsa var. spissa">Amanita excelsa</a> on <a href="/wiki/Pinus_radiata" title="Pinus radiata">Pinus radiata</a> ectomycorrhizae in New Zealand, suggesting that other fungi may influence the life cycle of porcini.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> A 2007 field study revealed little correlation between the abundance of fruit bodies and presence of its mycelia below ground, even when soil samples were taken from directly beneath the mushroom; the study concluded that the triggers leading to formation of mycorrhizae and production of the fruit bodies were more complex.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy-metal_contamination">Heavy-metal contamination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Heavy-metal contamination">edit</a>]</div> Boletus edulis is known to be able to tolerate and even thrive on soil that is contaminated with toxic heavy metals, such as soil that might be found near <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">metal smelters</a>. The mushroom's resistance to heavy-<a href="/wiki/Metal_toxicity" title="Metal toxicity">metal toxicity</a> is conferred by a biochemical called a <a href="/wiki/Phytochelatin" title="Phytochelatin">phytochelatin</a>—an <a href="/wiki/Oligopeptide" title="Oligopeptide">oligopeptide</a> whose production is induced after exposure to metal.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Phytochelatins are <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelating agents</a>, capable of forming <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">multiple bonds</a> with the metal; in this state, the metal cannot normally react with other elements or ions and is stored in a detoxified form in the mushroom tissue. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_predators">Pests and predators</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pests and predators">edit</a>]</div> The fruit bodies of B. edulis can be infected by the parasitic mould-like fungus <a href="/wiki/Hypomyces_chrysospermus" title="Hypomyces chrysospermus">Hypomyces chrysospermus</a>, known as the bolete eater, which manifests itself as a white, yellow, or reddish-brown cottony layer over the surface of the mushroom.<a href="#cite_note-urlHypomyces_chrysospermus_(MushroomExpert.Com)-88">[88]</a> Some reported cases of <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">stomach ache</a> following consumption of dried porcini have been attributed to the presence of this mould on the fruit bodies.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The mushroom is also used as a food source by several species of mushroom flies,<a href="#cite_note-Hall1998-54">[54]</a> as well as other insects and their <a href="/wiki/Larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Larvae">larvae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> An unidentified species of virus was reported to have infected specimens found in the Netherlands and in Italy; fruit bodies affected by the virus had relatively thick stems and small or no caps, leading to the name "little-cap disease".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Boletus edulis is a food source for animals such as the <a href="/wiki/Banana_slug" title="Banana slug">banana slug</a> (Ariolimax columbianus),<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Long-haired_grass_mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-haired grass mouse">long-haired grass mouse</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Red_squirrel" title="Red squirrel">red squirrel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and, as noted in one isolated report, the <a href="/wiki/Fox_sparrow" title="Fox sparrow">fox sparrow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary_uses">Culinary uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culinary uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porcini_mushroom_soup_in_breadbowl_poland_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Porcini_mushroom_soup_in_breadbowl_poland_2010.JPG/220px-Porcini_mushroom_soup_in_breadbowl_poland_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Porcini_mushroom_soup_in_breadbowl_poland_2010.JPG/330px-Porcini_mushroom_soup_in_breadbowl_poland_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Porcini_mushroom_soup_in_breadbowl_poland_2010.JPG/440px-Porcini_mushroom_soup_in_breadbowl_poland_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption>A porcini mushroom and noodle soup served in a bread bowl at a Polish restaurant</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penny_bun_sandwich_at_Nordiska_Museet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Penny_bun_sandwich_at_Nordiska_Museet.jpg/220px-Penny_bun_sandwich_at_Nordiska_Museet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Penny_bun_sandwich_at_Nordiska_Museet.jpg/330px-Penny_bun_sandwich_at_Nordiska_Museet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Penny_bun_sandwich_at_Nordiska_Museet.jpg/440px-Penny_bun_sandwich_at_Nordiska_Museet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A porcini mushroom sandwich in Stockholm, Sweden</figcaption></figure> Boletus edulis, as the species <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name#Components_of_plant_names" title="Botanical name">epithet</a> edulis (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: edible) indicates, is an edible mushroom. Italian chef and restaurateur <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Carluccio" title="Antonio Carluccio">Antonio Carluccio</a> has described it as representing "the wild mushroom par excellence", and hails it as the most rewarding of all fungi in the kitchen for its taste and versatility.<a href="#cite_note-Carluccio03-19">[19]</a> Considered a choice edible, particularly in France, Germany, Poland and Italy,<a href="#cite_note-Zeitl76-20">[20]</a> it was widely written about by the Roman writers <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> and Martial, although ranked below the esteemed <a href="/wiki/Amanita_caesarea" title="Amanita caesarea">Amanita caesarea</a>. When he was served suilli<a href="#cite_note-98">[a]</a> instead of boleti,<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> the disgruntled Martial wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">sunt tibi boleti; fungos ego sumo suillos (Ep. iii. 60) ("You eat the choice boletus, I have mushrooms that swine grub up.")<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></blockquote> The flavour of porcini has been described as nutty and slightly meaty, with a smooth, creamy texture, and a distinctive aroma reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Sourdough" title="Sourdough">sourdough</a>. Young, small porcini are most appreciated, as the large ones often harbour <a href="/wiki/Maggot" title="Maggot">maggots</a> (insect larvae), and become slimy, soft and less tasty with age. The fruit bodies are collected by holding the stipe near the base and twisting gently. Cutting the stipe with a knife may risk the part left behind rotting and the mycelium being destroyed. Peeling and washing are not recommended.<a href="#cite_note-Carluccio03-19">[19]</a> The fruit bodies are highly <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">perishable</a>, due largely to the high water content (around 90%), the high level of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> activity, and the presence of a flora of microorganisms.<a href="#cite_note-Jaworska2008-101">[100]</a> Caution should be exercised when collecting specimens from potentially polluted or <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">contaminated</a> sites, as several studies have shown that the fruit bodies can <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulate</a> toxic heavy metals like <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Bioaccumulated metals or <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radioactive fission decay products</a> are like chemical signatures: <a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">radiochemical</a> analysis can be used to identify the origin of imported specimens,<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> and for long-term <a href="/wiki/Radioecology" title="Radioecology">radioecological</a> monitoring of polluted areas.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Porcini are sold fresh in markets in summer and autumn in Europe and Russia, and dried or canned at other times of the year, and distributed worldwide to countries where they are not otherwise found.<a href="#cite_note-Lamaison05-108">[107]</a> They are eaten and enjoyed raw, sautéed with butter, ground into pasta, in soups, and in many other dishes. In France, they are used in recipes such as cèpes à la Bordelaise, cèpe frits and cèpe aux tomates.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Porcini <a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">risotto</a> is a traditional Italian autumn dish.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Porcini are a feature of many cuisines, including <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provençal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Viennese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> they are used in soups and consumed blanched in salads.<a href="#cite_note-Solomon-113">[112]</a> Porcini can also be frozen, either while raw or after cooking in butter. The colour, aroma, and taste of porcini deteriorate noticeably after being frozen for four months. <a href="/wiki/Blanching_(cooking)" title="Blanching (cooking)">Blanching</a> (or soaking and blanching) as a processing step before freezing can extend the freezer life to 12 months.<a href="#cite_note-Jaworska2008-101">[100]</a> They are also one of the few species sold commercially as <a href="/wiki/Pickled_mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickled mushrooms">pickled mushrooms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dried">Dried</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dried">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pile_of_Porcini-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A heaped pile of dried sliced mushrooms on a large plate. A sign near the back of the plate reads "Fungo di Borgotaro I.G.P."; another sign at the front reads "Prezzo speciale di Fiera. 3 Etti 18,00". An electronic scale is partially visible on a table behind the mushrooms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pile_of_Porcini-2.jpg/220px-Pile_of_Porcini-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pile_of_Porcini-2.jpg/330px-Pile_of_Porcini-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pile_of_Porcini-2.jpg/440px-Pile_of_Porcini-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption>A pile of dried porcini at the <a href="/wiki/Borgotaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Borgotaro">Borgotaro</a> porcino festival in Italy</figcaption></figure> Boletus edulis is well suited to drying—its flavour intensifies, it is easily reconstituted, and its resulting texture is pleasant.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Reconstitution is done by soaking in hot, but not boiling, water for about twenty minutes; the water used is infused with the mushroom aroma and it too can be used in subsequent cooking. Dried porcini have more protein than most other commonly consumed vegetables, apart from <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>. Some of their protein is indigestible, though digestibility is improved with cooking.<a href="#cite_note-Arora86-116">[115]</a> Like other boletes, porcini can be dried by being strung separately on twine and hung close to the ceiling of a kitchen. Alternatively, the mushrooms can be dried by cleaning with a brush (washing is not recommended), and then placing them in a wicker basket or <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_steamer" title="Bamboo steamer">bamboo steamer</a> on top of a boiler or hot water tank.<a href="#cite_note-Carluccio97-117">[116]</a> Another method is drying in an oven at 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F) for two to three hours, then increasing the temperature to 50 °C (122 °F) until crisp or brittle.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Once dry, they must be kept in an airtight container.<a href="#cite_note-Carluccio97-117">[116]</a> Importantly for commercial production, porcini retain their flavour after industrial preparation in a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">pressure cooker</a> or after canning or bottling, and are thus useful for manufacturers of soups or stews. The addition of a few pieces of dried porcino can significantly add to flavour, and they are a major ingredient of the pasta sauce known as carrettiera (carter's sauce).<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> The drying process is known to induce the formation of various <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile substances</a> that contribute to the mushroom's aroma. Chemical analysis has shown that the odour of the dried mushroom is a complex mixture of 53 volatile compounds.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19845295-120">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_harvest">Commercial harvest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Commercial harvest">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steinpilz_2006_08_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Approximately two dozen brown-capped, white or light-brown stemmed mushrooms of various sizes in a brown bowl." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Steinpilz_2006_08_3.jpg/220px-Steinpilz_2006_08_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Steinpilz_2006_08_3.jpg/330px-Steinpilz_2006_08_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Steinpilz_2006_08_3.jpg/440px-Steinpilz_2006_08_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1446" /></a><figcaption>Porcini can vary considerably in size.</figcaption></figure> A 1998 estimate suggested that the total annual worldwide consumption of Boletus edulis and closely related species (B. aereus, B. pinophilus, and B. reticulatus) was between 20,000 and 100,000 tons.<a href="#cite_note-Hall1998-54">[54]</a> Approximately 2,700 tonnes (3,000 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">tons</a>) were sold in France, Italy and Germany in 1988, according to official figures. The true amount consumed far exceeds this, as the official sales figures did not account for informal sales or consumption by collectors.<a href="#cite_note-Hall2003-55">[55]</a> They are widely exported and sold in dried form, reaching countries where they do not occur naturally, such as Australia and New Zealand. The autonomous community of <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a> in Spain produces 7,700 tonnes (8,500 tons) annually.<a href="#cite_note-Agueda2008-83">[83]</a> In autumn, the price of porcini in the Northern Hemisphere typically ranges between $20 and $80 per kilogram, although in New York in 1997 the wholesale price rose to more than $200 per kilogram due to scarcity.<a href="#cite_note-Hall2003-55">[55]</a> In the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Borgo_Val_di_Taro" title="Borgo Val di Taro">Borgotaro</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Parma" title="Province of Parma">Province of Parma</a> of northern Italy, the four species Boletus edulis, B. aereus, B. aestivalis and B. pinophilus have been recognised for their superior taste and officially termed Fungo di Borgotaro. Here these mushrooms have been collected for centuries and exported commercially. Owing to the globalisation of the mushroom trade most of the porcini commercially available in Italy or exported by Italy no longer originate there. Porcini and other mushrooms are also imported into Italy from various locations, especially China and eastern European countries; these are then often re-exported under the "Italian porcini" label.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boa2004-122">[121]</a> In Italy the disconnect with local production has had an adverse effect on quality; for example in the 1990s some of the dried porcino mushrooms exported to Italy from China contained species of genus <a href="/wiki/Tylopilus" title="Tylopilus">Tylopilus</a>, which are rather similar in appearance and when dried are difficult for both mushroom labourers and mycologists alike to distinguish from Boletus. Tylopilus species typically have a very bitter taste, which is imparted to the flavour of the porcini with which they are mixed.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">fall of the Iron Curtain</a> and the subsequent reduction of economic and political barriers, central and eastern European countries with local mushroom harvesting traditions, such as Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia, developed into exporters of porcini, concentrating primarily on the Italian market.<a href="#cite_note-Boa2004-122">[121]</a> Porcini and other wild fungi from these countries are also destined for France, Germany and other western European markets, where demand for them exists but collection on a commercial scale does not.<a href="#cite_note-Boa2004-122">[121]</a> Picking B. edulis has become an annual seasonal income earner and pastime in countries like <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, especially for many <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> communities and the <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-belogradchik-124">[123]</a> A lack of control of the harvest has led to heavy exploitation of the mushroom resource.<a href="#cite_note-worldwildlife-125">[124]</a> Like many other strictly mycorrhizal fungi, B. edulis has eluded cultivation attempts for years.<a href="#cite_note-Arora86-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang2014-62">[62]</a> The results of some studies suggest that unknown components of the soil microflora might be required for B. edulis to establish a mycorrhizal relationship with the host plant.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Successful attempts at cultivating B. edulis have been made by Spanish scientists by mycorrhization of Cistus species,<a href="#cite_note-Wang2014-62">[62]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_fluorescens" title="Pseudomonas fluorescens">Pseudomonas fluorescens</a> bacteria helping the mycorrhiza.<a href="#cite_note-Mediavilla2015-63">[63]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Boletus edulis, fresh<a href="#cite_note-Caglarlrmak2002-130">[129]</a></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">342.4 kJ (81.8 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">9.23 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.70 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">7.39 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 0.105 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 0.092 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">38%</div> 6.07 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">53%</div> 2.64 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.051 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">73%</div> 290 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 4.21 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 1.195 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">87%</div> 0.786 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.739 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 22.26 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 203.3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">38%</div> 4.172 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-131">[130]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-132">[131]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nutrition">edit</a>]</div> Boletus edulis mushrooms are 9% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 3% fat, and 7% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> (table). Fresh mushrooms consist of over 80% moisture,<a href="#cite_note-Ouzouni2006-133">[132]</a> although reported values tend to differ somewhat as moisture content can be affected by environmental temperature and <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> during growth and storage.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The carbohydrate component contains the <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharides</a> <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannitol" title="Mannitol">mannitol</a> and α,α-<a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">trehalose</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharide</a> <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>, and the water-insoluble structural polysaccharide <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>, which accounts for up to 80–90% of dry matter in mushroom <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a>. Chitin, <a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a>-like carbohydrates—all indigestible by humans—contribute to the high proportion of insoluble fibre in B. edulis.<a href="#cite_note-Kalac2009-135">[134]</a> The total <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a>, or crude fat, content makes up 3% of the dry matter of the mushroom. The proportion of <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> (expressed as a % of total fatty acids) are: <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a> 42%, <a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a> 36%, <a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a> 10%, and <a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">stearic acid</a> 3%.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> A comparative study of the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> composition of eleven Portuguese wild edible mushroom species showed Boletus edulis to have the highest total amino acid content.<a href="#cite_note-Ribeiro2008b-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> B. edulis mushrooms are rich in the <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">dietary minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, iron, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, with amounts varying according to the mushroom component and to soil composition in the geographic region of China where they were sampled.<a href="#cite_note-Kalac2009-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Su-139">[138]</a> They also have high content of <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">tocopherols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jaworska-140">[139]</a> B. edulis contains appreciable amounts of <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Trace_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace mineral">trace mineral</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> although the <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> of mushroom-derived selenium is low.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phytochemicals_and_research">Phytochemicals and research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Phytochemicals and research">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phytochelatin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeletal formula depicting the amino acids cysteine and glycine joined in a peptide bond, with free carboxy and amino groups at either end of the peptide chain. Parentheses around the peptide bond indicate a variable number of amino acids are involved." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Phytochelatin.svg/220px-Phytochelatin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Phytochelatin.svg/330px-Phytochelatin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Phytochelatin.svg/440px-Phytochelatin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Phytochelatins give B. edulis resistance to toxic heavy metals like <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>.</figcaption></figure> Boletus edulis fruit bodies contain diverse <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>, including 500 mg of <a href="/wiki/Ergosterol" title="Ergosterol">ergosterol</a> per 100 g of dried mushroom,<a href="#cite_note-Mattilla2002-143">[142]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ergothioneine" title="Ergothioneine">ergothioneine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The fruit bodies contain numerous <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a>, especially a high content of <a href="/wiki/Rosmarinic_acid" title="Rosmarinic acid">rosmarinic acid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Vamanu-145">[144]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organic_acid" title="Organic acid">organic acids</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Oxalic_acid" title="Oxalic acid">oxalic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">malic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Succinic_acid" title="Succinic acid">succinic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fumaric_acid" title="Fumaric acid">fumaric acids</a>),<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aroma">Aroma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aroma">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Aroma</a> compounds giving B. edulis mushrooms their characteristic fragrance include some 100 components, such as <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-csoka-148">[147]</a> In a study of aroma compounds, <a href="/wiki/1-octen-3-one" class="mw-redirect" title="1-octen-3-one">1-octen-3-one</a> was the most prevalent chemical detected in raw mushrooms, with <a href="/wiki/Pyrazine" title="Pyrazine">pyrazines</a> having increased aroma effect and elevated content after drying.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Boletus_species" title="List of Boletus species">List of Boletus species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_boletes" title="List of North American boletes">List of North American boletes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boletus_edulis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> Footnotes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> The term suilli was also thought to encompass the related <a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Leccinum scabrum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn-1"><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDahlberg,_A.2022" class="citation journal cs1">Dahlberg, A. (2022) [errata version of 2019 assessment]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/122090234/222968388">"Boletus edulis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2019: e.T122090234A222968388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T122090234A222968388.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T122090234A222968388.en</a>. Retrieved 2 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Boletus+edulis&rft.volume=2019&rft.pages=e.T122090234A222968388&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T122090234A222968388.en&rft.au=Dahlberg%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F122090234%2F222968388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlMycoBank:_Boletus_edulis-2"><a href="#cite_ref-urlMycoBank:_Boletus_edulis_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=356530">"Boletus edulis Bull. 1782"</a>. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MycoBank&rft.atitle=Boletus+edulis+Bull.+1782&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mycobank.org%2FMycoTaxo.aspx%3FLink%3DT%26Rec%3D356530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulliard_JBF.1782" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bulliard JBF. (1782). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/herbierdelafranc4996bull#page/22/mode/2up">Herbier de la France. Vol 2</a> (in French). Paris, France: P.F. Didot. pp. 49–96, plate 60. Retrieved 2009-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbier+de+la+France.+Vol+2&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=49-96%2C+plate+60&rft.pub=P.F.+Didot&rft.date=1782&rft.au=Bulliard+JBF.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fherbierdelafranc4996bull%23page%2F22%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsserLemke1994" class="citation book cs1">Esser K, Lemke PA (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mossflorabritain00libg">The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research</a>. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mossflorabritain00libg/page/n93">81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-66493-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-66493-9"><bdi>3-540-66493-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mycota%3A+A+Comprehensive+Treatise+on+Fungi+as+Experimental+Systems+for+Basic+and+Applied+Research&rft.place=Heidelberg%2C+Germany&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=3-540-66493-9&rft.aulast=Esser&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Lemke%2C+PA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmossflorabritain00libg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowerby_J.1809" class="citation book cs1">Sowerby J. (1809). Coloured Figures of English Fungi. Vol. 4. London: J. Davis. p. 199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coloured+Figures+of+English+Fungi&rft.place=London&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=J.+Davis&rft.date=1809&rft.au=Sowerby+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> This entire work is <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Coloured_Figures_of_English_Fungi_or_Mushrooms" class="extiw" title="commons:Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms">available in Commons here</a>, but the reference is to plate 419 with textual description on page 697. Sowerby described the same modern species as B. edulis on plate 111 (description on page 57). </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray_SF.1821" class="citation book cs1">Gray SF. (1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g-EYAAAAYAAJ&q=A%20natural%20arrangement%20of%20British%20plants%20Gray%201821&pg=PA647">A Natural Arrangement of British Plants</a>. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, Paternoster-Row. p. 647. Retrieved 2009-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+Arrangement+of+British+Plants&rft.place=London&rft.pages=647&rft.pub=Baldwin%2C+Cradock%2C+and+Joy%2C+Paternoster-Row&rft.date=1821&rft.au=Gray+SF.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg-EYAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DA%2520natural%2520arrangement%2520of%2520British%2520plants%2520Gray%25201821%26pg%3DPA647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠutara_J.1985" class="citation journal cs1">Šutara J. (1985). "Leccinum and the question of superfluous names (Fungi: Boletaceae)". Taxon. 34 (4): 678–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1222214">10.2307/1222214</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1222214">1222214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=Leccinum+and+the+question+of+superfluous+names+%28Fungi%3A+Boletaceae%29&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=678-86&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1222214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1222214%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=%C5%A0utara+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singer1986-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Singer1986_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger_R.1986" class="citation book cs1">Singer R. (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (4th rev. ed.). Koenigstein, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. p. 779. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87429-254-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-87429-254-1"><bdi>3-87429-254-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Agaricales+in+Modern+Taxonomy&rft.place=Koenigstein%2C+Germany&rft.pages=779&rft.edition=4th+rev.&rft.pub=Koeltz+Scientific+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=3-87429-254-1&rft.au=Singer+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithThiers1971" class="citation book cs1">Smith AH, Thiers HD (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=fung1tc;cc=fung1tc;idno=agk0838.0001.001;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=229;page=root;size=s">The Boletes of Michigan</a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 221. Retrieved 2010-12-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boletes+of+Michigan&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=AH&rft.au=Thiers%2C+HD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dfung1tc%3Bcc%3Dfung1tc%3Bidno%3Dagk0838.0001.001%3Bfrm%3Dframeset%3Bview%3Dimage%3Bseq%3D229%3Bpage%3Droot%3Bsize%3Ds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinderBeslBresinsky1997" class="citation journal cs1">Binder M, Besl H, Bresinsky A (1997). "Agaricales oder Boletales? Molekularbiologische Befunde zur Zuordnung einiger umstrittener Taxa". Zeitschrift für Mykologie. 63: 189–196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Mykologie&rft.atitle=Agaricales+oder+Boletales%3F+Molekularbiologische+Befunde+zur+Zuordnung+einiger+umstrittener+Taxa&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=189-196&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Besl%2C+H&rft.au=Bresinsky%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson_DP.1979" class="citation book cs1">Simpson DP. (1979) [1854]. Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-52257-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-52257-0"><bdi>0-304-52257-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Latin+Dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.pages=78&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Cassell+Ltd&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-304-52257-0&rft.au=Simpson+DP.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liddell_1980-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Liddell_1980_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddell_HG,_Scott_R.1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell HG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott R.</a> (1980). <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> (Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-910207-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-910207-4"><bdi>0-19-910207-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek%E2%80%93English+Lexicon&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.edition=Abridged&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-19-910207-4&rft.au=Liddell+HG%2C+Scott+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Peter Howell, A Commentary on Book One of the Epigrams of Martial, The Athlone Press, 1980 p.152-3. Howell doubts the identification, and mentions the view advanced by Augusta A. Imholtz Jr., 'Fungi and piace- names, thè origin of boletus,' in <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Philology" title="American Journal of Philology">AJP</a> Vol.98, 1977 pp.71f., that the Latin word may derive from the Spanish town Boletum, modern-day <a href="/wiki/Bolta%C3%B1a" title="Boltaña">Boltaña</a>, south of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, which is still famous for its mushrooms. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramsbottom53-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramsbottom53_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsbottom_J.1953" class="citation book cs1">Ramsbottom J. (1953). Mushrooms & Toadstools. London, England: Collins. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870630-09-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-870630-09-2"><bdi>1-870630-09-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mushrooms+%26+Toadstools&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=1-870630-09-2&rft.au=Ramsbottom+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamiesonAinsworthMorell1828" class="citation book cs1">Jamieson A, Ainsworth R, Morell T (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U3oTAAAAYAAJ">Latin Dictionary: Morell's Abridgment</a>. London: Moon, Boys & Graves. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U3oTAAAAYAAJ/page/n550">121</a>, 596. Retrieved 2009-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Dictionary%3A+Morell%27s+Abridgment&rft.place=London&rft.pages=121%2C+596&rft.pub=Moon%2C+Boys+%26+Graves&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Ainsworth%2C+R&rft.au=Morell%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_U3oTAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/porcino">"porcino in Vocabolario – Treccani"</a>. www.treccani.it.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=porcino+in+Vocabolario+%E2%80%93+Treccani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fvocabolario%2Fporcino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, Natural History, Bk. 16, 11, 31: "Such is the multiplicity of products in addition to the acorn that are borne by hard-oaks; but they also produce edible fungi (boletos) and hog mushrooms (suillos)." Pliny, Natural History, 10 vols., tr. H. Rackham, Harvard University Press/Heinemann, (1945) 1968, vol. 4, pp. 408–409. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> sillo, and <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Calabrian dialects">Calabrian</a> sillu/siddu. See Glauco Sanga, Gherardo Ortalli, Nature knowledge: ethnoscience, cognition, and utility, Berghahn Books, 2003 p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-Carluccio03-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carluccio03_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carluccio03_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carluccio03_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carluccio03_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carluccio03_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carluccio03_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carluccio03_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carluccio03_19-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carluccio03_19-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carluccio03_19-9">j</a> Carluccio, pp. 36–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeitl76-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zeitl76_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zeitl76_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zeitl76_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zeitl76_20-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitlmayr_L.1976" class="citation book cs1">Zeitlmayr L. (1976). Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook. Hertfordshire, UK: Garden City Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-584-10324-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-584-10324-7"><bdi>0-584-10324-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Mushrooms%3A+An+Illustrated+Handbook&rft.place=Hertfordshire%2C+UK&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Garden+City+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-584-10324-7&rft.au=Zeitlmayr+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimm_J.,_Grimm_W.1838–1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Grimm J.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Grimm W.</a> (1838–1961). <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Deutsches Wörterbuch">Deutsches Wörterbuch</a>. Leipzig: Hirzel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Hirzel&rft.date=1838%2F1961&rft.au=Grimm+J.%2C+Grimm+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/woerterbuecher/dwb/wbgui?lemid=GS42864">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114321/http://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/woerterbuecher/dwb/wbgui?lemid=GS42864">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvisMillerSheahanPloetz2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jarvis MC, Miller AM, Sheahan J, Ploetz K, Ploetz J, Watson RR, Ruiz MP, Villapan CA, Alvarado JG, Ramirez AL, Orr B (2004). "Edible wild mushrooms of the Cofre de Perote region, Veracruz, Mexico: An ethnomycological study of common names and uses". Economic Botany. 58 (Suppl. S): S111–S115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1663%2F0013-0001%282004%2958%5BS111%3AEWMOTC%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1663/0013-0001(2004)58[S111:EWMOTC]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27729532">27729532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Edible+wild+mushrooms+of+the+Cofre+de+Perote+region%2C+Veracruz%2C+Mexico%3A+An+ethnomycological+study+of+common+names+and+uses&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=Suppl.+S&rft.pages=S111-S115&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1663%2F0013-0001%282004%2958%5BS111%3AEWMOTC%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27729532%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jarvis&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Miller%2C+AM&rft.au=Sheahan%2C+J&rft.au=Ploetz%2C+K&rft.au=Ploetz%2C+J&rft.au=Watson%2C+RR&rft.au=Ruiz%2C+MP&rft.au=Villapan%2C+CA&rft.au=Alvarado%2C+JG&rft.au=Ramirez%2C+AL&rft.au=Orr%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schalkwijk-Barendsen1991-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Schalkwijk-Barendsen1991_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchalkwijk-Barendsen_H._M._E.1991" class="citation book cs1">Schalkwijk-Barendsen H. M. E. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mushroomsofweste0000scha/page/195">Mushrooms of Western Canada</a>. Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mushroomsofweste0000scha/page/195">195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919433-47-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-919433-47-2"><bdi>0-919433-47-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mushrooms+of+Western+Canada&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Lone+Pine+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-919433-47-2&rft.au=Schalkwijk-Barendsen+H.+M.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmushroomsofweste0000scha%2Fpage%2F195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigson_J.1975" class="citation book cs1">Grigson J. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mushroomfeast00grig/page/8">The Mushroom Feast</a>. London: Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mushroomfeast00grig/page/8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-046273-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-046273-2"><bdi>0-14-046273-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mushroom+Feast&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-14-046273-2&rft.au=Grigson+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmushroomfeast00grig%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._SimpsonE._Weiner1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">J. Simpson; E. Weiner, eds. (1989). "cepe". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861186-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861186-2"><bdi>0-19-861186-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cepe&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-19-861186-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaccari_N._L.1827" class="citation book cs1">Naccari N. L. (1827). Flora veneta. Vol. 4–6. L. Bonvecchiato. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flora+veneta&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=L.+Bonvecchiato&rft.date=1827&rft.au=Naccari+N.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitlmayr_L.1977" class="citation book cs1">Zeitlmayr L. (1977). I funghi. 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Retrieved 2009-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Edible+Fungi%3A+A+Global+Overview+of+Their+Use+and+Importance+to+People+%28Non-Wood+Forest+Products%29&rft.place=Rome%2C+Italy&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Food+%26+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+UN&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=92-5-105157-7&rft.au=Boa+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZd2NlcNZgvcC%26q%3Dboletus%2520edulis%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitta_N.2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sitta N. (2000). "Presence of Tylopilus into dried "Porcini" mushrooms from China". Micologia Italiana (in Italian). 29 (1): 96–99. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0390-0460">0390-0460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micologia+Italiana&rft.atitle=Presence+of+Tylopilus+into+dried+%22Porcini%22+mushrooms+from+China&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96-99&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0390-0460&rft.au=Sitta+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-belogradchik-124"><a href="#cite_ref-belogradchik_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFocus_Information_Agency,_Bulgaria" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Focus Information Agency, Bulgaria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721185827/http://www.belogradchik.info/1/content/view/390/2/lang%2Cbg/">"По 1 тон гъби на ден се предават в изкупвателните пунктове в Белоградчик"</a> [One ton of mushrooms a day are being submitted to purchasing stations in Belogradchik]. Belogradchik.info (in Bulgarian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belogradchik.info/1/content/view/390/2/lang,bg/">the original</a> on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2009-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belogradchik.info&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE+1+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D1%81%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.au=Focus+Information+Agency%2C+Bulgaria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belogradchik.info%2F1%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F390%2F2%2Flang%2Cbg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldwildlife-125"><a href="#cite_ref-worldwildlife_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrumevaGyosheva" class="citation web cs1">Drumeva M, Gyosheva M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwildlife.org/bsp/publications/europe/bulgaria/bulgaria1.html">"The Macromycetes Fungi of Bulgaria"</a>. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2009-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Wildlife+Fund&rft.atitle=The+Macromycetes+Fungi+of+Bulgaria&rft.aulast=Drumeva&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Gyosheva%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fbsp%2Fpublications%2Feurope%2Fbulgaria%2Fbulgaria1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangMiles2004" class="citation book cs1">Chang ST, Miles PG (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mushroomscultiva00mile">Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact</a> (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mushroomscultiva00mile/page/n155">131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-1043-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-1043-1"><bdi>0-8493-1043-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mushrooms%3A+Cultivation%2C+Nutritional+Value%2C+Medicinal+Effect%2C+and+Environmental+Impact&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=131&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8493-1043-1&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=ST&rft.au=Miles%2C+PG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmushroomscultiva00mile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeselkov_IM.1975" class="citation journal cs1">Veselkov IM. 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Allionia (Turin) (in Italian). 28: 117–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Allionia+%28Turin%29&rft.atitle=Micorize+di+sintesi+tra+Boletus+edulis%2C+Pinus+sylvestris+e+Picea+excelsa&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=117-24&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Ceruti&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Tozzi%2C+M&rft.au=Reitano%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitterGarbaye1994" class="citation book cs1">Fitter AH, Garbaye J (1994). "Interaction between mycorrhizal fungi and other organisms". In Robson AD, Abbott LK, Malajczuk N (eds.). Management of Mycorrhizas in Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2700-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2700-4"><bdi>978-0-7923-2700-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interaction+between+mycorrhizal+fungi+and+other+organisms&rft.btitle=Management+of+Mycorrhizas+in+Agriculture%2C+Horticulture+and+Forestry&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-2700-4&rft.aulast=Fitter&rft.aufirst=AH&rft.au=Garbaye%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caglarlrmak2002-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Caglarlrmak2002_130-0">^</a> Nutritional values are based on <a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">chemical analysis</a> of Turkish specimens, conducted by Çaglarlrmak and colleagues at the Agricultural Faculty, Food Engineering Department, <a href="/wiki/Gaziosmanpa%C5%9Fa_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaziosmanpaşa University">Gaziosmanpaşa University</a>. 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The Complete Mushroom Book. London: Quadrille. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84400-040-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84400-040-1"><bdi>978-1-84400-040-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Mushroom+Book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Quadrille&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84400-040-1&rft.au=Carluccio%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoletus+edulis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" 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identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Boletus edulis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19740" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q19740">Q19740</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Boletus_edulis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Boletus edulis">Boletus edulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/182965">182965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_online_fauna_%26_flora_databases" title="Australian online fauna & flora databases">AusFungi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/fungi/60026301">60026301</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id60135">60135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/MCH9">MCH9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/195761">195761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BOLTED">BOLTED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5954958">5954958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/48701">48701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">IndexFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=356530">356530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10649595">10649595</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/122090234">122090234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MycoBank" title="MycoBank">MycoBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycobank.org/MB/356530">356530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.878680/">2.878680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0001475937">NHMSYS0001475937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=36056">36056</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/9eb0af3e-906f-4a22-9739-959592c2878c">9eb0af3e-906f-4a22-9739-959592c2878c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/15204/">15204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=110737">110737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">SpeciesFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=356530">356530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/100457206">100457206</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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