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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ventilaci%C3%B3n_aspirante.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ventilaci%C3%B3n_aspirante.svg/220px-Ventilaci%C3%B3n_aspirante.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ventilaci%C3%B3n_aspirante.svg/330px-Ventilaci%C3%B3n_aspirante.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ventilaci%C3%B3n_aspirante.svg/440px-Ventilaci%C3%B3n_aspirante.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of underground mine ventilation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mine_ventilation_fan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mine_ventilation_fan.jpg/220px-Mine_ventilation_fan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mine_ventilation_fan.jpg/330px-Mine_ventilation_fan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mine_ventilation_fan.jpg/440px-Mine_ventilation_fan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>The mine ventilation fan, before 1908</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Underground mine ventilation</b> provides a flow of air to the <a href="/wiki/Underground_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining">underground workers</a> of a mine with sufficient volume to dilute and remove dust and <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">noxious</a> gases (typically <a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NO<sub>x</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">SO<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon Monoxide">CO</a>) and to regulate temperature. The source of these gases are equipment that runs on <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a>, blasting with <a href="/wiki/Explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosives">explosives</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hard_Rock_Miner's_Handbook_Section_18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hard_Rock_Miner's_Handbook_Section_18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the orebody itself.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulations often require airflow to be distributed within mines to improve <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This is only one instance and thus more should be provided. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The largest component of the operating cost for mine ventilation is <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> to power the ventilation fans, which may account for one third of a typical underground mine's entire electrical power cost.<sup id="cite_ref-Hard_Rock_Miner's_Handbook_Section_18_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hard_Rock_Miner's_Handbook_Section_18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_ventilation">Types of ventilation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_mine_ventilation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of ventilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Flow-through ventilation</b> is the main ventilation circuit for the mine. Air enters the mine from the surface via a <a href="/wiki/Shaft_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaft mining">shaft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raise_(mining)" title="Raise (mining)">ventilation raise</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adit" title="Adit">adit</a>. The air is distributed through the mine via internal ventilation raises and ramps, and flows are controlled by regulators and permanently mounted ventilation fans. An auxiliary ventilation system takes air from the flow-through system and distributes it to the mine workings via temporarily mounted ventilation fans, <a href="/wiki/Venturies" class="mw-redirect" title="Venturies">Venturi tubes</a> and disposable fabric or steel ducting. Auxiliary fan and duct systems may be either forcing systems, where fresh air is pushed into mine headings, or exhausting systems that draw out contaminated air.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ventilation_control">Ventilation control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_mine_ventilation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ventilation control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sufficient volume of air is required for proper ventilation. A bulk of electric power is required for driving fans. By installing variable speed control air quantity can be optimized hence the power.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At every place in the mine where persons are required to work or pass, the air should not contain less than 19% of oxygen or more than 0.5% of carbon dioxide or any noxious gas in quantity likely to affect the health of any person. The percentage of inflammable gas does not exceed 0.75% in the general body of the return air of any ventilating district and 1.25% in any place in the mine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulations">Regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_mine_ventilation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The volume (expressed in <a href="/wiki/Cubic_feet_per_minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic feet per minute">cubic feet per minute</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre_per_second" title="Cubic metre per second">cubic meters per second</a>) of air required to ventilate an underground mine is determined by <a href="/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">mining engineers</a> based on a wide variety of parameters. In most countries minimum requirements are outlined by law, regulation or standards. However, in some developing countries the mandated ventilation requirement may be insufficient, and the mining company may have to increase the ventilation flow, in particular where ventilation may be required to cool the ambient temperature in a deep hot mine, however auto-compression must also be taken into account.<sup id="cite_ref-Hard_Rock_Miner's_Handbook_Section_18_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hard_Rock_Miner's_Handbook_Section_18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per CMR 153-2-(i)(2017), in every ventilating district not less than six cubic meters per minute of air per person employed in the district on the largest shift or not less than 2.5 cubic meters per minute of air per daily tons output whichever is larger, passes along the last ventilation connection in the district which means the inbye-most gallery in the district along which the air passes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heating">Heating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_mine_ventilation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate climates</a> ventilation air may need to be heated during winter months. This will make the working environment more hospitable for miners, and prevent freezing of workings, in particular water pipes. In <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> mines, where the mining horizon is above the <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>, heating may not take place to prevent melting the permafrost. "Cold mines" such as <a href="/wiki/Raglan_Mine" title="Raglan Mine">Raglan Mine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanisivik_Mine" title="Nanisivik Mine">Nanisivik Mine</a> are designed to operate below 0 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-Hard_Rock_Miner's_Handbook_Section_18_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hard_Rock_Miner's_Handbook_Section_18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wet_bulb_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bulb temperature">wet bulb temperature</a> in any working place does not exceed 33.5 °C and where the wet bulb temperature exceeds 30.5 °C arrangements are made to ventilate the same with a current of air moving at a speed of not less than one meter per second. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tunnels">Tunnels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_mine_ventilation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tunnels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In underground mining, long <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnels</a> require efficient ventilation systems to protect miners' health and safety. <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shaft" title="Ventilation shaft">ventilation shafts</a> are critical in these setups, as they introduce fresh air into deeper sections and expel <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contaminated air</a>. These shafts are typically placed at regular intervals along the tunnel to ensure that airflow reaches all parts of the mine. This distribution of airflow is essential for diluting <a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">hazardous gases</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, which can accumulate in confined spaces and pose serious risks of explosion or poisoning. </p><p>In addition to air quality, tunnel ventilation plays a key role in <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> regulation. Heat generated by mining equipment and geological factors can make underground conditions extremely hot. Effective ventilation helps to maintain a more manageable temperature, enabling miners to work in safer, more comfortable conditions. Modern mine ventilation systems often combine both natural ventilation (using pressure and temperature differences to create airflow) and <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">mechanical ventilation methods</a> (using fans to circulate air) to optimize performance.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dust control is another important function of tunnel ventilation. Dust particles generated by drilling and blasting can impair visibility, clog equipment, and harm respiratory health. By directing fresh air through the tunnels, ventilation systems help to reduce dust concentration, improving air quality and visibility. Advanced ventilation designs are tailored to the specific layout and depth of the mine, ensuring that airflow requirements are met throughout the entire tunnel network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_mine_ventilation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hard_Rock_Miner's_Handbook_Section_18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hard_Rock_Miner's_Handbook_Section_18_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hard_Rock_Miner's_Handbook_Section_18_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hard_Rock_Miner's_Handbook_Section_18_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hard_Rock_Miner's_Handbook_Section_18_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDe_la_Vergne2003" class="citation book cs1">De la Vergne, Jack (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170504033611/http://www.mcintoshengineering.com/HardRockMinersHandbook/tabid/76/Default.aspx"><i>Hard Rock Miner's Handbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Bay,_Ontario" title="North Bay, Ontario">North Bay</a>: McIntosh Engineering. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9687006-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9687006-1-7"><bdi>978-0-9687006-1-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcintoshengineering.com/HardRockMinersHandbook/tabid/76/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 2017-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hard+Rock+Miner%27s+Handbook&rft.place=Tempe%2FNorth+Bay&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=McIntosh+Engineering&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9687006-1-7&rft.aulast=De+la+Vergne&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcintoshengineering.com%2FHardRockMinersHandbook%2Ftabid%2F76%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderground+mine+ventilation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MNCU1107A Implement the Ventilation Management Plan - Commonwealth of Australia 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/UserFiles/works/pdfs/bul589.pdf">"Introduction to Mine Ventilating Principles and Practices"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Mine+Ventilating+Principles+and+Practices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fmining%2FUserFiles%2Fworks%2Fpdfs%2Fbul589.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderground+mine+ventilation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarling2011" class="citation book cs1">Darling, Peter (2011). <i>SME Mining Engineering Handbook</i>. United States of America: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. p. 1583. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87335-264-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87335-264-2"><bdi>978-0-87335-264-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SME+Mining+Engineering+Handbook&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=1583&rft.pub=Society+for+Mining%2C+Metallurgy%2C+and+Exploration%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-87335-264-2&rft.aulast=Darling&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderground+mine+ventilation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6-Pa_fJZh8EC&dq=ventilation+speed+control+mining&pg=PA357">books.google.co.in</a> Mine Ventilation: Proceedings of the 10th US / North American Mine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang,_Hartman,_Mutmansky,_Ramani1997" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Hartman, Mutmansky, Ramani, "Y. J., Howard L., Jan M., Raja V. (November 1997). <i>Mine Ventilation and Air Conditioning, 3rd Edition</i> (3rd ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-11635-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-11635-6"><bdi>978-0-471-11635-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mine+Ventilation+and+Air+Conditioning%2C+3rd+Edition&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1997-11&rft.isbn=978-0-471-11635-6&rft.aulast=Wang%2C+Hartman%2C+Mutmansky%2C+Ramani&rft.aufirst=%22Y.+J.%2C+Howard+L.%2C+Jan+M.%2C+Raja+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderground+mine+ventilation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a 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man-related subterranea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Man-made and man-related <a href="/wiki/Subterranea_(geography)" title="Subterranea (geography)">subterranea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">Cenote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_vault_(tomb)" title="Burial vault (tomb)">Burial vault (tomb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">Borehole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">Catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout (shelter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_well" title="Dry well">Dry well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_shelter" title="Earth shelter">Earth shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdstall" title="Erdstall">Erdstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogou" title="Fogou">Fogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">Hypogeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole" title="Manhole">Manhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tomb" title="Rock-cut tomb">Rock-cut tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_vault" title="Utility vault">Utility vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_city" title="Underground city">Underground city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">Stepwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling_tunnel" title="Smuggling tunnel">Smuggling tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shaft" title="Ventilation shaft">Ventilation shaft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a> (silo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallywag_bunker" title="Scallywag bunker">Scallywag bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_base" title="Underground base">Underground base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quarrying" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarrying">quarrying</a>, and<br /><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">underground construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture" title="Rock-cut architecture">Rock-cut architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_utility_engineering" title="Subsurface utility engineering">Subsurface utility engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Underground mine ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">Underground mining (hard rock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(soft_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (soft rock)">Underground mining (soft rock)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_dweller" title="Cave dweller">Cave dweller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Maastricht" title="Caves of Maastricht">Caves of Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_tunnel_system" title="Houston tunnel system">Houston tunnel system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%91b%C3%A1nya_cellar_system" title="Kőbánya cellar system">Kőbánya cellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_network" title="Tunnel network">Tunnel network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_living" title="Underground living">Underground living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City_(Beijing)" title="Underground City (Beijing)">Underground City (Beijing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City,_Montreal" title="Underground City, Montreal">Underground City, Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_exploration" title="Mine exploration">Mine exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mines_of_Paris" title="Mines of Paris">Mines of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_people" title="Mole people">Mole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_underground_geothermal_zone" title="Naples underground geothermal zone">Naples underground geothermal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapping" title="Sapping">Sapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_London" title="Subterranean London">Subterranean London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_Toledo" title="Subterranean Toledo">Subterranean Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Subterranean fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates%27_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Gates' house">Bill Gates' house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestiere_Underground_Gardens" title="Forestiere Underground Gardens">Forestiere Underground Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_House_Colorado" title="Underground House Colorado">Underground House Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_House_Las_Vegas" title="Underground House Las Vegas">Underground House Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_World_Home" title="Underground World Home">Underground World Home</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underhill,_Holme" title="Underhill, Holme">Underhill, Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockerton_Housing_Project" title="Hockerton Housing Project">Hockerton Housing Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malator" title="Malator">Malator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning Ridge">Lightning Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852747#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852747#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852747#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1022190/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4131789-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mine ventilation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85085544">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="鉱山通風"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566901">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="větrání dolů"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph159645&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536135105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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