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id="toc-Formation_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solutional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solutional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Solutional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solutional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Primary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_or_littoral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_or_littoral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sea or littoral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_or_littoral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corrasional_or_erosional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corrasional_or_erosional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Corrasional or erosional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corrasional_or_erosional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glacier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glacier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Glacier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glacier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fracture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fracture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Fracture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fracture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Talus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anchialine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anchialine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Anchialine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anchialine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Physical patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Records_and_superlatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records_and_superlatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Records and superlatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Records_and_superlatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Records and superlatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Records_and_superlatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Five_longest_surveyed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_longest_surveyed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Five longest surveyed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_longest_surveyed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_and_cultural_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_and_cultural_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Archaeological and cultural importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_and_cultural_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caves_and_acoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caves_and_acoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Caves and acoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caves_and_acoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cave</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grot" title="Grot – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grot" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6hle" title="Höhle – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Höhle" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%BB" title="ዋሻ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዋሻ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%87%D9%81" title="كهف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كهف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espluga" title="Espluga – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Espluga" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C8%99tireau%C3%A2" title="Piștireauâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Piștireauâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva" title="Cueva – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cueva" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itakua" title="Itakua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itakua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyi" title="Tiyi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Tiyi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%9Fara" title="Mağara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mağara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aungan" title="Aungan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Aungan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE" title="গুহা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুহা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guha" title="Guha – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Guha" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B9%D3%99" title="Мәмерйә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәмерйә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пячора – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пячора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongag" title="Bongag – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bongag" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пещера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пещера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%87ina" title="Pećina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pećina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cova" title="Cova – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cova" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80_%D1%85%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%BB%C4%95" title="Çĕр хăвăлĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕр хăвăлĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeskyn%C4%9B" title="Jeskyně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jeskyně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bako" title="Bako – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bako" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogof" title="Ogof – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ogof" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hule" title="Hule – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hule" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6hle" title="Höhle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Höhle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koobas" title="Koobas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koobas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%AE%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Σπήλαιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπήλαιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva" title="Cueva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cueva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaverno" title="Kaverno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaverno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitzulo" title="Haitzulo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haitzulo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="غار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helli" title="Helli – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Helli" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotte" title="Grotte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grotte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grot" title="Grot – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grot" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluais" title="Pluais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pluais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooig" title="Ooig – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ooig" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uamh" title="Uamh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uamh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cova" title="Cova – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cova" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%BE" title="ગુફા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુફા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EA%B5%B4" title="동굴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동굴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%BE" title="Քարանձավ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քարանձավ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="गुफ़ा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुफ़ा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pilja" title="Špilja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Špilja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaverno" title="Kaverno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kaverno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gua" title="Gua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caverna" title="Caverna – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Caverna" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%93%97" title="ᐃᓗ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᓗ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellir" title="Hellir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hellir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotta" title="Grotta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grotta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מערה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwa" title="Guwa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Guwa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86" title="ಗುಹೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುಹೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94" title="მღვიმე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მღვიმე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80" title="Үңгір – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үңгір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pango_(jiolojia)" title="Pango (jiolojia) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pango (jiolojia)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gw%C3%B2t" title="Gwòt – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gwòt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%A3%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Үңкүр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Үңкүр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specus" title="Specus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Specus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala" title="Ala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urvas" title="Urvas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Urvas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grot" title="Grot – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Grot" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlang" title="Barlang – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barlang" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пештера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пештера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9" title="ഗുഹ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗുഹ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="गुहा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुहा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ფოქვა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფოქვა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="مغاره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مغاره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gua" title="Gua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B0" title="ဂူ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaravatu" title="Qaravatu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Qaravatu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grot" title="Grot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE" title="गुफा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुफा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E7%AA%9F" title="洞窟 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="洞窟" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotte" title="Grotte – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grotte" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotte" title="Grotte – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grotte" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balma" title="Balma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Balma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Курыкпомыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Курыкпомыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%CA%BBor" title="Gʻor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gʻor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗੁਫਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਫਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihif" title="Dihif – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Dihif" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="غار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="غار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaskinia" title="Jaskinia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jaskinia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caverna" title="Caverna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caverna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C8%99ter%C4%83" title="Peșteră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Peșteră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach%27ay" title="Mach'ay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mach'ay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пещера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пещера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave" title="Cave – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cave" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shpella" title="Shpella – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shpella" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caverna" title="Caverna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Caverna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave" title="Cave – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cave" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasky%C5%88a" title="Jaskyňa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jaskyňa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama" title="Jama – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jama" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ئەشکەوت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەشکەوت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пећина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пећина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%87ina" title="Pećina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pećina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guha" title="Guha – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Guha" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luola" title="Luola – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luola" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotta" title="Grotta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grotta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yungib" title="Yungib – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yungib" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="குகை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குகை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%99" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Natural void under the Earth's surface</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cave_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cave (disambiguation)">Cave (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cavern" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cavern_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cavern (disambiguation)">Cavern (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lechuguilla_Cave_Pearlsian_Gulf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lechuguilla_Cave_Pearlsian_Gulf.jpg/220px-Lechuguilla_Cave_Pearlsian_Gulf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lechuguilla_Cave_Pearlsian_Gulf.jpg/330px-Lechuguilla_Cave_Pearlsian_Gulf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lechuguilla_Cave_Pearlsian_Gulf.jpg/440px-Lechuguilla_Cave_Pearlsian_Gulf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3594" data-file-height="5308" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lechuguilla_Cave" title="Lechuguilla Cave">Lechuguilla Cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cave</b> or <b>cavern</b> is a natural void under the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Planetary_surface" title="Planetary surface">surface</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caves often form by the <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> of rock and often extend deep underground. <b>Exogene caves</b> are smaller openings that extend a relatively short distance underground (such as <a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">rock shelters</a>). Caves which extend further underground than the opening is wide are called <b>endogene caves</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Speleology" title="Speleology">Speleology</a> is the science of exploration and study of all aspects of caves and the cave environment. Visiting or exploring caves for recreation may be called <a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving"><i>caving</i>, <i>potholing</i>, or <i>spelunking</i></a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_types">Formation types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formation and development of caves is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Speleogenesis" title="Speleogenesis">speleogenesis</a></i>; it can occur over the course of millions of years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caves can range widely in size, and are formed by various geological processes. These may involve a combination of chemical processes, erosion by water, tectonic forces, microorganisms, pressure, and atmospheric influences. Isotopic dating techniques can be applied to cave sediments, to determine the timescale of the geological events which formed and shaped present-day caves.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is estimated that a cave cannot be more than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) vertically beneath the surface due to the pressure of overlying rocks. This does not, however, impose a maximum depth for a cave which is measured from its highest entrance to its lowest point, as the amount of rock above the lowest point is dependent on the topography of the landscape above it. For <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> caves the maximum depth is determined on the basis of the lower limit of karst forming processes, coinciding with the base of the soluble carbonate rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most caves are formed in <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> by <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">dissolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caves can be classified in various other ways as well, including a contrast between active and relict: active caves have water flowing through them; relict caves do not, though water may be retained in them. Types of active caves include inflow caves ("into which a stream sinks"), outflow caves ("from which a stream emerges"), and through caves ("traversed by a stream").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg/170px-HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg/255px-HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg/340px-HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Speleothem" title="Speleothem">Speleothems</a> in Hall of the Mountain King of <a href="/wiki/Ogof_Craig_a_Ffynnon" title="Ogof Craig a Ffynnon">Ogof Craig a Ffynnon</a>, a solutional cave in <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solutional">Solutional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Solutional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solutional_cave" title="Solutional cave">Solutional cave</a></div> <p><b>Solutional caves</b> or <b>karst caves</b> are the most frequently occurring caves. Such caves form in rock that is soluble; most occur in <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, but they can also form in other rocks including <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, salt, and <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>. Except for <a href="/wiki/Salt_cave" title="Salt cave">salt caves</a>, solutional caves result when rock is dissolved by natural acid in <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> that seeps through <a href="/wiki/Bedding_planes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedding planes">bedding planes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a>, joints, and comparable features. Over time cracks enlarge to become caves and cave systems. </p><p>The largest and most abundant solutional caves are located in limestone. Limestone dissolves under the action of rainwater and groundwater charged with H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a>) and naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Organic_acid" title="Organic acid">organic acids</a>. The dissolution process produces a distinctive landform known as <i><a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a></i>, characterized by <a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">sinkholes</a> and underground drainage. Limestone caves are often adorned with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> formations produced through slow <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitation</a>. These include <a href="/wiki/Flowstone" title="Flowstone">flowstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stalactite" title="Stalactite">stalactites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stalagmite" title="Stalagmite">stalagmites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helictite" title="Helictite">helictites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soda_straw" title="Soda straw">soda straws</a> and columns. These secondary mineral deposits in caves are called <i><a href="/wiki/Speleothem" title="Speleothem">speleothems</a></i>. </p><p>The portions of a solutional cave that are below the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> or the local level of the groundwater will be flooded.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lechuguilla_Cave" title="Lechuguilla Cave">Lechuguilla Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and nearby <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Cavern" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlsbad Cavern">Carlsbad Cavern</a> are now believed to be examples of another type of solutional cave. They were formed by H<sub>2</sub>S (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>) gas rising from below, where reservoirs of oil give off sulfurous fumes. This gas mixes with groundwater and forms H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>). The acid then dissolves the limestone from below, rather than from above, by acidic water percolating from the surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaiian_lava_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hawaiian_lava_tube.jpg/220px-Hawaiian_lava_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hawaiian_lava_tube.jpg/330px-Hawaiian_lava_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hawaiian_lava_tube.jpg/440px-Hawaiian_lava_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Exploring a <a href="/wiki/Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">lava tube</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Caves formed at the same time as the surrounding rock are called <b>primary caves</b>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">Lava tubes</a> are formed through <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> activity and are the most common primary caves. As <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flows downhill, its surface cools and solidifies. Hot liquid lava continues to flow under that crust, and if most of it flows out, a hollow tube remains. Such caves can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province">Jeju-do</a>, the basaltic plains of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Idaho" title="Eastern Idaho">Eastern Idaho</a>, and in other places. <a href="/wiki/Kazumura_Cave" title="Kazumura Cave">Kazumura Cave</a> near <a href="/wiki/Hilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilo">Hilo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaii</a> is a remarkably long and deep lava tube; it is 65.6 km long (40.8 mi). </p><p>Lava caves include but are not limited to lava tubes. Other caves formed through volcanic activity include rifts, lava molds, open vertical conduits, inflationary, blisters, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-ENCYCLO_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENCYCLO-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_or_littoral">Sea or littoral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sea or littoral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painted_cave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Painted_cave.jpg/220px-Painted_cave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Painted_cave.jpg/330px-Painted_cave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Painted_cave.jpg/440px-Painted_cave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Painted Cave, a large <a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">sea cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Island" title="Santa Cruz Island">Santa Cruz Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sea caves are found along coasts around the world. A special case is littoral caves, which are formed by wave action in zones of weakness in sea cliffs. Often these weaknesses are faults, but they may also be dykes or bedding-plane contacts. Some wave-cut caves are now above sea level because of later uplift. Elsewhere, in places such as <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Phang_Nga_Bay" title="Phang Nga Bay">Phang Nga Bay</a>, solutional caves have been flooded by the sea and are now subject to littoral erosion. Sea caves are generally around 5 to 50 metres (16 to 164 ft) in length, but may exceed 300 metres (980 ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corrasional_or_erosional">Corrasional or erosional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Corrasional or erosional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodom_Salt_Cave_031712.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sodom_Salt_Cave_031712.JPG/220px-Sodom_Salt_Cave_031712.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sodom_Salt_Cave_031712.JPG/330px-Sodom_Salt_Cave_031712.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sodom_Salt_Cave_031712.JPG/440px-Sodom_Salt_Cave_031712.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">Salt</a> cave in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sodom" title="Mount Sodom">Mount Sodom</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Corrasional or erosional caves are those that form entirely by erosion by flowing streams carrying rocks and other sediments. These can form in any type of rock, including hard rocks such as granite. Generally there must be some zone of weakness to guide the water, such as a fault or joint. A subtype of the erosional cave is the wind or aeolian cave, carved by wind-born sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-ENCYCLO_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENCYCLO-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many caves formed initially by solutional processes often undergo a subsequent phase of erosional or vadose enlargement where active streams or rivers pass through them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glacier">Glacier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Glacier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glacier_cave" title="Glacier cave">Glacier cave</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Four_Glacier_Ice_cave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Big_Four_Glacier_Ice_cave.jpg/220px-Big_Four_Glacier_Ice_cave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Big_Four_Glacier_Ice_cave.jpg/330px-Big_Four_Glacier_Ice_cave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Big_Four_Glacier_Ice_cave.jpg/440px-Big_Four_Glacier_Ice_cave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glacier_cave" title="Glacier cave">Glacier cave</a> in Big Four Glacier, <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_Mountain" title="Big Four Mountain">Big Four Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>Glacier caves are formed by melting ice and flowing water within and under glaciers. The cavities are influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">very slow flow</a> of the ice, which tends to collapse the caves again. Glacier caves are sometimes misidentified as "<a href="/wiki/Ice_cave" title="Ice cave">ice caves</a>", though this latter term is properly reserved for bedrock caves that contain year-round ice formations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fracture">Fracture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fracture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fracture caves are formed when layers of more soluble minerals, such as gypsum, dissolve out from between layers of less soluble rock. These rocks fracture and collapse in blocks of stone.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talus">Talus<span class="anchor" id="Talus_cave"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Talus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Talus_cave" title="Talus cave">Talus cave</a></div> <p>Talus caves are formed by the openings among large boulders that have fallen down into a random heap, often at the bases of cliffs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These unstable deposits are called talus or <a href="/wiki/Scree" title="Scree">scree</a>, and may be subject to frequent <a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">rockfalls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anchialine">Anchialine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anchialine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anchialine_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchialine cave">Anchialine cave</a></div> <p>Anchialine caves are caves, usually coastal, containing a mixture of freshwater and saline water (usually sea water). They occur in many parts of the world, and often contain highly specialized and endemic fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_patterns">Physical patterns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Physical patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grotte_Castellana_03apr06_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grotte_Castellana_03apr06_04.jpg/220px-Grotte_Castellana_03apr06_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grotte_Castellana_03apr06_04.jpg/330px-Grotte_Castellana_03apr06_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grotte_Castellana_03apr06_04.jpg/440px-Grotte_Castellana_03apr06_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castellana_Caves" title="Castellana Caves">Castellana Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Branchwork caves</i> resemble surface dendritic stream patterns; they are made up of passages that join downstream as tributaries. Branchwork caves are the most common of cave patterns and are formed near <a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">sinkholes</a> where <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">groundwater recharge</a> occurs. Each passage or branch is fed by a separate recharge source and converges into other higher order branches downstream.<sup id="cite_ref-Easterbrook_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Easterbrook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Angular network caves</i> form from intersecting fissures of carbonate rock that have had fractures widened by chemical erosion. These fractures form high, narrow, straight passages that persist in widespread closed loops.<sup id="cite_ref-Easterbrook_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Easterbrook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Anastomotic caves</i> largely resemble surface braided streams with their passages separating and then meeting further down drainage. They usually form along one bed or structure, and only rarely cross into upper or lower beds.<sup id="cite_ref-Easterbrook_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Easterbrook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Spongework caves</i> are formed when solution cavities are joined by mixing of chemically diverse water. The cavities form a pattern that is three-dimensional and random, resembling a sponge.<sup id="cite_ref-Easterbrook_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Easterbrook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ramiform caves</i> form as irregular large rooms, galleries, and passages. These randomized three-dimensional rooms form from a rising water table that erodes the carbonate rock with hydrogen-sulfide enriched water.<sup id="cite_ref-Easterbrook_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Easterbrook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pit_cave" title="Pit cave">Pit caves</a></i> (vertical caves, potholes, or simply "pits") consist of a vertical shaft rather than a horizontal cave passage. They may or may not be associated with one of the above structural patterns.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domica_Cave_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Domica_Cave_22.jpg/220px-Domica_Cave_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Domica_Cave_22.jpg/330px-Domica_Cave_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Domica_Cave_22.jpg/440px-Domica_Cave_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Domica" class="mw-redirect" title="Domica">Domica Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Karst" title="Slovak Karst">Slovak Karst</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torhola_cave_entrance_Aug2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Torhola_cave_entrance_Aug2008.jpg/220px-Torhola_cave_entrance_Aug2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Torhola_cave_entrance_Aug2008.jpg/330px-Torhola_cave_entrance_Aug2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Torhola_cave_entrance_Aug2008.jpg/440px-Torhola_cave_entrance_Aug2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>An entrance of the Torhola Cave in <a href="/wiki/Lohja" title="Lohja">Lohja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Caves are found throughout the world, although the distribution of documented cave system is heavily skewed towards those countries where caving has been popular for many years (such as France, Italy, Australia, the UK, the United States, etc.). As a result, explored caves are found widely in Europe, Asia, North America and Oceania, but are sparse in South America, Africa, and Antarctica. </p><p>This is a rough generalization, as large expanses of North America and Asia contain no documented caves, whereas areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_dry_deciduous_forests" title="Madagascar dry deciduous forests">Madagascar dry deciduous forests</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> contain many documented caves. As the world's expanses of soluble bedrock are researched by cavers, the distribution of documented caves is likely to shift. For example, China, despite containing around half the world's exposed limestone—more than 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi)—has relatively few documented caves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Records_and_superlatives">Records and superlatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Records and superlatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The cave system with the <i>greatest total length</i> of surveyed passage is <a href="/wiki/Mammoth_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammoth Cave">Mammoth Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, US, at 675.9 km (420.0 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-NSS-GEO2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSS-GEO2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The longest surveyed <i>underwater cave</i>, and second longest overall, is <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Ox_Bel_Ha" title="Sistema Ox Bel Ha">Sistema Ox Bel Ha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán</a>, Mexico at 436 km (271 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-CINDAQ_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CINDAQ-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>deepest known cave</i>—measured from its highest entrance to its lowest point—is <a href="/wiki/Veryovkina_Cave" title="Veryovkina Cave">Veryovkina Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, with a depth of 2,204 m (7,231 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-wdeep_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdeep-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first cave to be explored to a depth of more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft). (The first cave to be descended below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) was <a href="/wiki/Gouffre_Berger" title="Gouffre Berger">Gouffre Berger</a> in France.) The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarma,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarma, Georgia (page does not exist)">Sarma</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyuzia-Mezhonnogo-Snezhnaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illyuzia-Mezhonnogo-Snezhnaya (page does not exist)">Illyuzia-Mezhonnogo-Snezhnaya</a> caves in Georgia, (1,830 m or 6,000 ft, and 1,753 m or 5,751 ft respectively) are the current second- and third-deepest caves.<sup id="cite_ref-wdeep_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdeep-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deepest outside Georgia is <a href="/wiki/Lamprechtsofen" title="Lamprechtsofen">Lamprechtsofen Vogelschacht Weg Schacht</a> in Austria, which is 1,623 m (5,325 ft) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-wdeep_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdeep-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>deepest vertical shaft</i> in a cave is 603 m (1,978 ft) in <a href="/wiki/Vrtoglavica_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrtoglavica Cave">Vrtoglavica Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>. The second deepest is Ghar-e-Ghala at 562 m (1,844 ft) in the Parau massif near <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The deepest reached by a <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely operated underwater vehicle</a> in an <i>underwater cave</i> is 450 metres (1,480 ft), in the <a href="/wiki/Hranice_Abyss" title="Hranice Abyss">Hranice Abyss</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Miao_Room" title="Miao Room">Miao Room</a> is the world's <i>largest known room by volume</i>, with a measured volume of 10,780,000 m<sup>3</sup> (381,000,000 cu ft).<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeoNews_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeoNews-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>largest known room by surface</i> is <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Chamber" title="Sarawak Chamber">Sarawak Chamber</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Mulu_National_Park" title="Gunung Mulu National Park">Gunung Mulu National Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miri" title="Miri">Miri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>), a sloping, boulder strewn chamber with an area of 154,500 m<sup>2</sup> (1,663,000 sq ft).<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeoNews_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeoNews-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest room in a <a href="/wiki/Show_cave" title="Show cave">show cave</a> is the <a href="/wiki/La_Verna_cave" title="La Verna cave">Salle de la Verna</a> in the French <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>.</li> <li>The <i>largest passage</i> ever discovered is in the <a href="/wiki/Son_Doong_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Son Doong Cave">Son Doong Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phong_Nha-K%E1%BA%BB_B%C3%A0ng_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park">Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_B%C3%ACnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Bình Province">Quảng Bình Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. It is 4.6 km (2.9 mi) in length, 80 m (260 ft) high and wide over most of its length, but over 140 m (460 ft) high and wide for part of its length.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five_longest_surveyed">Five longest surveyed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Five longest surveyed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_caves" title="List of longest caves">List of longest caves</a>.</div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mammoth_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammoth Cave">Mammoth Cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, US<sup id="cite_ref-NSS-GEO2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSS-GEO2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Ox_Bel_Ha" title="Sistema Ox Bel Ha">Sistema Ox Bel Ha</a>, Mexico<sup id="cite_ref-NSS-GEO2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSS-GEO2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Sac_Actun" title="Sistema Sac Actun">Sistema Sac Actun</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sistema_Dos_Ojos" title="Sistema Dos Ojos">Sistema Dos Ojos</a>, Mexico<sup id="cite_ref-NSS-GEO2_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSS-GEO2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewel Cave">Jewel Cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, US<sup id="cite_ref-NSS-GEO2_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSS-GEO2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuanghedong_Cave_Network" title="Shuanghedong Cave Network">Shuanghedong Cave Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-NSS-GEO2_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSS-GEO2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biospeleology" title="Biospeleology">Biospeleology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg/170px-Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg/255px-Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg/340px-Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Townsend%27s_big-eared_bat" title="Townsend's big-eared bat">Townsend's big-eared bats</a> in a cave in California</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proteus_anguinus_Postojnska_Jama_Slovenija.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Proteus_anguinus_Postojnska_Jama_Slovenija.jpg/220px-Proteus_anguinus_Postojnska_Jama_Slovenija.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Proteus_anguinus_Postojnska_Jama_Slovenija.jpg/330px-Proteus_anguinus_Postojnska_Jama_Slovenija.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Proteus_anguinus_Postojnska_Jama_Slovenija.jpg/440px-Proteus_anguinus_Postojnska_Jama_Slovenija.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olm" title="Olm">Olms</a> in a Slovenian cave</figcaption></figure> <p>Cave-inhabiting animals are often categorized as <a href="/wiki/Troglobite" class="mw-redirect" title="Troglobite">troglobites</a> (cave-limited species), <a href="/wiki/Troglophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Troglophile">troglophiles</a> (species that can live their entire lives in caves, but also occur in other environments), <a href="/wiki/Trogloxene" title="Trogloxene">trogloxenes</a> (species that use caves, but cannot complete their life cycle fully in caves) and accidentals (animals not in one of the previous categories). Some authors use separate terminology for aquatic forms (for example, <a href="/wiki/Stygobite" class="mw-redirect" title="Stygobite">stygobites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stygophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Stygophile">stygophiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stygoxene" class="mw-redirect" title="Stygoxene">stygoxenes</a>). </p><p>Of these animals, the troglobites are perhaps the most unusual organisms. Troglobitic species often show a number of characteristics, termed troglomorphic, associated with their adaptation to subterranean life. These characteristics may include a loss of pigment (often resulting in a pale or white coloration), a loss of eyes (or at least of optical functionality), an elongation of appendages, and an enhancement of other senses (such as the ability to sense vibrations in water). Aquatic troglobites (or stygobites), such as the endangered <a href="/wiki/Alabama_cave_shrimp" title="Alabama cave shrimp">Alabama cave shrimp</a>, live in bodies of water found in caves and get nutrients from detritus washed into their caves and from the feces of bats and other cave inhabitants. Other aquatic troglobites include cave fish, and <a href="/wiki/Cave_salamander" title="Cave salamander">cave salamanders</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Olm" title="Olm">olm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_blind_salamander" title="Texas blind salamander">Texas blind salamander</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cave_insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave insects">Cave insects</a> such as Oligaphorura (formerly Archaphorura) schoetti are troglophiles, reaching 1.7 millimetres (0.067 in) in length. They have extensive distribution and have been studied fairly widely. Most specimens are female, but a male specimen was collected from <a href="/wiki/St_Cuthberts_Swallet" class="mw-redirect" title="St Cuthberts Swallet">St Cuthberts Swallet</a> in 1969. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">Bats</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gray_bat" title="Gray bat">gray bat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat" title="Mexican free-tailed bat">Mexican free-tailed bat</a>, are trogloxenes and are often found in caves; they forage outside of the caves. Some species of <a href="/wiki/Cave_cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave cricket">cave crickets</a> are classified as trogloxenes, because they roost in caves by day and forage above ground at night. </p><p>Because of the fragility of cave ecosystems, and the fact that cave regions tend to be isolated from one another, caves harbor a number of endangered species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tooth_cave_spider" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth cave spider">Tooth cave spider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liphistiidae" title="Liphistiidae">liphistius trapdoor spider</a>, and the gray bat. </p><p>Caves are visited by many surface-living animals, including humans. These are usually relatively short-lived incursions, due to the lack of light and sustenance. </p><p>Cave entrances often have typical florae. For instance, in the eastern temperate United States, cave entrances are most frequently (and often densely) populated by the bulblet fern, <i><a href="/wiki/Cystopteris_bulbifera" title="Cystopteris bulbifera">Cystopteris bulbifera</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_and_cultural_importance">Archaeological and cultural importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Archaeological and cultural importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg/330px-SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg/495px-SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg/660px-SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_las_Manos" title="Cueva de las Manos">Cueva de las Manos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perito_Moreno,_Santa_Cruz" title="Perito Moreno, Santa Cruz">Perito Moreno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. The art in the cave is dated between 7,300 BC and 700 AD;<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stenciled, mostly left hands are shown.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:92_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taino_petroglyph_in_cave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Taino_petroglyph_in_cave.jpg/220px-Taino_petroglyph_in_cave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Taino_petroglyph_in_cave.jpg/330px-Taino_petroglyph_in_cave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Taino_petroglyph_in_cave.jpg/440px-Taino_petroglyph_in_cave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Taíno people">Taíno</a> <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> in a cave in Puerto Rico</figcaption></figure> <p>People have made use of caves throughout history. The earliest human <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> found in caves come from a series of caves near Krugersdorp and Mokopane in South Africa. The cave sites of <a href="/wiki/Sterkfontein" title="Sterkfontein">Sterkfontein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swartkrans" title="Swartkrans">Swartkrans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kromdraai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kromdraai">Kromdraai</a> B, <a href="/wiki/Drimolen" title="Drimolen">Drimolen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Malapa">Malapa</a>, Cooper's D, Gladysvale, Gondolin and Makapansgat have yielded a range of early human species dating back to between three and one million years ago, including <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Australopithecus africanus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Australopithecus sediba</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_robustus" title="Paranthropus robustus">Paranthropus robustus</a></i>. However, it is not generally thought that these early humans were living in the caves, but that they were brought into the caves by carnivores that had killed them. </p><p>The first early hominid ever found in Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Taung_Child" title="Taung Child">Taung Child</a> in 1924, was also thought for many years to come from a cave, where it had been deposited after being predated on by an eagle. However, this is now debated (Hopley et al., 2013; Am. J. Phys. Anthrop.). Caves do form in the dolomite of the Ghaap Plateau, including the Early, Middle and Later Stone Age site of <a href="/wiki/Wonderwerk_Cave" title="Wonderwerk Cave">Wonderwerk Cave</a>; however, the caves that form along the escarpment's edge, like that hypothesised for the Taung Child, are formed within a secondary limestone deposit called <a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">tufa</a>. There is numerous evidence for other early human species inhabiting caves from at least one million years ago in different parts of the world, including <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> in China at <a href="/wiki/Zhoukoudian" title="Zhoukoudian">Zhoukoudian</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">Homo rhodesiensis</a></i> in South Africa at the Cave of Hearths (<a href="/wiki/Makapansgat" title="Makapansgat">Makapansgat</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo neanderthalensis">Homo neanderthalensis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i> in Europe at <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Site_of_Atapuerca" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Site of Atapuerca">Archaeological Site of Atapuerca</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></i> in Indonesia, and the <a href="/wiki/Denisovans" class="mw-redirect" title="Denisovans">Denisovans</a> in southern Siberia. </p><p>In southern Africa, early modern humans regularly used sea caves as shelter starting about 180,000 years ago when they learned to exploit the sea for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known site is PP13B at <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Point" title="Pinnacle Point">Pinnacle Point</a>. This may have allowed rapid expansion of humans out of Africa and colonization of areas of the world such as Australia by 60–50,000 years ago. Throughout southern Africa, Australia, and Europe, early modern humans used caves and rock shelters as sites for rock art, such as those at <a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Castle" title="Giant's Castle">Giant's Castle</a>. Caves such as the <a href="/wiki/Yaodong" title="Yaodong">yaodong</a> in China were used for shelter; other caves were used for burials (such as <a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock-cut tombs">rock-cut tombs</a>), or as religious sites (such as <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_caves" title="Category:Buddhist caves">Buddhist caves</a>). Among the known sacred caves are China's Cave of a Thousand Buddhas<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_caves_of_Crete" title="Sacred caves of Crete">sacred caves of Crete</a>. </p><p>Paleolithic <a href="/wiki/Cave_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">cave paintings</a> have been found throughout the world dating from 64,800 years old for non-figurative art<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann2018_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann2018-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 43,900 years old for figurative art.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caves_and_acoustics">Caves and acoustics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Caves and acoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The importance of sound in caves predates a modern understanding of acoustics. Archaeologists have uncovered relationships between paintings of dots and lines, in specific areas of resonance, within the caves of Spain and France, as well as instruments depicting paleolithic motifs,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicators of musical events and rituals. Clusters of paintings were often found in areas with notable acoustics, sometimes even replicating the sounds of the animals depicted on the walls. The human voice was also theorized to be used as an echolocation device to navigate darker areas of the caves where torches were less useful.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dots of red ochre are often found in spaces with the highest resonance, where the production of paintings was too difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caves continue to provide usage for modern-day explorers of acoustics. Today <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Caverns" title="Cumberland Caverns">Cumberland Caverns</a> provides one of the best examples for modern musical usages of caves. Not only are the caves utilized for reverberation, but for the dampening qualities of their abnormal faces as well. The irregularities in the walls of the Cumberland Caverns diffuse sounds bouncing off the walls and give the space an almost recording studio-like quality.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 20th century musicians began to explore the possibility of using caves as locations as clubs and concert halls, including the likes of <a href="/wiki/Dinah_Shore" title="Dinah Shore">Dinah Shore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Acuff" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Unlike today, these early performances were typically held in the mouths of the caves, as the lack of technology made depths of the interior inaccessible with musical equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Luray_Caverns" title="Luray Caverns">Luray Caverns</a>, Virginia, a functioning <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a> has been developed that generates sound by mallets striking stalactites, each with a different pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_gate" title="Cave gate">Cave gate</a> – Cave entrance barricade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_waterfall" title="Subterranean waterfall">Subterranean waterfall</a> – Waterfall located underground</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">Caving</a> – Recreational pastime of exploring cave systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving_organizations" title="Caving organizations">Caving organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">Cenote</a> – Natural pit or sinkhole that exposes groundwater underneath</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves" title="List of caves">List of caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_cave" title="Pit cave">Pit cave</a> – Cave with significant vertical passages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speleology" title="Speleology">Speleology</a> – Science of cave and karst systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speleothem" title="Speleothem">Speleothem</a> – Structure formed in a cave by the deposition of minerals from water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">Subterranean river</a> – River that runs wholly or partly beneath the ground surface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_lake" title="Underground lake">Underground lake</a> – Lake under the Earth's surface</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The UNESCO dates the art to 13,000–9,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-cave" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/8886318356">"cave"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F8886318356">10.1093/OED/8886318356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cave&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F8886318356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F8886318356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoratto2014" class="citation book cs1">Moratto, Michael J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jUm0BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA304"><i>California Archaeology</i></a>. Academic Press. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483277356" title="Special:BookSources/9781483277356"><bdi>9781483277356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California+Archaeology&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781483277356&rft.aulast=Moratto&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjUm0BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoweWalker2014" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, J. John; Walker, Michael J. C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OEODBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142"><i>Reconstructing Quaternary Environments</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 141–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317753711" title="Special:BookSources/9781317753711"><bdi>9781317753711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Quaternary+Environments&rft.pages=141-42&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317753711&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=J.+John&rft.au=Walker%2C+Michael+J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOEODBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaureanoKarmannGrangerAuler2016" class="citation journal cs1">Laureano, Fernando V.; Karmann, Ivo; Granger, Darryl E.; Auler, Augusto S.; Almeida, Renato P.; Cruz, Francisco W.; Strícks, Nicolás M.; Novello, Valdir F. (15 November 2016). "Two million years of river and cave aggradation in NE Brazil: Implications for speleogenesis and landscape evolution". <i>Geomorphology</i>. <b>273</b>: 63–77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Geomo.273...63L">2016Geomo.273...63L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2016.08.009">10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.08.009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geomorphology&rft.atitle=Two+million+years+of+river+and+cave+aggradation+in+NE+Brazil%3A+Implications+for+speleogenesis+and+landscape+evolution&rft.volume=273&rft.pages=63-77&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2016.08.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Geomo.273...63L&rft.aulast=Laureano&rft.aufirst=Fernando+V.&rft.au=Karmann%2C+Ivo&rft.au=Granger%2C+Darryl+E.&rft.au=Auler%2C+Augusto+S.&rft.au=Almeida%2C+Renato+P.&rft.au=Cruz%2C+Francisco+W.&rft.au=Str%C3%ADcks%2C+Nicol%C3%A1s+M.&rft.au=Novello%2C+Valdir+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rgo-speleo.ru/books/termin/termin1.htm#a9">Комиссия спелеологии и карстоведения. Д. А. Тимофеев, В. Н. Дублянский, Т. З. Кикнадзе. Терминология карста. Базис карстования</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215034652/http://www.rgo-speleo.ru/books/termin/termin1.htm#a9">Archived</a> 2013-02-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> D.A. Timofeev, V.N. Dublyansky, T.Z. Kiknadze, 1991, <i>Karst Terminology</i>, The Commission for Speleology and Karst, Moscow Center of the Russian Geographical Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/how-caves-form.html">"How Caves Form"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (American TV series)">Nova (American TV series)</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Caves+Form&rft.pub=Nova+%28American+TV+series%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fearth%2Fhow-caves-form.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvestru2008" class="citation book cs1">Silvestru, Emil (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NsscjizazXAC&pg=PA38"><i>The Cave Book</i></a>. New Leaf. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780890514962" title="Special:BookSources/9780890514962"><bdi>9780890514962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cave+Book&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=New+Leaf&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780890514962&rft.aulast=Silvestru&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsscjizazXAC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Burcham" class="citation web cs1">John Burcham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503192150/http://www.amazingcaves.com/learn_formed.html">"Learning about caves; how caves are formed"</a>. <i>Journey into amazing caves</i>. Project Underground. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazingcaves.com/learn_formed.html">the original</a> on 3 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journey+into+amazing+caves&rft.atitle=Learning+about+caves%3B+how+caves+are+formed&rft.au=John+Burcham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazingcaves.com%2Flearn_formed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENCYCLO-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ENCYCLO_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENCYCLO_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulver2004" class="citation book cs1">Culver, David C. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of Caves</i>. 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Y. B. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.redzet.eu&rft.atitle=Peldanga+Labyrinth+%28Liepniekvalka+Caves%29%2C+Latvia+-+redzet.eu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redzet.eu%2Fen%2Fphoto%2Fpeldanga-labyrinth-liepniekvalka-caves-latvia-A-261-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Easterbrook-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Easterbrook_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Easterbrook_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Easterbrook_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Easterbrook_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Easterbrook_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Easterbrook, Don, 1999, <i>Surface Processes and Landforms [2nd edition]</i>, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSS-GEO2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSS-GEO2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSS-GEO2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSS-GEO2_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSS-GEO2_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSS-GEO2_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSS-GEO2_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060515145704/http://www.caverbob.com/wlong.htm">"World's Longest Caves List from The National Speleological Society"</a>. 21 August 2022. Archived from the original on 15 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+Longest+Caves+List+from+The+National+Speleological+Society&rft.date=2022-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caverbob.com%2Fwlong.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Park_Service2022" class="citation web cs1">National Park Service (8 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/maca/learn/news/mammoth-cave-just-got-a-little-more-mammoth.htm">"Mammoth Cave Just Got A Little More "Mammoth" - Mammoth Cave National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Mammoth+Cave+Just+Got+A+Little+More+%22Mammoth%22+-+Mammoth+Cave+National+Park+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft.au=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmaca%2Flearn%2Fnews%2Fmammoth-cave-just-got-a-little-more-mammoth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CINDAQ-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CINDAQ_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cindaq.org/2022EN">"CINDAQ 2022 Annual report"</a>. <i>CINDAQ</i>. El Centro Investigador del Sistema Acuífero de Quintana Roo A.C.(CINDAQ). 26 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CINDAQ&rft.atitle=CINDAQ+2022+Annual+report&rft.date=2023-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cindaq.org%2F2022EN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wdeep-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wdeep_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wdeep_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wdeep_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028083708/http://www.caverbob.com/wdeep.htm">"World's Deepest Caves List from The National Speleological Society"</a>. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+Deepest+Caves+List+from+The+National+Speleological+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caverbob.com%2Fwdeep.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrocklebank" class="citation web cs1">Brocklebank, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darknessbelow.co.uk/iranian-cavers-discover-one-of-the-worlds-deepest-shafts/">"Iranian cavers discover one of the world's deepest shafts"</a>. <i>Darkness Below UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Darkness+Below+UK&rft.atitle=Iranian+cavers+discover+one+of+the+world%27s+deepest+shafts&rft.aulast=Brocklebank&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarknessbelow.co.uk%2Firanian-cavers-discover-one-of-the-worlds-deepest-shafts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novinky.cz/veda-skoly/clanek/speleologove-namerili-novy-svetovy-rekord-hranicke-propasti-40404594#dop_ab_variant=0&dop_source_zone_name=novinky.sznhp.box&dop_req_id=2dXxsk6iCrC-202208011702&dop_id=40404594&source=hp&seq_no=2">"Hranice Abyss is believed to be 1200 m. deep (in Czech)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hranice+Abyss+is+believed+to+be+1200+m.+deep+%28in+Czech%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinky.cz%2Fveda-skoly%2Fclanek%2Fspeleologove-namerili-novy-svetovy-rekord-hranicke-propasti-40404594%23dop_ab_variant%3D0%26dop_source_zone_name%3Dnovinky.sznhp.box%26dop_req_id%3D2dXxsk6iCrC-202208011702%26dop_id%3D40404594%26source%3Dhp%26seq_no%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatGeoNews-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatGeoNews_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatGeoNews_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVergano2014" class="citation news cs1">Vergano, Dan (28 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131062902/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/09/140927-largest-cave-china-exploration-science">"China's "Supercave" Takes Title as World's Most Enormous Cavern"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_News" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic News">National Geographic News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/09/140927-largest-cave-china-exploration-science/">the original</a> on 31 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=China%27s+%22Supercave%22+Takes+Title+as+World%27s+Most+Enormous+Cavern&rft.date=2014-09-28&rft.aulast=Vergano&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F09%2F140927-largest-cave-china-exploration-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2009" class="citation web cs1">Owen, James (4 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727132344/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/090724-biggest-cave-vietnam.html">"World's Biggest Cave Found in Vietnam"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/090724-biggest-cave-vietnam.html">the original</a> on 27 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=World%27s+Biggest+Cave+Found+in+Vietnam&rft.date=2009-07-04&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F07%2F090724-biggest-cave-vietnam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>World Heritage Sites: a Complete Guide to 1007 UNESCO World Heritage Sites</i> (6th ed.). <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO Publishing">UNESCO Publishing</a>. 2014. p. 607. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77085-640-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77085-640-0"><bdi>978-1-77085-640-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/910986576">910986576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Heritage+Sites%3A+a+Complete+Guide+to+1007+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Sites&rft.pages=607&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F910986576&rft.isbn=978-1-77085-640-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936/">"Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414171517/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Cueva+de+las+Manos%2C+R%C3%ADo+Pinturas&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F936%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenshaw2013" class="citation book cs1">Renshaw, Amanda, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/865298990"><i>Art & Place: Site-Specific Art of the Americas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Phaidon_Press" title="Phaidon Press">Phaidon Press</a>. pp. 354–355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-6551-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-6551-5"><bdi>978-0-7148-6551-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865298990">865298990</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029010905/https://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/servlet/org.oclc.lac.ui.ajax.ServiceServlet?serviceCommand=getAllItemReviews&source=goodReads&maxrecords=3&startrecord=1&isbn=9780714865515%25200714865516&oclcNum=865298990">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+%26+Place%3A+Site-Specific+Art+of+the+Americas.&rft.pages=354-355&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865298990&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-6551-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F865298990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:92-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:92_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodestáRaffinoPauneroRolandi2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Podestá, María Mercedes; Raffino, Rodolfo A.; Paunero, Rafael Sebastián; Rolandi, Diana S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NuG-pvgnd6IC&dq=%22Cueva+de+las+Manos%22+left+hand&pg=PA11"><i>El arte rupestre de Argentina indígena: Patagonia</i></a> (in Spanish). Grupo Abierto Communicaciones. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-987-1121-16-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-987-1121-16-8"><bdi>978-987-1121-16-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029010950/https://www.google.co.uk/gen_204?s=web&t=aft&atyp=csi&ei=10l7Ye-DE4K60PEP6uey8A8&rt=wsrt.491,aft.4960,prt.2585&imn=26&ima=10&imad=9&aftp=18869&bl=TGeo">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+arte+rupestre+de+Argentina+ind%C3%ADgena%3A+Patagonia&rft.pub=Grupo+Abierto+Communicaciones&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-987-1121-16-8&rft.aulast=Podest%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Mercedes&rft.au=Raffino%2C+Rodolfo+A.&rft.au=Paunero%2C+Rafael+Sebasti%C3%A1n&rft.au=Rolandi%2C+Diana+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNuG-pvgnd6IC%26dq%3D%2522Cueva%2Bde%2Blas%2BManos%2522%2Bleft%2Bhand%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMareanBar-MatthewsBernatchezFisher2007" class="citation journal cs1">Marean, Curtis W.; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Bernatchez, Jocelyn; Fisher, Erich; Goldberg, Paul; Herries, Andy I. R.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Jerardino, Antonieta; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Minichillo, Tom; Nilssen, Peter J.; Thompson, Erin; Watts, Ian; Williams, Hope M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/15550/files/PAL_E2962.pdf">"Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>449</b> (7164): 905–908. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.449..905M">2007Natur.449..905M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06204">10.1038/nature06204</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17943129">17943129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4387442">4387442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Early+human+use+of+marine+resources+and+pigment+in+South+Africa+during+the+Middle+Pleistocene&rft.volume=449&rft.issue=7164&rft.pages=905-908&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4387442%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17943129&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.449..905M&rft.aulast=Marean&rft.aufirst=Curtis+W.&rft.au=Bar-Matthews%2C+Miryam&rft.au=Bernatchez%2C+Jocelyn&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Erich&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Paul&rft.au=Herries%2C+Andy+I.+R.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Zenobia&rft.au=Jerardino%2C+Antonieta&rft.au=Karkanas%2C+Panagiotis&rft.au=Minichillo%2C+Tom&rft.au=Nilssen%2C+Peter+J.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Erin&rft.au=Watts%2C+Ian&rft.au=Williams%2C+Hope+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F15550%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E2962.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen2004" class="citation book cs1">Olsen, Brad (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7FS40w2nrqQC&q=sacred%20caves&pg=PA16"><i>Sacred Places Around the World: 108 Destinations</i></a>. CCC Publishing. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781888729160" title="Special:BookSources/9781888729160"><bdi>9781888729160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Places+Around+the+World%3A+108+Destinations&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=CCC+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781888729160&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7FS40w2nrqQC%26q%3Dsacred%2520caves%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffmann2018-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann2018_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._L._HoffmannC._D._StandishM._García-DiezP._B._Pettitt2018" class="citation journal cs1">D. L. Hoffmann; C. D. Standish; M. García-Diez; P. B. Pettitt; J. A. Milton; J. Zilhão; J. J. Alcolea-González; P. Cantalejo-Duarte; H. Collado; R. de Balbín; M. Lorblanchet; J. Ramos-Muñoz; G.-Ch. Weniger; A. W. G. Pike (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aap7778">"U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>359</b> (6378): 912–915. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...359..912H">2018Sci...359..912H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aap7778">10.1126/science.aap7778</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10498%2F21578">10498/21578</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29472483">29472483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=U-Th+dating+of+carbonate+crusts+reveals+Neandertal+origin+of+Iberian+cave+art&rft.volume=359&rft.issue=6378&rft.pages=912-915&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10498%2F21578&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29472483&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aap7778&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Sci...359..912H&rft.au=D.+L.+Hoffmann&rft.au=C.+D.+Standish&rft.au=M.+Garc%C3%ADa-Diez&rft.au=P.+B.+Pettitt&rft.au=J.+A.+Milton&rft.au=J.+Zilh%C3%A3o&rft.au=J.+J.+Alcolea-Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.au=P.+Cantalejo-Duarte&rft.au=H.+Collado&rft.au=R.+de+Balb%C3%ADn&rft.au=M.+Lorblanchet&rft.au=J.+Ramos-Mu%C3%B1oz&rft.au=G.-Ch.+Weniger&rft.au=A.+W.+G.+Pike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aap7778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span> "we present dating results for three sites in Spain that show that cave art emerged in Iberia substantially earlier than previously thought. Uranium-thorium (U-Th) dates on carbonate crusts overlying paintings provide minimum ages for a red linear motif in La Pasiega (Cantabria), a hand stencil in <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Maltravieso" title="Cave of Maltravieso">Maltravieso (Extremadura)</a>, and red-painted speleothems in Ardales (Andalucía). Collectively, these results show that cave art in Iberia is older than 64.8 thousand years (ka). This cave art is the earliest dated so far and predates, by at least 20 ka, the arrival of modern humans in Europe, which implies Neandertal authorship."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubert2019" class="citation journal cs1">Aubert, M.; et al. (11 December 2019). "Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art". <i>Nature</i>. <b>576</b> (7787): 442–445. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.576..442A">2019Natur.576..442A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1806-y">10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31827284">31827284</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209311825">209311825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Earliest+hunting+scene+in+prehistoric+art.&rft.volume=576&rft.issue=7787&rft.pages=442-445&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1806-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209311825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31827284&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.576..442A&rft.aulast=Aubert&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFazenda2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fazenda, Bruno (11 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.4998721">"Cave acoustics in prehistory: Exploring the association of Palaeolithic visual motifs and acoustic response"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>142</b> (1332): 1332–1349. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ASAJ..142.1332F">2017ASAJ..142.1332F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.4998721">10.1121/1.4998721</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28964077">28964077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Cave+acoustics+in+prehistory%3A+Exploring+the+association+of+Palaeolithic+visual+motifs+and+acoustic+response&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=1332&rft.pages=1332-1349&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28964077&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.4998721&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ASAJ..142.1332F&rft.aulast=Fazenda&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1121%252F1.4998721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhipps2008" class="citation news cs1">Whipps, Heather (3 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522022117/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/25516181/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/turns-out-cavemen-loved-sing#.XpOWOi-ZN-U">"Turns out, cavemen loved to sing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/25516181/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/turns-out-cavemen-loved-sing/#.XpOWOi-ZN-U">the original</a> on 22 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turns+out%2C+cavemen+loved+to+sing&rft.date=2008-07-03&rft.aulast=Whipps&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F25516181%2Fns%2Ftechnology_and_science-science%2Ft%2Fturns-out-cavemen-loved-sing%2F%23.XpOWOi-ZN-U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="American_Institute_of_Physics" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080704130439.htm">"Music Went With Cave Art In Prehistoric Caves"</a>. 5 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Music+Went+With+Cave+Art+In+Prehistoric+Caves&rft.date=2008-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2008%2F07%2F080704130439.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer2015" class="citation news cs1">Farmer, Blake (11 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2015/08/11/431512181/cumberland-caverns-a-subterranean-concert-venue-in-tennessee">"Cumberland Caverns: A Subterranean Concert Venue In Tennessee"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cumberland+Caverns%3A+A+Subterranean+Concert+Venue+In+Tennessee&rft.date=2015-08-11&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Blake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2015%2F08%2F11%2F431512181%2Fcumberland-caverns-a-subterranean-concert-venue-in-tennessee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParton2018" class="citation web cs1">Parton, Chris (4 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/why-brandi-carlile-steve-earle-and-more-are-performing-in-a-tennessee-cave-629847/">"Why Brandi Carlile, Steve Earle and More Are Performing in a Tennessee Cave"</a>. <i>RollingStone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RollingStone&rft.atitle=Why+Brandi+Carlile%2C+Steve+Earle+and+More+Are+Performing+in+a+Tennessee+Cave&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft.aulast=Parton&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-country%2Fwhy-brandi-carlile-steve-earle-and-more-are-performing-in-a-tennessee-cave-629847%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vm1_aCjrC5o">"Real Live Cave Music: Marvel at the World's Largest Instrument"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211124/vm1_aCjrC5o">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caves"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cave_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cave</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_caving_and_speleology" title="Glossary of caving and speleology">Glossary of caving and speleology</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biospeleology" title="Biospeleology">Biospeleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_conservation" title="Cave conservation">Cave conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_survey" title="Cave survey">Cave survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">Caving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving_equipment" title="Caving equipment">Equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fauna" title="Subterranean fauna">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stygofauna" title="Stygofauna">Stygofauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troglofauna" title="Troglofauna">Troglofauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speleogenesis" title="Speleogenesis">Speleogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speleology" title="Speleology">Speleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_by_country" title="Category:Caves by country">Caves by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and formation<br /> processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchihaline cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_cave" title="Breathing cave">Breathing cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave-in" title="Cave-in">Cave-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">Cenote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estavelle" title="Estavelle">Estavelle/Inversac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foiba" title="Foiba">Foiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_cave" title="Glacier cave">Glacier cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cave" title="Ice cave">Ice cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">Karst spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_cave" title="Lava cave">Lava cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ley_tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ley tunnel">Ley tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mine_exploration" title="Mine exploration">Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_cave" title="Pit cave">Pit cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponor" title="Ponor">Ponor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_cave" title="Salt cave">Salt cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutional_cave" title="Solutional cave">Solutional cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_cave" title="Show cave">Show cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffosion" title="Suffosion">Suffosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump_(cave)" title="Sump (cave)">Sump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talus_cave" title="Talus cave">Talus cave</a></li> <li>Underground <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underground_lake" title="Underground lake">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_waterfall" title="Subterranean waterfall">Waterfall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speleothem" title="Speleothem">Speleothems</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Speleogen" title="Speleogen">Speleogens</a><br />(Cave formations)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthodite" title="Anthodite">Anthodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxwork" title="Boxwork">Boxwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcite_rafts" title="Calcite rafts">Calcite rafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_pearl" title="Cave pearl">Cave pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_popcorn" title="Cave popcorn">Cave popcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogtooth_spar" title="Dogtooth spar">Dogtooth spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowstone" title="Flowstone">Flowstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostwork" title="Frostwork">Frostwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helictite" title="Helictite">Helictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonmilk" title="Moonmilk">Moonmilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimstone" title="Rimstone">Rimstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelfstone" title="Shelfstone">Shelfstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snottite" title="Snottite">Snottite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_straw" title="Soda straw">Soda straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speleoseismite" title="Speleoseismite">Speleoseismite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalactite" title="Stalactite">Stalactite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalagmite" title="Stalagmite">Stalagmite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalagnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalagnate">Stalagnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vug" title="Vug">Vug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_dweller" title="Cave dweller">Cave dweller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave-dwelling_Jews" title="Cave-dwelling Jews">Cave-dwelling Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cave_monasteries" title="List of cave monasteries">Cave monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kome_Caves" title="Kome Caves">Kome Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nok_and_Mamproug_Cave_Dwellings" title="Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings">Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaodong" title="Yaodong">Yaodong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diving_into_the_Unknown" title="Diving into the Unknown">Diving into the Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Forgotten_Dreams" title="Cave of Forgotten Dreams">Cave of Forgotten Dreams</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Eiger" title="The Underground Eiger">The Underground Eiger</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_caving_fatalities" title="List of UK caving fatalities">List of UK caving fatalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpazat_cave_rescue" title="Alpazat cave rescue">Alpazat cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesending_cave_rescue" title="Riesending cave rescue">Riesending cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">Tham Luang cave rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves" title="Category:Caves">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subterranea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Subterranea" title="Template:Subterranea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Subterranea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Subterranea (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subterranea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Subterranea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subterranea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subterranea_(geography)" title="Subterranea (geography)">Subterranea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcove_(landform)" title="Alcove (landform)">Alcove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant_colony" title="Ant colony">Ant colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burrow" title="Burrow">Burrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burrow_fossil" title="Burrow fossil">Burrow fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_burrow" title="Communal burrow">Communal burrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoburrow" title="Paleoburrow">Paleoburrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_cave" title="Glacier cave">Glacier cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cave" title="Ice cave">Ice cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_cave" title="Lava cave">Lava cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">Lava tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit Cave">Pit Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_cave" title="Show cave">Show cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutional_cave" title="Solutional cave">Solutional cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talus_cave" title="Talus cave">Talus cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">Cenote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_tree_mold" title="Lava tree mold">Lava tree mold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magma_chamber" title="Magma chamber">Magma chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternity_den" title="Maternity den">Maternity den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nest" title="Nest">Nest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">Bee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_crater" title="Pit crater">Pit crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fauna" title="Subterranean fauna">Subterranean fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">Subterranean river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_waterfall" title="Subterranean waterfall">Subterranean waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_lake" title="Underground lake">Underground lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_pipe" title="Volcanic pipe">Volcanic pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_(burrow)" title="Warren (burrow)">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balve_Cave" title="Balve Cave">Balve Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellana_Caves" title="Castellana Caves">Castellana Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_S%C6%A1n_%C4%90o%C3%B2ng" title="Hang Sơn Đoòng">Hang Sơn Đoòng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_Cave_National_Monument" title="Jewel Cave National Monument">Jewel Cave National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazumura_Cave" title="Kazumura Cave">Kazumura Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechuguilla_Cave" title="Lechuguilla Cave">Lechuguilla Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammoth_Cave_National_Park" title="Mammoth Cave National Park">Mammoth Cave National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Flute_Cave" title="Reed Flute Cave">Reed Flute Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_rivers_of_London" title="Subterranean rivers of London">Subterranean rivers of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veryovkina_Cave" title="Veryovkina Cave">Veryovkina Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Cave_National_Park" title="Wind Cave National Park">Wind Cave National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Man-made features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_vault_(tomb)" title="Burial vault (tomb)">Burial vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">Borehole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">Catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">Crypt Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout (shelter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_well" title="Dry well">Dry well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_shelter" title="Earth shelter">Earth shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdstall" title="Erdstall">Erdstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogou" title="Fogou">Fogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position#Terminology" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">Hypogeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole" title="Manhole">Manhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tomb" title="Rock-cut tomb">Rock-cut tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_vault" title="Utility vault">Utility vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_city" title="Underground city">Underground city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_base" title="Underground base">Underground base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Subway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">Sewerage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">Stepwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling_tunnel" title="Smuggling tunnel">Smuggling tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shaft" title="Ventilation shaft">Ventilation shaft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/816_Nuclear_Military_Plant" title="816 Nuclear Military Plant">816 Nuclear Military Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Maastricht" title="Caves of Maastricht">Caves of Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caves_of_%C3%86giss%C3%AD%C3%B0a" title="The Caves of Ægissíða">The Caves of Ægissíða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_of_Mercury._Almad%C3%A9n_and_Idrija" title="Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija"> Almadén Mercury Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_Complex" title="Cheyenne Mountain Complex">Cheyenne Mountain Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tunnel_Company" title="Chicago Tunnel Company">Chicago Tunnel Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_tunnel_system" title="Houston tunnel system">Houston tunnel system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosvinsky_Kamen" title="Kosvinsky Kamen">Kosvinsky Kamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%91b%C3%A1nya_cellar_system" title="Kőbánya cellar system">Kőbánya cellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kome_Caves" title="Kome Caves">Kome Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City_(Beijing)" title="Underground City (Beijing)">Underground City (Beijing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City,_Montreal" title="Underground City, Montreal">Underground City, Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Great_Wall_of_China" title="Underground Great Wall of China">Underground Great Wall of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mines_of_Paris" title="Mines of Paris">Mines of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustang_Caves" title="Mustang Caves">Mustang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Yamantau" title="Mount Yamantau">Mount Yamantau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_underground_geothermal_zone" title="Naples underground geothermal zone">Naples underground geothermal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">North American Aerospace Defense Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Rock_Mountain_Complex" title="Raven Rock Mountain Complex">Raven Rock Mountain Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_tunnels" title="Shanghai tunnels">Shanghai tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_London" title="Subterranean London">Subterranean London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_Toledo" title="Subterranean Toledo">Subterranean Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turda_Salt_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Turda Salt Mines">Turda Salt Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaodong" title="Yaodong">Yaodong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Subterranean fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_cave" title="Allegory of the cave">Allegory of the cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batcave" title="Batcave">Batcave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Greek Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth" title="Journey to the Center of the Earth">Journey to the Center of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moria (Middle-earth)">Moria (Middle-earth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nome Kingdom">Nome Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellucidar" title="Pellucidar">Pellucidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranea_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subterranea (comics)">Subterranea (comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnels_in_popular_culture" title="Tunnels in popular culture">Tunnels in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underdark" title="Underdark">Underdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underland_(Narnia)" title="Underland (Narnia)">Underland (Narnia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonderland_(fictional_country)" title="Wonderland (fictional country)">Wonderland (fictional country)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Reclamation_Sciences" title="American Society of Reclamation Sciences">American Society of Reclamation Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergamt" title="Bergamt">Bergamt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Research_Foundation" title="Cave Research Foundation">Cave Research Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hard_rock_miners%27_organizations" title="History of hard rock miners' organizations">History of hard rock miners' organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mine_Map_Repository" title="National Mine Map Repository">National Mine Map Repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mining_Association" title="National Mining Association">National Mining Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotto_(National_Speleological_Society)" title="Grotto (National Speleological Society)">Grotto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Materials,_Minerals_and_Mining" title="Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining">Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Mining_Engineers" title="Institution of Mining Engineers">Institution of Mining Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Speleology" title="International Union of Speleology">International Union of Speleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Centre_for_Deep_Drilling" title="Research Centre for Deep Drilling">Research Centre for Deep Drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Economic_Geologists" title="Society of Economic Geologists">Society of Economic Geologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Institute_of_Mining_and_Metallurgy" title="Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy">Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_conservation" title="Cave conservation">Cave conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_dweller" title="Cave dweller">Cave dweller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_gate" title="Cave gate">Cave gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_rescue" title="Cave rescue">Cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">Caving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_network" title="Tunnel network">Tunnel network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">Underground construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_living" title="Underground living">Underground living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_rescue" title="Mine rescue">Mine rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_exploration" title="Mine exploration">Mine exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_people" title="Mole people">Mole people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mole_people_(fiction)" title="Mole people (fiction)">in fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speleology" title="Speleology">Speleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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