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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deportations_begin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deportations_begin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deportations begin</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonderkommando" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonderkommando"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>Sonderkommando</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonderkommando-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stages_of_camp_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stages_of_camp_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Stages of camp operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stages_of_camp_operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stages of camp operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stages_of_camp_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_final_extermination_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_final_extermination_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The final extermination phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_final_extermination_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chełmno_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chełmno_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chełmno trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chełmno_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survivors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survivors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Survivors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survivors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chełmno extermination camp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88" title="معسكر الإبادة خيلمنو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معسكر الإبادة خيلمنو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_d%27extermini_de_Che%C5%82mno" title="Camp d'extermini de Chełmno – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camp d'extermini de Chełmno" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyhlazovac%C3%AD_t%C3%A1bor_Che%C5%82mno" title="Vyhlazovací tábor Chełmno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vyhlazovací tábor Chełmno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_udryddelseslejr" title="Chełmno udryddelseslejr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chełmno udryddelseslejr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernichtungslager_Kulmhof" title="Vernichtungslager Kulmhof – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vernichtungslager Kulmhof" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF_%CE%B5%CE%BE%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Στρατόπεδο εξόντωσης Χέλμνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατόπεδο εξόντωσης Χέλμνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmno_(campo_de_exterminio)" title="Chelmno (campo de exterminio) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chelmno (campo de exterminio)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstermejo_Che%C5%82mno" title="Ekstermejo Chełmno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekstermejo Chełmno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88" title="اردوگاه مرگ خلمنو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اردوگاه مرگ خلمنو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d%27extermination_de_Che%C5%82mno" title="Centre d'extermination de Chełmno – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Centre d'extermination de Chełmno" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmno" title="Chelmno – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Chelmno" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%B8" title="Խելմնո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խելմնո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp_pemusnahan_Che%C5%82mno" title="Kamp pemusnahan Chełmno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamp pemusnahan Chełmno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_di_sterminio_di_Che%C5%82mno" title="Campo di sterminio di Chełmno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campo di sterminio di Chełmno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95" title="חלמנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חלמנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernichtungslager_Chelmno" title="Vernichtungslager Chelmno – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vernichtungslager Chelmno" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulmhof_(vernietigingskamp)" title="Kulmhof (vernietigingskamp) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kulmhof (vernietigingskamp)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno" title="Chełmno – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Chełmno" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="केल्म्नो स्याइगु क्याम्प – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="केल्म्नो स्याइगु क्याम्प" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8E%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E5%8F%8E%E5%AE%B9%E6%89%80" title="ヘウムノ強制収容所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘウムノ強制収容所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulmhof" title="Kulmhof – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kulmhof" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_de_Chelmno" title="Camp de Chelmno – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Camp de Chelmno" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelomno_konslageri" title="Chelomno konslageri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chelomno konslageri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C3%B3z_zag%C5%82ady_w_Che%C5%82mnie_nad_Nerem" title="Obóz zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obóz zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_exterm%C3%ADnio_de_Che%C5%82mno" title="Campo de extermínio de Chełmno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campo de extermínio de Chełmno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag%C4%83rul_de_exterminare_Kulmhof" title="Lagărul de exterminare Kulmhof – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lagărul de exterminare Kulmhof" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8)" title="Хелмно (лагерь смерти) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хелмно (лагерь смерти)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chełmno extermination camp" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Логор Хелмно – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Логор Хелмно" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logor_smrti_Che%C5%82mno" title="Logor smrti Chełmno – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Logor smrti Chełmno" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mnon_tuhoamisleiri" title="Chełmnon tuhoamisleiri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chełmnon tuhoamisleiri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_(f%C3%B6rintelsel%C3%A4ger)" title="Chełmno (förintelseläger) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chełmno (förintelseläger)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_imha_kamp%C4%B1" title="Chełmno imha kampı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chełmno imha kampı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96)" title="Хелмно (табір смерті) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хелмно (табір смерті)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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18.72306</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German extermination camp in Poland during World War II</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Chełmno / Kulmhof</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelmno2(pischmak).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chelmno2%28pischmak%29.JPG/225px-Chelmno2%28pischmak%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chelmno2%28pischmak%29.JPG/338px-Chelmno2%28pischmak%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chelmno2%28pischmak%29.JPG/450px-Chelmno2%28pischmak%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chełmno extermination camp is located in Poland"><img alt="Chełmno extermination camp is located in Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Relief_Map_of_Poland.svg/240px-Relief_Map_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Relief_Map_of_Poland.svg/360px-Relief_Map_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Relief_Map_of_Poland.svg/480px-Relief_Map_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="837" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.859%;left:46.01%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chełmno extermination camp"><img alt="Chełmno extermination camp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of the former Chełmno extermination camp in Poland</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp&params=52_9_15_N_18_43_23_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°9′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°43′23″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.15417°N 18.72306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.15417; 18.72306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Vernichtungslager Kulmhof</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location">Near <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_nad_Nerem" title="Chełmno nad Nerem">Chełmno nad Nerem</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">Reichsgau Wartheland</a></i> (German-occupied Poland)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commandant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lange" title="Herbert Lange">Herbert Lange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bothmann" title="Hans Bothmann">Hans Bothmann</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operational</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="000000001941-12-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 8, 1941</span> – <span data-sort-value="000000001943-04-11-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">April 11, 1943</span> (1st period),<sup id="cite_ref-chelmno-muzeum_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chelmno-muzeum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><span data-sort-value="000000001944-06-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 23, 1944</span><sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <span data-sort-value="000000001945-01-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 18, 1945</span><sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-Chelmno-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of gas chambers</th><td class="infobox-data">3 <a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">gas vans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">mostly Jews</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Killed</th><td class="infobox-data">est. 152,000–200,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Liberated by</th><td class="infobox-data">Red Army, <span data-sort-value="000000001945-01-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 20, 1945</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable inmates</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mordecha%C3%AF_Podchlebnik" title="Mordechaï Podchlebnik">Mordechaï Podchlebnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szymon_Srebrnik" title="Szymon Srebrnik">Szymon Srebrnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szlama_Ber_Winer" title="Szlama Ber Winer">Szlama Ber Winer</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chełmno</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Kulmhof</b> was the first of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> and was situated 50 km (31 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, near the village of <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_nad_Nerem" title="Chełmno nad Nerem">Chełmno nad Nerem</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in 1939, <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Germany annexed the area</a> into the new territory of <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">Reichsgau Wartheland</a>. The camp, which was specifically intended for no other purpose than mass murder, operated from <span data-sort-value="000000001941-12-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 8, 1941</span>, to <span data-sort-value="000000001943-04-11-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">April 11, 1943</span>, parallel to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a> during the deadliest phase of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, and again from <span data-sort-value="000000001944-06-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 23, 1944</span>, to <span data-sort-value="000000001945-01-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 18, 1945</span>, during the Soviet counter-offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-comm_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1943, modifications were made to the camp's killing methods as the reception building had already been dismantled.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoah_1985_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoah_1985-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the very minimum, 152,000 people were murdered in the camp,<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-Chelmno-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would make it the fifth deadliest extermination camp, after <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">Treblinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibór</a>. However, the West German prosecution, citing Nazi figures during the <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">Chełmno trials</a> of 1962–65, laid charges for at least 180,000 victims.<sup id="cite_ref-JTA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JTA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polish official estimates, in the early postwar period, have suggested much higher numbers, up to a total of 340,000 men, women, and children. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulmhof_Museum_of_Martyrdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulmhof Museum of Martyrdom (page does not exist)">Kulmhof Museum of Martyrdom</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeum_by%C5%82ego_Obozu_Zag%C5%82ady_w_Che%C5%82mnie_nad_Nerem" class="extiw" title="pl:Muzeum byłego Obozu Zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem">pl</a>]</span> gives the figure of around 200,000,<sup id="cite_ref-chelmno-muzeum_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chelmno-muzeum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the vast majority of whom were Jews of west-central Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-comm_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with <a href="/wiki/Romani_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani (people)">Romani</a> people from <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">the region</a>, as well as foreign Jews from Hungary, <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a>, Germany, Luxembourg, and Austria transported to Chełmno via the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź Ghetto</a>, on top of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_(Nazi_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet prisoners of war (Nazi Germany)">Soviet prisoners of war</a>. The victims were murdered using <a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">gas vans</a>. Chełmno was a place of early experimentation in the development of the Nazi extermination programme.<sup id="cite_ref-Klee-Dressen-Riess_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klee-Dressen-Riess-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> troops captured the town of Chełmno on <span data-sort-value="000000001945-01-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 17, 1945</span>. By then, the Germans had already destroyed evidence of the camp's existence, leaving no prisoners behind.<sup id="cite_ref-alphahistory_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alphahistory-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the camp survivors, who was fifteen years old at the time, testified that only three Jewish males had escaped successfully.<sup id="cite_ref-Lefkovits_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lefkovits-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i> counted seven Jews who escaped; among them was the author of the <a href="/wiki/Grojanowski_Report" title="Grojanowski Report">Grojanowski Report</a>, written under an assumed name by <a href="/wiki/Szlama_Ber_Winer" title="Szlama Ber Winer">Szlama Ber Winer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a prisoner in the Jewish <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommando</a></i> who escaped only to perish at Bełżec during the liquidation of yet another <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Jewish ghetto in German-occupied Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-Chelmno-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1945, two survivors testified at <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">the trial of camp personnel in Łódź</a>. The three best-known survivors testified about Chełmno at the 1961 trial of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. Two survivors testified also at the camp personnel trials conducted in 1962–65 by <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lefkovits_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lefkovits-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_nad_Nerem" title="Chełmno nad Nerem">Chełmno nad Nerem</a> is a village in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, annexed to Nazi Germany in 1939 and renamed <i>Kulmhof</i> during <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">German occupation</a>. As the Nazis themselves exclusively referred to the camp as "Kulmhof", the name "Chełmno extermination camp" is not historically accurate, with its use perhaps deriving from the Main Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland shortly after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chełmno (Kulmhof) camp was set up by <i><a href="/wiki/SS-Sturmbannf%C3%BChrer" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Sturmbannführer">SS-Sturmbannführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lange" title="Herbert Lange">Herbert Lange</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Browning2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following his <a href="/wiki/Action_T4" class="mw-redirect" title="Action T4">gas van experiments</a> in the murder of 1,558 Polish prisoners of the <a href="/wiki/Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Soldau concentration camp">Soldau concentration camp</a> northeast of <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_nad_Nerem" title="Chełmno nad Nerem">Chełmno nad Nerem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning2011_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1941, Lange toured the area looking for a suitable site for an extermination centre, and chose Chełmno on the <a href="/wiki/Ner" title="Ner">Ner</a>, because of the estate, with a large manor house similar to <a href="/wiki/Sonnenstein_Euthanasia_Centre" title="Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centre">Sonnenstein</a>, which could be used for mass admissions of prisoners with only minor modifications.<sup id="cite_ref-HEART_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEART-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Staff for the facility was selected personally by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Damzog" title="Ernst Damzog">Ernst Damzog</a>, Commander of <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Security Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">SD</a> from headquarters in occupied <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> (Posen).<sup id="cite_ref-Epstein2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epstein2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damzog formed the <i><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Sonderkommando</a> Lange</i> (special detachment),<sup id="cite_ref-Epstein2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epstein2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appointed Herbert Lange the first camp commandant because of his experience in the mass-murder of Poles from <i>Wartheland</i> (<a href="/wiki/Wielkopolska" class="mw-redirect" title="Wielkopolska">Wielkopolska</a>). Lange served with <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsatzgruppe">Einsatzgruppe</a></i> VI during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tannenberg" title="Operation Tannenberg">Operation Tannenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tiergartenstrasse4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiergartenstrasse4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already by mid-1940, Lange and his men were responsible for the murder of about 1,100 patients in <a href="/wiki/Owi%C5%84ska" title="Owińska">Owińska</a>, 2,750 patients at <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bcian" title="Kościan">Kościan</a>, 1,558 patients and 300 Poles at <a href="/wiki/Dzia%C5%82dowo" title="Działdowo">Działdowo</a>, and hundreds of Poles at <a href="/wiki/Fort_VII" title="Fort VII">Fort VII</a> where the mobile gas-chamber (<i>Einsatzwagen</i>) was invented. Their earlier hospital victims were usually shot out of town in the back of the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-HEART_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEART-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two so-called <i>Kaisers-Kaffe</i> vans, manufactured by the Gaubschat factory in Berlin, were delivered in November.<sup id="cite_ref-vans_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vans-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chełmno began mass gassing operations on <span data-sort-value="000000001941-12-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 8, 1941</span> using vehicles approved by <i><a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> from <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">RSHA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vans_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vans-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months later, on <span data-sort-value="000000001942-01-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 20, 1942</span>, Heydrich, who had already confirmed the effectiveness of industrial-scale murder by exhaust fumes, called <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">a secret meeting of German officials</a> to undertake the European-wide <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_to_the_Jewish_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Solution to the Jewish Question">Final Solution to the Jewish Question</a> under the pretext of "resettlement".<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E05455,_Arthur_Greiser_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E05455%2C_Arthur_Greiser_%282%29.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E05455%2C_Arthur_Greiser_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E05455%2C_Arthur_Greiser_%282%29.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E05455%2C_Arthur_Greiser_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E05455%2C_Arthur_Greiser_%282%29.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E05455%2C_Arthur_Greiser_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption><i>Gauleiter</i> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> (Posen), 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of the killing centre at Chełmno for the mass murder of rapidly growing number of Jews deported to the Łódź Ghetto ("Special Handling", the <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderbehandlung" title="Sonderbehandlung">Sonderbehandlung</a></i>) was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw2013_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Governor of <i>Reichsgau Wartheland</i>. In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a> dated <span data-sort-value="000000001942-05-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">May 30, 1942</span>, Greiser referred to an authorization he had received from him and <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-thhpsb_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thhpsb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating that the clandestine program of murdering 100,000 Polish Jews, about one-third of the total Jewish population of <i>Wartheland</i>, was expected to be carried out soon. Greiser's plan was based on the German government's decision of October 1941 to deport German Jews to the Łódź Ghetto. Greiser and the SS decided to create space for the incoming Jews by annihilating the existing Polish-Jewish population in his district.<sup id="cite_ref-thhpsb_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thhpsb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to post-war testimony of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Koppe" title="Wilhelm Koppe">Wilhelm Koppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higher_SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher SS and Police Leader">Higher SS and Police Leader</a> for <i>Reichsgau Wartheland</i>, Koppe received an order from Himmler to liaise with Greiser regarding the <i>Sonderbehandlung</i> requested by the latter. Koppe entrusted the extermination operation to <i>SS-Standartenführer</i> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Damzog" title="Ernst Damzog">Ernst Damzog</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Security Police</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>. Damzog supervised the camp's daily operations thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-Epstein2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epstein2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div> <p>The killing center consisted of a vacated manorial estate in the village of Chełmno on the <a href="/wiki/Ner" title="Ner">Ner</a> river, and a large forest clearing about 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of Chełmno, off the road to <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82o" title="Koło">Koło</a> town with a sizable Jewish population which had been previously ghettoized.<sup id="cite_ref-edwardvictor_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwardvictor-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two sites were known respectively as the <i>Schlosslager</i> (manor-house camp) and the <i>Waldlager</i> (forest camp).<sup id="cite_ref-Heath-1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath-1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the grounds of the estate was a large two-story brick <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">country house</a> called "the palace".<sup id="cite_ref-holocaustresearchproject-photo2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holocaustresearchproject-photo2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its rooms were adapted to use as the reception offices, including space for the victims to undress and to give up their valuables. The <i><a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a></i> and police staff and guards were housed in other buildings in the town. The Germans had a high wooden fence built around the manor house and the grounds. The clearing in the forest camp, which contained large mass graves, was likewise fenced off. The camp consisted of separate zones: an administration section with nearby barracks and storage for plundered goods; and the more distant burial and cremation site to which victims were delivered in hermetically proofed <i>superstructures</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-vans_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vans-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heath-2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath-2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operations">Operations</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed_Magirus-Deutz_furniture_transport_van_Kolno_Poland_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Destroyed_Magirus-Deutz_furniture_transport_van_Kolno_Poland_1945.jpg/300px-Destroyed_Magirus-Deutz_furniture_transport_van_Kolno_Poland_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Destroyed_Magirus-Deutz_furniture_transport_van_Kolno_Poland_1945.jpg/450px-Destroyed_Magirus-Deutz_furniture_transport_van_Kolno_Poland_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Destroyed_Magirus-Deutz_furniture_transport_van_Kolno_Poland_1945.jpg/600px-Destroyed_Magirus-Deutz_furniture_transport_van_Kolno_Poland_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>A model of <i>Magirus-Deutz</i> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">gas van</a> used for murder at Chełmno; the exhaust fumes were diverted into the sealed rear compartment where the victims were locked in. This particular van had not been modified yet.<sup id="cite_ref-ww2today.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww2today.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>SS-Sonderkommando "Lange"</i> was supplied with two vans initially, each carrying about 50 Jews gassed en route to the forest.<sup id="cite_ref-vans_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vans-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, Lange was given three gas vans by the <a href="/wiki/RSHA" class="mw-redirect" title="RSHA">RSHA</a> in Berlin for the murder of greater numbers of victims. The vehicles had been converted to mobile gas-chambers by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaubschat_Fahrzeugwerke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaubschat Fahrzeugwerke (page does not exist)">Gaubschat company</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaubschat_Fahrzeugwerke" class="extiw" title="de:Gaubschat Fahrzeugwerke">de</a>) in Berlin which, by June 1942, produced twenty of them in accordance with the SS purchase order. The sealed compartments (also called superstructures) installed on the chassis had floor openings – about 60 mm (2.4 in) in diameter – with metal pipes welded below, into which the engine exhaust was directed.<sup id="cite_ref-vans_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vans-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victims generally suffocated to death, with their "bodies thrown out blue, wet with sweat and urine, the legs covered with excrement and menstrual blood".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drivers of gas vans also heard victims screaming and knocking on the walls.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SS had first used pure carbon monoxide from steel cylinders to murder mental patients in extermination hospitals of Action T4, and therefore had considerable knowledge of its efficacy. For all practical purposes, the extermination by mobile gas vans proved equally efficient following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> of 1941. In the newly occupied territories, the gas vans were used to murder mental patients as well as Jews in the extermination ghettos. By employing just three vans on the Eastern Front (the <i>Opel-Blitz</i> and the larger <i>Saurerwagen</i>), without any faults occurring in the vehicles, the <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i> were able to murder 97,000 captives in less than six months between December 1941 and June 1942. The SS relayed urgent requests to Berlin for more vans.<sup id="cite_ref-Klee-Dressen-Riess_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klee-Dressen-Riess-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rank and file of the so-called <i>SS Special Detachment Lange</i> was made up of <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei" title="Kriminalpolizei">Criminal Police</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Order_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Order Police">Order Police</a> personnel, under the leadership of Security Police and SD officers. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lange" title="Herbert Lange">Herbert Lange</a> was replaced as camp commandant in March (or April) 1942 by Schultze. He was succeeded by SS-Captain <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bothmann" title="Hans Bothmann">Hans Bothmann</a>, who formed and led the <i>Special Detachment Bothmann</i>. The maximum strength of each Special Detachment was just under 100 men, of whom around 80 belonged to the Order Police. The local <i>SS</i> also maintained a "paper command" of the camps <i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine-SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Allgemeine-SS">Allgemeine-SS</a></i> inspectorate, to which most of the Chełmno camp staff were attached for administrative purposes. Historians do not believe members of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=120th_SS-Standarte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="120th SS-Standarte (page does not exist)">120th SS-Standarte</a> office established in Chełmno performed any duties at the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Klee-Dressen-Riess_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klee-Dressen-Riess-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ringelblum-20_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringelblum-20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deportations_begin">Deportations begin</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prze%C5%82adunek_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w_do_wagon%C3%B3w_kolejki_w%C4%85skotorowej_do_Che%C5%82mna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prze%C5%82adunek_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w_do_wagon%C3%B3w_kolejki_w%C4%85skotorowej_do_Che%C5%82mna.jpg/220px-Prze%C5%82adunek_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w_do_wagon%C3%B3w_kolejki_w%C4%85skotorowej_do_Che%C5%82mna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prze%C5%82adunek_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w_do_wagon%C3%B3w_kolejki_w%C4%85skotorowej_do_Che%C5%82mna.jpg/330px-Prze%C5%82adunek_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w_do_wagon%C3%B3w_kolejki_w%C4%85skotorowej_do_Che%C5%82mna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prze%C5%82adunek_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w_do_wagon%C3%B3w_kolejki_w%C4%85skotorowej_do_Che%C5%82mna.jpg/440px-Prze%C5%82adunek_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w_do_wagon%C3%B3w_kolejki_w%C4%85skotorowej_do_Che%C5%82mna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="1369" /></a><figcaption>Deportation to Chełmno</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>SS</i> and police began murdering victims at Chełmno on <span data-sort-value="000000001941-12-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 8, 1941</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert-2002-p83_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-2002-p83-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first people transported to the camp were the Jewish and Romani populations of <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82o" title="Koło">Koło</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C4%85bie,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Dąbie, Greater Poland Voivodeship">Dąbie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sompolno" title="Sompolno">Sompolno</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%82odawa" title="Kłodawa">Kłodawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babiak,_Ko%C5%82o_County" title="Babiak, Koło County">Babiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izbica_Kujawska" title="Izbica Kujawska">Izbica Kujawska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugaj,_Radomsko_County" title="Bugaj, Radomsko County">Bugaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowiny_Brdowskie" title="Nowiny Brdowskie">Nowiny Brdowskie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kowale_Pa%C5%84skie" title="Kowale Pańskie">Kowale Pańskie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-Chelmno-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VS-Chełmno_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VS-Chełmno-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 3,830 Jews and around 4,000 Romani were murdered by gas before February 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Ringelblum-20_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringelblum-20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victims were brought from all over <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82o_County" title="Koło County">Koło County</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Landkreis Warthbrücken</i>) to Koło by rail with the last stop in <a href="/wiki/Powiercie" title="Powiercie">Powiercie</a>. Using whips, the <a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei#Police_Battalions" title="Ordnungspolizei">Orpo police</a> marched them toward the <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">Warta river</a> near <a href="/wiki/Zawadka,_Gmina_Ko%C5%82o" title="Zawadka, Gmina Koło">Zawadka</a>, where they were locked overnight in a mill, without food or water. The next morning, they were loaded onto lorries and taken to Chełmno. At "the palace", they were stripped of possessions, transferred to vans, and murdered with exhaust fumes on the way to burial pits in the forest. The daily average for the camp was about six to nine van-loads of the dead. The drivers used <a href="/wiki/Gas-mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas-mask">gas-masks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ringelblum-20_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringelblum-20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert-2002-p83_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-2002-p83-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From January 1942, the transports included hundreds of Poles and Soviet prisoners of war. In addition, they included over 10,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Moravia and Luxembourg, who had first been deported to the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Łódź ghetto">ghetto in Łódź</a> and subsisted there already for weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-Chelmno-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As soon as the ramp had been erected in the castle, people started arriving in Kulmhof from Litzmannstadt (<a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>) in lorries... The people were told that they had to take a bath, that their clothes had to be disinfected and that they could hand in any valuable items beforehand to be registered. When they had undressed they were sent to the cellar of the castle and then along a passageway onto the ramp and from there into the gas-van. In the castle, there were signs marked "to the baths". The gas vans were large vans, about 4–5 m [13–16 ft] long, 2.2 m [7.2 ft] wide and 2 m [6.6 ft] high. The interior walls were lined with sheet metal. A wooden grille was set into the floor. The floor of the van had an opening which could be connected to the exhaust by means of a removable metal pipe. When the lorries were full of people, the double doors at the back were closed and the exhaust connected to the interior of the van. — <i><a href="/wiki/SS-Scharf%C3%BChrer" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Scharführer">SS-Scharführer</a></i> Walter Burmeister, <i>The Good Old Days</i> <sup id="cite_ref-Klee-Dressen-Riess/Jewish_Virtual_Library_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klee-Dressen-Riess/Jewish_Virtual_Library-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In late February 1942, the secretary of the local Polish council in Chełmno, Stanisław Kaszyński (b. 1903), was arrested for trying to bring public attention to what was being perpetrated at the camp. He was interrogated and executed three days later on February 28, 1942, near a church along with his wife. His secret <a href="/wiki/Communiqu%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Communiqué">communiqué</a> was intercepted by the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel#Special_action_units" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>SS-Sonderkommando</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaszyński_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaszyński-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, there is an obelisk to his memory erected at Chełmno on <span data-sort-value="000000001991-08-07-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">August 7, 1991</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-muzeum.com_Chełmno_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muzeum.com_Chełmno-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 4,500, Czech Jews from Prague were sent to the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź Ghetto</a> before May 1942. One of the sisters of author <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valli_Kafka" title="Valli Kafka">Valli Kafka</a> (born 1890), was murdered with them before mid-September.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Killing_process">Killing process</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Che%C5%82mno_(Kulmhof)_1942_(Ko%C5%82o).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Che%C5%82mno_%28Kulmhof%29_1942_%28Ko%C5%82o%29.jpg/260px-Che%C5%82mno_%28Kulmhof%29_1942_%28Ko%C5%82o%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Che%C5%82mno_%28Kulmhof%29_1942_%28Ko%C5%82o%29.jpg/390px-Che%C5%82mno_%28Kulmhof%29_1942_%28Ko%C5%82o%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Che%C5%82mno_%28Kulmhof%29_1942_%28Ko%C5%82o%29.jpg/520px-Che%C5%82mno_%28Kulmhof%29_1942_%28Ko%C5%82o%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Jews were delivered by train to <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82o" title="Koło">Koło</a>, then to nearby <a href="/wiki/Powiercie" title="Powiercie">Powiercie</a>, and in overcrowded lorries to the camp. They were forced to abandon their bundles along the way. In this photo, loading of victims sent from the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź Ghetto</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the first five weeks, the murder victims came only from the nearby areas.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-Chelmno-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On reaching their final destination before "transport" to Germany and Austria, the Jews disembarked in the courtyard of the <i>Schlosslager</i> manor where the <i>SS</i> men wearing white coats and pretending to be medics waited for them with a translator released earlier from the Gestapo prison in <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-muzeum.com_Chełmno_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muzeum.com_Chełmno-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victims were led to a large empty room and ordered to undress; their clothing stacked for disinfection. They were told that all hidden banknotes would be destroyed during steaming and needed to be taken out and handed over for safe-keeping.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-Chelmno-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally they were met by a German officer dressed as a local squire with a <a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_hat" title="Tyrolean hat">Tyrolean hat</a>, announcing that some of them would remain there.<sup id="cite_ref-ARC_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARC-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wearing just underwear, with the women allowed to keep <a href="/wiki/Slip_(clothing)" title="Slip (clothing)">slips</a> on,<sup id="cite_ref-VS-Chełmno_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VS-Chełmno-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the victims were taken to the cellar and across the ramp into the back of a gas van holding from 50–70 people each (<i><a href="/wiki/Opel_Blitz" title="Opel Blitz">Opel Blitz</a></i>) and up to 150 (<i><a href="/wiki/Magirus" title="Magirus">Magirus</a></i>). When the van was full, the doors were shut and the engine started.<sup id="cite_ref-ww2today.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww2today.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surviving witnesses heard their screams as they were dying of <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiation">asphyxiation</a>. After about 5–10 minutes, the vans full of corpses were driven 4 km (2.5 mi) to the forest <i>Waldlager</i> camp. The vans were unloaded to excavated mass graves, and cleaned by the <i>Waldkommando</i> before returning to the manor house.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-Chelmno-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Scharführer</i> Walter Burmeister, a gas-van driver, made sure his own vehicle "would be cleaned of the excretions of the people that had died in it. Afterwards, it would once again be used for gassing" at the loading dock.<sup id="cite_ref-Klee-Dressen-Riess/Jewish_Virtual_Library_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klee-Dressen-Riess/Jewish_Virtual_Library-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder_of_Jews_from_the_Łódź_ghetto"><span id="Murder_of_Jews_from_the_.C5.81.C3.B3d.C5.BA_ghetto"></span>Murder of Jews from the Łódź ghetto</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%82o_dworzec_(2)_WK13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ko%C5%82o_dworzec_%282%29_WK13.jpg/220px-Ko%C5%82o_dworzec_%282%29_WK13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ko%C5%82o_dworzec_%282%29_WK13.jpg/330px-Ko%C5%82o_dworzec_%282%29_WK13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ko%C5%82o_dworzec_%282%29_WK13.jpg/440px-Ko%C5%82o_dworzec_%282%29_WK13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82o" title="Koło">Koło</a> railway station</figcaption></figure> <p>On January 16, 1942, the <i>SS</i> and police began deportations from the Łódź Ghetto lasting for two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishgen/timeline_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishgen/timeline-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German officials with the aid of <i><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei#Police_Battalions" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a></i> rounded up 10,000 Polish Jews based on selection by the ghetto <i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i>. The victims were transported from the <a href="/wiki/Radegast_train_station" title="Radegast train station">Radegast train station</a> in Łódź, to <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82o" title="Koło">Koło</a> railway station, 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Chełmno. There, the <i>SS</i> and police personnel supervised transfer of prisoners from the freight as well as passenger trains,<sup id="cite_ref-archive.is_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.is-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to smaller-size cargo trains running on narrow gauge tracks, which took them from Koło to a much smaller <a href="/wiki/Powiercie" title="Powiercie">Powiercie</a> station,<sup id="cite_ref-Heath-3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath-3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just outside Chełmno.<sup id="cite_ref-Heath-6_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath-6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As round-ups in Łódź normally took place in the morning, it was usually late afternoon by the time Jews disembarked from the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a> in Powiercie. Therefore, they were marched to a disused mill at Zawadki some two kilometres distance where they spent the night. The mill building continued to be used after the railway repairs, if transports arrived late.<sup id="cite_ref-Heath-4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath-4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following morning the Jews were transported from Zawadki by truck, in numbers which could be easily controlled at their destination. The victims were "processed" immediately upon arrival at the manor-house.<sup id="cite_ref-Heath-5_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath-5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in late July 1942, the victims were brought to the camp directly from Powiercie after the regular railway line linking Koło with Dąbie was restored; and the bridge over the Rgilewka River had been repaired.<sup id="cite_ref-Heath-6_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath-6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sonderkommando"><i>Sonderkommando</i></h2></div> <p>The German SS staff selected young Jewish prisoners from incoming transports to join the camp <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommando</a></i>, a special unit of 50 to 60 men deployed at the forest burial camp. They removed corpses from the gas-vans and placed them in mass graves. The large trenches were quickly filled, but the smell of decomposing bodies began to permeate the surrounding countryside including nearby villages. In the spring of 1942, the <i>SS</i> ordered burning of the bodies in the forest. The bodies were cremated on open air grids constructed of concrete slabs and rail tracks; pipes were used for air ducts, and long ash pans were built below the grid.<sup id="cite_ref-Heath-7_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath-7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the Jewish Sonderkommando had to exhume the mass graves and burn the previously interred bodies. In addition, they sorted the clothing of the victims, and cleaned the excrement and blood from the vans.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-Chelmno-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small detachment of about 15 Jews worked at the manor house, sorting and packing the belongings of the victims. Between eight and ten skilled craftsmen worked there to produce or repair goods for the <i>SS</i> Special Detachment.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoah_1985_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoah_1985-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelmno-fosse-commune.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Chelmno-fosse-commune.jpg/220px-Chelmno-fosse-commune.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Chelmno-fosse-commune.jpg/330px-Chelmno-fosse-commune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Chelmno-fosse-commune.jpg/440px-Chelmno-fosse-commune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Mass grave at the forest <i>Waldlager</i> of the Chełmno extermination camp</figcaption></figure> <p>Periodically, the <i>SS</i> executed the members of the Jewish special detachment and replaced them with workers selected from recent transports. The <i>SS</i> held jumping contests and races among the prisoners, who were shackled with chains on their ankles, to deem who was fit to continue working. The losers of such contests were shot.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoah_1985_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoah_1985-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stages_of_camp_operation">Stages of camp operation</h2></div> <p>The early killing process carried out by the SS from December 8, 1941, until mid-January 1942, was intended to murder Jews from all nearby towns and villages, which were slated for German colonization (<i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i>). From mid-January 1942, the SS and Order Police began transporting Jews in crowded freight and passenger trains from Łódź.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.is_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.is-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, Jews had also been deported to Łódź from Germany, <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia-Moravia</a>, and Luxembourg, and were included in the transports at that time. The transports included most of the 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> (Gypsies) who had been deported from Austria. Throughout 1942, the Jews from <i>Wartheland</i> were still being processed; in March 1943 the SS declared the district <i><a href="/wiki/Judenfrei" title="Judenfrei">judenfrei</a></i>. Other victims murdered at the killing center included several hundred Poles, and Soviet prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-majdanek.com-Chełmno_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majdanek.com-Chełmno-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer of 1942, the new commandant Bothmann made substantial changes to the camp's murder techniques. The change was prompted by two incidents in March and April of that year. First, the gas-van broke down on the highway while full of living victims.<sup id="cite_ref-Montague-206b_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montague-206b-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many passers-by heard their loud cries. Soon after that, the <a href="/wiki/Saurer" title="Saurer">Saurer</a> van exploded while the driver was revving its engine at the loading ramp; the gassing compartment was full of living Jews. The explosion blew off the locked back door, and badly burned the victims inside. Drivers were replaced. Bothmann's modifications included adding poison to gasoline. There is evidence that some red powder and a fluid were delivered from Germany by Maks Sado freight company, in order to murder the victims more quickly. Another major change involved parking the gas vans while prisoners were murdered. They were no longer driven en route to the forest cremation area with living victims inside.<sup id="cite_ref-Montague-206a_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montague-206a-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After having annihilated almost all Jews of <i>Wartheland</i> District, in March 1943 the Germans closed the Chełmno killing centre, while <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a> was still underway elsewhere. Other death camps had faster methods of murdering and <a href="/wiki/Cremation#World_War_II" title="Cremation">incinerating</a> people. Chełmno was not a part of Reinhard. The <i>SS</i> ordered complete demolition of <i>Schlosslager,</i> along with the manor house, which was levelled. To hide the evidence of the <i>SS</i>-committed war crimes, from 1943 onward, the Germans ordered the exhumation of all remains and burning of bodies in open-air cremation pits by a unit of <a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005"><i>Sonderkommando</i> 1005</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-majdanek.com-Chełmno_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majdanek.com-Chełmno-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bones were crushed on cement with <a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">mallets</a> and added to the ashes. These were transported every night in sacks made of blankets to river <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">Warta</a> (or to the <a href="/wiki/Ner_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ner River">Ner River</a>) on the other side of Zawadka, where they were dumped into the water from a bridge and from a flat-bottomed boat.<sup id="cite_ref-holocaustresearchproject-Chelmno_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holocaustresearchproject-Chelmno-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the camp authorities bought a bone-crushing machine (<i>Knochenmühle</i>) from Schriever and Co. in Hamburg to speed up the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-Chelmno_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Chelmno-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_final_extermination_phase">The final extermination phase</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Che%C5%82mno_-_krematorium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Che%C5%82mno_-_krematorium.jpg/220px-Che%C5%82mno_-_krematorium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Che%C5%82mno_-_krematorium.jpg/330px-Che%C5%82mno_-_krematorium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Che%C5%82mno_-_krematorium.jpg/440px-Che%C5%82mno_-_krematorium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption>A remnant of the open-air mass cremation structure at the forest camp, with memorial plaque</figcaption></figure> <p>On <span data-sort-value="000000001944-06-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 23, 1944</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in spite of earlier demolition of <i>the palace</i>, the <i>SS</i> renewed gassing operations at Chełmno in order to complete the annihilation of the remaining 70,000 Jewish prisoners of the ghetto in Łódź,<sup id="cite_ref-ghetto/history_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghetto/history-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the last ghetto in occupied Poland to produce war supplies for the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Special Detachment "Bothmann" returned to the forest and resumed murdering victims at a smaller camp, consisting of brand new wooden barracks along with new crematory pyres.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First, the victims were taken to the desecrated church in Chełmno where they spent the night if necessary, and left their bundles behind on the way to the reception area. They were driven to the forest, where the camp authorities had constructed two fenced-out barracks for undressing before "shower", and two new open-air cremation pits, further up. The <i>SS</i> and police guarded the victims as they took off their clothes and gave up valuables before entering gas-vans. In this final phase of the camp operation, some 25,000 Jews were murdered. Their bodies were burned immediately after death. From mid-July 1944, the <i>SS</i> and police began deporting the remaining inhabitants of the Łódź ghetto to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1944, the <i>SS</i> brought in a new <a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Commando 1005</a> of Jewish prisoners from outside the <i>Wartheland</i> District to exhume and cremate remaining corpses and to remove evidence of the mass murder operations. A month later, the <i>SS</i> executed about half of the 80-man detachment after most of the work was done. The gas vans were sent back to Berlin. The remaining Jewish workers were executed just before the German retreat from the Chełmno killing center on January 18, 1945, as the Soviet army approached (it reached the camp two days later). The 15-year-old Jewish prisoner <a href="/wiki/Simon_Srebnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Srebnik">Simon Srebnik</a> was the only one to survive the last executions with a gunshot wound to the head.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-Chelmno-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians estimate that the <i>SS</i> murdered at least 152,000–180,000 people at Chełmno between December 1941 and March 1943, and from <span data-sort-value="000000001944-06-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 23, 1944</span>, until the Soviet advance.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-Chelmno-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note: a 1946–47 report by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Investigation_of_German_Crimes_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland (page does not exist)">Central Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_Komisja_Badania_Zbrodni_Niemieckich_w_Polsce" class="extiw" title="pl:Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Niemieckich w Polsce">pl</a>]</span> placed the number closer to 340,000 based on a statistical approach, as the camp authorities had destroyed all <a href="/wiki/Waybill" title="Waybill">waybills</a> in an effort to hide their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-comm_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chełmno_trials"><span id="Che.C5.82mno_trials"></span>Chełmno trials</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">Chełmno trials</a></div> <p>After the war, some Chełmno extermination camp personnel were tried in Poland as well as in other court cases spanning a period of about 20 years. The <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">first judicial trial</a> of three former members of the <i>SS-Sonderkommando Kulmhof</i>, including camp's deputy commandant <i><a href="/wiki/Oberscharf%C3%BChrer" title="Oberscharführer">Oberscharführer</a></i> Walter Piller, took place in 1945 at the District Court in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>. The examination of evidence during the investigation was carried out by Judge Władysław Bednarz.<sup id="cite_ref-Montague-206b_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montague-206b-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent four trials, held in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, began in 1962 and concluded three years later in 1965 in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Montague-206b_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montague-206b-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> testified about the camp during his 1961 war-crimes trial in Jerusalem. He visited it once in late 1942. <a href="/wiki/Simon_Srebnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Srebnik">Simon Srebnik</a>, from the burial <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommando</a>,</i> testified in both the Chelmno Guard and Eichmann trials. Nicknamed <i>Spinnefix</i> at the camp, Srebnik was recognised by the Chelmno Guards only by this moniker. Walter Burmeister, a gas-van driver (not to be confused with the camp's <i>SS-Unterscharfuehrer</i> Walter Burmeister), testified in Bonn in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survivors">Survivors</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michal_Podchlebnik_(Chelmno_survivor).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Michal_Podchlebnik_%28Chelmno_survivor%29.jpg/170px-Michal_Podchlebnik_%28Chelmno_survivor%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Michal_Podchlebnik_%28Chelmno_survivor%29.jpg/255px-Michal_Podchlebnik_%28Chelmno_survivor%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Michal_Podchlebnik_%28Chelmno_survivor%29.jpg/340px-Michal_Podchlebnik_%28Chelmno_survivor%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Podchlebnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Michał Podchlebnik">Michał Podchlebnik</a> before or during World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>, a total of seven Jews from the burial <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommando</a></i> escaped from the <i>Waldlager</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-Chelmno-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Determining the identities of the few survivors of Chełmno had presented ambiguity because records use different versions of their names. One survivor may not have been recorded in the early postwar years because he did not testify at trials of camp personnel. Five escaped during the winter of 1942, including <a href="/wiki/Mordecha%C3%AF_Podchlebnik" title="Mordechaï Podchlebnik">Mordechaï Podchlebnik</a>, Milnak Meyer, Abraham Tauber, Abram Roj and <a href="/wiki/Szlama_Ber_Winer" title="Szlama Ber Winer">Szlama Ber Winer</a> (Szlamek Bajler) whose identity was recognized also as <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Grojanowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakov Grojanowski">Yakov or Jacob Grojanowski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mordechaï Zurawski and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Srebnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Srebnik">Simon Srebnik</a> escaped later.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-Chelmno-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Srebnik was among Jews shot by the Germans two days before the Russians entered Chełmno, but he survived.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Szlama_Ber_Winer" title="Szlama Ber Winer">Winer</a> wrote under pseudonym Grojanowski about the operations of the camp in his <i><a href="/wiki/Grojanowski_Report" title="Grojanowski Report">Grojanowski Report</a></i>, but he was rounded up with thousands of others and murdered in the gas chamber of <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec extermination camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lefkovits_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lefkovits-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Szymon_Srebrnik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Szymon_Srebrnik.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Szymon_Srebrnik" title="Szymon Srebrnik">Szymon Srebrnik</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1945, both Podchlebnik and Srebnik (then age fifteen), testified at the <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">Chełmno trials</a> of camp personnel in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, Poland. In addition to being included in the <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>, Mordechaï Zurawski is included as survivor in three other sources,<sup id="cite_ref-Lefkovits_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lefkovits-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gouri_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gouri-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nizkor_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nizkor-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each of which documents his testifying, along with Srebnik and Podchlebnik about his experience at Chełmno, at the 1961 trial of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. In addition, Srebnik testified in the <a href="/wiki/Chelmno_Guard_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelmno Guard Trials">Chelmno Guard Trials</a> of 1962–63.<sup id="cite_ref-Montague-177_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montague-177-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French director <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lanzmann" title="Claude Lanzmann">Claude Lanzmann</a> included interviews with Srebnik and Podchlebnik in his documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Shoah_(film)" title="Shoah (film)">Shoah</a></i>, referring to them as the only two Jewish survivors of Chełmno, but he was in error. Some sources repeat that only <a href="/wiki/Simon_Srebnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Srebnik">Simon Srebnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mordecha%C3%AF_Podchlebnik" title="Mordechaï Podchlebnik">Mordechaï Podchlebnik</a> survived the war but these are also in error.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epstein_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epstein-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Podchlebnik is sometimes referred to as Michał (or Michael), in Polish and English versions of his name.<sup id="cite_ref-epstein_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epstein-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all escapees have been identified in the postwar period. In 2002 Dr. <a href="/wiki/Sara_Roy" title="Sara Roy">Sara Roy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> wrote that her father, Abraham Roy, belonged to the aforementioned survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-roy_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roy-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roy_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She said that her father was the escapee recognized by the <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i> as Abram Roj, although she was mistaken about their total number.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other survivors of Chełmno include Yitzhak Justman and Yerachmiel Yisrael Widawski who escaped together from the forest burial commando in the winter of 1942. They arrived at <a href="/wiki/Piotrk%C3%B3w_Trybunalski_Ghetto" title="Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto">Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto</a> in March 1942 and deposited their testimonies with Rabbi Moshe Chaim Lau.<sup id="cite_ref-Lau-Lavie_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lau-Lavie-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widawski spoke with Rabbi Lau as well as some members of the prewar Communal Council before he left the ghetto, robbing them of their peace of mind with earth-shattering facts about the extermination process.<sup id="cite_ref-Farbstein27_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farbstein27-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widawski saw the bodies of thirteen relatives murdered in gas vans including his own <a href="/wiki/Fianc%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiancée">fiancée</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Giladi_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giladi-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both fugitives, Justman and Widawski, arrived also at the <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto" title="Częstochowa Ghetto">Częstochowa Ghetto</a> and met with Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Chanoch_Gad_Justman" title="Chanoch Gad Justman">Chanoch Gad Justman</a>. They headed in various directions and made a tremendous effort to inform and warn the Jewish communities about the fate that awaited them, however, many people refused to believe their stories.<sup id="cite_ref-Farbstein27_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farbstein27-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chelmno_extermination_camp" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chelmno extermination camp">Chelmno extermination camp</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in occupied Poland">The Holocaust in occupied Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_of_Anthropology,_Human_Heredity,_and_Eugenics" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi-German_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi-German concentration camps">List of Nazi-German concentration camps</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈxɛu̯mnɔ]</a></span>, approximately <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KHEHM</span>-no</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chelmno-muzeum-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chelmno-muzeum_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chelmno-muzeum_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309201014/http://www.chelmno-muzeum.eu/en/kulmhof-1941-1946"><i>Kulmhof 1941–1945. The German Death Camp in Chełmno on the Ner</i></a>, Chełmno Muzeum of Martyrdom, Poland (Muzeum byłego niemieckiego Obozu Zagłady Kulmhof w Chełmnie nad Nerem), 2015, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chelmno-muzeum.eu/en/kulmhof-1941-1946">the original</a> on 2014-03-09</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kulmhof+1941%E2%80%931945.+The+German+Death+Camp+in+Che%C5%82mno+on+the+Ner&rft.pub=Che%C5%82mno+Muzeum+of+Martyrdom%2C+Poland+%28Muzeum+by%C5%82ego+niemieckiego+Obozu+Zag%C5%82ady+Kulmhof+w+Che%C5%82mnie+nad+Nerem%29&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chelmno-muzeum.eu%2Fen%2Fkulmhof-1941-1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJVL2013" class="citation web cs1">JVL (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Chelmno.html">"Chelmno (Kulmhof)"</a>. <i>The Forgotten Camps</i>. Jewish Virtual Library.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forgotten+Camps&rft.atitle=Chelmno+%28Kulmhof%29&rft.date=2013&rft.au=JVL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2FChelmno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmm.org-Chelmno-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm.org-Chelmno_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSHMM2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">USHMM (May 11, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005194">"Chelmno"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(permission granted to be reused, in whole or in part, on Wikipedia; <a href="/wiki/OTRS" title="OTRS">OTRS</a> ticket no. 2007071910012533 confirmed)</span>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Text from USHMM has been released under the <a href="/wiki/GFDL" class="mw-redirect" title="GFDL">GFDL</a>. The website can offer no guarantee that the information is correct in each circumstance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chelmno&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft.au=USHMM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comm-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-comm_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comm_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comm_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Main Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weber.ucsd.edu/~lzamosc/gchelmno.html"><i>German Crimes in Poland</i> (Warsaw: 1946, 1947)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628181143/http://weber.ucsd.edu/~lzamosc/gchelmno.html">Archived</a> 2011-06-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Archive of <i>Jewish Gombin Genealogy</i>, with introduction by Leon Zamosc. <i>Note:</i> The Main (or Central) Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_Komisja_Badania_Zbrodni_Niemieckich_w_Polsce" class="extiw" title="pl:Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Niemieckich w Polsce">Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Niemieckich w Polsce</a>, GKBZNwP</i>) founded in 1945 was the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a> (see also the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970212065543/http://biwww.urm.gov.pl/ms/gkbzpnpe.html">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biwww.urm.gov.pl/ms/gkbzpnpe.html">the original</a> on 1997-02-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiwww.urm.gov.pl%2Fms%2Fgkbzpnpe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span>). <i>Quote:</i> "The Main Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against the Polish Nation – The Institute of National Memory... has a fifty years long history (1995). The creation of the Main Commission... was preceded by work done in London since 1943 by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Government_in_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Government in Exile">Polish Government in Exile</a>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoah_1985-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shoah_1985_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoah_1985_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoah_1985_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lanzmann" title="Claude Lanzmann">Claude Lanzmann</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shoah_(film)" title="Shoah (film)">Shoah</a></i> (1985) documentary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JTA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JTA_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJTA1963" class="citation web cs1">JTA (January 22, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220122211/http://www.jta.org/1963/01/22/archive/jewish-survivors-of-chelmno-camp-testify-at-trial-of-guards">"Jewish Survivors of Chelmno Camp Testify at Trial of Guards"</a>. JTA Archive. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/1963/01/22/archive/jewish-survivors-of-chelmno-camp-testify-at-trial-of-guards">the original</a> on 2014-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Survivors+of+Chelmno+Camp+Testify+at+Trial+of+Guards&rft.pub=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.date=1963-01-22&rft.au=JTA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1963%2F01%2F22%2Farchive%2Fjewish-survivors-of-chelmno-camp-testify-at-trial-of-guards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klee-Dressen-Riess-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klee-Dressen-Riess_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klee-Dressen-Riess_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klee-Dressen-Riess_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A secret memorandum of <span data-sort-value="000000001942-06-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 5, 1942</span> written by one Willy Just, to the Director of section II D <i>SS-Obersturmbannführer</i> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rauff" title="Walter Rauff">Walter Rauff</a> at the Reich Main Security Office (<i>Reichssicherheitshauptamt</i> in Berlin), contained five pages of numbered paragraphs, suggesting mechanical improvements to gas vans. In the opening line, the letter stated: "ninety-seven thousand have been processed, using three vans, without any defects showing up in the vehicles" <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaust-history.org/19420605-rauff-spezialwagen/">(see attached photocopies at HolocaustHistory.org)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521001257/http://www.holocaust-history.org/19420605-rauff-spezialwagen/">Archived</a> 2015-05-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> In his postwar testimony <i>Obersturmbannführer</i> <a href="/wiki/August_Becker" title="August Becker">August Becker</a>, the gas van inspector, claimed that the letter was sent by himself on <span data-sort-value="000000001942-06-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 5, 1942</span> to Walter Rauff in RSHA. <i>See:</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst_KleeWilli_DressenVolker_Riess1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Klee" title="Ernst Klee">Ernst Klee</a>; Willi Dressen; Volker Riess (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ACWKeRF49UYC&q=%22gas-vans+in+operation%3A+the+Opel-Blitz%22+%22Saurerwagen%22&pg=PA69"><i>The gas-vans: A new and better method of killing had to be found</i></a>. Konecky Konecky. pp. 69–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56852-133-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56852-133-6"><bdi>978-1-56852-133-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+gas-vans%3A+A+new+and+better+method+of+killing+had+to+be+found&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=Konecky+Konecky&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-56852-133-6&rft.au=Ernst+Klee&rft.au=Willi+Dressen&rft.au=Volker+Riess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DACWKeRF49UYC%26q%3D%2522gas-vans%2Bin%2Boperation%253A%2Bthe%2BOpel-Blitz%2522%2B%2522Saurerwagen%2522%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Christopher Browning</a> confirmed in his <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812211113/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/browning3.htm">Evidence for the Implementation of the Final Solution</a></i> (2000) that the letter was sent by Just, not by Becker, as shown through the archives of <a href="/wiki/RSHA" class="mw-redirect" title="RSHA">RSHA</a>: Just an Rauff, 5.6.42; BA, R 58/871.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alphahistory-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alphahistory_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpha_History_textbookresource_centre" class="citation web cs1">Alpha History textbook; resource centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alphahistory.com/holocaust/liberation-of-the-camps/">"Liberation of the camps"</a>. <i>Resources</i>. Australia, New Zealand, United States, Canada, Great Britain: Alpha History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resources&rft.atitle=Liberation+of+the+camps&rft.au=Alpha+History+textbook&rft.au=resource+centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falphahistory.com%2Fholocaust%2Fliberation-of-the-camps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lefkovits-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lefkovits_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lefkovits_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lefkovits_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lefkovits_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefkovits2006" class="citation web cs1">Lefkovits, Etgar (September 18, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713122309/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1157913655664">"The last survivor"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1157913655664">the original</a> on 2011-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=The+last+survivor&rft.date=2006-09-18&rft.aulast=Lefkovits&rft.aufirst=Etgar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.jpost.com%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%3Fpagename%3DJPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull%26cid%3D1157913655664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon E. Lewis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3MpKC9mANP8C&dq=%22Szlamek+Bajler%22&pg=PT101">Voices from the Holocaust</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310093843/http://books.google.ca/books?id=3MpKC9mANP8C&pg=PT101&lpg=PT101&dq=%22Szlamek+Bajler%22&source=bl&ots=1QwZSz80e5&sig=TZ6wJH42EJtQ1PWwtIxmmbidnKE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_a8cU_PsLc_hoAT0gIH4CQ&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22Szlamek%20Bajler%22&f=false">Archived</a> 2014-03-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pages 101–102 (Google Books).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Montague2012" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Montague (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zLnMB3Ib60kC&q=montague+che%C5%82mno+not+historically+accurate&pg=PA6"><i>Chełmno and the Holocaust: The History of Hitler's First Death Camp</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3527-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3527-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-3527-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Che%C5%82mno+and+the+Holocaust%3A+The+History+of+Hitler%27s+First+Death+Camp&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3527-2&rft.au=Patrick+Montague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzLnMB3Ib60kC%26q%3Dmontague%2Bche%25C5%2582mno%2Bnot%2Bhistorically%2Baccurate%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning2011-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Browning2011_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Browning2011_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_R._Browning2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Browning" title="Christopher R. Browning">Christopher R. Browning</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4YJnsqPiP7QC&q=Chelmno+death+camp"><i>Remembering Survival: Inside a Nazi Slave-Labor Camp</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 54, 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33887-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33887-4"><bdi>978-0-393-33887-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Survival%3A+Inside+a+Nazi+Slave-Labor+Camp&rft.pages=54%2C+65&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33887-4&rft.au=Christopher+R.+Browning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4YJnsqPiP7QC%26q%3DChelmno%2Bdeath%2Bcamp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HEART-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HEART_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HEART_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolocaust_Research_Project.org2007" class="citation web cs1">Holocaust Research Project.org (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/chelmnoSSstafflist.html">"Lange, Herbert; SS-Hauptsturmführer"</a>. <i>Chelmno Death Camp Dramatis Personae</i>. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chelmno+Death+Camp+Dramatis+Personae&rft.atitle=Lange%2C+Herbert%3B+SS-Hauptsturmf%C3%BChrer&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Holocaust+Research+Project.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Fothercamps%2FchelmnoSSstafflist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epstein2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epstein2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epstein2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epstein2_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Epstein2010" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Epstein (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z3Q9Va1J5fAC&q=%22Ernst+Damzog%22+Che%C5%82mno+extermination+camp&pg=PT182"><i>Ernst Damzog (Sipo and SD, Posen)</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161384-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161384-5"><bdi>978-0-19-161384-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernst+Damzog+%28Sipo+and+SD%2C+Posen%29&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-161384-5&rft.au=Catherine+Epstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz3Q9Va1J5fAC%26q%3D%2522Ernst%2BDamzog%2522%2BChe%25C5%2582mno%2Bextermination%2Bcamp%26pg%3DPT182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tiergartenstrasse4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tiergartenstrasse4_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtur_HojanCameron_Munro2015" class="citation web cs1">Artur Hojan; Cameron Munro (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tiergartenstrasse4.org/Nazi_Euthanasia_Programme_in_Occupied_Poland_1939-1945.html">"Nazi Euthanasia Programme in Occupied Poland 1939–1945"</a>. <i>The Tiergartenstrasse 4 Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tiergartenstrasse+4+Association&rft.atitle=Nazi+Euthanasia+Programme+in+Occupied+Poland+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Artur+Hojan&rft.au=Cameron+Munro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftiergartenstrasse4.org%2FNazi_Euthanasia_Programme_in_Occupied_Poland_1939-1945.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vans-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vans_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vans_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vans_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vans_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vans_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathias_Beer_(translated_from_the_German)2015" class="citation web cs1">Mathias Beer (translated from the German) (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/vans.html">"The Development of the Gas-Van in the Murdering of the Jews"</a>. <i>The Final Solution</i>. Jewish Virtual Library. "Die Entwicklung der Gaswagen beim Mord an den Juden," Miszelle. Vierteljahrshefte fuer Zeitgeschichte, 37 (3), pp. 403–417<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Final+Solution&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Gas-Van+in+the+Murdering+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=%22Die+Entwicklung+der+Gaswagen+beim+Mord+an+den+Juden%2C%22+Miszelle.+Vierteljahrshefte+fuer+Zeitgeschichte%2C+37+%283%29%2C+pp.+403-417.&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Mathias+Beer+%28translated+from+the+German%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Fvans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw2013-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw2013_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Kershaw2013" class="citation book cs1">Ian Kershaw (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Clu5vSF3IIYC&q=60%2C000"><i>Hitler 1936–1945</i></a>. Penguin UK. pp. vi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190959-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190959-2"><bdi>978-0-14-190959-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+1936%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=vi&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-14-190959-2&rft.au=Ian+Kershaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DClu5vSF3IIYC%26q%3D60%252C000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thhpsb-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thhpsb_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thhpsb_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528142643/http://www.holocaust-history.org/quick-facts/special-treatment.shtml">"Special treatment" (Sonderbehandlung)"</a>. The Holocaust History Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaust-history.org/quick-facts/special-treatment.shtml">the original</a> on May 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+treatment%22+%28Sonderbehandlung%29&rft.pub=The+Holocaust+History+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaust-history.org%2Fquick-facts%2Fspecial-treatment.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwardvictor-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edwardvictor_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Victor2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Edward Victor (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212220204/http://www.edwardvictor.com/Ghettos/2006/kolo_main.htm">"Kolo (Muhlental in German), Poland"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust (2001), p. 647</i>. Judaica Philatelic Resources. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardvictor.com/Ghettos/2006/kolo_main.htm">the original</a> on 12 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kolo+%28Muhlental+in+German%29%2C+Poland&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Jewish+Life+Before+and+During+the+Holocaust+%282001%29%2C+p.+647&rft.pub=Judaica+Philatelic+Resources&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Edward+Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edwardvictor.com%2FGhettos%2F2006%2Fkolo_main.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath-1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heath-1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Heath (Sep 16, 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOrSv8iN5GU"><span class="plainlinks"><i>The Nazi Death Camp at Chełmno nad Nerem</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (<i>about razed manor house</i>). Narration by the author. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9, 2013</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.in.com/alan-heath/biography-9727.html">Alan Heath</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714160655/http://www.in.com/alan-heath/biography-9727.html">Archived</a> 2014-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> is a British publisher, writer and Holocaust historian specialising in Nazi death camps. He is the author of a series of video essays about the German killing factories in Chelmno, Belzec, Treblinka, Sobibor, Majdanek and Auschwitz. In March 2007, Heath accompanied Holocaust denier <a href="/wiki/David_Irving" title="David Irving">David Irving</a> on a tour of the death camps in Poland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holocaustresearchproject-photo2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holocaustresearchproject-photo2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.E.A.R.T2013" class="citation web cs1">H.E.A.R.T (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/galleries/chelmnoperiod/Chelmno%20palace%20-pre%20war.html">"Chelmno palace – pre war"</a>. <i>Chelmno Period Photos</i>. Holocaust Research Project.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chelmno+Period+Photos&rft.atitle=Chelmno+palace+%E2%80%93+pre+war&rft.date=2013&rft.au=H.E.A.R.T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Fothercamps%2Fgalleries%2Fchelmnoperiod%2FChelmno%2520palace%2520-pre%2520war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath-2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heath-2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Heath (Sep 20, 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiJFXp7o1gI"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Chelmno, the route of death</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (the road through town to forest). Narration by Alan Heath.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ww2today.com-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ww2today.com_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ww2today.com_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2today.com/16th-may-1942-ss-discuss-the-use-of-mobile-gassing-vans">"SS use of mobile gassing vans"</a>. <i>A damaged Magirus-Deutz van found in 1945 in Kolno, Poland</i>. World War II Today. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2013</span>. <q><i>Source:</i> Office of the United States Chief Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality: <i>Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression</i> – Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1946, Vol III, p. 418.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+damaged+Magirus-Deutz+van+found+in+1945+in+Kolno%2C+Poland&rft.atitle=SS+use+of+mobile+gassing+vans&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2today.com%2F16th-may-1942-ss-discuss-the-use-of-mobile-gassing-vans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2018" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Nestar (2018). "The Nazi's Pursuit for a "Humane" Method of Killing". <i>Understanding Willing Participants, Volume 2</i>. Vol. 2. pp. 241–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-97999-1_8">10.1007/978-3-319-97999-1_8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97998-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97998-4"><bdi>978-3-319-97998-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nazi%27s+Pursuit+for+a+%22Humane%22+Method+of+Killing&rft.btitle=Understanding+Willing+Participants%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=241-276&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-97999-1_8&rft.isbn=978-3-319-97998-4&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Nestar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929121811/https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/RESOURCE/DOCUMENT/DOCGAST.HTM">"Testimonies of SS-Men Regarding Gassing Vans"</a>. <i>Florida Center for Instructional Technology</i>. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/RESOURCE/DOCUMENT/DOCGAST.HTM">the original</a> on 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+Center+for+Instructional+Technology&rft.atitle=Testimonies+of+SS-Men+Regarding+Gassing+Vans&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffcit.usf.edu%2Fholocaust%2FRESOURCE%2FDOCUMENT%2FDOCGAST.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ringelblum-20-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ringelblum-20_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ringelblum-20_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ringelblum-20_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWUW2013" class="citation book cs1">WUW (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314153034/http://www.wuw.home.pl/ksiegarnia/dodatki/archiwumringelbluma9wstep.pdf"><i>Ringelblum Archives of the Holocaust. Introduction</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. p. 20 (xx). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wuw.home.pl/ksiegarnia/dodatki/archiwumringelbluma9wstep.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF file, direct download)</span> on March 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ringelblum+Archives+of+the+Holocaust.+Introduction&rft.pages=20+%28xx%29&rft.pub=Wydawnictwa+Uniwersytetu+Warszawskiego&rft.date=2013&rft.au=WUW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wuw.home.pl%2Fksiegarnia%2Fdodatki%2Farchiwumringelbluma9wstep.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert-2002-p83-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert-2002-p83_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert-2002-p83_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert,_Martin2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYs5OSnsrHwC&pg=PA83"><i>The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28145-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28145-4"><bdi>978-0-415-28145-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Atlas+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28145-4&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYs5OSnsrHwC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VS-Chełmno-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VS-Chełmno_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VS-Chełmno_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._WaserOneg_Szabat_Group2013" class="citation web cs1">H. Waser; <i>Oneg Szabat</i> Group (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/chelmno-nad-nerem/13,miejsca-martyrologii/1143,oboz-zaglady-w-chelmnie-nad-nerem/">"Obóz zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem"</a>. <i>Chełmno nad Nerem</i>. Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Shtetl" title="Virtual Shtetl">Virtual Shtetl</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Che%C5%82mno+nad+Nerem&rft.atitle=Ob%C3%B3z+zag%C5%82ady+w+Che%C5%82mnie+nad+Nerem&rft.date=2013&rft.au=H.+Waser&rft.au=%27%27Oneg+Szabat%27%27+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sztetl.org.pl%2Fpl%2Farticle%2Fchelmno-nad-nerem%2F13%2Cmiejsca-martyrologii%2F1143%2Coboz-zaglady-w-chelmnie-nad-nerem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klee-Dressen-Riess/Jewish_Virtual_Library-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klee-Dressen-Riess/Jewish_Virtual_Library_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klee-Dressen-Riess/Jewish_Virtual_Library_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._KleeW._DressenV._Riess1988" class="citation web cs1">E. Klee; W. Dressen; V. Riess (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/gassingtest.html">"Testimony of gas-van driver Walter Burmeister"</a>. <i>The Good Old Days</i> (print). New York: The Free Press. pp. 219–220<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-14</span></span> – via Jewish Virtual Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Good+Old+Days&rft.atitle=Testimony+of+gas-van+driver+Walter+Burmeister&rft.pages=219-220&rft.date=1988&rft.au=E.+Klee&rft.au=W.+Dressen&rft.au=V.+Riess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Fgassingtest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaszyński-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaszyński_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUMD2013" class="citation web cs1">UMD (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gminadabie.pl/asp/pl_start.asp?typ=14&sub=283&menu=301&strona=1">"Stanisław Kaszyński"</a>. <i>Niemiecki Oboz Zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem (German death camp in Chełmno)</i>. Urząd Miejski w Dąbiu (Dąbie town council)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Niemiecki+Oboz+Zag%C5%82ady+w+Che%C5%82mnie+nad+Nerem+%28German+death+camp+in+Che%C5%82mno%29&rft.atitle=Stanis%C5%82aw+Kaszy%C5%84ski&rft.date=2013&rft.au=UMD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gminadabie.pl%2Fasp%2Fpl_start.asp%3Ftyp%3D14%26sub%3D283%26menu%3D301%26strona%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muzeum.com_Chełmno-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-muzeum.com_Chełmno_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-muzeum.com_Chełmno_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŁucja_Pawlicka_Nowak" class="citation cs2">Łucja Pawlicka Nowak, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120903221914/http://www.muzeum.com.pl/en/chelmno.htm"><i>The History of Chełmno Commemoration</i></a>, Arkadiusz Kamiński (trans.), Museum of the former Extermination Camp in Chełmno on the Ner, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muzeum.com.pl/en/chelmno.htm">the original</a> on 2012-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Che%C5%82mno+Commemoration&rft.pub=Museum+of+the+former+Extermination+Camp+in+Che%C5%82mno+on+the+Ner&rft.au=%C5%81ucja+Pawlicka+Nowak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzeum.com.pl%2Fen%2Fchelmno.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grzegorz Gazda, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zwoje-scrolls.com/zwoje43/text16p.htm">The final journey of Franz Kafka's sisters.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194232/http://www.zwoje-scrolls.com/zwoje43/text16p.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Zwoje-Scrolls.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARC-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ARC_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFARC2006" class="citation news cs1">ARC (August 26, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/chelmno.html">"Chelmno"</a>. <i>Occupation of the East, including photos and list of external sources</i>. ARC (www.deathcamps.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occupation+of+the+East%2C+including+photos+and+list+of+external+sources&rft.atitle=Chelmno&rft.date=2006-08-26&rft.au=ARC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deathcamps.org%2Foccupation%2Fchelmno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishgen/timeline-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jewishgen/timeline_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirley_Rotbein_Flaum2007" class="citation web cs1">Shirley Rotbein Flaum (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/lodz/statistics.htm">"Lodz Ghetto Deportations and Statistics"</a>. <i>Timeline</i>. JewishGen Home Page<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2015</span>. <q><i>Source:</i> Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (1990), Baranowski, Dobroszycki, Wiesenthal, Yad Vashem Timeline of the Holocaust, others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timeline&rft.atitle=Lodz+Ghetto+Deportations+and+Statistics&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Shirley+Rotbein+Flaum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkehilalinks.jewishgen.org%2Flodz%2Fstatistics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.is-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive.is_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.is_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchive.is2013" class="citation web cs1">Archive.is (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/survivor/images/jews%20at%20kolo%20station%20-%20bound%20for%20chelmno.jpg">"Jews at Kolo station – bound for Chelmno"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(JPG file, direct download 788x557 pixels)</span>. <i>Historical image</i>. Holocaust Research Project.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+image&rft.atitle=Jews+at+Kolo+station+%E2%80%93+bound+for+Chelmno&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Archive.is&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Fsurvivor%2Fimages%2Fjews%2520at%2520kolo%2520station%2520-%2520bound%2520for%2520chelmno.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath-3-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heath-3_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Heath, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQjj3EDj—4"><span class="plainlinks">"Unloading the Victims"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (deportation photo, 1 minute). Narration by Alan Heath.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath-6-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heath-6_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heath-6_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Heath, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQwHy1bZk7c"><span class="plainlinks">"Bridge over Rgilewka"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>. Narration by Alan Heath.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath-4-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heath-4_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Heath, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZtoKxcsvsI"><span class="plainlinks">"Route to Zawadka"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>. Narration by Alan Heath.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath-5-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heath-5_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Heath, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05L4AHSPK-A"><span class="plainlinks">"The Warta at Zawadki"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, Narration by Alan Heath.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath-7-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heath-7_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Heath, "The Destruction of Corpses at Chelmno nad Nerem" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxM9z7KaY3Y">YouTube video.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151206220147/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxM9z7KaY3Y">Archived</a> 2015-12-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Narration by Alan Heath.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauline_Kael1985" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Kael" title="Pauline Kael">Pauline Kael</a> (30 December 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.archives.newyorker.com/rvimageserver/Conde%20Nast/New%20Yorker/1985_12_30/page0000072.jpg?type%3D2%26width%3D869%26quality%3D70%26v%3Dv1">"The Current Cinema, "Sacred Monsters": Review of Claude Lanzmann's <i>Shoah</i>"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Current+Cinema%2C+%22Sacred+Monsters%22%3A+Review+of+Claude+Lanzmann%27s+Shoah&rft.date=1985-12-30&rft.au=Pauline+Kael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.archives.newyorker.com%2Frvimageserver%2FConde%2520Nast%2FNew%2520Yorker%2F1985_12_30%2Fpage0000072.jpg%3Ftype%253D2%2526width%253D869%2526quality%253D70%2526v%253Dv1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <i>Also (in):</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Meng" class="citation web cs1">Michael Meng. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205105706/http://icj.huji.ac.il/conference/papers/Meng.pdf">"Rethinking Polish-Jewish Relations during the Holocaust in the Wake of 1968"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icj.huji.ac.il/conference/papers/Meng.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Avraham+Harman+Institute+of+Contemporary+Jewry&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Polish-Jewish+Relations+during+the+Holocaust+in+the+Wake+of+1968&rft.au=Michael+Meng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficj.huji.ac.il%2Fconference%2Fpapers%2FMeng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-majdanek.com-Chełmno-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-majdanek.com-Chełmno_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-majdanek.com-Chełmno_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.majdanek.com.pl/obozy/chelmno.html">"SS Sonderkommando"</a>. <i>Obóz zagłady w Chełmnie n/Nerem</i>. Obozy zagłady<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ob%C3%B3z+zag%C5%82ady+w+Che%C5%82mnie+n%2FNerem&rft.atitle=SS+Sonderkommando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.majdanek.com.pl%2Fobozy%2Fchelmno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montague-206b-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Montague-206b_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montague-206b_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montague-206b_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Montague2012" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Montague (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=02ABWyc_Ks0C&q=%22testimonies+collected+by+Judge+Bednarz%22&pg=PA208"><i>The Gas Vans (Appendix I): Testimonies</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 206–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3527-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3527-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-3527-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gas+Vans+%28Appendix+I%29%3A+Testimonies&rft.pages=206-209&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3527-2&rft.au=Patrick+Montague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D02ABWyc_Ks0C%26q%3D%2522testimonies%2Bcollected%2Bby%2BJudge%2BBednarz%2522%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montague-206a-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Montague-206a_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Montague2012" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Montague (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=02ABWyc_Ks0C&q=%22a+gas+van+broken+down+on+the+highway%22&pg=PA206"><i>The Gas Vans (Appendix I)</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3527-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3527-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-3527-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gas+Vans+%28Appendix+I%29&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3527-2&rft.au=Patrick+Montague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D02ABWyc_Ks0C%26q%3D%2522a%2Bgas%2Bvan%2Bbroken%2Bdown%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bhighway%2522%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holocaustresearchproject-Chelmno-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holocaustresearchproject-Chelmno_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.E.A.R.T2007" class="citation web cs1">H.E.A.R.T (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/chelmno.html">"Chelmno Death Camp"</a>. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chelmno+Death+Camp&rft.pub=Holocaust+Education+%26+Archive+Research+Team&rft.date=2007&rft.au=H.E.A.R.T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Fothercamps%2Fchelmno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-Chelmno-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Chelmno_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Berenbaum2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Michael Berenbaum (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/108480/Chelmno">"Chelmno (concentration camp, Poland)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. pp. 1 of 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chelmno+%28concentration+camp%2C+Poland%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1+of+3&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Michael+Berenbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F108480%2FChelmno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghetto/history-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ghetto/history_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jewish Virtual Library, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/lodztoc.html">Łódź. Overview of the Litzmannstadt Ghetto History.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701092435/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/lodztoc.html">Archived</a> 2015-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/lodz/">Online Exhibition: "Give Me Your Children." Voices from the Lodz Ghetto.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130912124330/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/lodz/">Archived</a> 2013-09-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved June 30, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golden-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golden_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golden_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2006" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Juliet (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LTW1Rf-NfJsC&q=%22an+extermination+center+%E2%80%94+in+two+separate+phases%22&pg=PA189">"Remembering Chelmno"</a>. In Vitelli, Karen D.; Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip (eds.). <i>Archeological Ethics</i> (2nd ed.). AltaMira Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0963-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0963-6"><bdi>978-0-7591-0963-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remembering+Chelmno&rft.btitle=Archeological+Ethics&rft.pages=189&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0963-6&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLTW1Rf-NfJsC%26q%3D%2522an%2Bextermination%2Bcenter%2B%25E2%2580%2594%2Bin%2Btwo%2Bseparate%2Bphases%2522%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Klee, W. Dressen, V. Riess. <i>The Good Old Days</i>. The Free Press, NY, 1988., pp. 219–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jun/09/claude-lanzmann-shoah-holocaust-documentary">Stuart Jeffries, "Claude Lanzmann on why Holocaust documentary Shoah still matters"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603051150/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jun/09/claude-lanzmann-shoah-holocaust-documentary">Archived</a> 2020-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 9 June 2011, accessed 22 May 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gouri-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gouri_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gouri, Haim. <i>Facing the Glass Booth: The Jerusalem Trial of Adolf Eichmann</i>. Wayne State University Press, 2004. p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nizkor-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nizkor_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Sessions/Session-065-06.html">"<i>The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: Record of Proceedings in the District Court of Jerusalem</i>. Trust for the Publication of the Proceedings of the Eichmann Trial, with the Israel State Archives and Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, 1992"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717104759/http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Sessions/Session-065-06.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+Adolf+Eichmann%3A+Record+of+Proceedings+in+the+District+Court+of+Jerusalem.+Trust+for+the+Publication+of+the+Proceedings+of+the+Eichmann+Trial%2C+with+the+Israel+State+Archives+and+Yad+Vashem%2C+the+Holocaust+Martyrs%27+and+Heroes%27+Remembrance+Authority%2C+1992.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nizkor.org%2Fhweb%2Fpeople%2Fe%2Feichmann-adolf%2Ftranscripts%2FSessions%2FSession-065-06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montague-177-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Montague-177_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Montague2012" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Montague (March 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WvBRA0iGUjgC&q=Wladyslaw+Bednarz+1945&pg=PA177"><i>Epilogue (Judge Władysław Bednarz)</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-6941-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-6941-3"><bdi>978-0-8078-6941-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epilogue+%28Judge+W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw+Bednarz%29&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012-03-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-6941-3&rft.au=Patrick+Montague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWvBRA0iGUjgC%26q%3DWladyslaw%2BBednarz%2B1945%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubenstein, Richard L. <i>Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy</i>. Westminster John Knox Press, 1987. p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epstein-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epstein_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epstein_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Epstein, Julia. <i>Shaping Losses: Cultural Memory and the Holocaust</i>. University of Illinois Press, 2001. p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roy-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roy_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3247575">Sara Roy, "Living with the Holocaust: The Journey of a Child of Holocaust Survivors"</a>, <i>Journal of Palestine Studies</i> (32):1, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSara_Roy2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sara Roy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117214821/http://www.wumfsa.org/nationalmfsa/sqb/sqb200801.pdf">"The Journey of a Child of Holocaust Survivors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Social Questions Bulletin</i>. <b>98</b> (1). Methodist Federation for Social Action: 1–2, 14–16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wumfsa.org/nationalmfsa/sqb/sqb200801.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Questions+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Journey+of+a+Child+of+Holocaust+Survivors&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-2%2C+14-16&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Sara+Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wumfsa.org%2Fnationalmfsa%2Fsqb%2Fsqb200801.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lau-Lavie-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lau-Lavie_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLau-Lavie1998" class="citation book cs1">Lau-Lavie, Naphtali (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJoHiX7mmGIC&q=Widawski"><i>Balaam's Prophecy: Eyewitness to History, 1939–1989</i></a>. Associated University Presses. pp. 66–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8453-4860-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8453-4860-4"><bdi>978-0-8453-4860-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balaam%27s+Prophecy%3A+Eyewitness+to+History%2C+1939%E2%80%931989&rft.pages=66-68&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8453-4860-4&rft.aulast=Lau-Lavie&rft.aufirst=Naphtali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcJoHiX7mmGIC%26q%3DWidawski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farbstein27-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farbstein27_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farbstein27_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarbstein2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Esther_Farbstein" title="Esther Farbstein">Farbstein, Esther</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=772I7ZNUSKYC"><i>Hidden In Thunder: Perspectives on Faith, Halachah, and Leadership during the Holocaust</i></a>. Feldheim. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-7265-05-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-7265-05-5"><bdi>978-965-7265-05-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+In+Thunder%3A+Perspectives+on+Faith%2C+Halachah%2C+and+Leadership+during+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Feldheim&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-965-7265-05-5&rft.aulast=Farbstein&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D772I7ZNUSKYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giladi-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Giladi_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiladi1991" class="citation book cs1">Giladi, Ban (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p7RtAAAAMAAJ&q=Widawski"><i>A Tale of one city: Piotrków Trybunalski</i></a>. Shengold Publishers. pp. 181–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88400-153-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88400-153-9"><bdi>978-0-88400-153-9</bdi></a>. Google Books snippet view.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tale+of+one+city%3A+Piotrk%C3%B3w+Trybunalski&rft.pages=181-182&rft.pub=Shengold+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88400-153-9&rft.aulast=Giladi&rft.aufirst=Ban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp7RtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DWidawski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i>This article incorporates data from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>, and has been released under the <a href="/wiki/GFDL" class="mw-redirect" title="GFDL">GFDL</a>.</i> Wikipedia OTRS ticket no. 2007071910012533 confirmed.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolocaust_Encyclopedia" class="citation web cs1">Holocaust Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417183521/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005194">"Chełmno"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2007</span>. <q>Text from USHMM has been released under the <a href="/wiki/GFDL" class="mw-redirect" title="GFDL">GFDL</a>. The website can offer no guarantee that the information is correct in each circumstance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Che%C5%82mno&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.au=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontague2012" class="citation book cs1">Montague, Patrick (2012). <i>Chelmno and the Holocaust: A History of Hitler's First Death Camp</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/I.B.Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I.B.Tauris">I.B.Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-807-83527-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-807-83527-2"><bdi>978-0-807-83527-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chelmno+and+the+Holocaust%3A+A+History+of+Hitler%27s+First+Death+Camp&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-807-83527-2&rft.aulast=Montague&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYad_Vashem" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/resource_center/item.asp?GATE=Z&list_type=3-0&TYPE_ID=5&TOTAL=&pn=1&title=Chelmno"><i>Resources about Chełmno</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resources+about+Che%C5%82mno&rft.au=Yad+Vashem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.yadvashem.org%2Fyv%2Fen%2Fholocaust%2Fresource_center%2Fitem.asp%3FGATE%3DZ%26list_type%3D3-0%26TYPE_ID%3D5%26TOTAL%3D%26pn%3D1%26title%3DChelmno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChe%C5%82mno+extermination+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Chełmno Witnesses Speak</i>, 2004, Council for the Protection of Memory of Combat and Martyrdom in Warsaw & District Museum in Konin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-918713-7-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-918713-7-9">978-83-918713-7-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmykowski2020" class="citation journal cs1">Smykowski, Mikołaj (2020). "The Postholocaust Landscape of Chelmno on the Ner (Kulmhof an der Nehr): An Ecological Perspective". <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 256–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1696027">10.1080/14623528.2019.1696027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213264164">213264164</a>.</cite><span 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Template:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Template talk:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Holocaust in German-occupied Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Main article</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></dd> <dt>Related articles by country</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Camps,_ghettos,_execution_sites_and_attacks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_I" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potulice_concentration_camp" title="Potulice concentration camp">Potulice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szebnie_concentration_camp" title="Szebnie concentration camp">Szebnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danzig-Matzkau_concentration_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danzig-Matzkau concentration camp (page does not exist)">Danzig-Matzkau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass shootings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_Bia%C5%82ystok_massacres" title="1941 Białystok massacres">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto#Bloody_Sunday_massacre" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronna_G%C3%B3ra" title="Bronna Góra">Bronna Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Death_(Bydgoszcz)" title="Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Dyn%C3%B3w" title="Massacre in Dynów">Dynów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Erntefest" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Erntefest">Erntefest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_cemetery_massacre" title="Kielce cemetery massacre">Kielce cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Operation Reinhard in Kraków">Aktion Krakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiry_massacre" title="Palmiry massacre">Palmiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_Krakau" title="Sonderaktion Krakau">Sonderaktion Krakau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv pogroms">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tykocin_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tykocin pogrom">Tykocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Ghettos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto" title="Będzin Ghetto">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Ghetto" title="Brześć Ghetto">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto" title="Częstochowa Ghetto">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Ghetto" title="Grodno Ghetto">Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_Ghetto" title="Kielce Ghetto">Kielce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv pogroms (1941)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubart%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lubartów Ghetto">Lubartów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Podlaski_Ghetto" title="Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto">Międzyrzec Podlaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizocz_Ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizocz Ghetto">Mizocz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz_Ghetto" title="Nowy Sącz Ghetto">Nowy Sącz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%84sk_Ghetto" title="Pińsk Ghetto">Pińsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_Ghetto" title="Siedlce Ghetto">Siedlce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambor_Ghetto" title="Sambor Ghetto">Sambor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82onim_Ghetto" title="Słonim Ghetto">Słonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec_Ghetto" title="Sosnowiec Ghetto">Sosnowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Stanisławów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnopol_Ghetto" title="Tarnopol Ghetto">Tarnopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Wilno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossaktion_Warsaw_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossaktion Warsaw (1942)">Grossaktion Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Truppen%C3%BCbungsplatz_Heidelager" title="SS-Truppenübungsplatz Heidelager">Heidelager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Template talk:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Perpetrators,_participants,_organizations,_and_collaborators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Brack" title="Viktor Brack">Viktor Brack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Josef Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Fischer" title="Ludwig Fischer">Ludwig Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6fle" title="Hermann Höfle">Hermann Höfle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Katzmann" title="Fritz Katzmann">Fritz Katzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Koppe" title="Wilhelm Koppe">Wilhelm Koppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger">Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Lambert" title="Erwin Lambert">Erwin Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lerch" title="Ernst Lerch">Ernst Lerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michalsen" title="Georg Michalsen">Georg Michalsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Pohl" title="Oswald Pohl">Oswald Pohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Reinefarth" title="Heinz Reinefarth">Heinz Reinefarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Scherner" title="Julian Scherner">Julian Scherner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Sporrenberg" title="Jakob Sporrenberg">Jakob Sporrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Streckenbach" title="Bruno Streckenbach">Bruno Streckenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thomalla" title="Richard Thomalla">Richard Thomalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%A4chter" title="Otto Wächter">Otto Wächter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Wisliceny" title="Dieter Wisliceny">Dieter Wisliceny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Aumeier" title="Hans Aumeier">Hans Aumeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baer" title="Richard Baer">Richard Baer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Boger" title="Wilhelm Boger">Wilhelm Boger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermine_Braunsteiner" title="Hermine Braunsteiner">Hermine Braunsteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmfried_Eberl" title="Irmfried Eberl">Irmfried Eberl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_van_Eupen" title="Theodor van Eupen">Theodor van Eupen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Franz" title="Kurt Franz">Kurt Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Frenzel" title="Karl Frenzel">Karl Frenzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Fritzsch" title="Karl Fritzsch">Karl Fritzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_G%C3%B6th" title="Amon Göth">Amon Göth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Grabner" title="Maximilian Grabner">Maximilian Grabner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hantke" title="Otto Hantke">Otto Hantke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hartjenstein" title="Fritz Hartjenstein">Fritz Hartjenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Hering" title="Gottlieb Hering">Gottlieb Hering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_H%C3%B6ssler" title="Franz Hössler">Franz Hössler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Koch" title="Karl-Otto Koch">Karl-Otto Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kramer" title="Josef Kramer">Josef Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Liebehenschel" title="Arthur Liebehenschel">Arthur Liebehenschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mandl" title="Maria Mandl">Maria Mandl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Matthes" title="Heinrich Matthes">Heinrich Matthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Michel" title="Hermann Michel">Hermann Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%B6ckel" title="Karl Möckel">Karl Möckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mulka" title="Robert Mulka">Robert Mulka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Niemann" title="Johann Niemann">Johann Niemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Oberhauser" title="Josef Oberhauser">Josef Oberhauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Reichleitner" title="Franz Reichleitner">Franz Reichleitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schwarz" title="Heinrich Schwarz">Heinrich Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schwarzhuber" title="Johann Schwarzhuber">Johann Schwarzhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wagner" title="Gustav Wagner">Gustav Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gas chamber<br />executioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Bauer" title="Erich Bauer">Erich Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Bolender" title="Kurt Bolender">Kurt Bolender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Hackenholt" title="Lorenz Hackenholt">Lorenz Hackenholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Klehr" title="Josef Klehr">Josef Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Koch_(SS_man)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Koch (SS man)">Hans Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lange" title="Herbert Lange">Herbert Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Moll" title="Otto Moll">Otto Moll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Plagge" title="Ludwig Plagge">Ludwig Plagge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Theuer" title="Adolf Theuer">Adolf Theuer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Physicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Bodmann" title="Franz von Bodmann">Franz von Bodmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Clauberg" title="Carl Clauberg">Carl Clauberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Fischer" title="Horst Fischer">Horst Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Klein" title="Fritz Klein">Fritz Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Schumann" title="Horst Schumann">Horst Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Trzebinski" title="Alfred Trzebinski">Alfred Trzebinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wirths" title="Eduard Wirths">Eduard Wirths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghetto command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Auerswald" title="Heinz Auerswald">Heinz Auerswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Biebow" title="Hans Biebow">Hans Biebow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Bl%C3%B6sche" title="Josef Blösche">Josef Blösche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%BCrkl" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Bürkl">Franz Bürkl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Klaustermeyer" title="Heinrich Klaustermeyer">Heinrich Klaustermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Konrad_(SS_officer)" title="Franz Konrad (SS officer)">Franz Konrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Palfinger" title="Alexander Palfinger">Alexander Palfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Sammern-Frankenegg" title="Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg">Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stroop" title="Jürgen Stroop">Jürgen Stroop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Birkner" title="Wolfgang Birkner">Wolfgang Birkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bischoff" title="Helmut Bischoff">Helmut Bischoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Beutel" title="Lothar Beutel">Lothar Beutel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(SS_general)" title="Karl Brunner (SS general)">Karl Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Damzog" title="Ernst Damzog">Ernst Damzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Flesch" title="Gerhard Flesch">Gerhard Flesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hahn" title="Ludwig Hahn">Ludwig Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Landau" title="Felix Landau">Felix Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albert_Meisinger" title="Josef Albert Meisinger">Josef Meisinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%BCller" title="Bruno Müller">Bruno Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Naumann" title="Erich Naumann">Erich Naumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Emanuel Schäfer">Emanuel Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schaper" title="Hermann Schaper">Hermann Schaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Eberhard_Sch%C3%B6ngarth" title="Karl Eberhard Schöngarth">Karl Eberhard Schöngarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_von_Woyrsch" title="Udo von Woyrsch">Udo von Woyrsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Anhalt" title="Hans Anhalt">Hans Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny-Wanda_Barkmann" title="Jenny-Wanda Barkmann">Jenny-Wanda Barkmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_Bothe" title="Herta Bothe">Herta Bothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_Bormann" title="Juana Bormann">Juana Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_B%C3%BClow" title="Alexander Bülow">Alexander Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Danz" title="Luise Danz">Luise Danz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Demjanjuk" title="John Demjanjuk">John Demjanjuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Dreschel" title="Margot Dreschel">Margot Dreschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hoffmann" title="Hans Hoffmann">Hans Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gerstein" title="Kurt Gerstein">Kurt Gerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G%C3%B6tze" title="Paul Götze">Paul Götze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irma_Grese" title="Irma Grese">Irma Grese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Friedrich_H%C3%B6cker" title="Karl-Friedrich Höcker">Karl-Friedrich Höcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jeschke" title="Karl Jeschke">Karl Jeschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Kaduk" title="Oswald Kaduk">Oswald Kaduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kollmer" title="Josef Kollmer">Josef Kollmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_L%C3%A4chert" title="Hildegard Lächert">Hildegard Lächert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Langefeld" title="Johanna Langefeld">Johanna Langefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Lechner" title="Anton Lechner">Anton Lechner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Lorenz" title="Eduard Lorenz">Eduard Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Muhsfeldt" title="Erich Muhsfeldt">Erich Muhsfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlef_Nebbe" title="Detlef Nebbe">Detlef Nebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Orlowski" title="Alice Orlowski">Alice Orlowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Volkenrath" title="Elisabeth Volkenrath">Elisabeth Volkenrath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By camp</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Template:Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">WVHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood" title="Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood">RKFDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle" title="Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle">VoMi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Polski" title="Hotel Polski">Hotel Polski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Collaboration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Belarusian Auxiliary Police">Belarusian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Estonian Auxiliary Police">Estonian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="/wiki/36th_Estonian_Police_Battalion" title="36th Estonian Police Battalion">36th Estonian Police Battalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft_Battalion_118" title="Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118">Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Resistance,_victims,_documentation_and_technical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Resistance, victims, documentation and technical</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Military_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Military Organisation">AOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Corps" title="National Security Corps">PKB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">ŻOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">ŻZW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghetto uprising">Ghetto uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp#The_uprising" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz" title="Mordechai Anielewicz">Mordechai Anielewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Zuckerman" title="Yitzhak Zuckerman">Icchak Cukierman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Tenenbaum" title="Mordechai Tenenbaum">Mordechai Tenenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Edelman" title="Marek Edelman">Marek Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Feldhendler" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Feldhendler">Leon Feldhendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Frenkiel" title="Paweł Frenkiel">Paweł Frenkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Iwa%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Iwański">Henryk Iwański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Katzenelson" title="Itzhak Katzenelson">Itzhak Katzenelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Klepfisz" title="Michał Klepfisz">Michał Klepfisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Lerman" title="Miles Lerman">Miles Lerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pechersky" title="Alexander Pechersky">Alexander Pechersky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frumka_P%C5%82otnicka" title="Frumka Płotnicka">Frumka Płotnicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roza_Robota" title="Roza Robota">Roza Robota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szmul_Zygielbojm" title="Szmul Zygielbojm">Szmul Zygielbojm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victim lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghettos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Lwów Ghetto">Lviv (Lwów)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Belzec extermination camp">Bełżec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Izbica_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in Izbica Ghetto">Izbica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Documentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Album" title="Auschwitz Album">Auschwitz Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Frank_memorandum" title="August Frank memorandum">Frank memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6cker_Album" title="Höcker Album">Höcker Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fle_telegram" title="Höfle telegram">Höfle telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzmann_Report" title="Katzmann Report">Katzmann Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korherr_Report" title="Korherr Report">Korherr Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_perpetrator_album" title="Sobibor perpetrator album">Sobibor perpetrator album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Prosecution_Book_%E2%80%93_Poland" title="Special Prosecution Book – Poland">Special Prosecution Book – Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroop_Report" title="Stroop Report">Stroop Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witness accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Friedrich_Graebe" title="Hermann Friedrich Graebe">Graebe affidavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerstein_Report" title="Gerstein Report">Gerstein Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrba%E2%80%93Wetzler_report" title="Vrba–Wetzler report">Vrba–Wetzler report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold%27s_Report" title="Witold's Report">Witold's Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_photographs" title="Sonderkommando photographs"><i>Sonderkommando</i> photographs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concealment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical and logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">Identification in camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Nazi_Germany" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aftermath,_trials_and_commemoration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath, trials and commemoration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Population transfers (1944–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Poland,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946">Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Ministry of Public Security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Trials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West German trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polish, East German, and Soviet trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_trial" title="Auschwitz trial">Auschwitz trial (Poland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_State_Commission" title="Extraordinary State Commission">Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Ghetto_Heroes" title="Monument to the Ghetto Heroes">Monument to the Ghetto Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_State_Museum" title="Majdanek State Museum">Majdanek State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_Museum" title="Sobibór Museum">Sobibór Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Youth_Meeting_Center_in_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim/Auschwitz" title="International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz">International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Living" title="March of the Living">March of the Living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Polish Righteous Among the Nations">Polish Righteous Among the Nations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Righteous" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish Righteous">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations">Garden of the Righteous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="smallcaps">be</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France"><span class="smallcaps">fr</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps"><span class="smallcaps">it</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">nl</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">sk</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-<i>Totenkopfverbände</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia <span style="font-size:85%;">(Action T4)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160152#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160152#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160152#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4512293-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no98064887">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14512612x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14512612x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/14011721">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810601119305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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