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<span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Financial_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Financial situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_activists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_activists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prominent activists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_activists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Postwar recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Żegota</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Съвет за помощ на евреите – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съвет за помощ на евреите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Żegota" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Żegota" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Żegota" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Żegota" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsilantaro_por_Helpo_al_Judoj" title="Konsilantaro por Helpo al Judoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konsilantaro por Helpo al Judoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Żegota" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Żegota" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%92%D7%95%D7%98%D7%94" title="ז'גוטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'גוטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B4%E3%82%BF" title="ジェゴタ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェゴタ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada_Pomocy_%C5%BBydom" title="Rada Pomocy Żydom – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rada Pomocy Żydom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Жегота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жегота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Żegota" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D2%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Жеґота – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жеґота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E6%88%88%E5%A1%94" title="热戈塔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="热戈塔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q393064#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Żegota (disambiguation)">Żegota (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Żegota Council to Aid Jews</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zegota(Rada_Pomocy_Zydom)1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zegota%28Rada_Pomocy_Zydom%291946.jpg/300px-Zegota%28Rada_Pomocy_Zydom%291946.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zegota%28Rada_Pomocy_Zydom%291946.jpg/450px-Zegota%28Rada_Pomocy_Zydom%291946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zegota%28Rada_Pomocy_Zydom%291946.jpg/600px-Zegota%28Rada_Pomocy_Zydom%291946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="732" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Third anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a>: Żegota members, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, April 1946. Seated, from right: <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Gajewski" title="Piotr Gajewski">Piotr Gajewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdynand_Marek_Arczy%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdynand Marek Arczyński">Ferdynand Marek Arczyński</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Bartoszewski" title="Władysław Bartoszewski">Władysław Bartoszewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Berman" title="Adolf Berman">Adolf Berman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Rek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Rek (page does not exist)">Tadeusz Rek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Rek" class="extiw" title="pl:Tadeusz Rek">pl</a>]</span>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Committee_to_Aid_Jews" title="Provisional Committee to Aid Jews">Provisional Committee to Aid Jews</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">27 September 1942<span class="noprint">; 82 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1942-09-27</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Woli%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Woliński">Henryk Woliński</a>,</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Underground organization</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Help and distribution of relief funds to <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a> in World War II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilno_Voivodeship_(1926%E2%80%931939)" title="Wilno Voivodeship (1926–1939)">Wilno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Voivodeship" title="Lwów Voivodeship">Lwów</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupied Poland">German occupied Poland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Woli%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Woliński">Henryk Woliński</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Grobelny" title="Julian Grobelny">Julian Grobelny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdynand_Arczy%C5%84ski" title="Ferdynand Arczyński">Ferdynand Arczyński</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zofia_Kossak-Szczucka" title="Zofia Kossak-Szczucka">Zofia Kossak-Szczucka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Krahelska-Filipowicz" title="Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz">Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Berman" title="Adolf Berman">Adolf Berman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Feiner" title="Leon Feiner">Leon Feiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Bartoszewski" title="Władysław Bartoszewski">Władysław Bartoszewski</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Żegota</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ʐɛˈɡɔta]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a5\/Pl-%C5%BBegota.ogg\/Pl-%C5%BBegota.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-\u017begota.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Pl-%C5%BBegota.ogg/Pl-%C5%BBegota.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-%C5%BBegota.ogg" title="File:Pl-Żegota.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>, full <a href="/wiki/Codename" class="mw-redirect" title="Codename">codename</a>: the "<b>Konrad Żegota Committee</b>"<sup id="cite_ref-scity_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shoa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was the Polish <b>Council to Aid Jews with the <a href="/wiki/Government_Delegation_for_Poland" title="Government Delegation for Poland">Government Delegation for Poland</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Rada Pomocy Żydom przy Delegaturze Rządu RP na Kraj</i>), an underground <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a> organization, and part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a>, active 1942–45 in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">German-occupied Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Żegota was the successor institution to the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Committee_to_Aid_Jews" title="Provisional Committee to Aid Jews">Provisional Committee to Aid Jews</a> and was established specifically to save Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poland was the only country in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> where such a government-established and -supported underground organization existed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimates of the number of Jews that Żegota provided aid to, and eventually saved, range from several thousands to tens of thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski118_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski118-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Operatives of Żegota worked in extreme circumstances – under <a href="/wiki/German_retribution_against_Poles_who_helped_Jews" title="German retribution against Poles who helped Jews">threat of death by the Nazi forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg/220px-Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg/330px-Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg/440px-Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>1941 German poster, in German and Polish, on death to Jews outside ghetto and to Poles who helped Jews</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf/page1-220px-The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf/page1-330px-The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf/page1-440px-The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polish_Government-in-Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Government-in-Exile">Polish Government-in-Exile</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied_Poland" title="The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland">The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland</a></i>, December 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%BBegota_do_Rz%C4%85du_Rzeczypospolitej_w_Londynie_1943.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%C5%BBegota_do_Rz%C4%85du_Rzeczypospolitej_w_Londynie_1943.JPG/220px-%C5%BBegota_do_Rz%C4%85du_Rzeczypospolitej_w_Londynie_1943.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%C5%BBegota_do_Rz%C4%85du_Rzeczypospolitej_w_Londynie_1943.JPG/330px-%C5%BBegota_do_Rz%C4%85du_Rzeczypospolitej_w_Londynie_1943.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%C5%BBegota_do_Rz%C4%85du_Rzeczypospolitej_w_Londynie_1943.JPG/440px-%C5%BBegota_do_Rz%C4%85du_Rzeczypospolitej_w_Londynie_1943.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="2610" /></a><figcaption>Żegota letter to <a href="/wiki/Polish_Government-in-Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Government-in-Exile">Polish Government-in-Exile</a>, requesting funds to aid Jews, January 1943</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%BBegota_ulotka_Polacy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%C5%BBegota_ulotka_Polacy.JPG/220px-%C5%BBegota_ulotka_Polacy.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%C5%BBegota_ulotka_Polacy.JPG/330px-%C5%BBegota_ulotka_Polacy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%C5%BBegota_ulotka_Polacy.JPG/440px-%C5%BBegota_ulotka_Polacy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="2468" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polish_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Prime Minister">Polish Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a>'s leaflet appeal to help Jews, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, May 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>The Council to Aid Jews, or <i>Żegota</i>, was the continuation of an earlier aid organization, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Committee_to_Aid_Jews" title="Provisional Committee to Aid Jews">Provisional Committee to Aid Jews</a> (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Tymczasowy Komitet Pomocy Żydom</i></span>), that was founded on 27 September 1942 by Polish <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a> activists <a href="/wiki/Zofia_Kossak-Szczucka" title="Zofia Kossak-Szczucka">Zofia Kossak-Szczucka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Krahelska-Filipowicz" title="Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz">Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz</a> ("Alinka").<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Provisional Committee cared for as many as 180 people, but due to political and financial reasons it was dissolved and replaced by Żegota on 4 December 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoa_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the co-founders of Żegota was <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Woli%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Woliński">Henryk Woliński</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Armia Krajowa</i></span>) who helped integrate it with the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ney-Krwawicz1999_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ney-Krwawicz1999-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woliński is also credited with developing the idea for this organization.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kossak-Szczucka initially wanted Żegota to become an example of a "pure Christian charity", arguing that Jews had their own international charity organizations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title=""Initially" implies she changed her mind later. Did she? (July 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nevertheless, Żegota was run by both Jews and non-Jews from a wide range of political movements.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julian_Grobelny" title="Julian Grobelny">Julian Grobelny</a>, an activist in the prewar <a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a>, was elected as General Secretary, and <a href="/wiki/Ferdynand_Arczy%C5%84ski" title="Ferdynand Arczyński">Ferdynand Arczyński</a> – a member of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Democratic Party">Polish Democratic Party</a> – as treasurer. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Berman" title="Adolf Berman">Adolf Berman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Feiner" title="Leon Feiner">Leon Feiner</a> represented the Jewish National Committee (an umbrella group representing the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> parties) and the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">General Jewish Labour Bund</a>. Both parties operated independently, channeling funds donated by Jewish organizations abroad to Żegota and other underground operations. Other members included the Polish Socialist Party, the Democratic Party (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Stronnictwo Demokratyczne</i></span>) and the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Rebirth_of_Poland" title="Front for the Rebirth of Poland">Front for the Rebirth of Poland</a> (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Front Odrodzenia Polski</i></span>) led by Kossak-Szczucka and <a href="/wiki/Witold_Bie%C5%84kowski" title="Witold Bieńkowski">Witold Bieńkowski</a>, editors of its underground publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Alvis_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvis-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right-wing <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Poland)" title="National Party (Poland)">National Party</a> (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Stronnictwo Narodowe</i></span>) refused to take part in the organization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2></div> <p>Żegota had specialized departments for issues such as clothing, children's welfare, medical care, housing and other relevant issues.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had around one hundred cells that provided food, medical care, money, and false identification documents to thousands of Polish Jews hiding in the "<a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a>" side of the German occupation zone.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Creation and distribution of false documents has been described as one of the organization's major tasks, and it is estimated to have produced up to a hundred sets of false identities for Jewish refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another estimate credits Żegota with forging about 50,000 documents such as marriage certificates, baptismal records, death certificates and employment cards to help Jews pass off as Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In forging documents, Żegota cooperated with the <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a>, which often provided facilities for forging German identification papers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization headquarters was located in Warsaw at 24 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BBurawia_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Żurawia Street (page does not exist)">Żurawia Street</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulica_%C5%BBurawia_w_Warszawie" class="extiw" title="pl:Ulica Żurawia w Warszawie">pl</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Żegota was active chiefly in Warsaw,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but it also provided money, food, and medicines for prisoners in several forced-labor camps, as well as to refugees in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Wilno (<a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>), and Lwów (<a href="/wiki/L%27viv" class="mw-redirect" title="L'viv">L'viv</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Żegota's activities overlapped to a considerable extent with those of the other major organizations dedicated to helping Jews in Poland – namely the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_National_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish National Committee (page does not exist)">Jewish National Committee</a>, which cared for some 5,600 Jews; and the <i>Bund</i>, which cared for an additional 1,500. Together, the three organizations were able to reach some 8,500 of the 28,000 Jews hiding in Warsaw, and perhaps another 1,000 hiding elsewhere in Poland. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Żegota's children's section in Warsaw, headed by a Polish social worker <a href="/wiki/Irena_Sendler" title="Irena Sendler">Irena Sendler</a>, cared for 2,500 Jewish children. Many were placed with foster families, in public orphanages, church orphanages, and convents.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Żegota repeatedly asked the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Government-in-Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Government-in-Exile">Polish Government-in-Exile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_Delegation_for_Poland" title="Government Delegation for Poland">Government Delegation for Poland</a> to appeal to the Polish people to help the persecuted Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoa_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government in Exile gradually increased its funding for Żegota throughout the war.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Lukas" title="Richard C. Lukas">Richard C. Lukas</a> estimated that 60,000, or about half of the Jews who survived <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in occupied Poland">the Holocaust in occupied Poland</a> (such estimates vary), were aided in some shape or form by Żegota.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski118_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski118-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_%C5%81uczak" title="Czesław Łuczak">Czesław Łuczak</a> estimates the number of aid recipients at about 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski118_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski118-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Bartrop" title="Paul R. Bartrop">Paul R. Bartrop</a> estimated that Żegota helped to save about 4,000 Jews and provided assistance to about 25,000 in total.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2></div> <p>Under the German occupation, hiding or assisting Jewish refugees was punishable by death.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was no less dangerous due to the risk posed by fellow Poles, some of whom did not see kindly lending help for Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Winstone_2014_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winstone_2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irena Sendler is quoted as saying "during [the war] it was simpler to hide a tank under the carpet than shelter a Jewish child."<sup id="cite_ref-Michman_2018_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michman_2018-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Lukas" title="Richard C. Lukas">Richard C. Lukas</a>, "The number of Poles who perished at the hands of the Germans for aiding Jews" is difficult to establish, with estimates ranging from several thousand to as high as fifty thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-Lukas_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukas-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Bartrop" title="Paul R. Bartrop">Paul R. Bartrop</a> estimated that about 20,000 Żegota operatives were killed by the Nazis, and thousands of others were arrested and imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_situation">Financial situation</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Government-in-Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Government-in-Exile">Polish Government-in-Exile</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, faced immense difficulties funding its institutions in German-occupied Poland; this affected funding for Żegota as well. Part of the funds had to be sent in via highly inefficient airdrops (only some 17% of which succeeded) and some could only be delivered late in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-WGrabowski_2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WGrabowski_2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these difficulties, throughout the war, the Polish Government-in-Exile continually increased its funding for Żegota: the Polish Government's monthly support was increased from 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Polish_zloty" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish zloty">zlotys</a> to zl 338,000 in May 1944, and to zl 1,000,000 by war's end. The Polish Government's overall financial contribution to Żegota and Jewish organizations came to zl 37,400,000, US$1,000,000, and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">SFr</a> 200,000 (see financial details below).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sprawiedliwi.org.pl_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sprawiedliwi.org.pl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polacy_1999,_p._58_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polacy_1999,_p._58-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcin_Urynowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcin Urynowicz (page does not exist)">Marcin Urynowicz</a>, the percentage of the funds allocated by the Polish Government-in-Exile to help Jews, including through Żegota, was based on their percentage in Poland's prewar general population.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antony_Polonsky" title="Antony Polonsky">Antony Polonsky</a> writes that "Zegota's successes—it was able to forge false documents for some 50,000 persons—suggest that, had it been given a higher priority by the Delegatura and the government in London, it could have done much more." Polonsky quotes <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Bartoszewski" title="Władysław Bartoszewski">Władysław Bartoszewski</a> as saying that the organization was considered a "stepchild" of the underground; and <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Ringelblum" title="Emanuel Ringelblum">Emanuel Ringelblum</a>, who wrote that "a Council for Aid to the Jews was formed, consisting of people of good will, but its activity was limited by lack of funds and lack of help from the government."<sup id="cite_ref-Polonsky_2004_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polonsky_2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar description is given by historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Winstone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Winstone (page does not exist)">Martin Winstone</a>, who writes that Żegota fought an uphill battle for funding and received more support from Jewish organizations than from the Polish Government-in-Exile. He also notes that the <a href="/wiki/Polish_right-wing_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish right-wing parties">Polish right-wing parties</a> completely refused to support it.<sup id="cite_ref-Winstone_2014_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winstone_2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Krakowski" title="Shmuel Krakowski">Shmuel Krakowski</a> described the funding as "modest", and writes that the Polish government could have allocated more to funding the organization. He writes that "[the funding] was indeed very little considering not only the needs of the council and the immensity of the Jewish tragedy but also the resources at the Polish underground's disposal... they could have been much more generous in allocating resources needed to save human lives."<sup id="cite_ref-Krakowski_2003_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krakowski_2003-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Kermish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Kermish (page does not exist)">Joseph Kermish</a> describes the relationship between Żegota and the <a href="/wiki/Government_Delegation_for_Poland" title="Government Delegation for Poland">Government Delegation for Poland</a> as strained, with frequent disagreements about funding and the extent of the humanitarian crisis Żegota was trying to address.<sup id="cite_ref-Kermish_1977_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kermish_1977-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been estimated that the cost of saving one Jewish life was around 6,000–15,000 Polish zloties.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Funds allocated by the Government Delegation for Poland<sup id="cite_ref-sprawiedliwi.org.pl_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sprawiedliwi.org.pl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polacy_1999,_p._58_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polacy_1999,_p._58-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krakowski_2003_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krakowski_2003-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Allocated to </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Sum </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9">Żegota </td> <td>May 1943 – Feb. 1944 </td> <td>6,250,000 zł </td> <td>total </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jan. 1943 – May 1944 </td> <td>11,250,000 zł </td> <td>total </td> <td>According to <a href="/wiki/Witold_Bie%C5%84kowski" title="Witold Bieńkowski">Witold Bieńkowski</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Before May 1944 </td> <td>30,000 zł </td> <td>monthly </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>After May 1944 </td> <td>338,000 zł </td> <td>monthly </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nov. 1944 – Dec. 1944 </td> <td>14,000,00 zł </td> <td>total </td> <td>Allotted to help 1,500–1,800 Jews hiding on Warsaw's left bank<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nov. 1944 – Dec. 1944 </td> <td>$32,000 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 1945 – April 1945 </td> <td>$65,000 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>By Sept. 1945 </td> <td>1,000,000 zł </td> <td>monthly </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939–1945 </td> <td>$250,000 </td> <td>total </td> <td>Sum of all funds allocated to Żegota expressed in USD<sup id="cite_ref-Krakowski_2003_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krakowski_2003-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>All Jewish organizations </td> <td>1939–1945 </td> <td>37,400,000 zł <p>$1,000,000 </p><p>200,000 CHF </p> </td> <td>total </td> <td>Combined total, including the funds allocated to Żegota </td></tr> <tr> <td>All organizations </td> <td>1939–1945 </td> <td>$35,000,000 <p>DM 20,000,000 </p> </td> <td>total </td> <td>Based on partial data – actual figure probably higher<sup id="cite_ref-Krakowski_2003_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krakowski_2003-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_activists">Prominent activists</h2></div> <p>In a letter from 26 February 1977 <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Berman" title="Adolf Berman">Adolf Berman</a> mentions the following activists as especially meritorious:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Grzegorzewska" title="Maria Grzegorzewska">Maria Grzegorzewska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irena_Solska" title="Irena Solska">Irena Solska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janina_Buchholtz-Bukolska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janina Buchholtz-Bukolska (page does not exist)">Janina Buchholtz-Bukolska</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janina_Buchholtz-Bukolska" class="extiw" title="pl:Janina Buchholtz-Bukolska">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irena_Sawicka_(educator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irena Sawicka (educator)">Irena Sawicka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewa_Rybicka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewa Rybicka (page does not exist)">Ewa Rybicka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irena_Kurowska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irena Kurowska (page does not exist)">Irena Kurowska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ossowski" title="Stanisław Ossowski">Stanisław</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ossowska" title="Maria Ossowska">Maria Ossowscy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BBabi%C5%84ski" title="Jan Żabiński">Jan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonina_%C5%BBabi%C5%84ska" title="Antonina Żabińska">Antonina Żabińscy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefania_Sempo%C5%82owska" title="Stefania Sempołowska">Stefania Sempołowska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Weso%C5%82owski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Wesołowski (page does not exist)">Jan Wesołowski</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Weso%C5%82owski_(dyrektor_teatralny)" class="extiw" title="pl:Jan Wesołowski (dyrektor teatralny)">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylwia_Rzeczycka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylwia Rzeczycka (page does not exist)">Sylwia Rzeczycka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylwia_Rzeczycka" class="extiw" title="pl:Sylwia Rzeczycka">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Laska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Laska (page does not exist)">Maria Laska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Derwisz-Parnowska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Derwisz-Parnowska (page does not exist)">Maria Derwisz-Parnowska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zofia_Rodziewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zofia Rodziewicz (page does not exist)">Zofia Rodziewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_Fleszarowa" title="Regina Fleszarowa">Regina Fleszarowa</a></li> <li>and others</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar_recognition">Postwar recognition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commemorative_plate_dedicated_to_%C5%BBegota.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Commemorative_plate_dedicated_to_%C5%BBegota.JPG/220px-Commemorative_plate_dedicated_to_%C5%BBegota.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Commemorative_plate_dedicated_to_%C5%BBegota.JPG/330px-Commemorative_plate_dedicated_to_%C5%BBegota.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Commemorative_plate_dedicated_to_%C5%BBegota.JPG/440px-Commemorative_plate_dedicated_to_%C5%BBegota.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Żegota plaque, <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, Israel</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1963 Żegota was commemorated in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> with the planting of a tree in the <a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_the_Righteous" class="mw-redirect" title="Avenue of the Righteous">Avenue of the Righteous</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>, with <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Bartoszewski" title="Władysław Bartoszewski">Władysław Bartoszewski</a> present.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunert2002-155_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunert2002-155-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995 a <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota_Monument" title="Żegota Monument">monument to the organization</a> was unveiled in Warsaw.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another monument was unveiled in 2009 in the <a href="/wiki/Survivors%27_Park_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Survivors' Park in Łódź">Survivors' Park in Łódź</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Żegota is also commemorated in plaques at places of its regional offices in Warsaw and Kraków.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009 a commemorative series of coins was issued by the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">National Bank of Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%C5%BBegota_members" title="Category:Żegota members">List of Żegota members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_%C5%81ado%C5%9B" title="Aleksander Ładoś">Aleksander Ładoś</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">History of the Jews in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish-Polish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish-Polish history">Timeline of Jewish-Polish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–45)">Occupation of Poland (1939–45)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:17.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_Underground_State" title="Category:Polish Underground State">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="line-height:1.0em;font-size:150%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish<br />Underground State</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parasol Regiment, Warsaw, 1944"><img alt="Parasol Regiment, Warsaw, 1944" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg/136px-AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg/204px-AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg/272px-AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="750" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">History of Poland 1939–1945</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Authorities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Delegate%27s_Office_at_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Delegate's Office at Home">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_National_Unity" title="Council of National Unity">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Civil_Resistance" title="Directorate of Civil Resistance">Courts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Political organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><hr />Major parties<hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="People's Party (Poland)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Poland)" title="National Party (Poland)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Faction_(1937)" title="Labour Faction (1937)">Labour Party</a></li></ul> <hr />Minor parties<hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_National_Unity" title="Camp of National Unity">Camp of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Poland)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Jewish Labour Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betar" title="Betar">Betar (Zionist youth)</a></li></ul> <hr />Opposition<hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Radical Camp (1934)">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Military organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><hr /><a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army (AK)</a><hr /> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Service_for_Poland%27s_Victory" title="Service for Poland's Victory">Service for Poland's<br />Victory (SZP)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Armed_Struggle" title="Union of Armed Struggle">Armed Resistance (ZWZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray Ranks">Gray Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Corps" title="National Security Corps">National Security Corps (PKB)</a></li></ul> <hr /><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mostly integrated<br />with <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Armed_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for Armed Struggle">Armed Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army</a></div><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa_WRN" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa WRN">Gwardia Ludowa WRN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Peasant Battalions</a></li></ul> <hr /><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Partially integrated<br />with <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Armed_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for Armed Struggle">Armed Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army</a></div><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Military_Organization" title="National Military Organization">National Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces" title="National Armed Forces">National Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Fighting_Poland" title="Camp of Fighting Poland">Camp of Fighting Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Griffin" title="Pomeranian Griffin">Pomeranian Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Nation" title="Confederation of the Nation">Confederation of the Nation</a></li></ul> <hr /><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-integrated but recognizing<br />authority of <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Armed_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for Armed Struggle">Armed Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army</a></div><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Jewish Combat Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">Jewish Military Union</a></li></ul> <hr />Opposition<hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Armia Ludowa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_culture_during_World_War_II" title="Polish culture during World War II">Cultural activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Education in Poland during World War II">Education</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">History of Poland<br />during 1939–1945</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-scity-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scity_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGunnar_S._Paulsson2002" class="citation book cs1">Gunnar S. Paulsson (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretcityhidden00paul"><i>Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretcityhidden00paul/page/n21">xviii</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09546-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09546-3"><bdi>978-0-300-09546-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+City%3A+The+Hidden+Jews+of+Warsaw%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=xviii&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09546-3&rft.au=Gunnar+S.+Paulsson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretcityhidden00paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoa-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shoa_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoa_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoa_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> Shoa Resource Center, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206392.pdf">Zegota</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Władysław Bartoszewski: środowisko naturalne korzenie Michal Komar, Wladyslaw Bartoszewski Świat Ksia̜żki, page 238, 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/o-sprawiedliwych/the-council-to-aid-jews">"The Council to Aid Jews "Żegota" | Polscy Sprawiedliwi"</a>. <i>sprawiedliwi.org.pl</i> (<a href="/wiki/POLIN_Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews" title="POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews">POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews</a>). Warsaw<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2018</span>. <q>The Council to Aid Jews, Żegota, was the only state-sponsored organization in occupied Europe which was set up with the aim of saving Jews.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sprawiedliwi.org.pl&rft.atitle=The+Council+to+Aid+Jews+%22%C5%BBegota%22+%7C+Polscy+Sprawiedliwi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsprawiedliwi.org.pl%2Fen%2Fo-sprawiedliwych%2Fthe-council-to-aid-jews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolarzGolarz2011" class="citation book cs1">Golarz, Raymond J.; Golarz, Marion J. (25 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ppwHsWq0OJ0C&q=This+was+the+only+organization+in+German+occupied+countries+established+specifically+to+save+Jews&pg=PA95"><i>Sweet Land of Liberty</i></a>. AuthorHouse. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781456746605" title="Special:BookSources/9781456746605"><bdi>9781456746605</bdi></a>. <q>This was the only organization in German-occupied countries established specifically to save Jews.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweet+Land+of+Liberty&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2011-04-25&rft.isbn=9781456746605&rft.aulast=Golarz&rft.aufirst=Raymond+J.&rft.au=Golarz%2C+Marion+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DppwHsWq0OJ0C%26q%3DThis%2Bwas%2Bthe%2Bonly%2Borganization%2Bin%2BGerman%2Boccupied%2Bcountries%2Bestablished%2Bspecifically%2Bto%2Bsave%2BJews%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogonowski1997" class="citation book cs1">Pogonowski, Iwo (1 September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MQmAQAAMAAJ&q=Zegota+was+unique+in+all+of+German+occupied+Europe"><i>Jews in Poland: A Documentary History</i></a>. Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781806046" title="Special:BookSources/9780781806046"><bdi>9780781806046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+in+Poland%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1997-09-01&rft.isbn=9780781806046&rft.aulast=Pogonowski&rft.aufirst=Iwo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MQmAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DZegota%2Bwas%2Bunique%2Bin%2Ball%2Bof%2BGerman%2Boccupied%2BEurope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinstone2014" class="citation book cs1">Winstone, Martin (30 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qwSmBQAAQBAJ&q=%C5%BBegota+was+the+only+organization+of+its+kind+in+Europe&pg=PA181"><i>Dark Heart of Hitler's Europe: Nazi Rule in Poland under the General Government</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857735003" title="Special:BookSources/9780857735003"><bdi>9780857735003</bdi></a>. <q>Żegota was the only organization of its kind in Europe</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Heart+of+Hitler%27s+Europe%3A+Nazi+Rule+in+Poland+under+the+General+Government&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft.isbn=9780857735003&rft.aulast=Winstone&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqwSmBQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25C5%25BBegota%2Bwas%2Bthe%2Bonly%2Borganization%2Bof%2Bits%2Bkind%2Bin%2BEurope%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartrop2017" class="citation book cs1">Bartrop, Paul R. (15 September 2017). Bartrop, Paul R.; Dickerman, Michael (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u4I2DwAAQBAJ&q=Poland+was+the+only+country+in+Nazi-occupied+Europe+where+such+an+organization%2C+run+jointly+by+Jews+and+non-Jews+from+a+wide+range+of+political+movements%2C+existed.&pg=PA737"><i>The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">737–</span>738. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440840845" title="Special:BookSources/9781440840845"><bdi>9781440840845</bdi></a>. <q>Poland was the only country in Nazi-occupied Europe where such an organization, run jointly by Jews and non-Jews from a wide range of political movements, existed... Żegota was a truly unique phenomenon within the horror of the Holocaust</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+An+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E737-%3C%2Fspan%3E738&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft.isbn=9781440840845&rft.aulast=Bartrop&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du4I2DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPoland%2Bwas%2Bthe%2Bonly%2Bcountry%2Bin%2BNazi-occupied%2BEurope%2Bwhere%2Bsuch%2Ban%2Borganization%252C%2Brun%2Bjointly%2Bby%2BJews%2Band%2Bnon-Jews%2Bfrom%2Ba%2Bwide%2Brange%2Bof%2Bpolitical%2Bmovements%252C%2Bexisted.%26pg%3DPA737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/o-sprawiedliwych/rada-pomocy-zydom-zegota/historia-zegoty">"The History of "Żegota" | Polscy Sprawiedliwi"</a>. <i>sprawiedliwi.org.pl</i> (<a href="/wiki/POLIN_Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews" title="POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews">POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews</a>). 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2018</span>. <q>By the spring of 1943, the Council had branches in Kraków, Lwów, and the Lublin area. In all of occupied Europe, it was the only institution officially established and supported by a government, with the aim of saving Jews.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sprawiedliwi.org.pl&rft.atitle=The+History+of+%22%C5%BBegota%22+%7C+Polscy+Sprawiedliwi&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsprawiedliwi.org.pl%2Fen%2Fo-sprawiedliwych%2Frada-pomocy-zydom-zegota%2Fhistoria-zegoty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski118-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski118_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski118_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski118_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&q=Number+of+Jews+helped+by+Zegota&pg=PA118">"Assistance to Jews"</a>. <i>Poland's Holocaust</i>. McFarland & Company. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0371-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0371-3"><bdi>0-7864-0371-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assistance+to+Jews&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7864-0371-3&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhC0-dk7vpM8C%26q%3DNumber%2Bof%2BJews%2Bhelped%2Bby%2BZegota%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ney-Krwawicz1999-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ney-Krwawicz1999_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek_Ney-Krwawicz1999" class="citation book cs1">Marek Ney-Krwawicz (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CKlEAQAAIAAJ"><i>Armia Krajowa: szkic historyczny</i></a>. Wydawn. Ars Print Production. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788387224172" title="Special:BookSources/9788387224172"><bdi>9788387224172</bdi></a>. <q>Kierujący referatem żydowskim Henryk Woliński był też współinicjatorem utworzenia w 1942 r. Rady Pomocy Żydom „Żegota</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armia+Krajowa%3A+szkic+historyczny&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Wydawn.+Ars+Print+Production&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788387224172&rft.au=Marek+Ney-Krwawicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCKlEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alvis-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alvis_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Alvis2016" class="citation book cs1">Robert Alvis (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5RcxDgAAQBAJ&q=Poland%20Lives&pg=PA212"><i>White Eagle, Black Madonna: One Thousand Years of the Polish Catholic Tradition</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 212, 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823271733" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823271733"><bdi>978-0823271733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Eagle%2C+Black+Madonna%3A+One+Thousand+Years+of+the+Polish+Catholic+Tradition&rft.pages=212%2C+214&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0823271733&rft.au=Robert+Alvis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5RcxDgAAQBAJ%26q%3DPoland%2520Lives%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2004" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, Heather (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mk_vahdp13IC&q=%C5%BBEGOTA+50%2C000&pg=PA117"><i>A Drop of Rain</i></a>. Dundurn. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781894917100" title="Special:BookSources/9781894917100"><bdi>9781894917100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Drop+of+Rain&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781894917100&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmk_vahdp13IC%26q%3D%25C5%25BBEGOTA%2B50%252C000%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Żydzi w Polsce: dzieje i kultura : leksykon Jerzy Tomaszewski, Andrzej Żbikowski Wydawnictwo Cyklady, 2001, page 552</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, volumes 3–4 Israel Gutman Macmillan Library Reference USA, page 1730</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zagłada Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej: 1945–1947 – page 129 Aleksander Gella – 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/aktualnosci/75-lat-temu-powstala-krakowska-zegota">https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/aktualnosci/75-lat-temu-powstala-krakowska-zegota</a> "Żegota" in Kraków Established 75 Years Ago Mateusz Szczepaniak / English translation: Andrew Rajcher, 14 March 2018 POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegel1996" class="citation book cs1">Segel, Harold B. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KOSOnLXQv0wC&q=penalty+on+Poles+for+helping+jews&pg=PA27"><i>Stranger in Our Midst: Images of the Jew in Polish Literature</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080148104X" title="Special:BookSources/080148104X"><bdi>080148104X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stranger+in+Our+Midst%3A+Images+of+the+Jew+in+Polish+Literature&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=080148104X&rft.aulast=Segel&rft.aufirst=Harold+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKOSOnLXQv0wC%26q%3Dpenalty%2Bon%2BPoles%2Bfor%2Bhelping%2Bjews%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/german-poster-announces-death-penalty-for-aiding-jews">"Death Penalty for Aiding Jews — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"</a>. <i>www.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Death+Penalty+for+Aiding+Jews+%E2%80%94+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Flearn%2Ftimeline-of-events%2F1942-1945%2Fgerman-poster-announces-death-penalty-for-aiding-jews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winstone_2014-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winstone_2014_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winstone_2014_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinstone2014" class="citation book cs1">Winstone, Martin (2014). <i>The Dark Heart of Hitler's Europe: Nazi rule in Poland under the General Government</i>. London: Tauris. pp. <span class="nowrap">181–</span>182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-477-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-477-1"><bdi>978-1-78076-477-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Heart+of+Hitler%27s+Europe%3A+Nazi+rule+in+Poland+under+the+General+Government&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-477-1&rft.aulast=Winstone&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michman_2018-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michman_2018_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichmanDreifussSilberklang2018" class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michman, Dan; Dreifuss, Havi; Silberklang, David (5 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/he/research/historians-reaction.html">"תגובת ההיסטוריונים של יד ושם להצהרה המשותפת של ממשלות פולין וישראל בנוגע לתיקון מיום 26 בינואר 2018 לחוק "המכון לזיכרון לאומי" של פולין"</a> [Reply by the historians of Yad Vashem to the joint statement by the governments of Poland and Israel on the 26 January 2018 amendment to the law of the "Institute of National Remembrance" of Poland] (Press release) (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>[Some] Polish resistance fighters, that were willing to fight bravely and faithfully against the German conqueror, contributed on their end to a certain aspect of Nazi policy in occupied Poland to its broad success: the murder of Jews. These trends are also expressed in the words of Righteous Among the Nations and member of the Żegota organization Irena Sendler, that during the Second World War it was simpler to hid a tank under the carpet than shelter a Jewish child."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%99%D7%93+%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%AA+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A2+%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D+26+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8+2018+%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7+%22%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%22+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem&rft.date=2018-07-05&rft.aulast=Michman&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Dreifuss%2C+Havi&rft.au=Silberklang%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fhe%2Fresearch%2Fhistorians-reaction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lukas-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lukas_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard C. Lukas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lz9obsxmuW4C&dq=%22postwar+statistics+of+the+Israeli+War+Crimes+Commission+indicate+that+only+seven+thousand+out+of+a+population+of+over+twenty+million+ethnic+Poles+collaborated+with+the+Nazis.%22&pg=PA13"><i>Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust</i></a> University Press of Kentucky, 1989; 201 pp.; p. 13; also in <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Lukas" title="Richard C. Lukas">Richard C. Lukas</a>, <i>The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944</i>, University Press of Kentucky, 1986; 300 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WGrabowski_2010-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WGrabowski_2010_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldemar_Grabowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waldemar Grabowski (page does not exist)">Waldemar Grabowski</a>, <i>"Rada Pomocy Żydom »Żegota« w strukturach Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego"</i> ("Żegota within the Structures of the Polish Underground State"), <i>Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej</i> (Bulletin of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a>), no. 11 (120), November 2010, IPN, pp 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Gella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksander Gella (page does not exist)">Aleksander Gella</a>, <i>Zagłada Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej: 1945–1947</i> (The Demise of the Polish Second Republic: 1945–1947), 1998, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sprawiedliwi.org.pl-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sprawiedliwi.org.pl_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sprawiedliwi.org.pl_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/aktualnosci/75-lat-temu-powstala-krakowska-zegota">https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/aktualnosci/75-lat-temu-powstala-krakowska-zegota</a> ("Żegota Was Established in Kraków 75 Years Ago").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polacy_1999,_p._58-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polacy_1999,_p._58_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polacy_1999,_p._58_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Korbo%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Korboński">Stefan Korboński</a>, <i>Polacy, Żydzi i Holocaust</i> (The Poles, the Jews, and the Holocaust), 1999, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcin Urynowicz, <i>“Zorganizowana i indywidualna pomoc Polaków dla ludności żydowskiej eksterminowanej przez okupanta niemieckiego w okresie drugiej wojny światowej”</i> ("Poles' Organized and Individual Help to the Jewish Population Being Exterminated by the Occupying Germans during World War II"), in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_%C5%BBbikowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrzej Żbikowski (page does not exist)">Andrzej Żbikowski</a>, ed., <i>Polacy i Żydzi pod okupacją niemiecką 1939–1945</i> (Poles and Jews under the German Occupation, 1939–1945), Warsaw, IPN, 2006, p. 225–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polonsky_2004-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polonsky_2004_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntony_Polonsky2004" class="citation book cs1">Antony Polonsky (2004). David Cesarani (ed.). <i>Holocaust: Responses to the persecution and mass murder of the Jews</i>. Holocaust: critical concepts in historical studies. Vol. 5. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27509-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27509-5"><bdi>978-0-415-27509-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+Responses+to+the+persecution+and+mass+murder+of+the+Jews&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Holocaust%3A+critical+concepts+in+historical+studies&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27509-5&rft.au=Antony+Polonsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krakowski_2003-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krakowski_2003_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krakowski_2003_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krakowski_2003_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krakowski_2003_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShmuel_Krakowski2003" class="citation book cs1">Shmuel Krakowski (2003). Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed.). <i>Contested memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its aftermath</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3158-8"><bdi>978-0-8135-3158-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+memories%3A+Poles+and+Jews+during+the+Holocaust+and+its+aftermath&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3158-8&rft.au=Shmuel+Krakowski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kermish_1977-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kermish_1977_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKermish" class="citation web cs1">Kermish, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/resources/zegota-in-occupied-poland.html">"The Activities of the Council for Aid to Jews ("Żegota") In Occupied Poland"</a>. <i>www.yadvashem.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yadvashem.org&rft.atitle=The+Activities+of+the+Council+for+Aid+to+Jews+%28%22%C5%BBegota%22%29+In+Occupied+Poland&rft.aulast=Kermish&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Frighteous%2Fresources%2Fzegota-in-occupied-poland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldemar_Grabowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waldemar Grabowski (page does not exist)">Waldemar Grabowski</a>, <i>"Rada Pomocy Żydom »Żegota« w strukturach Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego"</i> ("Żegota within the Structures of the Polish Underground State"), <i>Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej</i> (Bulletin of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a>), no. 11 (120), November 2010, IPN</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Gella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksander Gella (page does not exist)">Aleksander Gella</a>, <i>Zagłada Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej: 1945–1947</i> (The Demise of the Polish Second Republic: 1945–1947), 1998, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-379-egota">"The Żegota"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=The+%C5%BBegota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fthe-379-egota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kunert2002-155-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kunert2002-155_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrzej_Krzysztof_Kunert2002" class="citation book cs1">Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J9MWAQAAIAAJ"><i>"Żegota": The Council for Aid to Jews 1942–1945 : Selected Documents : Preceded by an Interview with Władysław Bartoszewski by Andrzej Friszke</i></a>. Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa. p. 155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22%C5%BBegota%22%3A+The+Council+for+Aid+to+Jews+1942%E2%80%931945+%3A+Selected+Documents+%3A+Preceded+by+an+Interview+with+W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw+Bartoszewski+by+Andrzej+Friszke&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Rada+Ochrony+Pami%C4%99ci+Walk+i+M%C4%99cze%C5%84stwa&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Andrzej+Krzysztof+Kunert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ9MWAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/news/17th-anniversary-zegota-monument-unveiling">"17th Anniversary of the "Żegota" Monument Unveiling | Polscy Sprawiedliwi"</a>. <i>sprawiedliwi.org.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sprawiedliwi.org.pl&rft.atitle=17th+Anniversary+of+the+%22%C5%BBegota%22+Monument+Unveiling+%7C+Polscy+Sprawiedliwi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsprawiedliwi.org.pl%2Fen%2Fnews%2F17th-anniversary-zegota-monument-unveiling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/w-lodzi-uczczono-pamiec-polakow-ratujacych-zydow">"W Łodzi uczczono pamięć Polaków ratujących Żydów"</a>. <i>dzieje.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dzieje.pl&rft.atitle=W+%C5%81odzi+uczczono+pami%C4%99%C4%87+Polak%C3%B3w+ratuj%C4%85cych+%C5%BByd%C3%B3w&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Faktualnosci%2Fw-lodzi-uczczono-pamiec-polakow-ratujacych-zydow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazetaprawna.pl/artykuly/1404671,w-lodzi-uczczono-pamiec-polakow-ratujacych-zydow.html">"W Łodzi uczczono pamięć Polaków ratujących Żydów"</a>. <i>www.gazetaprawna.pl</i>. 24 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gazetaprawna.pl&rft.atitle=W+%C5%81odzi+uczczono+pami%C4%99%C4%87+Polak%C3%B3w+ratuj%C4%85cych+%C5%BByd%C3%B3w&rft.date=2019-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazetaprawna.pl%2Fartykuly%2F1404671%2Cw-lodzi-uczczono-pamiec-polakow-ratujacych-zydow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/o-sprawiedliwych/rada-pomocy-zydom-zegota/upamietnienia-zegoty">"Upamiętnienia "Żegoty" | Polscy Sprawiedliwi"</a>. <i>sprawiedliwi.org.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sprawiedliwi.org.pl&rft.atitle=Upami%C4%99tnienia+%22%C5%BBegoty%22+%7C+Polscy+Sprawiedliwi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsprawiedliwi.org.pl%2Fpl%2Fo-sprawiedliwych%2Frada-pomocy-zydom-zegota%2Fupamietnienia-zegoty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>General</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrzej_Krzysztof_Kunert,_Andrzej_Friszke" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Krzysztof_Kunert" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert">Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Friszke" title="Andrzej Friszke">Andrzej Friszke</a> (ed.). <i>"Żegota" Rada Pomocy Żydom 1942–1945</i> (in Polish). Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/Rada_Ochrony_Pami%C4%99ci_Walk_i_M%C4%99cze%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa">Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-916666-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/83-916666-0-3"><bdi>83-916666-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22%C5%BBegota%22+Rada+Pomocy+%C5%BBydom+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Rada+Ochrony+Pami%C4%99ci+Walk+i+M%C4%99cze%C5%84stwa&rft.isbn=83-916666-0-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_D._Zimmerman2003" class="citation book cs1">Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&q=Zegota"><i>Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> Press. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3158-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-3158-6"><bdi>0-8135-3158-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+Memories%3A+Poles+and+Jews+During+the+Holocaust+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8135-3158-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Iiw0KB31rgC%26q%3DZegota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMS_Nechama_Tec1986" class="citation book cs1">MS Nechama Tec (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenlightpierced00tecn"><i>When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland</i></a></span>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505194-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505194-7"><bdi>0-19-505194-7</bdi></a>. <q>Zegota.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Light+Pierced+the+Darkness%3A+Christian+Rescue+of+Jews+in+Nazi-occupied+Poland&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-19-505194-7&rft.au=MS+Nechama+Tec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenlightpierced00tecn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&q=Zegota"><i>Poland's Holocaust</i></a>. McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0371-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0371-3"><bdi>0-7864-0371-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7864-0371-3&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4FlatJCro4C%26q%3DZegota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunnar_S._Paulsson2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_S._Paulsson" title="Gunnar S. Paulsson">Gunnar S. Paulsson</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretcityhidden00paul/page/2002"><i>Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940-1945</i></a></span>. Yale: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretcityhidden00paul/page/2002">2002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09546-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09546-5"><bdi>0-300-09546-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+City%3A+The+Hidden+Jews+of+Warsaw%2C+1940-1945&rft.place=Yale&rft.pages=2002&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-300-09546-5&rft.au=Gunnar+S.+Paulsson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretcityhidden00paul%2Fpage%2F2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrene_TomaszewskiTecia_Werbowski1994" class="citation book cs1">Irene Tomaszewski; Tecia Werbowski (1994). <i>Zegota: The Rescue of Jews in Wartime Poland</i>. Montreal: Price-Patterson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zegota%3A+The+Rescue+of+Jews+in+Wartime+Poland&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=Price-Patterson&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Irene+Tomaszewski&rft.au=Tecia+Werbowski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrene_TomaszewskiTecia_Werbowski1994" class="citation book cs1">Irene Tomaszewski; Tecia Werbowski (1994). <i>Zegota: The Council to Aid Jews in Occupied Poland 1942–1945</i>. Price-Patterson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896881-15-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-896881-15-7"><bdi>1-896881-15-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zegota%3A+The+Council+to+Aid+Jews+in+Occupied+Poland+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Price-Patterson&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-896881-15-7&rft.au=Irene+Tomaszewski&rft.au=Tecia+Werbowski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBegota" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawuprising.com/zegota.htm">Excerpts from the book <i>Żegota</i> by Irena Tomaszewska & Tecia Werbowski</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustforgotten.com/zegota.htm">Zegota – book and documentary film</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/resources/zegota-in-occupied-poland.html">The Activities of the Council for Aid to Jews ("Żegota") In Occupied Poland</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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