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scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-113938 apercu surlignable"><p>In the EU context, parallel trade refers to the practice of importing genuine products from a low-price Member State and exporting them to a high-price Member State through channels other than those established by the manufacturer of the products, usually by independent parallel importers/exporters seeking arbitrage profits.</p> <p>While parallel trade can promote EU market integration and benefit consumers by increasing competition and lowering prices, it can also undermine manufacturers’ incentives to develop distribution channels in both high-price and low-price Member States, and to innovate and invest in research and development, as well as distributors’ own incentives.</p> <p>Outside of the EU, several jurisdictions, such as Australia, New Zealand and South Korea, treat parallel trade as a means of promoting competition and consumer choice and have established legal frameworks that allow for parallel imports under certain conditions.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-113938 texte surlignable"><p>Articles 101(1) and 102 TFEU respectively prohibit concerted and abusive practices that restrict competition and “may affect trade between Member States”, making restrictions on cross-border trade within the EU prima facie unlawful, regardless of their effects. “Agreements aimed at partitioning national markets according to national borders or making the interpenetration of national markets more difficult, in particular those aimed at preventing or restricting parallel exports” must be considered restrictive by object because they “frustrate the Treaty’s objective of achieving the integration of national markets through the establishment of a single market” (Consten, p. 340; Sot. Lélos, § 65; GlaxoSmithKline, § 61).</p> <p>According to Article 4 of the Vertical Block Exemption Regulation (VBER) 2022/720, vertical agreements having as their object “the restriction of the territory into which [the distributor(s)] may actively or passively sell the contract goods or services” are presumed to restrict competition and are therefore excluded from the VBER safe harbour unless one of the exceptions listed in paragraphs 202-244 of the European Commission (EC) 2022 Guidelines on Vertical Restraints applies. In such a case, a manufacturer may legitimately restrict parallel trade, for example to protect the integrity of a selective or exclusive distribution system against unauthorised distributors free-riding on its investments or those of its authorised resellers.</p> <p>While unilateral measures restricting parallel trade may infringe Article 102 TFEU if implemented by a dominant undertaking, they are not agreements and therefore cannot infringe Article 101(1) TFEU. However, the threshold for finding an “agreement” or “concerted practice” under this provision is rather low.</p> <p>In its Bayer judgment subsequently upheld by the Court of Justice (ECJ), the General Court (formerly the Court of First Instance (CFI)) found that there was no “agreement” between Bayer and its distributors. After recalling that a manufacturer’s unilateral decision “escapes the prohibition” of Article 101(1) TFEU (§ 66), the CFI held that the existence of an agreement can only be established where undertakings “have expressed their joint intention to conduct themselves on the market in a specific way” (§ 67), regardless of “the form in which [their concurrence of wills] is manifested (…) so long as it constitutes the faithful expression of the parties’ intention” (§ 69). The CFI explained that “measures adopted or imposed in an apparently unilateral manner by a manufacturer in the context of his continuing relations with his distributors [may be] regarded as constituting an agreement” if they are not “genuinely unilateral” and “receive at least the tacit acquiescence of those dealers” (§§ 70-71).</p> <p>Since the wholesalers did not acquiesce in Bayer’s policy of restricting exports in view of their “conduct demonstrating a firm and persistent intention to react against a policy that was fundamentally contrary to their interests” (§ 129), the CFI concluded that “provided he does so without abusing a dominant position, and there is no concurrence of wills between him and his wholesalers, a manufacturer may adopt the supply policy which he considers necessary, even if, by the very nature of its aim, for example, to hinder parallel imports, the implementation of that policy may entail restrictions on competition and affect trade between Member States” (§ 176).</p> <p>This important judgment highlights the risks for manufacturers of unilaterally announcing supply reductions in order to prevent parallel trade, as the mere acquiescence of their distributors to such a unilateral announcement (by reducing orders or ceasing parallel trade) may be sufficient to constitute an agreement or concerted practice. The CFI noted that tacit acquiescence may be inferred from coercive measures such as “systematic monitoring of the actual final destination” of the product(s) whose distribution is restricted, implementing “a policy of threats and sanctions against exporting wholesalers” or making the supply of the product(s) “conditional on compliance with the alleged export ban” (§ 109).</p> <p>Balancing the benefits and drawbacks of parallel trade, Articles 101(3) and 102 TFEU recognise that restrictions on parallel trade resulting from concerted practices or abusive exclusionary conduct, while in principle illegal, may be compensated or justified in certain circumstances. However, in practice, European and national courts have rarely accepted them. In any event, the assessment of objective justifications and efficiencies that may outweigh anti-competitive effects must be based on the specific circumstances of each case, including the nature of the agreement and/or practice, the relevant market(s), and the competitive environment.</p> <p>The EC 2004 Guidelines on criteria for exemption under Article 101(3) TFEU from the prohibition under Article 101(1) TFEU state that four cumulative conditions must be fulfilled: (i) the claimed efficiencies must generate benefits, whether direct or indirect, economic or non-economic, (ii) of which consumers receive a fair share, (iii) without imposing restrictions that are not indispensable to obtain those benefits, and (iv) without eliminating competition in respect of a substantial part of the products whose distribution is restricted. To meet these conditions, the claims must, inter alia, be based on “objective factors” (§§ 18 and 31), be “substantiated so that they can be verified” (§§ 51 and 55) and have “a sufficient causal link” to the restrictive agreement (§§ 53-54).</p> <p>Paragraph 181 of the EC 2022 Guidelines on Vertical Restraints adds that “an undertaking may demonstrate pro-competitive effects” by showing that “efficiencies are likely and (…) likely to result from including the hardcore restriction in the agreement” and by “demonstrating that the other conditions of Article 101(3) of the Treaty are fulfilled.”</p> <p>In GlaxoSmithKline, the ECJ clarified that efficiency arguments under Article 101(3) TFEU must also be properly assessed in cases involving hardcore restrictions of parallel trade. To determine whether a restrictive agreement may “contribute to improving the production or distribution of goods or to promoting technical or economic progress (…) with appreciable objective advantages of such a kind as to compensate for the resulting disadvantages for competition” (§§ 92 and 102; see also Consten pp. 348-349), it is necessary to ascertain “whether, in the light of the factual arguments and the evidence provided, it seems more likely [than not] that the agreement in question must make it possible to obtain appreciable advantages” (§§ 94 and 102). The required “prospective analysis” (§ 105) must aim at balancing the negative effects of the restriction on parallel trade and intra-brand competition on consumer choice against its positive effects on R&D funding and inter-brand competition.</p> <p>Pursuant to paragraphs 28-31 of the EC 2009 Guidance on its enforcement priorities in applying Article 102 TFEU, a dominant undertaking may be able to legitimise a restriction on parallel trade by providing an “objective justification” for the need for the restriction or by satisfying four conditions (similar to those in Article 101(3) TFEU) to demonstrate “substantial efficiencies which outweigh any anti-competitive effects on consumers”.</p> <p>In Sot. Lelos, the ECJ held that a dominant company’s refusal to meet orders in full in order to restrict parallel trade is not per se abusive. Although a dominant undertaking may not refuse to fulfil ordinary orders from an existing customer simply because some of those orders are likely to be resold in another EU Member State, it is entitled “to counter in a reasonable and proportionate way the threat to its own commercial interests potentially posed by” orders of “significant quantities of products that are essentially destined for parallel export” (§ 71). The ECJ clarified that whether orders “are out of the ordinary in terms of quantity” (§ 76) depends on “the size of those orders in relation to the requirements of the market (…) and the previous business relations between [the supplier] and the wholesalers” (§ 77).</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-113938 reference"><p><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61964CJ0056" class="spip_out" rel="external">Joined Cases 56 and 58/64, Consten and Grundig v Commission, [1966] ECR 299, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41</a></p> <p><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61996TJ0041" class="spip_out" rel="external">Case T–41/96 Bayer v Commission, [2000] ECR II–3383, ECLI:EU:T:2000:242</a></p> <p><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-468/06&language=en" class="spip_out" rel="external">Joined Cases C-468 to 478/06, Sot. Lélos kai Sia and others, [2008] ECR I-7139, ECLI:EU:C:2008:504</a></p> <p><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-501/06&language=en" class="spip_out" rel="external">Joined Cases C‑501 to 519/06 P, GlaxoSmithKline and others v Commission, [2009] ECR I-09291, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-113938 jurisprudence"><p>Ibáñez Colomo, Pablo, “Territorial restrictions in EU competition law: from Consten-Grundig to Ping and Pay-TV” (February 10, 2021)</p> <p>Petit, Nicolas, “The Economics of Parallel Trade – Iconoclast Views on a Dogma of EU Competition Law” (August 19, 2010)</p> <p>Stothers, Christopher, “Parallel Trade in Europe: Intellectual Property, Competition and Regulatory Law” Hart Publishing (2007)</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/laurent-cenatiempo" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton38518-6d18c.png?1711359918) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Laurent Cenatiempo</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">European Brands Association - AIM (Brussels)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Belgium</span> <span class="articles"><em>4</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>71453</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Laurent Cenatiempo, </span> <span class="entry-title">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 12166</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">24902</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-12166 texte surlignable"><p>Trade in products which takes place outside the official distribution system set up by a particular firm. Through their own distribution system, firms may cause differences in prices for different countries, exploiting national differences in the behaviour of consumers. Parallel traders buy products in countries where they are sold at lower prices and sell them in high-price countries. The flow of products thereby created is called parallel trade. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/european_commission_glossary_of_terms_used_in_eu_competition_policy_-_antitrust_and_control_of_concentrations.pdf?40143/c3774ee64935572d46552d77051b73fee53aeda168348c3575d30d9dabcc7a34" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>European Commission</a></strong></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lqDpB6LF5GvRU/7Nxyre6GMOC+wAAQHP2TWCMC72Oz75pHr430u1HlgPjchUTxhrQPpzjirIxmnbxREFa5A1tDL0NXLWO+zmHCn1TEG2wea+u7y+V7mJ0jd5zreNToTXuNRyR8SKAOynW1L7oHzqFjHzmzLJv/8KVpD5tZSZPwhouWSBmeXiOoz6JCroNSe0FAPwVOHONmHHrgsFP9tpwWc8bThdYvGWWnwdORwIe5sQVDGkaV1nXRW8g/N59TrucIvRFxMKibv0l7uhzmjgTILN/jfWCyIaovHxk6S+OKZQ13fr7/WICWvnuIx653xi58ThpJgiW2FVwb0UoRg==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gerwin-van-gerven">Gerwin Van Gerven</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/lodewick-prompers">Lodewick Prompers</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sima-ostrovsky">Sima Ostrovsky</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2024/the-eu-commission-fines-a-global-snacks-company-eur337-5m-the-highest-penalty" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission fines a global snacks company €337.5M, the highest penalty to date for illegal restrictions on parallel trade <em>(Mondelēz)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-22T22:00:00Z">23 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119326 introduction entry-content"> <p>Breaking barriers: EU issues record fine as it takes on cross-border trade restrictions (again)* <br class='autobr' /> In May 2024, the European Commission fined the global snacks company Mondelēz EUR 337.5 million in a decision that marks the highest fine for illegal restrictions on parallel trade to-date. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/alerts-4639/platform-gaming-the-general-court-of-the-eu-confirms-that-the-geoblocking-of" rel="bookmark"><strong>Platform gaming</strong>: The General Court of the EU confirms that the geoblocking of activation keys for a video game platform violates Article 101 TFEU, considering that copyright does not guarantee its holders the possibility of claiming the highest possible remuneration, nor of adopting behaviour likely to lead to artificial price differences between partitioned national markets <em>(Valve / Bandai / Capcom / Focus Home / Koch Media / Zenimax)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-26T22:00:00Z">27 September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114369 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 27, 2023, the European Court of First Instance handed down a judgment in case T-172/21 (Valve Corporation v. European Commission). <br class='autobr' /> This case concerns the world of online video games, and more specifically a practice of geoblocking activation keys implemented on the Steam platform. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/lucas-bettoni">Lucas Bettoni</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/alerts-4639/agreement-by-object-the-tribunal-of-the-european-union-has-ruled-that" rel="bookmark"><strong>Agreement by object</strong>: The General Court of the European Union has ruled that distribution agreements between an online gaming platform and video game publishers aimed at restricting cross-border sales of certain video games constitute restrictions of competition by object <em>(Valve) </em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-26T22:00:00Z">27 September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116116 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts. Several PC game publishers entered into a distribution agreement with a company operating an online gaming platform, enabling their users to access games on the said platform. The European Commission opens an investigation after receiving information about the possible blocking of games (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/victor-emanuel-ion">Victor-Emanuel Ion</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andrzej-kmiecik">Andrzej Kmiecik</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2023/the-eu-commission-issues-a-statement-of-objections-to-clothing-retailers-for" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission issues a Statement of Objections to clothing retailers for implementing anticompetitive cross-border sales restrictions <em>(Pierre Cardin / Ahlers)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-07-30T22:00:00Z">31 July 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113953 introduction entry-content"> <p>Main take-aways Pierre Cardin and its licensee Ahlers receive statement of objections; Commission recognises its limited ability to tackle unilateral territorial supply constraints; Pending investigation of Mondelēz covers both collusive and unilateral (possible) restraints; Forthcoming Valve (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ingrid-vandenborre">Ingrid Vandenborre</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nick-wolfe">Nick Wolfe</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/parallel-imports/parallel-imports-an-overview-of-eu-and-national-case-law" rel="bookmark">Parallel Imports: An overview of EU and national case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-19T22:00:00Z">20 October 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-107991 introduction entry-content"><p>Since the last special edition of e-Competitions on restrictions of parallel trade, there have been a number of national competition authority cases that have helped clarify and confirm this area of antitrust law. Often these have been in familiar sectors where parallel trade has been in the spotlight historically, such as pharmaceuticals and household products. We highlight some of the most interesting ones below. And in a world where offline and online channels overlap and the treatment of online sales has particular implications for the assessment of trade restrictions, perhaps of most significance overall has been the European Commission’s decision in Guess and the new Vertical Block Exemption Regulation (‘‘VBER’’), which came into force on 1 June this year. Trademark exhaustion has also regularly come up in the context of parallel trade restrictions and we highlight a number of recent cases in this foreword. Brexit, of course, has brought trade between the UK and European Union into sharp focus, also with respect to trademark exhaustion. Here the future remains somewhat uncertain, as we discuss below.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/eda-duru">Eda Duru</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ece-sengul">Ece Şengül</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ata-karabey">Ata Karabey</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2022/the-ankara-8th-regional-administrative-court-reverses-the-13th-administrative" rel="bookmark">The Ankara 8th Regional Administrative Court reverses the 13th Administrative Court’s decision that annulled the Turkish Competition Authority’s decision on an exemption application of an FMCG company for its selective distribution agreement <em>(Johnson & Johnson)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-09-22T22:00:00Z">23 September 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-111007 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article aims to provide a case analysis of the Ankara 8th Regional Administrative Court’s (“Regional Court”) judgement annulling Ankara 13th Administrative Court’s (“Administrative Court”) judgement that annulled the Turkish Competition Board’s (“Board”) Johnson&Johnson Sıhhi Malzeme (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/sandro-travaglini">Sandro Travaglini</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marcel-meinhardt">Marcel Meinhardt</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2022/the-swiss-competition-authority-fines-a-german-tobacco-producer-for" rel="bookmark">The Swiss Competition Authority fines a German tobacco producer for a longstanding vertical distribution agreement which sought to secure absolute territorial protection <em>(Pöschl)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-01-19T23:00:00Z">20 January 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-106302 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition Commission penalises German tobacco company for territorial restrictions in distribution agreements* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Commission (ComCo) has once again imposed penalties on a foreign company for including/maintaining absolute territorial protection clauses in its distribution (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/oecd">OECD</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2021/the-oecd-holds-a-roundtable-on-competition-issues-in-books-and-e-books" rel="bookmark">The OECD holds a roundtable on competition issues in books and e-books</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-11-28T23:00:00Z">29 November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-110782 introduction entry-content"> <p>The books and e-books markets are characterised by public intervention to pursue cultural policy objectives, such as to promote reading as well as the quality and diversity of books. <br class='autobr' /> Competition authorities in some jurisdictions participate in the policy debate, for instance by advocating the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/swiss-competition-authority">Swiss Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2021/the-swiss-competition-authority-imposes-a-fine-on-german-tobacco-manufacturer" rel="bookmark">The Swiss Competition Authority imposes a fine on German tobacco manufacturer as a result of the export bans placed to Switzerland with several European distributors of tobacco products <em>(Pöschl)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-07-05T22:00:00Z">6 July 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114510 introduction entry-content"> <p>COMCO paves the way for parallel imports of tobacco products* <br class='autobr' /> Bern, 06.07.2021 - The Competition Commission (COMCO) imposes a fine of approximately CHF 270,000 on Pöschl Tabak GmbH. Pöschl has concluded export bans to Switzerland with several European distributors of tobacco products. The (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/danish-competition-authority">Danish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2021/the-danish-competition-authority-approves-a-merger-between-two-national" rel="bookmark">The Danish Competition Authority approves a merger between two national pharmaceutical companies subject to conditions <em>(Orifarm / Takeda)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-03-23T23:00:00Z">24 March 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-99885 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Danish Competition Council has approved Orifarm’s acquisition of certain assets from Takeda subject to commitments* <br class='autobr' /> The Danish Competition Council has approved Orifarm Generics Holding’s (hereinafter “Orifarm”) acquisition of certain assets, including a product portfolio consisting of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2021/the-eu-commission-opens-investigation-into-possible-trade-restrictions-by-one" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission opens an investigation into possible trade restrictions by one of the largest producers of chocolate, biscuits, and coffee in the Union <em>(Mondelēz)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-01-27T23:00:00Z">28 January 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-99103 introduction entry-content"> <p>Antitrust: Commission opens formal investigation into possible trade restrictions by Mondelēz* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has opened a formal antitrust investigation to assess whether Mondelēz has restricted competition in a range of national markets for chocolate, biscuits and coffee by (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/danish-competition-authority">Danish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2021/the-danish-maritime-and-commercial-high-court-confirms-the-competition" rel="bookmark">The Danish Maritime and Commercial High Court confirms the Competition Authority’s decision stating that a German engine manufacturer abused its dominant position <em>(Deutz / Diesel Motor Nordic)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-01-17T23:00:00Z">18 January 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-98878 introduction entry-content"> <p>Danish Maritime and Commercial High Court: Deutz and Diesel Motor Nordic infringed competition legislation by preventing the supply of spare parts for the IC3-trains* <br class='autobr' /> On 11 January 2021, the Maritime and Commercial High Court has confirmed that Deutz abused its dominant position by refusing to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/dilja-helgadottir-112425">Dilja Helgadottir</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2021/the-danish-maritime-and-commercial-high-court-confirms-a-decision-of-the" rel="bookmark">The Danish Maritime and Commercial High Court confirms a decision of the Competition Authority finding that a German internal combustion engine manufacturer had both abused its dominant position and entered into an anti-competitive agreement with its Danish dealer <em>(Deutz / Diesel Motor Nordic)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-01-17T23:00:00Z">18 January 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-99274 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 11 January 2021, the Danish Maritime and Commercial High Court (“MCC”) confirmed a decision of the Danish Competition Council (“DCC”) finding that the German internal combustion engine manufacturer Deutz had both abused its dominant position and entered into an anti-competitive agreement with (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/morten-nissen">Morten Nissen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/frederik-haugsted">Frederik Haugsted</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2021/the-danish-maritime-and-commercial-high-court-upholds-the-competition-authority" rel="bookmark">The Danish Maritime and Commercial High Court upholds the Competition Authority’s decision finding an abuse of dominance and an anti-competitive agreement between a German internal combustion engine manufacturer and its national distributor in the railway sector <em>(Deutz / Diesel Motor Nordic)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-01-17T23:00:00Z">18 January 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-99743 introduction entry-content"> <p>The case centred around a consortium that was handling the renovation of the engines of the IC3 trains of the Danish State Railways. A member of the consortium, Fleco ApS (Fleco), was in several ways restricted from buying spare parts to be used in the renovation of the train engines. <br class='autobr' /> The (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hellenic-competition-authority">Hellenic Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2020/the-hellenic-competition-authority-finds-two-companies-guilty-of-an-anti" rel="bookmark">The Hellenic Competition Authority finds two companies guilty of an anticompetitive vertical agreement for prohibiting parallel imports in the market for artificial kidney machines <em>(Gambro Lundia / Medical Products)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-07T22:00:00Z">8 October 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-97809 introduction entry-content"> <p>Decision regarding the complaints of the company SERKO LTD* <br class='autobr' /> Subject: Decision of the Hellenic Competition Commission regarding the complaints of the company "SERKO LTD SCIENTIFIC - ELECTRONIC MACHINERY (Imports - Representations - Service)" concerning alleged infringements of articles 1 and 2 (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lqHi7zCGDh+dc/bPRy99s58IEd672H6QYiOEPN6hZQ7enMzyNJ2U2ExjttyJRUgOHPoag9nwQ0rgnEAMU4n4voCFdaN50JJKQlnomfnpYhFx/vT+kmasWqfTBUGzJUzRh9FdmeDp7jhFj/R+70KAgWDBrTh6N1vaz4ePZoO36DfyKRBB2ZJ/OAH9L85vrGgZLLsQ/yHlx4ZglSSlifekpST0kfb8/Del6/8XZ8TTC4161oplIrEdm8G14zY8XqilQRj9EKeOj2Sm9wn3D8Z3LZ43Cfa8RN8lO3vhzG6k7JfY98bmWy4eiIbq2wBTiAsraAVgtiimj8QM=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/margherita-colangelo-32602">Margherita Colangelo</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/books/116832" rel="bookmark">Regulation, Innovation and Competition in Pharmaceutical Markets: A Comparative Study, COLANGELO Margherita</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116832 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. 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This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. 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The Supreme Court adopted a broad definition of the territorial scope of the Cartel Act, by not only refusing, but also prohibiting, to consider any level of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alexandre-riera">Alexandre Riéra</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2015/livres/contrat-de-franchise-et-droit-de-la-concurrence-alexandre-riera-104458" rel="bookmark">Contrat de franchise et droit de la concurrence, Alexandre RIÈRA</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-104458 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/patrick-rey">Patrick Rey</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thibaud-verge">Thibaud Vergé</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2014/law-economics/vertical-restraints-in-european-competition-policy" rel="bookmark">Vertical restraints in European competition policy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-69481 introduction entry-content"> <p>This chapter focuses on the treatment of vertical restraints in European competition policy, which has put more emphasis on intra-brand competition, compared with what can be observed in other regions. 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General - Scope of application <br class='autobr' /> Competition law as an obstacle or remedy to the crisis La crise économique et financière, la régulation et la concurrence, F. Jenny (Les Échos, 19 March 2009, p. 11; Concurrences, No. 2-2009) <br class='autobr' /> In the short article published in Les Echos, in tune with current (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christelle-adjemian">Christelle Adjémian</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/umberto-berkani">Umberto Berkani</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2009/revues/european-competition-law-review-world-competition-european-competition-journal-23362" rel="bookmark">Competition journals: Oct. 2008 - Jan. 2009</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2009-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2009</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-23362 introduction entry-content"> <p>1. General - Scope of application <br class='autobr' /> Modernizing the economy... (Special file devoted to the law of modernization of the economy n° 2008-776 of August 4, 2008), D. BOSCO ET ALII (Contracts, conc., consom., nov. 2008, p. 8-38) <br class='autobr' /> In this very complete dossier devoted to the "catch-all" law on the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/assimakis-komninos">Assimakis Komninos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jose-luis-buendia-1008">José Luis Buendia Sierra</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Pascal-Berghe">Pascal Berghe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/patrick-rey">Patrick Rey</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/robert-kovar">Robert Kovar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thierry-dahan">Thierry Dahan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2008/conferences/vertical-restraints-parallel-imports-and-the-objective-of-market-integration" rel="bookmark">Vertical restraints, parallel imports and the objective of market integration</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2008-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2008</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-22107 introduction entry-content"> <p>One of the most significant parameters that framed EC competition policy towards vertical restraints has been the importance of market integration in Europe. The recent saga of cases on parallel imports of pharmaceuticals brought under Articles 81 and 82 EC in national and Community courts (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Peter-Sukosd">Peter Sukosd</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2008/Articles-701/Pharmaceutical-parallel-trade-A-20106" rel="bookmark">Pharmaceutical parallel trade: A controversial EC approach</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2008-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2008</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-20106 introduction entry-content"> <p>Parallel trade in the pharmaceuticals market, which mainly concerns pharmaceuticals under patent protection, exists due to the peculiarities of the sector and the dramatic variation in pricing, reimbursement, sale and prescription conditions among EC Member States. To impede parallel trade, the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/jerome-gstalter">Jérôme Gstalter</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2008/books/the-interface-between-intellectual-property-rights-and-competition-policy-15448" rel="bookmark">The interface between intellectual property rights and competition policy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2008-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2008</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-15448 introduction entry-content"> <p>The purpose of this book is to examine the experience of a number of countries in grappling with the problems of reconciling the two fields of competition policy and intellectual property rights. The first part of the book indicates the variation in legislative models as well as the wide variety (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/jerome-gstalter">Jérôme Gstalter</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2007/books/parallel-trade-in-europe-c-stothers-13599" rel="bookmark">Parallel Trade in Europe</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2007-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2007</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-13599 introduction entry-content"> <p>Shortlisted for the 2008 Young Authors Inner Temple Book Prize <br class='autobr' /> Are parallel importers the key to free trade, breaking down long-established national barriers for the benefit of all? 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Bogaert</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/eu-law-and-life-sciences#id=43533" rel="bookmark">EU Law and Life Sciences <small>Parallel Trade of Life Science Products</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-01-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">31 </span><span class="m">Jan</span></span><span class="y"> 2014</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">7 PARALLEL TRADE OF LIFE SCIENCE PRODUCTS A.INTRODUCTION 7.01 B.KEY STAKEHOLDERS Pharmaceutical suppliers 7.06 Parallel traders 7.07 National health authorities and health care funds 7.08 European Commission 7.12 National competition authorities 7.13 EU Courts 7.15 C.APPLICABLE LAWS AND CASES (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a 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data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the 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href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index = jQuery('[data-target="#index"]'); var $index = jQuery('#index'); $btn_index.on('click', 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