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<header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-12222 ">Intellectual property right</span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-101574 apercu surlignable"><p>The intersection of intellectual property (IP) and competition presents critical issues. The centerpiece of IP is the right to exclude, which is designed to encourage the creation of new products that benefit society. But if IP-related conduct harms rivals or consumers, competition law can punish that very exclusion. The most challenging issues at the intersection of IP and competition are presented by patents. And the two leading settings in which patent-based issues have arisen are pharmaceuticals and standards.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-101574 texte surlignable"><p><strong>Pharmaceuticals</strong></p> <p>The importance of patents in fostering innovation varies between industries. The pharmaceutical industry, in which it is difficult and expensive to reach the market, is one in which patents are crucial. The industry also is marked by complex regulatory regimes that promote not just innovation but also competition. The Hatch-Waxman Act in the US provides 180 days of exclusivity to the first generic to challenge a brand firm’s patents. And substitution laws in the US and EU allow or require pharmacists to substitute a generic when a doctor prescribes the brand version of a drug.</p> <p>The pharmaceutical industry also is characterized by a pivotal moment: the time when generics enter the market, dramatically lowering price. It is no surprise, then, that brand firms have engaged in an array of conduct to delay this moment as long as possible. Across the world, they have used a variety of strategies to do this: “pay for delay” settlements involving payments to generics to settle patent litigation; “product hopping”, consisting of switches from one version of a drug to another; citizen petitions filed with regulatory agencies; and denials of samples that generics need to enter the market.</p> <p>Just to pick one example, pay-for-delay settlements involve brand firms colluding with generics to delay entry. In 2013, the US Supreme Court in FTC v. Actavis held that these agreements could have significant anticompetitive effects and violate antitrust law. The Supreme Court held that antitrust law (and not just patent law) plays an important role in determining a settlement’s competitive effects. The Court also held that a policy favoring settlements was not dispositive and instructed courts to determine patent strength by analyzing not the patent but whether the brand made a large and unjustified payment to the generic.</p> <p>Europe also has targeted settlements. One example is the EC’s 2014 € 427 million fine levied on Servier and generic rivals for settlements that delayed generic entry. The Commission concluded that “Servier sought protection against generic entry by concluding five patent settlement agreements with the (most) advanced generic contenders” that “consisted of significant payments, or other inducements, to the generic companies, and the obligation for them not to challenge Servier’s patents and not to enter the market (directly or indirectly) for a number of years.” The Commission also revealed factors for determining whether a settlement falls under the category of restriction by object (which punishes conduct without analyzing its economic effects): (1) whether the brand and generic “were at least potential competitors”; (2) whether the generic “committed itself in the agreement to limit, for the duration of the agreement, its independent efforts to enter one or more EU markets with a generic product”; and (3) whether there was a “transfer of value . . . as a significant inducement which substantially reduced the incentives of the generic undertaking to independently pursue its efforts to enter one or more EU markets with the generic product.”</p> <p>In short, pay-for-delay settlements reveal how competition law can play an important role even where the brand company has an issued patent.</p> <p><strong>Standards</strong></p> <p>A second setting involving patents and competition is presented by standards, which are common platforms that allow products to work together. Standards provide the certainty for consumers to know that their plugs will fit into outlets and their phones will connect to wireless networks. But some companies owning patents needed to use a standard, after promising to license the patent on reasonable terms, seek to block the product or charge an exorbitant price.</p> <p>In such a case, the users of the standard are stuck. They have invested in technologies based on the standard. And they may be forced to pay a price reflecting not the added value of the technology but the costs of switching to a new technology. In other words, they are subject to “patent holdup.”</p> <p>For years, the concerns threatened by patent holdup were consistently acknowledged by US officials. A unanimously adopted 2007 report of the antitrust agencies (at 35-36) explained the difference between a patentee’s power ex ante (when “multiple technologies may compete to be incorporated into the standard”) and ex post (when “the chosen technology may lack effective substitutes,” which lets patentees “extract higher royalties”). Similarly, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) unanimously endorsed a 2011 report that highlighted (at 234) how “an entire industry” could be “susceptible” to the “particularly acute” concern of holdup, which can result in “higher prices” and “discourage standard setting activities and collaboration, which can delay innovation.”</p> <p>That all changed, however, during the Trump Administration, as the head of the Antitrust Division, Makan Delrahim, staked out an aggressively pro-patent position. Delrahim asserted that patents present a type of absolute property for which owners are entitled to a right to exclude and automatic injunction. And he claimed that patent holdup is not an antitrust problem. These positions were far outside the antitrust mainstream and should be reversed.</p> <p>The EU has offered a more nuanced position. In Huawei v. ZTE, the European Court of Justice (at ¶¶ 61-71) set forth a framework by which the parties had shifting responsibilities, with the patentee notifying the defendant of infringement, the defendant showing its willingness to license, the patentee making a written offer including the royalty, and the defendant (who is able to challenge patent validity or essentiality) accepting the offer or making a counteroffer.</p> <p>In addition, a 2017 EC Communication (at 6) made clear that licensing terms must have “a clear relationship to the economic value of the patented technology” that “focus[es] on the technology itself” and does not “include any element resulting from the decision to include the technology in the standard.” The Communication also (at 7) sought to “avoid royalty stacking” as the parties “need to take into account a reasonable aggregate rate for the standard.”</p> <p>In short, competition plays a crucial role in analyzing how patents are used in the standards context, as recognized by Europe and (other than during the Trump Administration) United States.</p> <p>As the pharmaceutical and standards examples show, the intersection of patents and competition presents crucial issues.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-101574 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-4-2013/Doctrines-1492/FTC-v-Actavis-and-the-future-of">FTC v. Actavis, 133 S. Ct. 2223 (2013)</a></p> <p><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2014/the-eu-commission-imposes-a-fine-of-eur-427-7-million-on-a-french-pharma-en" class="spip_in">EC, Commission decision of 30 Sept. 2016, Case AT.39612 – Perindopril (Servier)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-4-2015/alerts/Abuse-of-dominant-position-The-76682">Huawei Technologies Co. v. ZTE Corp., Case C-170/13 (Judgment of the Court 16 July 2015)</a></p> <p><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2017/the-eu-commission-publishes-a-communication-on-standard-essential-patents" class="spip_in">EC, Communication from the Commission to the Institutions on Setting out the EU approach to Standard Essential Patents (2017)</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-101574 jurisprudence"><p>U.S. Dept. of Justice & FTC, Antitrust Enforcement and Intellectual Property Rights: Promoting Innovation and Competition (2007)</p> <p><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2011/the-us-ftc-issues-report-on-the-evolving-intellectual-property-marketplace" class="spip_in">FTC, The Evolving IP Marketplace: Aligning Patent Notice and Remedies with Competition (2011)</a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/michael-a-carrier" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton26082-18122.jpg?1711359188) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Michael A. Carrier</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Rutgers Law School (Philadelphia)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United States</span> <span class="articles"><em>27</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>37946</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Michael A. Carrier, </span> <span class="entry-title">Intellectual Property</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 12222</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">3979</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-12222 texte surlignable"><p>General term for the assignment of property rights through, e.g., patents, copyrights or trademarks. These property rights give the holder the exclusive right to exploit the innovation. The holder thus has monopoly power on the use of the item, normally for a specified period of time and within a specific geographic area. This power allows the holder of an intellectual property right to restrict imitation and duplication of the product concerned. IPRs prevent free riding by other companies and constitute an incentive to undertake R&D efforts. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/european_commission_glossary_of_terms_used_in_eu_competition_policy_-_antitrust_and_control_of_concentrations.pdf?40143/c3774ee64935572d46552d77051b73fee53aeda168348c3575d30d9dabcc7a34" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>European Commission</a></strong></p> <p>The general term for the assignment of property rights through patents, copyrights and trademarks. These property rights allow the holder to exercise a monopoly on the use of the item for a specified period. By restricting imitation and duplication, monopoly power is conferred, but the social costs of monopoly power may be offset by the social benefits of higher levels of creative activity encouraged by the monopoly earnings. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/oecd_-_glossary_of_industrial_organisation_economics_and_competition_law.pdf?39924/61543ab059ef02f25a5b58d7b8b4636a8fe2232efa57c3b86700b24cdb1da9ca" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>OECD</a></strong></p> <p>See also <a href="en/dictionary/copyright" class="spip_in">Copyright</a> and <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion" class="spip_in">Exhaustion</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1ohWtuyjRd79leUGq6LF5omUi9VUcTvmuGMEICg1coFSJI4yuW3mB+WQVB+ckcEPxofbjnWAwVvRC0MPiyU+u70Q5F+lK8sT2vp5lNVTNSZuMt7mk2UJesr5pYmx/BknRJdYnV/s1eSq1J9REOvr624QDWK7eqy10FP1zu/ul3czbHFj9A8bX4NNyLR8DgAPTIqef0eIfW4ilIpLyEAVVzUZt9am939ByAkDvofnp3H97VbBZo7Qp5F61oplIrEcWwgv/7ENQEBDri72mCvyIi06EFB6GZkmxP4q4P5joqvA8XE9GrVKxqz+zSvHT/WICuvn6IxK5r6231pT0RP8EzRDtXM8qRA==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/larissa-bergin">Larissa C. Bergin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/charlotte-breuvart">Charlotte Breuvart</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/tony-chen">Tony Chen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/lillian-he">Lillian He</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Eileen-Lagathu">Eileen Lagathu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lawrence-wang">Lawrence Wang</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-j-wang">Peter J. Wang</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/yichen-wu">Yichen Wu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dr-qiang-xue">Dr. Qiang Xue</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yizhe-zhang">Yizhe Zhang</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-chinese-state-council-publishes-new-anti-monopoly-guidelines-for-the" rel="bookmark">The Chinese State Council publishes new anti-monopoly guidelines for the pharmaceutical sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-23T23:00:00Z">24 January 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123712 introduction entry-content"> <p>In Short <br class='autobr' /> The Development: China’s State Council issued new Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for the Pharmaceutical Sector (the "Guidelines") effective January 24, 2025. The Guidelines provide a comprehensive framework for the State Administration for Market Regulation ("SAMR"), the Chinese antitrust (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/spanish-competition-authority">Spanish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2025/the-spanish-competition-authority-investigates-anticompetitive-practices-in-the" rel="bookmark">The Spanish Competition Authority investigates anticompetitive practices in the management of intellectual property rights of visual creators <em>(VEGAP)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-06T23:00:00Z">7 January 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123117 introduction entry-content"> <p>CNMC investigates possible restrictive practices of competition in the management of rights of visual artists* The examination is being carried out as to whether VEGAP (Visual Entity for the Management of Plastic Artists) could have set prices for the individual exploitation of works protected (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/us-federal-trade-commission-201488">US Federal Trade Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2024/the-us-ftc-issues-a-statement-on-the-decision-of-the-court-of-appeals-for-the" rel="bookmark">The US FTC issues a Statement on the decision of the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ordering the delisting of a pharmaceutical company’s inhaler patents <em>(Teva)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-12-19T23:00:00Z">20 December 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122758 introduction entry-content"> <p>FTC Statement on Appellate Court Decision Ordering Delisting of Teva Inhaler Patents* <br class='autobr' /> Today, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed a lower district court order against pharmaceutical maker Teva requiring the drugmaker to delist several asthma inhaler patents from the Food (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/arne-gayk">Arne Gayk</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-german-competition-authority-addresses-the-applicability-of-merger-control" rel="bookmark">The German Competition Authority addresses the applicability of merger control rules to acqui-hires in the context of the digital and AI sectors <em>(Microsoft / Inflection)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-28T23:00:00Z">29 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122364 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 29 November 2024, the German Federal Cartel Office ("German FCO") announced that hiring a team of employees of another business (so-called acqui-hires) may, under certain circumstances, be subject to German merger control. <br class='autobr' /> Earlier this year, Microsoft Corporation ("Microsoft") announced the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-eu-commission-fines-a-fashion-company-and-its-licensee-eur5-7m-for" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission fines a fashion company and its licensee €5.7M for restricting cross-border sales of clothing <em>(Pierre Cardin / Ahlers)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-27T23:00:00Z">28 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122166 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission fines Pierre Cardin and its licensee Ahlers €5.7 million for restricting cross-border sales of clothing* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has fined Pierre Cardin and its largest licensee Ahlers a total of €5.7 million for breaching EU antitrust rules by restricting cross-border sales of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/victor-emanuel-ion">Victor-Emanuel Ion</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andrzej-kmiecik">Andrzej Kmiecik</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-eu-commission-fines-a-fashion-company-and-its-licensee-eur5-7m-for-122574" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission fines a fashion company and its licensee €5.7M for restricting the cross-border sales of clothing in breach of Art. 101 TFEU <em>(Pierre Cardin / Ahlers)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-27T23:00:00Z">28 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122574 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 28 November 2024, the European Commission announced that it had fined clothing brand Pierre Cardin and its principal licensee Ahlers a total of €5.7 million for restricting cross-border sales of Pierre Cardin-branded clothing in the EEA, as well as sales of such products to specific (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-eu-commission-publishes-findings-of-the-evaluation-of-its-competition-rules" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission publishes findings of the evaluation of its competition rules on technology transfer agreements</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z">22 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122070 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission publishes findings of evaluation of the EU competition rules on technology transfer agreements* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has today published a Staff Working Document (‘SWD’) that summarises the findings of its evaluation of the Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (‘TTBER’) (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/valentina-zanda">Valentina Zanda</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-clancy">Michael Clancy</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-eu-commission-conducts-a-review-of-the-technology-transfer-block-exemption" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission conducts a review of the Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z">22 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122575 introduction entry-content"> <p>The European Commission is currently conducting a review of the Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (“TTBER”) and accompanying Guidelines (“TTGL”), which provide safe harbours and guidance concerning technology license agreements, patent settlements, technology pools and other topics. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bulgarian-competition-authority-sofia">Bulgarian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-bulgarian-competition-authority-conducts-a-dawn-raid-at-the-premises-of-a" rel="bookmark">The Bulgarian Competition Authority conducts a dawn raid at the premises of a copyright management company suspected of abusing its dominant position <em>(Musicautor)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-11T23:00:00Z">12 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121813 introduction entry-content"> <p>THE COMMISSION ON PROTECTION OF COMPETITION CONDUCTED INSPECTIONS AT THE PREMISES OF MUSICAUTOR* <br class='autobr' /> On the 30th of July 2024, officials from the Commission on Protection of Competition, with the assistance of officials from the Ministry of the Interior, carried a dawn raid at the premises of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-australian-competition-authority-clears-the-acquisition-of-a-brand-of" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition Authority clears the acquisition of a brand of cereal and the related intellectual property rights from a multinational food company by a rival <em>(Sanitarium / Vita Brits / Nestlé)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-31T23:00:00Z">1 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121451 introduction entry-content"> <p>Sanitarium’s proposed acquisition of Vita Brits not opposed* <br class='autobr' /> The ACCC will not oppose Australian Health & Nutrition Association Limited’s (Sanitarium) proposed acquisition of the brand and intellectual property assets necessary for the supply of Vita Brits from Société des Produits Nestlé (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kyriakos-fountoukakos">Kyriakos Fountoukakos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kristien-geeurickx">Kristien Geeurickx</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/emily-bottle">Emily Bottle</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/peter-rowland">Peter Rowland</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-eu-commission-fines-a-pharmaceutical-company-eur462-6m-for-misusing" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission fines a pharmaceutical company €462.6M for misusing divisional patents and implementing a disparagement campaign <em>(Teva)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-30T23:00:00Z">31 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121446 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 31 October 2024 the European Commission (Commission) imposed a fine of €462.6 million on pharmaceutical company Teva for abuse of dominance in relation to its blockbuster drug Copaxone, which is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The abuse consists of a misuse of the patent (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-eu-commission-fines-a-pharmaceutical-company-eur462-6m-for-misusing-the" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission fines a pharmaceutical company €462.6M for misusing the patent system and disparagement to delay rival multiple sclerosis medicine <em>(Teva)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-30T23:00:00Z">31 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121447 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission fines Teva €462.6 million over misuse of the patent system and disparagement to delay rival multiple sclerosis medicine* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has fined Teva €462.6 million for abusing its dominant position to delay competition to its blockbuster medicine for the treatment of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-clancy">Michael Clancy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-l-ecluse">Peter L’Ecluse</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/catherine-longeval">Catherine Longeval</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/koen">Koen T’Syen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-eu-commission-fines-a-pharmaceutical-company-eur462-6m-for-abusing-its" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission fines a pharmaceutical company €462.6M for abusing its dominant position to delay the market entry of rival medicines for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis <em>(Teva)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-30T23:00:00Z">31 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121449 introduction entry-content"> <p>Today, the European Commission (the Commission) fined Teva EUR 462.6 million for abusing its dominant position to delay the market entry of rival medicines for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (see, attached press release and statement). The Commission established that Teva (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2025/alertes/patents-the-european-commission-penalises-for-the-first-time-practices" rel="bookmark"><strong>Patents</strong>: The European Commission penalises for the first time practices involving abuse of the patent system and denigration aimed at delaying the arrival of originator-competing medicines <em>(Teva)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-30T23:00:00Z">31 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121582 introduction entry-content"> <p>On October 31, 2024, the Commission imposed a fine of €462.6 million on the pharmaceutical company Teva for abusing its dominant position to delay competition for its blockbuster drug used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, Copaxone. More specifically, Teva was alleged to have (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-zacharie">Nicolas Zacharie</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2025/chroniques/patents-the-european-commission-penalises-a-pharmaceutical-company-for-misusing" rel="bookmark"><strong>Patents</strong> : The European Commission penalises a pharmaceutical company for misusing the patent system and for denigration aimed at delaying the market entry of competing multiple sclerosis drugs <em>(Teva)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-30T23:00:00Z">31 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122856 introduction entry-content"> <p>In a decision dated October 31, 2024, the European Commission [the "Commission"] penalized the pharmaceutical company Teva and imposed a fine of 462.6 million euros for abusing the dominant position it held with its drug Copaxone for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. <br class='autobr' /> According to the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679leQHR6LF5gslU/bPRy99s58IEd6gRQHM2+ZVopbL/mqHRYV9lYjATxAHfM83W/hxJkqir/oNPTEBDkzdZ4jxyOrIGy02HDp8M+d2gLHimZXUba1eZ4GI+BNTSVbInmpLxloKDkK4/964+aIAPHCfZ1RCY0GjYiUPfGwARXm12J8F65PqHvCDIM8Q23eHLcZ5AyuIJ3xCHe5dmkt5P91oTiSsaPhdhzmWWp7Zjh+8Bf6lhCSSZN8WGWz14AXLUofIR5s6qHSdoN055rHBNZvGiL0f7EzqrmDSNmLWpGy4YFBrmYUT1SLopekobznW/+C/f94Kg9iyLPg==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ya-lun-yen">Ya-Lun Yen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andy-chen">Andy Chen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2025/international/taiwan-the-development-framework-and-future-of-antitrust-law" rel="bookmark">Taïwan: The development, framework, and future of antitrust law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123396 introduction entry-content"> <p>Taiwan’s antitrust regime is governed by the Taiwan Fair Trade Act (TFTA), enacted in 1991 amid globalization and democratization. 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This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/negishi-wine-ocn-ne-jp">Akira Negishi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/masako-wakui">Masako Wakui</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/naoko-mariyama">Naoko Mariyama</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2022/livres/competition-law-and-policy-in-the-japanese-pharmaceutical-sector-akira-negishi" rel="bookmark">Competition Law and Policy in the Japanese Pharmaceutical Sector, Akira NEGISHI, Masako WAKUI and Naoko MARIYAMA (eds.)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114860 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. 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Keeley</a> (Partner, Axinn), <a href="en/authors/paul-lugard" class="spip_in">Paul Lugard</a> (Partner, Baker Botts), <a href="en/auteurs/florian-mueller" class="spip_in">Florian Mueller</a> (Founder, Foss Patents), <a href="en/authors/renato-nazzini" class="spip_in">Renato Nazzini</a> (Professor, King’s College London) et <a href="en/authors/gunnar-niels" class="spip_in">Gunnar Niels</a> (Partner, Oxera).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-schloegl">Michael Schloegl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-regibeau">Pierre Régibeau</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/maureen-ohlhausen">Maureen Ohlhausen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jonathan-m-barnett">Jonathan M. Barnett</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/avantika-chowdhury">Avantika Chowdhury</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/giovanni-napolitano">Giovanni Napolitano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/ip-antitrust-hot-issues-1" rel="bookmark">IP & Antitrust: Hot Issues #1</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-06-07T10:00:00Z">7 June 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-106290 introduction entry-content"><p>1st Webinar of the 2nd "IP & Antitrust: Hot Issues" Conference organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Baker Botts and Oxera. Keynote speech by <a href="en/authors/pierre-regibeau" class="spip_in">Pierre Régibeau</a> (Chief Economist, DG COMP). Panel with <a href="en/authors/jonathan-m-barnett" class="spip_in">Jonathan Barnett</a> (Professor, University of Southern California), <a href="en/authors/avantika-chowdhury" class="spip_in">Avantika Chowdhury</a> (Partner, Oxera), <a href="spip.php?page=auteur&id_auteur=163210">Giovanni Napolitano</a> (Director, Intellectual Property and Competition Policy, World Intellectual Property Organization), <a href="en/authors/maureen-ohlhausen" class="spip_in">Maureen Ohlhausen</a> (Partner, Baker Botts) and <a href="en/authors/michael-schloegl" class="spip_in">Michael Schloegl</a> (Head of IP SEP, General IP Counsel RO, Continental).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/julia-rapp">Julia Rapp</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/romain-desmonts">Romain Desmonts</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hendrik-viaene">Hendrik Viaene</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/the-commission-s-tax-ruling-investigations-and-recent-court-judgments" rel="bookmark">The Commission’s tax ruling investigations and recent Court judgments</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-11T13:30:00Z">11 October 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102250 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar organised by Concurrences, in partnership with McDermott Will & Emery, with <a href="en/auteurs/romain-desmonts" class="spip_in">Romain Desmonts</a> (Counsel, McDermott Will & Emery), <a href="en/auteurs/julia-rapp" class="spip_in">Julia Rapp</a> (Deputy Head of Unit - State Aid, DG COMP) and <a href="en/authors/hendrik-viaene" class="spip_in">Hendrik Viaene</a> (Partner, McDermott Will & Emery).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mike-walker">Mike Walker</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rima-alaily">Rima Alaily</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/robin-noble">Robin Noble</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/carmelo-cennamo">Carmelo Cennamo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/maureen-ohlhausen">Maureen Ohlhausen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/ip-antitrust-hot-issues-inaugural-online-edition-3-data-innovation-level-100173" rel="bookmark">IP & Antitrust - #3 Data: Innovation, level playing field & access</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-06-17T13:30:00Z">17 June 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-100173 introduction entry-content"><p>3rd Webinar of the 1st « IP & Antitrust: Hot Issues » Conference organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Baker Botts and Oxera. Keynote speech by <a href="en/authors/mike-walker" class="spip_in">Mike Walker</a> (Chief Economic Adviser, UK Competition and Markets Authority). Panel with <a href="en/auteurs/rima-alaily" class="spip_in">Rima Alaily</a> (Associate General Counsel - Competition Law Group, Microsoft), <a href="en/authors/carmelo-cennamo" class="spip_in">Carmelo Cennamo</a> (Professor, Copenhagen Business School), <a href="en/authors/robin-noble" class="spip_in">Robin Noble</a> (Partner, Oxera) and <a href="en/authors/maureen-ohlhausen" class="spip_in">Maureen Ohlhausen</a> (Partner, Baker Botts).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sandra-marco-colino">Sandra Marco Colino</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/knut-fournier">Knut Fournier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sharon-henrick">Sharon Henrick</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/toh-han-li">Toh Han Li</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/aya-kobori">Aya Kobori</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/elizabeth-xiao-ru-wang">Elizabeth Xiao-Ru Wang</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/carter-chim">Carter Chim</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/lilla-csorgo">Lilla Csorgo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yong-lim">Yong Lim</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/msavio-crai-com">Mary Beth Savio</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/richard-blewett">Richard Blewett</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/richard-rinkema">Richard Rinkema</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yan-yu">Yan Yu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/deborah-healey">Deborah Healey</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/pierre-horna">Pierre Horna</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/brent-snyder">Brent Snyder</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephen-crosswell">Stephen Crosswell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/samuel-chan-ka-yan">Samuel Chan Ka-yan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sadaaki-suwazono">Sadaaki Suwazono</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/winnie-tam">Winnie Tam</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/antitrust-in-asia-asean-china-hong-kong-korea-japan-australia" rel="bookmark">Antitrust in Asia: ASEAN, China, Hong Kong, Korea, Japan, Australia...</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-05-24T10:00:00Z">24 May 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-89172 introduction entry-content"><p>This fifth edition of the Antitrust in Asia Conference was organized by Concurrences with the support of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Competition Association, in partnership with Baker McKenzie, CRA, Clifford Chance, Compass Lexecon, King & Wood Mallesons, Linklaters, RBB Economics and White & Case. Media partners for this event were MLex and PaRR.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/adriana-franco-giannini">Adriana Franco Giannini</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/anthony-woolich">Anthony Woolich</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cristiane-schmidt">Cristiane Schmidt</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-rubinfeld">Daniel L. Rubinfeld</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eleanor-m-fox">Eleanor M. Fox</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/elizabeth-kraus">Elizabeth Kraus</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/felipe-irarrazabal-25637">Felipe Irarrázabal Philippi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/harry-first">Harry First</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ioannis-lianos">Ioannis Lianos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-killick">James Killick</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jason-wu">Jason Wu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/tsai">Joanna Tsai</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/koren-wong-ervin">Koren W. Wong-Ervin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/makan-delrahim">Makan Delrahim</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/martha-licetti">Martha Martinez Licetti</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-csiszar">Paul Csiszar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/randy-tritell-2131">Randolph Tritell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/roger-alford">Roger Alford</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rosie-lipscomb">Rosanna Garza Lipscomb</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/scott-hemphill">Scott Hemphill</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/simon-roberts">Simon Roberts</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/susan-jones">Susan Jones</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/susan-ning">Susan Ning</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/tembinkosi-bonakele">Tembinkosi Bonakele</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/morrison">Trevor W. Morrison</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/antitrust-in-developing-countries-competition-policy-in-a-politicized-world" rel="bookmark">Antitrust in Developing Countries: Competition Policy in a Politicized World</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-27T06:00:00Z">27 October 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-85038 introduction entry-content"><p>Annual Concurrences & NYU School of Law conference, with the support of Baker McKenzie, Charles River Associates, Compass Lexecon, ELIG Attorneys-at-Law, HFW, King & Wood Mallesons, and White & Case (Panel Sponsors) and MLex and PaRR (Media Sponsors).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/charlotte-tasso-de-panafieu">Charlotte Tasso de Panafieu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-sevy">David Sevy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/guillaume-vautrin">Guillaume Vautrin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-dostert">Nathalie Dostert</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/regulation-of-open-and-closed-ecosystems-83808" rel="bookmark">Regulation of open and closed ecosystems</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-05-04T06:30:00Z">4 May 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83808 introduction entry-content"><p>Seminar organised by Concurrences review in partnership with Fréget Tasso de Panafieu and Compass Lexecon.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/geert-goeteyn">Geert Goeteyn</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/giovanni-buttarelli">Giovanni Buttarelli</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-eymard">Laurent Eymard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michele-piergiovanni">Michele Piergiovanni</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/big-data-competition" rel="bookmark">Big Data & Competition</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-03-23T11:30:00Z">23 March 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83630 introduction entry-content"><p>Workshop organised by Concurrences Review in partnership with Shearman & Sterling and MAPP.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alessandra-tonazzi-20595">Alessandra Tonazzi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-flochel">Laurent Flochel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-csiszar">Paul Csiszar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thierry-dahan">Thierry Dahan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/recent-developments-in-pharma-antitrust-83088" rel="bookmark">Recent Developments in Pharma Antitrust</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-11-15T11:00:00Z">15 November 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83088 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organised by Concurrences Review in partnership with Dechert and Charles River Associates.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-durand">Emmanuel Durand</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/patrick-hubert">Patrick Hubert</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thierry-dahan">Thierry Dahan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/exclusivity-and-competition-law-does-excellence-excuse-exclusion-83040" rel="bookmark">Exclusivity and competition law: Does excellence excuse exclusion?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-05-09T17:30:00Z">9 May 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83040 introduction entry-content"><p>Dinner organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Clifford Chance.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/avantika-chowdhury">Avantika Chowdhury</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-buhart">Jacques Buhart</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-bruneau">Mélanie Bruneau</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-kramler">Thomas Kramler</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wilko-van-weert">Wilko Van Weert</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/enforcement-of-eu-competition-rules-in-cross-border-e-commerce-83016" rel="bookmark">Enforcement of EU competition rules in cross-border e-commerce </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-03-03T11:00:00Z">3 March 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83016 introduction entry-content"><p>Workshop organised by Concurrences review in partnership with Oxera and McDermott Will & Emery.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sylvain-justier">Sylvain Justier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thibaud-verge">Thibaud Vergé</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/umberto-berkani">Umberto Berkani</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/les-strategies-d-eviction-non-tarifaires-refus-et-discriminations-a-l-acces-83012-en" rel="bookmark">Les stratégies d’éviction non tarifaires : refus et discriminations à l’accès, exclusivité </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-02-09T11:00:00Z">9 February 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83012 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop with Frédéric Jenny (OECD), in partnership with the Autorité de la concurrence, Magenta and Charles River Associate.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/fiona-m-scott-morton">Fiona M. Scott Morton</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/guillaume-loriot">Guillaume Loriot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/hanno-f-kaiser">Hanno F. Kaiser</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sven-volcker-2464">Sven Völcker</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/challenges-for-antitrust-enforcement-in-the-technology-sector-82986" rel="bookmark">Challenges for Antitrust Enforcement in the Technology Sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-10-14T10:00:00Z">14 October 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82986 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Latham & Watkins.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alvaro-ramos">Alvaro Ramos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gregor-langus">Gregor Langus</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Miguel-Rato">Miguel Rato</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicholas-banasevic-2223">Nicholas Banasevic</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/seps-frand-after-the-ecj-huawei-zte-ruling-82978" rel="bookmark">SEPs & FRAND after the ECJ Huawei/ZTE ruling</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-09-23T10:00:00Z">23 September 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82978 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Shearman & Sterling and Compass Lexecon.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/Jorge-Padilla">Jorge Padilla</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Miguel-Rato">Miguel Rato</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-kramler">Thomas Kramler</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/trevor-soames">Trevor Soames</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/what-is-frand-a-progress-report-82970" rel="bookmark">What is FRAND? 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class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kirti-gupta">Kirti Gupta</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/antitrust-in-emerging-and-developing-countries-featuring-africa-brazil-china#id=41658" rel="bookmark">Antitrust in Emerging and Developing Countries: Featuring Africa, Brazil, China, India, Mexico - Conference Papers 2nd Edition <small><strong> Part II: High Tech, Pharmaceuticals and Intellectual Property</strong> <br/>FRAND in India: Emerging Developments</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-05-31T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">1 </span><span class="m">Jun</span></span><span class="y"> 2016</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">ANTITRUST IN EMERGING AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | 2015 EDITION 31 FRAND in India: Emerging Developments KIRTI GUPTA * kgupta@qualcomm.com Director of Economic Strategy, Qualcomm Abstract There is an 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href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#g" 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class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> 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class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: 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