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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offspring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offspring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Offspring</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Offspring-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Offspring subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Offspring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_principal_offspring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_principal_offspring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>List of principal offspring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_principal_offspring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Scythian_echidna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Scythian_echidna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The Scythian <i>echidna</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Scythian_echidna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Viper_in_the_Acts_of_Philip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Viper_in_the_Acts_of_Philip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The Viper in the <i>Acts of Philip</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Viper_in_the_Acts_of_Philip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delphyne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delphyne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Delphyne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delphyne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Echidna (mythology)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna_(Mythologie)" title="Echidna (Mythologie) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Echidna (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7_(%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="إيكيدنا (أسطورة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيكيدنا (أسطورة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidna_(mitolox%C3%ADa)" title="Equidna (mitoloxía) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Equidna (mitoloxía)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="একিদ্‌না – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="একিদ্‌না" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ехидна (мифология) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ехидна (мифология)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Яхідна (міфалогія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яхідна (міфалогія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna_(mitolohiya)" title="Echidna (mitolohiya) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Echidna (mitolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ехидна (митология) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ехидна (митология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ec%27hidna" title="Ec'hidna – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ec'hidna" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidna_(mitologia)" title="Equidna (mitologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Equidna (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Echidna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Echidna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna_(Mythologie)" title="Echidna (Mythologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Echidna (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Echidna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%BD%CE%B1_(%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Έχιδνα (μυθολογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έχιδνα (μυθολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidna_(mitolog%C3%ADa)" title="Equidna (mitología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Equidna (mitología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%A5idno" title="Eĥidno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eĥidno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekidna_(mitologia)" title="Ekidna (mitologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekidna (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7" title="اکیدنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکیدنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89chidna" title="Échidna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Échidna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidna_(mitolox%C3%ADa)" title="Equidna (mitoloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Equidna (mitoloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%82%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%82%98" title="에키드나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에키드나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehidna" title="Ehidna – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ehidna" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekhidna_(mitologi)" title="Ekhidna (mitologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekhidna (mitologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna_(mitologia)" title="Echidna (mitologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Echidna (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%94" title="אכידנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אכידנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ექიდნე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ექიდნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%AEdna" title="Exîdna – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Exîdna" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Echidna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna_(Mythologie)" title="Echidna (Mythologie) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Echidna (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna_(mitologija)" title="Echidna (mitologija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Echidna (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekhidna" title="Ekhidna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ekhidna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Ехидна (митологија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ехидна (митологија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna_(mythologie)" title="Echidna (mythologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Echidna (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AD%E3%83%89%E3%83%8A" title="エキドナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エキドナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekhidna" title="Ekhidna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ekhidna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehidna_mifologiya" title="Ehidna mifologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ehidna mifologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Echidna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidna_(mitologia)" title="Equidna (mitologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Equidna (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna_(mitologie)" title="Echidna (mitologie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Echidna (mitologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ехидна (мифология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ехидна (мифология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna_(meethologie)" title="Echidna (meethologie) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Echidna (meethologie)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna_(mythology)" title="Echidna (mythology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Echidna (mythology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Ехидна (митологија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ехидна (митологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehidna" title="Ehidna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ehidna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekhidna" title="Ekhidna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ekhidna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Echidna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1)" title="อีคิดนา (เทพปกรณัม) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อีคิดนา (เทพปกรณัม)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehidna" title="Ehidna – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ehidna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Єхидна (міфологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єхидна (міфологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna_(mitolohiya)" title="Echidna (mitolohiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Echidna (mitolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%AE%A2%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%9C" title="厄客德娜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="厄客德娜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%AE%A2%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%9C" title="厄客德娜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="厄客德娜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%AE%A2%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%9C" title="厄客德娜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="厄客德娜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Greek mythological monster</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Echidna_-_Parco_dei_Mostri_-_Bomarzo,_Italy_-_DSC02642.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Echidna_-_Parco_dei_Mostri_-_Bomarzo%2C_Italy_-_DSC02642.jpg/220px-Echidna_-_Parco_dei_Mostri_-_Bomarzo%2C_Italy_-_DSC02642.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Echidna_-_Parco_dei_Mostri_-_Bomarzo%2C_Italy_-_DSC02642.jpg/330px-Echidna_-_Parco_dei_Mostri_-_Bomarzo%2C_Italy_-_DSC02642.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Echidna_-_Parco_dei_Mostri_-_Bomarzo%2C_Italy_-_DSC02642.jpg/440px-Echidna_-_Parco_dei_Mostri_-_Bomarzo%2C_Italy_-_DSC02642.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Echidna. Sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Pirro_Ligorio" title="Pirro Ligorio">Pirro Ligorio</a> 1555, <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Bomarzo" title="Gardens of Bomarzo">Parco dei Mostri</a> (Monster Park), <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, Italy<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <b>Echidna</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%9C%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%BD%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἔχιδνα">Ἔχιδνα</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ékhidna</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'she-viper', <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ékʰidna]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a monster, half-woman and half-snake, who lived alone in a cave. She was the mate of the fearsome monster <a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a> and was the mother of many of the most famous monsters of Greek myth.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echidna_(mythology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Genealogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Echidna's family tree varies by author.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest genealogy relating to Echidna, <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> (c. 8th – 7th century BC), is unclear on several points. According to Hesiod, Echidna was born to a "she" who was probably meant by Hesiod to be the sea goddess <a href="/wiki/Ceto" title="Ceto">Ceto</a>, making Echidna's likely father the sea god <a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a>; however the "she" might instead refer to the <a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanid</a> <a href="/wiki/Callirhoe_(Oceanid)" title="Callirhoe (Oceanid)">Callirhoe</a>, which would make <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>'s offspring <a href="/wiki/Chrysaor" title="Chrysaor">Chrysaor</a> the father of Echidna.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mythographer <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pherecydes of Athens</a> (5th century BC) has Echidna as the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a>, without naming a mother.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other authors give Echidna other parents. According to the geographer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> (2nd century AD), <a href="/wiki/Epimenides" title="Epimenides">Epimenides</a> (7th or 6th century BC) had Echidna as the daughter of the Oceanid <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a> (goddess of the river Styx) and one Peiras (otherwise unknown to Pausanias),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while according to the mythographer <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a> (1st or 2nd century AD), Echidna was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one account, from the <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic tradition</a>, Echidna was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Phanes" title="Phanes">Phanes</a> (the Orphic father of all gods).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echidna_(mythology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hesiod's Echidna was half beautiful maiden and half fearsome snake. Hesiod described "the goddess fierce Echidna" as a flesh eating "monster, irresistible", who was like neither "mortal men" nor "the undying gods", but was "half a nymph with glancing eyes and fair cheeks, and half again a huge snake, great and awful, with speckled skin", who "dies not nor grows old all her days".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hesiod's apparent association of the eating of raw flesh with Echidna's snake half suggests that he may have supposed that Echidna's snake half ended in a snake-head.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> (late 5th century BC), who makes her a denizen of the underworld, gives Echidna a hundred heads (presumably snake heads), matching the hundred snake heads Hesiod says her mate <a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a> had.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Orphic account (mentioned above), Echidna is described as having the head of a beautiful woman with long hair and a serpent's body from the neck down.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i>, describes Echidna as being "hideous" with "horrible poison".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Offspring">Offspring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echidna_(mythology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Offspring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2620.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Orthos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2620.jpg/220px-Orthos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2620.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Orthos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2620.jpg/330px-Orthos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2620.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Orthos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2620.jpg/440px-Orthos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2620.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3039" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption>Orthrus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerberus-Blake.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cerberus-Blake.jpeg/220px-Cerberus-Blake.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cerberus-Blake.jpeg/330px-Cerberus-Blake.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cerberus-Blake.jpeg/440px-Cerberus-Blake.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Cerberus, with the gluttons in <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Third_circle_of_hell" title="Third circle of hell">Third circle of hell</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i>, the "terrible" and "lawless" Typhon "was joined in love to [Echidna], the maid with glancing eyes" and she bore "fierce offspring".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First there was <a href="/wiki/Orthrus" title="Orthrus">Orthrus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the two-headed dog who guarded the Cattle of <a href="/wiki/Geryon" title="Geryon">Geryon</a>, second <a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the multiheaded dog who guarded the gates of <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>, and third the <a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Lernaean Hydra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the many-headed serpent who, when one of its heads was cut off, grew two back. The <i>Theogony</i> mentions a second ambiguous "she" as the mother of the <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a> (a fire-breathing beast that was part lion, part goat, and had a snake-headed tail) which may refer to Echidna, though possibly the Hydra or even Ceto was meant instead.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hesiod next names two more descendants of Echidna, the <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a>, a monster with the head of a woman and the body of a winged lion, and the <a href="/wiki/Nemean_lion" title="Nemean lion">Nemean lion</a>, killed by <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> as his first labor. According to Hesiod, these two were the offspring of Echidna's son Orthrus and another ambiguous "she", read variously as the Chimera, Echidna herself, or again even Ceto.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_lyric" title="Greek lyric">lyric poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Lasus_of_Hermione" title="Lasus of Hermione">Lasus of Hermione</a> (6th century BC) has Echidna and Typhon as the parents of the Sphinx,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the playwright <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> (5th century BC), has Echidna as her mother, without mentioning a father.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While mentioning Cerberus and "other monsters" as being the offspring of Echidna and Typhon, the mythographer <a href="/wiki/Acusilaus" title="Acusilaus">Acusilaus</a> (6th century BC) adds the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Eagle">Caucasian Eagle</a> that ate the liver of <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pherecydes also names Prometheus' eagle,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adds <a href="/wiki/Ladon_(mythology)" title="Ladon (mythology)">Ladon</a> (though Pherecydes does not use this name), the dragon that guarded the <a href="/wiki/Golden_apple" title="Golden apple">golden apples</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_Hesperides" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden of the Hesperides">Garden of the Hesperides</a> (according to Hesiod, the offspring of Ceto and Phorcys).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later authors mostly retain these offspring of Echidna and Typhon while adding others. <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, in addition to naming as their offspring Orthrus, the Chimera (citing Hesiod as his source), the Sphinx, the Caucasian Eagle, Ladon, and probably the Nemean lion (only Typhon is named), also adds the <a href="/wiki/Crommyonian_Sow" title="Crommyonian Sow">Crommyonian Sow</a>, killed by the hero <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> (unmentioned by Hesiod).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his list of offspring of Echidna (all by Typhon), retains from the above Cerberus, the Chimera, the Sphinx, the Hydra and Ladon, and adds "Gorgon" (by which Hyginus means the mother of <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>, whereas Hesiod's three <a href="/wiki/Gorgons" title="Gorgons">Gorgons</a>, of which Medusa was one, were the daughters of Ceto and Phorcys), the <a href="/wiki/Colchian_dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchian dragon">Colchian dragon</a> that guarded the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a> makes Echidna the mother of an unnamed, venom-spitting, "huge" son, with "snaky" feet, an ally of <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a> in his war with <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, who was killed by <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Harpies" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpies">Harpies</a>, in Hesiod the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Thaumas" title="Thaumas">Thaumas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanid</a> <a href="/wiki/Electra_(Oceanid)" title="Electra (Oceanid)">Electra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in one source, are said to be the daughters of Typhon,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so perhaps were also considered to be the daughters of Echidna. Likewise, the sea serpents which attacked the Trojan priest <a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n" title="Laocoön">Laocoön</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, which are called by <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Smyrnaeus" title="Quintus Smyrnaeus">Quintus Smyrnaeus</a> "fearful monsters of the deadly brood of Typhon", may also have been considered Echidna's offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Echidna is sometimes identified with the Viper who was the mother by <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythes_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scythes (mythology) (page does not exist)">Scythes</a>, an eponymous king of the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, along with his brothers <a href="/wiki/Agathyrsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathyrsus">Agathyrsus</a> ("much raging")<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gelonus" title="Gelonus">Gelonus</a> (see below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_principal_offspring">List of principal offspring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echidna_(mythology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of principal offspring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table lists the principal offspring of Echidna as given by Hesiod, Apollodorus or Hyginus. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <caption>Offspring of Echidna </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Offspring </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Th</a>.</i> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Other sources </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthrus" title="Orthrus">Orthrus</a> </td> <td>✓✓ </td> <td><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.27.xml">309</a></small> </td> <td>✓✓ </td> <td><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.10">2.5.10</a></small> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>?? <sup id="cite_ref-j_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Smyrnaeus" title="Quintus Smyrnaeus">Quin. Smyr.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/272/mode/2up">6.249–262</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">✓✓ </td> <td rowspan="2"><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.27.xml">310 ff.</a></small> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2">✓✓ </td> <td rowspan="2"><small><i>Fab.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html#Preface">Pref.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html#151">151</a></small> </td> <td>✓✓ </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Acusilaus" title="Acusilaus">Acus.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA11">fr. 13</a>; <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Smyrnaeus" title="Quintus Smyrnaeus">Quin. Smyr.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/272/mode/2up"><i>loc. cit.</i></a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>✓? </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bac.</a> Ode <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0064%3Abook%3DEp%3Apoem%3D5">5.62</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Soph.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Women_of_Trachis" title="Women of Trachis">Trach.</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0196%3Acard%3D1076">1097–1099</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Call.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/callimachus-fragments_uncertain_location/1973/pb_LCL421.259.xml?result=2&rskey=li3r52">fr. 515</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Met.</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0028:book=4:card=481&highlight=Echidna">4.500–501</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0028:book=7:card=404&highlight=Cerberian">7.406–409</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Lernaean Hydra</a> </td> <td>✓✓ </td> <td><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml">313 ff.</a></small> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>✓✓ </td> <td><small><i>Fab.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html#Preface">Pref.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html#30">30</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html#151">151</a></small> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a> </td> <td>?? <sup id="cite_ref-a_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml">319 ff.</a></small> </td> <td>✓✓ <sup id="cite_ref-e_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.3.1">2.3.1</a></small> </td> <td>✓✓ </td> <td><small><i>Fab.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html#Preface">Pref.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html#151">151</a></small> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">? <sup id="cite_ref-b_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml">326 ff.</a></small> </td> <td rowspan="2">✓✓ </td> <td rowspan="2"><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.5.8">3.5.8</a></small> </td> <td rowspan="2">✓✓ </td> <td rowspan="2"><small><i>Fab.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html#Preface">Pref.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html#151">151</a></small> </td> <td>✓✓ </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Lasus_of_Hermione" title="Lasus of Hermione">Lasus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/lasus-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.311.xml">fr. 706A</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>✓? </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Eur.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0118%3Acard%3D1019">1019–1025</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nemean_lion" title="Nemean lion">Nemean Lion</a> </td> <td>? <sup id="cite_ref-b_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml">326 ff.</a></small> </td> <td>?✓ </td> <td><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.1">2.5.1</a></small> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-g_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small><i>Fab.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html#30">30</a></small> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Eagle">Caucasian Eagle</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>✓✓ </td> <td><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.11">2.5.11</a></small> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-h_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Poeticon_astronomicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Poeticon astronomicon">Ast.</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusAstronomica.html#15">2.15</a>.</small> </td> <td>✓✓ </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Acusilaus" title="Acusilaus">Acus.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA11">fr. 13</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pher.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA278">fr. 7</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ladon_(mythology)" title="Ladon (mythology)">Ladon</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-c_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml">333 ff.</a></small> </td> <td>✓✓ </td> <td><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.11">2.5.11</a></small> </td> <td>✓✓ </td> <td><small><i>Fab.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html#Preface">Pref.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html#151">151</a></small> </td> <td>✓✓ </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pher.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA286">fr. 16b</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tzetzes" title="John Tzetzes">Tzet.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Chiliades" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiliades">Chiliades</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TzetzesCHILIADES/Chiliades#page/n31/mode/1up">2.36.360</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crommyonian_Sow" title="Crommyonian Sow">Crommyonian Sow</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>✓✓ </td> <td><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022:text=Epitome:book=E:chapter=1">E1.1</a></small> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Gorgon" (mother of <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>) </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-d_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.25.xml">270 ff.</a></small> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-d_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.2.6">1.2.6</a></small> </td> <td>✓✓ <sup id="cite_ref-i_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small><i>Fab.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html#Preface">Pref.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html#151">151</a></small> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colchian_dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchian dragon">Colchian dragon</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>✓✓ </td> <td><small><i>Fab.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html#Preface">Pref.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html#151">151</a></small> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-f_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.7.20">E7.20</a></small> </td> <td>✓✓ </td> <td><small><i>Fab.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html#Preface">Pref.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html#151">151</a></small> </td> <td> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <i>Ciris</i> 67</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Legend: </p> <dl><dd>✓✓ = Echidna and Typhon given as parents</dd> <dd>✓? = Only Echidna given as parent</dd> <dd>?✓ = Only Typhon given as parent</dd> <dd>?? = Echidna and Typhon possibly meant as parents</dd> <dd>? = Echidna possibly meant as parent</dd></dl> <p>Notes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-j-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quintus Smyrnaeus has Echidna and Typhon as Cerberus' parents with Orthrus as his brother.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is unclear whom Hesiod meant as the mother of the Chimera: Echidna, the Hydra, or Ceto. See Clay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159">p. 159, with n. 34</a>; Gantz, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apollodorus, cites Hesiod as his source for the Chimera being the offspring of Typhon and Echidna.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hesiod gives the Sphinx and the Nemean lion as the offspring of Echidna's son Orthrus and an ambiguous "she", in line <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml">326</a> of the <i>Theogony</i>, read variously as the Chimera, Echidna herself, or even Ceto. See Clay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159">p. 159, with n. 34</a>; Most 2018a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml">p. 29 n. 20</a>; Gantz, p. 23; Caldwell, p. 47 lines 326; West 1966, p. 356 line 326 <b>ἡ δ' ἄρα</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyginus says that <a href="/wiki/Luna_(goddess)" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna</a> ("Moon") raised the Nemean Lion in a two-mouthed cave.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyginus gives three possible parentages for the Caucasian Eagle: Typhon and Echidna, Terra and Tartarus, or that it was fashioned by Vulcan and given life by Jove.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hesiod (though he does not name it Ladon) gives the dragon's parents as Ceto and Phorcys.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hesiod and Apollodorus have the three Gorgons, <a href="/wiki/Stheno" class="mw-redirect" title="Stheno">Stheno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euryale_(Gorgon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Euryale (Gorgon)">Euryale</a> and Medusa as the daughters of Ceto and Phorcys</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Hyginus, Gorgon was the mother of <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-f_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apollodorus has <a href="/wiki/Crataeis" title="Crataeis">Crataeis</a> as the mother of Scylla, with Trienus (<a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a>?) or Phorcus (a variant Phorcys) as father.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cave">Cave</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echidna_(mythology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Hesiod, Echidna was born in a cave and apparently lived alone (in that same cave, or perhaps another), as Hesiod describes it, "beneath the secret parts of the holy earth ... deep down under a hollow rock far from the deathless gods and mortal men", a place appointed by the gods, where she "keeps guard in Arima".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Though Hesiod here may possibly be referring to Echidna's mother Ceto's home cave instead.)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was perhaps from this same cave that Echidna used to "carry off passersby".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hesiod locates Echidna's cave in Arima (<i>εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν</i>). Presumably, this is the same place where, in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, Zeus, with his thunderbolts, lashes the land about Echidna's mate Typhon, described as the land of the <a href="/wiki/Arimoi" title="Arimoi">Arimoi</a> (<i>εἰν Ἀρίμοις</i>), "where men say is the couch [bed] of Typhoeus", Typhoeus being another name for Typhon.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But neither Homer nor Hesiod say anything more about where this Arima might be. The question of whether an historical place was meant, and its possible location, has been since ancient times the subject of speculation and debate.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (c. 20 AD) discusses the question in some detail.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several locales, <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, and the Island of Pithecussae (modern <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a>), each associated with Typhon in various ways, are given by Strabo as possible locations for Hesiod's "Arima" (or Homer's "Arimoi"). </p><p>The region in the vicinity of the ancient Cilician coastal city of <a href="/wiki/Corycus" title="Corycus">Corycus</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1zkalesi" title="Kızkalesi">Kızkalesi, Turkey</a>) is often associated with Typhon's birth. The poet <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> (c. 470 BC), who has Typhon born in Cilicia, and nurtured in "the famous Cilician cave"<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an apparent allusion to the <a href="/wiki/Corycus#Corycian_Cave" title="Corycus">Corycian cave</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also has Zeus slaying Typhon "among the Arimoi".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth-century BC historian <a href="/wiki/Callisthenes" title="Callisthenes">Callisthenes</a>, located the Arimoi and the Arima mountains in Cilicia, near the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ksu" title="Göksu">Calycadnus</a> river, the Corycian cave and the Sarpedon promontory.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The b scholia to <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> 2.783, preserving a possible Orphic tradition, has Typhon born "under Arimon in Cilicia",<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a> mentions Typhon's "bloodstained cave of Arima" in Cilicia.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just across the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Issus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Issus">Gulf of Issus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Corycus" title="Corycus">Corycus</a>, in ancient Syria, was Mount Kasios (modern <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Aqra" title="Jebel Aqra">Jebel Aqra</a> in Turkey) and the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a>, said to be the site of the battle of Typhon and Zeus.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Strabo, the historian <a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a> identified the Arimoi with the <a href="/wiki/Aramaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaeans">Aramaeans</a> of Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some, Arima was instead located in a volcanic plain on the upper <a href="/wiki/Gediz_River" title="Gediz River">Gediz River</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Catacecaumene" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacecaumene">Catacecaumene</a> ("Burnt Land"), situated between the ancient kingdoms of Lydia, <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tmolus" title="Mount Tmolus">Mount Tmolus</a> (modern Bozdağ) and <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, the ancient capital of Lydia.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Strabo, some placed the Arimoi and the battle between Typhon and Zeus at Catacecaumene,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Xanthus_(historian)" title="Xanthus (historian)">Xanthus of Lydia</a> added that "a certain Arimus" ruled there.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strabo also tells us that, according to "some", Homer's "couch of Typhon" (and hence the Arimoi) was located "in a wooded place, in the fertile land of Hyde", with Hyde being another name for Sardis (or its acropolis), and that <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Scepsis" title="Demetrius of Scepsis">Demetrius of Scepsis</a> thought that the Arimoi were most plausibly located "in the Catacecaumene country in Mysia".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third-century BC poet <a href="/wiki/Lycophron" title="Lycophron">Lycophron</a> placed Echidna's lair in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another place mentioned by Strabo as being associated with Arima is the volcanic island of Pithecussae, off the coast of ancient <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> in Italy. According to <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pherecydes of Athens</a>, Typhon fled to Pithecussae during his battle with Zeus<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, according to Pindar, Typhon lay buried beneath the island.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strabo reports the "myth" that when Typhon "turns his body the flames and the waters, and sometimes even small islands containing boiling water, spout forth".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connection to Arima comes from the island's Greek name Pithecussae, which derives from the Greek word for monkey, and, according to Strabo, residents of the island said that "arimoi" was also the Etruscan word for monkeys.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quintus Smyrnaeus locates her cave "close on the borders of Eternal Night".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echidna_(mythology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although for Hesiod Echidna was immortal and ageless,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Apollodorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Apollodorus">Apollodorus</a> Echidna continued to prey on the unfortunate "passers-by" until she was finally killed, while she slept, by <a href="/wiki/Argus_Panoptes" title="Argus Panoptes">Argus Panoptes</a>, the hundred-eyed giant who served <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Scythian_echidna">The Scythian <i>echidna</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echidna_(mythology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Scythian echidna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Snake-Legged_Goddess" title="Snake-Legged Goddess">Snake-Legged Goddess</a></div> <p>From the fifth century BC historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, we learn of a creature who, though Herodotus does not name as Echidna, is called an <i>echidna</i> ("she-viper") and resembles the Hesiodic Echidna in several respects. She was half woman half snake, lived in a cave, and was known as a mother figure, in this case, as the progenitor of the Scythians (rather than of monsters).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Herodotus, Greeks living in <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, a region on the southern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, told a story of an encounter between <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> and this snaky creature. Heracles was driving the cattle of <a href="/wiki/Geryones" class="mw-redirect" title="Geryones">Geryones</a> through what would later become <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a>, when one morning he awoke and discovered that his horses had disappeared. While searching for them, he "found in a cave a creature of double form that was half maiden and half serpent; above the buttocks she was a woman, below them a snake". She had the horses and promised to return them if Heracles would have sex with her. Heracles agreed and she had three sons by him: <a href="/wiki/Agathyrsi" title="Agathyrsi">Agathyrsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelonus" title="Gelonus">Gelonus</a> and Scythes. She asked Heracles what she should do with his sons: "shall I keep them here (since I am queen of this country), or shall I send them away to you?". And Heracles gave her a bow and belt, and told her, that when the boys were grown, whichever would draw the bow and wear the belt, keep him and banish the others. The youngest son Scythes fulfilled the requirements and became the founder and eponym of the Scythians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Viper_in_the_Acts_of_Philip">The Viper in the <i>Acts of Philip</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echidna_(mythology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Viper in the Acts of Philip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A possibly related creature to the Hesiodic Echidna is the "Viper" (<i>Echidna</i>) cast into an abyss, by <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip the Apostle</a>, in the apocryphal <i><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Philip" title="Acts of Philip">Acts of Philip</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Called a "she dragon" (<i>drakaina</i>) and "the mother of the serpents",<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this Echidna ruled over many other monstrous dragons and snakes, and lived in a gated temple at <a href="/wiki/Hierapolis" title="Hierapolis">Hierapolis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where she was worshipped by the people of that land. She, along with her temple and priests, was swallowed up by a hole in the ground that opened beneath her, as the result of Philip's curse.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Delphyne">Delphyne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echidna_(mythology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Delphyne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Echidna was perhaps associated with the monster killed by <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>. Though that monster is usually said to be the male serpent <a href="/wiki/Python_(mythology)" title="Python (mythology)">Python</a>, in the oldest account of this story, the <i>Homeric Hymn to Apollo</i>, the god kills a nameless she-serpent (<i><a href="/wiki/Drakaina_(mythology)" title="Drakaina (mythology)">drakaina</a></i>), subsequently called <a href="/wiki/Delphyne" title="Delphyne">Delphyne</a>, who had been Typhon's foster-mother.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Echidna and Delphyne share several similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were half-maid and half-snake,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and both were a "plague" (<i>πῆμα</i>) to men.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And both were intimately connected to Typhon, and associated with the Corycian cave.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echidna_(mythology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No certain ancient depictions of Echidna survive.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pausanias, Echidna was depicted, along with Typhon, on the sixth century BC Doric-Ionic temple complex at <a href="/wiki/Amyclae" title="Amyclae">Amyclae</a> known as the throne of Apollo, designed by <a href="/wiki/Bathycles_of_Magnesia" title="Bathycles of Magnesia">Bathycles of Magnesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pausanias identifies two standing figures on the left as Echidna and Typhon, with <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Tritons</a> standing on the right, with no other details concerning these figures given. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echidna_(mythology)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna">Echidna</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotreme</a> mammal of Australia and New Guinea named after the mythological monster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāgas</a> – a race of water-dwelling beings of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a> who are also half-serpent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCwa" title="Nüwa">Nüwa</a> – a goddess in ancient <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a> best known for creating mankind and repairing the wall of <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>, often depicted as having the body of a snake, or the lower part of her body being that of a snake</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echidna_(mythology)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013b, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA13">p. 13</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Variant of <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%94%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἔχις">ἔχις</a></span></span>, 'viper' from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i>*h₁égʰi-</i> (see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, R. S. P.</a> (2009). <i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i>. Brill. p. 489.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Greek&rft.pages=489&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=R.+S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEchidna+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA81">p. 81</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a discussion of Echidna's varying genealogy see Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA148">pp. 148–150</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.25.xml">270-300</a>. Though <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jennings_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Jennings Rose">Herbert Jennings Rose</a> says simply that it is "not clear which parents are meant", <a href="/wiki/Apostolos_Athanassakis" title="Apostolos Athanassakis">Athanassakis</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cvSiWE0KQsYC&pg=PA44">p. 44</a>, says that Phorcys and Ceto are the "more likely candidates for parents of this hideous creature who proceeded to give birth to a series of monsters and scourges". The problem arises from the ambiguous referent of the pronoun "she" in <i>Theogony</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.27.xml">295</a>. While some have read this "she" as referring to Callirhoe (e.g. Smith <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DE%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dechidna-bio-1">s.v. Echidna</a>; Morford, p. 162), according to Clay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159">p. 159 n. 32</a>, "the modern scholarly consensus" reads Ceto, see for example Most 2018a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.27.xml">p. 27 n. 16</a> ("Probably Ceto"); Gantz, p. 22 ("Phorkys and Keto produce Echidna"); Caldwell, pp. 7, 46 lines 295–303 ("presumably Keto"); West 1966, p. 249 line 295 ("probably Keto"); Grimal, s.v. Echidna ("Phorcys and Ceto").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pherecydes</a>, fr. 7 Fowler = <i><a href="/wiki/FGrHist" class="mw-redirect" title="FGrHist">FGrHist</a></i> 3 F 7 (Fowler 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA278">p. 278</a>); Hošek, p. 678.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epimenides <i>apud</i> <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.18.2">8.18.2</a>; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">p. 9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Apollodorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Apollodorus">Apollodorus</a>, <i>Library </i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.%202.1.2&lang=original">2.1.2</a>. According to the sixth century AD <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonist">neoplatonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympiodorus</a>, Typhon, Echidna, and Python were all the progeny of Tartarus and Gaia, with each being a cause of a specific kind of disorder, in Echidna's case, "a cause revenging and punishing rational souls; and hence the upper arts of her are those of a virgin, but the lower those of a serpent", see Taylor 1824, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ba8wAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA76">pp. 76–77 n. 63</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meisner, p. 135; Orphic Fragment <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/138/mode/2up">58 Kern</a> = <a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a>, <i>Apology</i> 20 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Ante-Nicene_Christian_Library_Vol_2.djvu/411" class="extiw" title="s:Page:Ante-Nicene Christian Library Vol 2.djvu/411">p. 397</a>); van den Broek, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jonvG8JvwvsC&pg=PA137">p. 137 n. 20</a>; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">p. 9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D270">295-305 (Evelyn-White)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA81">p. 81</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs"><i>Frogs</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0032%3Acard%3D460">473–474</a>; Hošek. p. 678. Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA81">p. 81</a>, calls Aristophanes' description "exuberant", which "need not relate to canon", see also Ogden 2013b <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA65">pp. 65–66</a>. For the hundred-headed Typhon see <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D820">825</a>; see also <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (?), <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4995E0C297BD54D0B2C116B6EB6720BF?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010%3Acard%3D343">351</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3">1.6.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, <i>Pythian</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D1">1.16</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D8">8.15–16</a>, and <i>Olympian</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D4">4.7</a>, all give Typhon a hundred heads, but <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, fragment 93 <i>apud</i> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/13D*.html">13.4.6</a> (Race, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-fragments/1997/pb_LCL485.329.xml">pp. 328–329</a>) gives Typhon fifty.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orphic Fragment <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/138/mode/2up">58 Kern</a> = <a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a>, <i>Apology</i> 20 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Ante-Nicene_Christian_Library_Vol_2.djvu/411" class="extiw" title="s:Page:Ante-Nicene Christian Library Vol 2.djvu/411">p. 397</a>); van den Broek, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jonvG8JvwvsC&pg=PA137">p. 137 n. 20</a>; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">p. 9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca02nonnuoft#page/82/mode/2up">18.273 ff. (II pp. 82–83)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D304">306–314 (Evelyn-White)</a>. Compare with <a href="/wiki/Lycophron" title="Lycophron">Lycophron</a>, <i>Alexandra</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/606/mode/2up">1351 ff. (pp. 606–607)</a>, which refers to Echidna as Typhon's spouse (<i>δάμαρ</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <i>Library</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.10">2.5.10</a> also has Orthrus as the offspring of Echidna and Typhon. <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Smyrnaeus" title="Quintus Smyrnaeus">Quintus Smyrnaeus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Posthomerica" title="Posthomerica">Posthomerica</a></i> (or <i>Fall of Troy</i>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/272/mode/2up">6.249–262 (pp. 272–273)</a> has Cerberus as the offspring of Echidna and Typhon, and Orthrus as his brother.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Acusilaus" title="Acusilaus">Acusilaus</a>, fr. 13 Fowler (Fowler 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA11">p. 11</a>; Freeman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B75GgVdxYT0C&pg=PA15">p. 15 fragment 6</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a>, Ode <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0064%3Abook%3DEp%3Apoem%3D5">5.62</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Women_of_Trachis" title="Women of Trachis">Women of Trachis</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0196%3Acard%3D1076">1097–1099</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>, fragment 515 Pfeiffer (Trypanis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/callimachus-fragments_uncertain_location/1973/pb_LCL421.259.xml?result=2&rskey=li3r52">pp. 258–259</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0028:book=4:card=481&highlight=Echidna">4.500–501</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0028:book=7:card=404&highlight=Cerberian">7.406–409</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html">Preface</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html">151</a>, and Quintus Smyrnaeus, <i>loc. cit.</i>, also have Cerberus as the offspring of Echidna, though only Acusilaus, Hyginus, and Quintus Smyrnaeus mention Typhon as the father.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html">Preface</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html#30">30</a> (only Typhon is mentioned), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html">151</a> also has the Hydra and as the offspring of Echidna and Typhon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The referent of "she" in <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml">319</a> is uncertain, see Clay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159">p. 159, with n. 34</a>; Gantz, p. 22 ("Echidna ... the Hydra ... or even less probably Keto"); Most 2018a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml">p. 29 n. 18</a> ("probably Echidna"); Caldwell, p. 47 lines 319–325 ("probably Echidna, not Hydra"); West, pp. 254–255 line 319 <b>ἡ δὲ</b> ("Echidna or Hydra?").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The referent of "she" in <i>Theogony</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml">326</a> is uncertain, see Clay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159">p. 159, with n. 34</a>; Most 2018a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml">p. 29 n. 20</a> ("Probably Chimaera"); Gantz, p. 23 ("[Chimera] ... or just possibly Echidna"); Caldwell, p. 47 lines 326 ("either Echidna or Chimaira"); West 1966, p. 356 line 326 <b>ἡ δ' ἄρα</b> ("much more likely ... Chimaera" than Echidna).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lasus_of_Hermione" title="Lasus of Hermione">Lasus of Hermione</a>, fragment 706A (Campbell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/lasus-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.311.xml?result=1&rskey=xxAi2U">pp. 310–311</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0118%3Acard%3D1019">1019–1020</a>; Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA149">p. 149 n. 3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Acusilaus" title="Acusilaus">Acusilaus</a>, fr. 13 Fowler (Fowler 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA11">p. 11</a>; Freeman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B75GgVdxYT0C&pg=PA15">p. 15 fragment 6</a>); Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">p. 28</a>; Gantz, p. 22; Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA149">pp. 149–150</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pherecydes</a>, fr. 7 Fowler (Fowler 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA278">p. 278</a>); Fowler 2013, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">27–28</a>; Gantz, p. 22; Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA149">pp. 149–150</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pherecydes</a>, fr. 16b Fowler (Fowler 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA286">p. 286</a>); Hesiod, <i>Theogony</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0130:card=304">333–336</a>; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">p. 28</a>; Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA149">p. 149 n. 3</a>; Hošek, p. 678. The first to name the dragon Ladon is <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/388/mode/2up">4.1396 (pp. 388–389)</a>, which makes Ladon earthborn, see Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">p. 28 n. 97</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Tzetzes" title="John Tzetzes">Tzetzes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chiliades" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiliades">Chiliades</a></i> 2.36.360 (Kiessling, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dG0GAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA54">p. 54</a>; English translation: Berkowitz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TzetzesCHILIADES/Chiliades#page/n31/mode/1up">p. 33</a>), also has Typhon as Ladon's father.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <i>Library</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.10">2.5.10</a> (Orthrus), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.3.1">2.3.1</a> (Chimera), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.5.8">3.5.8</a> (Sphinx), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.11">2.5.11</a> (Caucasian Eagle), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.11">2.5.11</a> (Ladon), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.5.1">2.5.1</a> (Nemean lion), <i>Epitome</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022:text=Epitome:book=E:chapter=1">1.1</a> (Crommyonian Sow).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html">Preface</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae4.html">151</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare with <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/184/mode/2up">2.1208–1215 (pp. 184–185)</a>, where the dragon is the offspring of <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a> by Typhon (Hošek, p. 678).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <i>Ciris</i> 67; Lyne, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WMf_VULZvLUC&pg=130">pp. 130–131</a>. Others give other parents for Scylla. Several authors name <a href="/wiki/Crataeis" title="Crataeis">Crataeis</a> as the mother of Scylla, see <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=0C3862DF72BDE338E6D62A24A49FEF27?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D12%3Acard%3D111">12.124–125</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D13%3Acard%3D705">13.749</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.7.20">E7.20</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a> on <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> 3.420; and schol. on <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> 9.588c. Neither Homer nor Ovid mention a father, but Apollodorus says that the father was Trienus (or <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a>?) or Phorcus, similarly the Plato scholiast, perhaps following Apollodorus, gives the father as Tyrrhenus or Phorcus, while <a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Thessalonica" title="Eustathius of Thessalonica">Eustathius</a> on Homer, <i>Odyssey</i> 12.85 gives the father as Triton. The Hesiodic <i><a href="/wiki/Megalai_Ehoiai" title="Megalai Ehoiai">Megalai Ehoiai</a></i> (fr. 262 MW = Most <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-other_fragments/2007/pb_LCL503.277.xml">200</a>) gives Hecate and <a href="/wiki/Phorbas" title="Phorbas">Phorbas</a> as the parents of Scylla, while <a href="/wiki/Acusilaus" title="Acusilaus">Acusilaus</a>, fr. 42 Fowler (Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">p. 32</a>) says that Scylla's parents were <a href="/wiki/Hekate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekate">Hekate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phorkys" class="mw-redirect" title="Phorkys">Phorkys</a> (so also schol. <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> 12.85). <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/350/mode/2up">4. 828–829 (pp. 350–351)</a> says that "Hecate who is called Crataeis," and Phorcys were the parents of Scylla. Semos of Delos (<i>FGrHist</i> 396 F 22) says that Crataeis was the daughter of Hekate and Triton, and mother of Scylla by Deimos. <a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/stesichorus_i-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.133.xml?result=1&rskey=vkJkZt">F220 <i>PMG</i> (Campbell, pp. 132–133)</a> has Lamia as the mother of Scylla, possibly the <a href="/wiki/Lamia_(daughter_of_Poseidon)" title="Lamia (daughter of Poseidon)">Lamia</a> who was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>. For discussions of the parentage of Scylla, see Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">p. 32</a>, Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA134">p. 134</a>; Gantz, pp. 731–732; and Frazer's note to Apollodorus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.7.20">E7.20</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca02nonnuoft#page/82/mode/2up">18.273 ff. (II pp. 82–83)</a>; Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA150">p. 150 n. 4</a>; Hošek, p. 678.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hesiod, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D240">265–269</a>; so also <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.2.6">1.2.6</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html">Preface</a> (though <i><a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html#14">14</a>, gives their parents as Thaumas and Oxomene). In the <a href="/wiki/Epimenides" title="Epimenides">Epimenides</a> <i>Theogony</i> (3B7) they are the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a>, while in <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes of Syros</a> (7B5) they are the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a> (Gantz, p. 18).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Valerius_Flaccus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Valerius Flaccus">Valerius Flaccus</a>, <i>Argonautica</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/ValeriusFlaccus4.html">4.428, 516</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hošek, p. 678; see <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Smyrnaeus" title="Quintus Smyrnaeus">Quintus Smyrnaeus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Posthomerica" title="Posthomerica">Posthomerica</a></i> (or <i>Fall of Troy</i>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/518/mode/2up">12.449–453 (pp. 518–519)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graves, Index: s.v. Agathyrsus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D270">295-305 (Evelyn-White)</a>; Gantz, p. 22; Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA161">p. 161</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West 1966, p. 250 line 301 <b>οι</b>; Gantz, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Apollodorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Apollodorus">Apollodorus</a>, <i>Library </i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.1.2">2.1.2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+2.783&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134">2.783</a>; Fontenrose, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA72">p. 72</a>; West 1966, p. 251 line 304 <b>εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν</b>; Lane Fox, p. 288; Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76">p. 76</a>; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">p. 28</a>. West, notes that Typhon's "couch" appears to be "not just 'where he lies', but also where he keeps his spouse"; compare with <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Smyrnaeus" title="Quintus Smyrnaeus">Quintus Smyrnaeus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/354/mode/2up">8.97–98 (pp. 354–355)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an extensive discussion see Lane Fox, especially pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA39">39</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA107">107</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA283">283–301</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA317">317–318</a>. See also West 1966, pp. 250–251 line 304 <b>εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν</b>; Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76">p. 76</a>; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">pp. 28–30</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6">13.4.6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, <i>Pythian</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D1">1.15–17</a>; compare with <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, <i>Pythian</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D8">8.15–16</a>, which calls Typhon "Cilician", <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (?), <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4995E0C297BD54D0B2C116B6EB6720BF?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010%3Acard%3D343">353–356</a>, which calls Typhon "the earth-born dweller of the Cilician caves", and <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3">1.6.3</a>, which has Typhon born in Cilicia, and deposit the incapacitated Zeus in Typhon's "Corycian cave". See also <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n69/mode/2up">1.140. (I pp. 12–13)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n71/mode/2up">1.154. (I pp. 14–15)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/20/mode/2up">1.258–260 (I pp. 20–23)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/26/mode/2up">1.321 (I pp. 26–27)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/46/mode/2up">2.35 (I pp. 46–47)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/90/mode/2up">2.631 ff. (I pp. 90–91)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fontenrose, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA72">pp. 72–73</a>; West 1966, p. 251 line 304 <b>εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν</b> (<i>c</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, fragment 93 <i>apud</i> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/13D*.html">13.4.6</a> (Race, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-fragments/1997/pb_LCL485.329.xml">pp. 328–329</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Callisthenes" title="Callisthenes">Callisthenes</a> <i>FGrH</i> 124 F33 = <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6">13.4.6</a>; Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76">p. 76</a>; Ogden 2013b, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA25">p. 25</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Lane Fox</a>, p. 292. <a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Lane Fox</a>, pp. 292–298, connects Arima with the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> place names "Erimma" and "Arimmatta" which he associates with the Corycian cave.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirk, Raven, and Schofield. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFpd86J8PLsC&pg=PA59">pp. 59–60 no. 52</a>; Ogden 2013b, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA36">pp. 36–38</a>; Gantz, pp. 50–51, Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76">p. 76 n. 46</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n69/mode/2up">1.140. (I pp. 12–13)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16B*.html">16.2.7</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3">1.6.3</a>; Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76">p. 76</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16D*.html">16.4.27</a>. According to West 1966, p. 251, "This identification [Arimoi as Aramaeans] has been repeated in modern times." For example for Fontenrose, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA71">p. 71</a>, the "Arimoi, it seems fairly certain, are the Aramaeans, and the country is either Syria or Cilicia, most likely the latter, since in later sources that is usually Typhon's land." See also West (1997), p. 301 n. 70. But Lane Fox, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA107">107</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA291">291–298</a>, rejects this identification, instead arguing for the derivation of "Arima" from the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> place names "Erimma" and "Arimmatta".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lane Fox, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA289">pp. 289–291</a>, rejects Catacecaumene as the site of Homer's "Arimoi".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+12.8.19">12.8.19</a>, compare with <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#71">5.71.2–6</a>, which says that Zeus slew Typhon in Phrygia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6">13.4.11</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D6">13.4.6</a>. For Hyde see also <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+20.386">20.386</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lycophron" title="Lycophron">Lycophron</a>, <i>Alexandra</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/606/mode/2up">1351 ff. (pp. 606–607)</a> associates Echidna's "dread bed" with a lake identified as Lake Gygaea or Koloe (modern <a href="/wiki/Lake_Marmara" title="Lake Marmara">Lake Marmara</a>), see Robert, pp. 334 ff.; Lane Fox, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA290">pp. 290–291</a>. For Lake Gygaea see <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+2.858">2.864–866</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.93">1.93</a>; <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D5">13.4.5–6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pherecydes</a>, fr. 54 Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 307); Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">p. 29</a>; Gantz, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">So Strabo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5D*.html">5.4.9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+13.4.6">13.4.6</a>; Lane Fox, p. 299, Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76">p. 76</a>. Pindar, <i>Pythian</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D1">1.15–20</a>, has Typhon buried under a much vaster region than just Pithecussae, though he doesn't mention the island by name, stretching from Mount Etna in Sicily, to the "sea-girt cliffs above Cumae" (Lane Fox, p. 299, argues that the "cliffs" mentioned by Pindar refer to the island cliffs of Ischia). Compare with Pindar, <i>Olympian</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D4">4.6–7</a>, which also has Typhon under Etna.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5D*.html">5.4.9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+13.4.6">13.4.6</a>; Lane Fox, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA298">pp. 298–301</a>; Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76">p. 76 n. 47</a>; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">p. 29</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Smyrnaeus" title="Quintus Smyrnaeus">Quintus Smyrnaeus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Posthomerica" title="Posthomerica">Posthomerica</a></i> (or <i>Fall of Troy</i>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/272/mode/2up">6.260 ff. (pp. 272–273)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D270">305</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Apollodorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Apollodorus">Apollodorus</a>, <i>Library </i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.%202.1.2&lang=original">2.1.2</a>. Gantz, pp. 201–202 finds "no trace" of such a tale in Archaic literature.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D8">4.8–10</a>; Gantz, p. 409; Ogden 2013b, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA16">pp. 16–17</a>; Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA81">p. 81 with n. 71</a>; Fontenrose, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA97">pp. 97–100</a>. While the Scythian <i>echidna</i> is sometimes identified with the Hesiodic Echidna (e.g. Grimal, s.vv. Echidna, Scythes, Ogden 2013b describes the Scythian as "seemingly calqued upon" the Hesiodic (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA13">p. 13</a>), and asserts that "there is no particular reason to infer" that the two are "fully identifiable" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA17">p. 17</a>). Compare with <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/2B*.html#43">2.43.3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an English translation of the <i>Acts of Philip</i>, see Buvon; for an English translation of selected passages (relating to dragons) see also Ogden 2013b pp. 207–215. For the possible relationship between the "Viper" and the Hesiodic Echidna, see Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA81">pp. 81–82</a>, 422–425; Ogden 2013b, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA16">p. 16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv0Fxm6Amh4C&pg=PA216">p. 216</a>; Fontenrose, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA95">pp. 95–96</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Acts of Philip</i>, 8.17 (V); Bovon, p. 79; Ogden 2013b, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Acts of Philip</i>, <i>Martyrdom</i> 19 (V); Bovon, p. 99; Ogden 2013b, pp. 213–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Acts of Philip</i>, <i>Martyrdom</i> 26–27 (V); Bovon, pp. 101–102; Ogden 2013b, pp. 214–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hymn to Apollo</i> (3) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D267">300–306</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D349">349–369</a>; Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA40">pp. 40 ff.</a>; Gantz, p. 88; Fontenrose, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA14">pp. 14–15</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA94">p. 94</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3">1.6.3</a>, for example, calls her Delphyne.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fontenrose, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA94">pp. 94–97</a> argues that Echidna and Delphyne (along with Ceto and possibly Scylla) were different names for the same creature.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3">1.6.3</a> calls Delphyne both a <i>drakaina</i> and a "half-bestial maiden"; see Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA44">p. 44</a>; Fontenrose, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA95">p. 95</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hymn to Apollo</i> (3) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D267">304</a>: <i>πῆμα</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:304-336">329</a>: <i>πῆμ᾽</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3">1.6.3</a>, Typhon set Delphyne as guard over Zeus' severed sinews in the Corycian cave; see Ogden, 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA42">p. 42</a>; Fontenrose, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA94">p. 94</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hošek, p. 679; Ogden 2013a, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA80">pp. 80–81 n. 37</a>. The identification of Echidna fighting Heracles on a restoration of a pediment from the Athenian Acropolis, (see for example Gardner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DI5DAeJz5FAC&pg=PA159">p. 159</a>) is now rejected.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rshandbookofgree00garduoft#page/78/mode/2up">p. 78</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+3.18.10">3.18.10</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echidna_(mythology)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (?), <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i> in <i>Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes.</i> Vol 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press. 1926. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4995E0C297BD54D0B2C116B6EB6720BF?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <i>Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.</i> Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99135-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99135-4">0-674-99135-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>, <i>Apollonius Rhodius: the Argonautica</i>, translated by Robert Cooper Seaton, W. Heinemann, 1912. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs"><i>Frogs</i></a>, Matthew Dillon, Ed., Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Aristoph.+Frogs">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolos_Athanassakis" title="Apostolos Athanassakis">Athanassakis, Apostolos N</a>, <i>Hesiod: Theogony, Works and days, Shield</i>, JHU Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7984-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7984-5">978-0-8018-7984-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a>, <i>Odes</i>, translated by Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0064%3Abook%3DEp%3Apoem%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a>, <i>Apology</i>, Rev. B. P. Pratten translator, in <i>Ante-Nicene Christian Library: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325, Vol. II Justin Martyr and Athenagoras</i>, Edinburgh, T. and T. Clark, 38 George Street, 1870.</li> <li>Bovon, Fraçois, Christopher R. Matthews, <i>The</i> Acts of Philip: <i>A New Translation</i>, Baylor University Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60258-655-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60258-655-0">978-1-60258-655-0</a>.</li> <li>Caldwell, Richard, <i>Hesiod's Theogony</i>, Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941051-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941051-00-2">978-0-941051-00-2</a>.</li> <li>Campbell, David A., <i>Greek Lyric III: Stesichorus, Ibycus, Simonides, and Others</i>, Harvard University Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674995253" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674995253">978-0674995253</a>.</li> <li>Clay, Jenny Strauss, <i>Hesiod's Cosmos</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82392-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82392-0">978-0-521-82392-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <i>Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History</i>. Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Twelve volumes. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a></i>, translated by E. P. Coleridge in <i>The Complete Greek Drama</i>, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill Jr. Volume 2. New York. Random House. 1938.</li> <li>Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy, <i>Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1959. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520040915" title="Special:BookSources/9780520040915">9780520040915</a>.</li> <li>Fowler, R. L. (2000), <i>Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction</i>, Oxford University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198147404" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198147404">978-0198147404</a>.</li> <li>Fowler, R. L. (2013), <i>Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary</i>, Oxford University Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198147411" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198147411">978-0198147411</a>.</li> <li>Freeman, Kathleen, <i>Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers: A Complete Translation of the Fragments in Diels, Fragmente Der Vorsokratiker</i>, Harvard University Press, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674035010" title="Special:BookSources/9780674035010">9780674035010</a>.</li> <li>Gantz, Timothy, <i>Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources</i>, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5360-9">978-0-8018-5360-9</a> (Vol. 1), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5362-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5362-3">978-0-8018-5362-3</a> (Vol. 2).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Arthur_Gardner" title="Ernest Arthur Gardner">Gardner, Ernest Arthur</a>, <i>A Handbook of Greek Sculpture</i>, Macmillan and Co,. Limited, London, 1911.</li> <li>Graves, Robert, <i>The Greek Myths: The Complete and Definitive Edition.</i> Penguin Books Limited. 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-98338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-98338-6">978-0-241-98338-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/024198338X" title="Special:BookSources/024198338X">024198338X</a></li> <li>Grimal, Pierre, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iOx6de8LUNAC"><i>The Dictionary of Classical Mythology</i></a>, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20102-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20102-1">978-0-631-20102-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Histories_of_Herodotus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Histories of Herodotus"><i>Histories</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/A._D._Godley" title="A. D. Godley">A. D. Godley</a> (translator), Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674991338" title="Special:BookSources/0674991338">0674991338</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.1.0">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i>, in <i>The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White</i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Homer, <i>The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes</i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns"><i>Homeric Hymn to Apollo (3)</i></a>, in <i>The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White</i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts., <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Hošek, Radislav, "Echidna" in <i><a href="/wiki/Lexicon_Iconographicum_Mythologiae_Classicae" title="Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae">Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae</a> (LIMC)</i> III.1. Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3760887511" title="Special:BookSources/3760887511">3760887511</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus, Gaius Julius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html"><i>The Myths of Hyginus</i></a>. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kern" title="Otto Kern">Kern, Otto</a>. <i>Orphicorum fragmenta</i>, Berlin, 1922. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Kirk, G. S., J. E. Raven, M. Schofield, <i>The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts</i>, Cambridge University Press, Dec 29, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521274555" title="Special:BookSources/9780521274555">9780521274555</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Lane Fox, Robin</a>, <i>Travelling Heroes: In the Epic Age of Homer</i>, Vintage Books, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679763864" title="Special:BookSources/9780679763864">9780679763864</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophron" title="Lycophron">Lycophron</a>, <i>Alexandra</i> (or <i>Cassandra</i>) in <i>Callimachus and Lycophron with an English translation by A. W. Mair; Aratus, with an English translation by G. R. Mair</i>, London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam 1921. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Lyne, R. O. A. M., <i>Ciris: A Poem Attributed to Vergil</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521606998" title="Special:BookSources/9780521606998">9780521606998</a>.</li> <li>Meisner, Dwayne A., <i>Orphic Tradition and the Birth of the Gods</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-190-66352-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-190-66352-0">978-0-190-66352-0</a>.</li> <li>Morford, Mark P. O., Robert J. Lenardon, <i>Classical Mythology</i>, Eighth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530805-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530805-1">978-0-19-530805-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Most, G.W.</a> (2018a), <i>Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia,</i> Edited and translated by Glenn W. Most, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99720-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99720-2">978-0-674-99720-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL057/2018/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Most, G.W.</a> (2018b), <i>Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue of Women, Other Fragments</i>, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>, No. 503, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2007, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99721-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99721-9">978-0-674-99721-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL503/2018/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i>; translated by <a href="/wiki/W._H._D._Rouse" title="W. H. D. Rouse">Rouse, W H D</a>, I Books I–XV. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 344, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Ogden, Daniel (2013a), <i>Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds</i>, Oxford University Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199557325" title="Special:BookSources/9780199557325">9780199557325</a>.</li> <li>Ogden, Daniel (2013b), <i>Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and early Christian Worlds: A sourcebook</i>, Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992509-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992509-4">978-0-19-992509-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i>, Brookes More. Boston. Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <i>Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.</i> Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, <i>Odes</i>, Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Smyrnaeus" title="Quintus Smyrnaeus">Quintus Smyrnaeus</a>, <i>Quintus Smyrnaeus: The Fall of Troy</i>, Translator: A.S. Way; Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1913. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Race, William H., <i>Nemean Odes. Isthmian Odes. Fragments</i>, Edited and translated by William H. Race. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> 485. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997, revised 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99534-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99534-5">978-0-674-99534-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL485/1997/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li>Robert, Louis, "Documents d'Asie Mineure", <i>Bulletin de correspondance hellénique</i>. Volume <b>106</b>, 1982. pp. 309–378.</li> <li>Rose, Herbert Jennings, "Echidna" in <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>, Hammond and Scullard (editors), Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869117-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869117-3">0-19-869117-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i>, London (1873).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica"><i>Geography</i></a>, translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html">LacusCurtis</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1">Books 6–14, at the Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Women_of_Trachis" title="Women of Trachis">Women of Trachis</a></i>, Translated by Robert Torrance. Houghton Mifflin. 1966. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0222%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Taylor, Thomas (1806), <i>Collectanea; or, collections, consisting of miscellanies inserted by Thomas Taylor in the European and Monthly Magazines. With an appendix, containing some hymns by the same author never before printed</i>.</li> <li>Taylor, Thomas (1824), <i>The Mystical Hymns of Orpheus: Translated from the Greek, and Demonstrated to be the Invocations which Were Used in the Eleusinian Mysteries</i>, C. Whittingham.</li> <li>Trypanis, C. A., Gelzer, Thomas; Whitman, Cedric, <i>CALLIMACHUS, MUSAEUS, Aetia, Iambi, Hecale and Other Fragments. Hero and Leander</i>, Harvard University Press, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99463-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99463-8">978-0-674-99463-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tzetzes" title="John Tzetzes">Tzetzes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chiliades" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiliades">Chiliades</a></i>, editor Gottlieb Kiessling, F.C.G. Vogel, 1826. (English translation, Books II–IV, by Gary Berkowitz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TzetzesCHILIADES/Chiliades#page/n0/mode/1up">Internet Archive</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Valerius_Flaccus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Valerius Flaccus">Valerius Flaccus, Gaius</a>, <i>Argonautica</i>, translated by J. H. Mozley, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> Volume 286. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roel_van_den_Broek" title="Roel van den Broek">van den Broek, R.</a>, <i>Studies in Gnosticism and Alexandrian Christianity</i>, BRILL, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004106543" title="Special:BookSources/9789004106543">9789004106543</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> (1966), <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> (1997), <i>The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth</i>, Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815042-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815042-3">0-19-815042-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echidna_(mythology)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_mythology_(deities)" title="Template talk:Greek mythology (deities)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_mythology_(deities)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek mythology (deities)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_deities196" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> deities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Early <br /> deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aether_(mythology)" title="Aether (mythology)">Aether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaos (mythology)">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemera" title="Hemera">Hemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ourea" title="Ourea">Ourea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">The twelve <a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)" title="Phoebe (Titaness)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Descendants of the Titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteria" title="Asteria">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraeus" title="Astraeus">Astraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus" title="Epimetheus">Epimetheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(Titan)" title="Perses (Titan)">Perses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Olympian <br /> deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Olympian Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyo" title="Enyo">Enyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Daughters of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clio" title="Clio">Clio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euterpe" title="Euterpe">Euterpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erato" title="Erato">Erato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpomene" title="Melpomene">Melpomene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyhymnia" title="Polyhymnia">Polyhymnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terpsichore" title="Terpsichore">Terpsichore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Muse)" title="Thalia (Muse)">Thalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania" title="Urania">Urania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Daughters of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonis" title="Apollonis">Apollonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borysthenis" title="Borysthenis">Borysthenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephisso" title="Cephisso">Cephisso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> Muses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aoede" title="Aoede">Aoide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melete" title="Melete">Melete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mneme" title="Mneme">Mneme</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muses of the <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypate" title="Hypate">Hypate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mese_(mythology)" title="Mese (mythology)">Mese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nete_(mythology)" title="Nete (mythology)">Nete</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muses at <a href="/wiki/Sicyon" title="Sicyon">Sicyon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polymatheia" title="Polymatheia">Polymatheia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Charites</a> (Graces)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglaea" title="Aglaea">Aglaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheia" title="Antheia">Antheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne" title="Euphrosyne">Euphrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemone" title="Hegemone">Hegemone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithea" title="Pasithea">Pasithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Grace)" title="Thalia (Grace)">Thalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a> (Hours)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_(goddess)" title="Eirene (goddess)">Eirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunomia" title="Eunomia">Eunomia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia_(mythology)" title="Bia (mythology)">Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)" title="Kratos (mythology)">Kratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelus" title="Zelus">Zelus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water <br /> deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Sea deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthesikyme" title="Benthesikyme">Benthesikyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brizo" title="Brizo">Brizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)" title="Calliste (mythology)">Calliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)" title="Calypso (mythology)">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto" title="Ceto">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurybia_(mythology)" title="Eurybia (mythology)">Eurybia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucothea" title="Leucothea">Leucothea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melicertes" title="Melicertes">Melicertes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerites_(mythology)" title="Nerites (mythology)">Nerites</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nesoi" title="Nesoi">Nesoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodos" title="Rhodos">Rhodos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassa" title="Thalassa">Thalassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumas" title="Thaumas">Thaumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaste_(Oceanid)" title="Acaste (Oceanid)">Acaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admete_(Oceanid)" title="Admete (Oceanid)">Admete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Oceanid)" title="Asia (Oceanid)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callirhoe_(Oceanid)" title="Callirhoe (Oceanid)">Callirhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto_(Greek_myth)" title="Ceto (Greek myth)">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_(mother_of_Phaethon)" title="Clymene (mother of Phaethon)">Clymene (consort of Helios)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_(wife_of_Iapetus)" title="Clymene (wife of Iapetus)">Clymene (wife of Iapetus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytie_(Oceanid)" title="Clytie (Oceanid)">Clytie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodone_(mythology)" title="Dodone (mythology)">Dodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_(Oceanid)" title="Doris (Oceanid)">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Oceanid)" title="Electra (Oceanid)">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurynome_(Oceanid)" title="Eurynome (Oceanid)">Eurynome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyia" title="Idyia">Idyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melia_(consort_of_Apollo)" title="Melia (consort of Apollo)">Melia (consort of Apollo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melia_(consort_of_Inachus)" title="Melia (consort of Inachus)">Melia (consort of Inachus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perse_(mythology)" title="Perse (mythology)">Perse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philyra_(Oceanid)" title="Philyra (Oceanid)">Philyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleione_(mythology)" title="Pleione (mythology)">Pleione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plouto_(Oceanid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plouto (Oceanid)">Plouto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesto_(mythology)" title="Telesto (mythology)">Telesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(Oceanid)" title="Theia (Oceanid)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeuxo_(Oceanid)" title="Zeuxo (Oceanid)">Zeuxo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Nereids" title="Nereids">Nereids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatheia_(mythology)" title="Amatheia (mythology)">Amatheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphithoe_(mythology)" title="Amphithoe (mythology)">Amphithoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymatolege_(mythology)" title="Cymatolege (mythology)">Cymatolege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymo_(mythology)" title="Cymo (mythology)">Cymo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamene" title="Dynamene">Dynamene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea" title="Acis and Galatea">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galene_(mythology)" title="Galene (mythology)">Galene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protomedeia" title="Protomedeia">Protomedeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamathe_(Nereid)" title="Psamathe (Nereid)">Psamathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sao_(mythology)" title="Sao (mythology)">Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spio" title="Spio">Spio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Nereid)" title="Thalia (Nereid)">Thalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/River_gods_(Greek_mythology)" title="River gods (Greek mythology)">River gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achelous" title="Achelous">Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapus" title="Anapus">Anapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asopus" title="Asopus">Asopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterion_(god)" title="Asterion (god)">Asterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axius_(mythology)" title="Axius (mythology)">Axius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caanthus" title="Caanthus">Caanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebren" title="Cebren">Cebren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephissus_(mythology)" title="Cephissus (mythology)">Cephissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enipeus_(deity)" title="Enipeus (deity)">Enipeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kladeos" title="Kladeos">Kladeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_(mythology)" title="Meander (mythology)">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_(mythology)" title="Nilus (mythology)">Nilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numicus" title="Numicus">Numicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_(river_god)" title="Phyllis (river god)">Phyllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peneus" title="Peneus">Peneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarius_(mythology)" title="Sangarius (mythology)">Sangarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selemnus_(god)" title="Selemnus (god)">Selemnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simoeis" title="Simoeis">Simoeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strymon_(mythology)" title="Strymon (mythology)">Strymon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">Naiads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegina_(mythology)" title="Aegina (mythology)">Aegina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achiroe" title="Achiroe">Achiroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aganippe_(naiad)" title="Aganippe (naiad)">Aganippe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anigrides" title="Anigrides">Anigrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyra_(mythology)" title="Argyra (mythology)">Argyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistonis" title="Bistonis">Bistonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolbe" title="Bolbe">Bolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliadne" title="Caliadne">Caliadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassotis" title="Cassotis">Cassotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia" title="Castalia">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleocharia" title="Cleocharia">Cleocharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creusa_(Naiad)" title="Creusa (Naiad)">Creusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne" title="Daphne">Daphne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosera_(naiad)" title="Drosera (naiad)">Drosera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpina" title="Harpina">Harpina</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ionides" title="Ionides">Ionides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismenis" title="Ismenis">Ismenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larunda" title="Larunda">Larunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilaea" title="Lilaea">Lilaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liriope_(nymph)" title="Liriope (nymph)">Liriope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melite_(naiad)" title="Melite (naiad)">Melite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metope_(mythology)" title="Metope (mythology)">Metope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minthe" title="Minthe">Minthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria_(nymph)" title="Moria (nymph)">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_(Greek_mythology)" title="Nana (Greek mythology)">Nana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaea_(mythology)" title="Nicaea (mythology)">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orseis" title="Orseis">Orseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(daughter_of_Triton)" title="Pallas (daughter of Triton)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirene_(nymph)" title="Pirene (nymph)">Pirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmacis" title="Salmacis">Salmacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbe" title="Stilbe">Stilbe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thriae" title="Thriae">Thriae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corycia" title="Corycia">Corycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleodora_(nymph)" title="Cleodora (nymph)">Cleodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina" title="Melaina">Melaina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiasa" title="Tiasa">Tiasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Personifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algos" class="mw-redirect" title="Algos">Algos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphillogiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphillogiai">Amphillogiai</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Androktasiai" title="Androktasiai">Androktasiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atë">Atë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(deity)" title="Dysnomia (deity)">Dysnomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horkos" title="Horkos">Horkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysminai" title="Hysminai">Hysminai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe_(daughter_of_Eris)" title="Lethe (daughter of Eris)">Lethe</a></li> <li>Logoi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limos" title="Limos">Limos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machai" title="Machai">Machai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neikea" class="mw-redirect" title="Neikea">Neikea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonoi" title="Phonoi">Phonoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponos" title="Ponos">Ponos</a></li> <li>Pseudea</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apate" title="Apate">Apate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geras" title="Geras">Geras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">Moirai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropos" title="Atropos">Atropos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotho" title="Clotho">Clotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachesis" title="Lachesis">Lachesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momus" title="Momus">Momus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moros" title="Moros">Moros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oizys" title="Oizys">Oizys</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oneiros" title="Oneiros">Oneiroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotes" title="Philotes">Philotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achlys" title="Achlys">Achlys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adephagia" title="Adephagia">Adephagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aergia" title="Aergia">Aergia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidos" title="Aidos">Aidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aion_(deity)" title="Aion (deity)">Aion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alala" title="Alala">Alala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastor" title="Alastor">Alastor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aletheia" title="Aletheia">Aletheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alke" title="Alke">Alke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amechania" title="Amechania">Amechania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaideia" title="Anaideia">Anaideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke" title="Ananke">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelia" title="Angelia">Angelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apheleia" title="Apheleia">Apheleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete_(mythology)" title="Arete (mythology)">Arete</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arae" title="Arae">Arae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraea" title="Astraea">Astraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerus" title="Caerus">Caerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysus" title="Chrysus">Chrysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corus_(mythology)" title="Corus (mythology)">Corus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dikaiosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssebeia" title="Dyssebeia">Dyssebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiresione" title="Eiresione">Eiresione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekecheiria" title="Ekecheiria">Ekecheiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulabeia_(mythology)" title="Eulabeia (mythology)">Eulabeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupraxia_(mythology)" title="Eupraxia (mythology)">Eupraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersa" title="Ersa">Ersa</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Erotes" title="Erotes">Erotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anteros" title="Anteros">Anteros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedylogos" title="Hedylogos">Hedylogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)">Hymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Pothos" title="Erotes">Pothos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelos_(mythology)" title="Gelos (mythology)">Gelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedone" title="Hedone">Hedone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimarmene" title="Heimarmene">Heimarmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homados" title="Homados">Homados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonoia_(mythology)" title="Homonoia (mythology)">Homonoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horme" title="Horme">Horme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacchus" title="Iacchus">Iacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioke_(mythology)" title="Ioke (mythology)">Ioke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakia" title="Kakia">Kakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koalemos" title="Koalemos">Koalemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kydoimos" title="Kydoimos">Kydoimos</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Litae" title="Litae">Litae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyssa" title="Lyssa">Lyssa</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maniae" title="Maniae">Maniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methe" title="Methe">Methe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomos_(mythology)" title="Nomos (mythology)">Nomos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palioxis" title="Palioxis">Palioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitharchia" title="Peitharchia">Peitharchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitho" title="Peitho">Peitho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penia" title="Penia">Penia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthus" title="Penthus">Penthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepromene" title="Pepromene">Pepromene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheme" title="Pheme">Pheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrike" title="Phrike">Phrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthonus" title="Phthonus">Phthonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poena" title="Poena">Poine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemos" title="Polemos">Polemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porus_(mythology)" title="Porus (mythology)">Poros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxidice" title="Praxidice">Praxidice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proioxis" title="Proioxis">Proioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophasis" title="Prophasis">Prophasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soter_(daimon)" title="Soter (daimon)">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteria_(mythology)" title="Soteria (mythology)">Soteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasos" title="Thrasos">Thrasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a></li> <li>The Younger <a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Charites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucleia" title="Eucleia">Eucleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupheme_(deity)" title="Eupheme (deity)">Eupheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenia" title="Euthenia">Euthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philophrosyne" title="Philophrosyne">Philophrosyne</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Sky</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Anemoi" title="Anemoi">Anemoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurus" title="Eurus">Eurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notus" title="Notus">Notus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrape_and_Bronte" title="Astrape and Bronte">Astrape and Bronte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aura</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(mythology)" title="Hyades (mythology)">Hyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephele" title="Nephele">Nephele</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcyone_(Pleiad)" title="Alcyone (Pleiad)">Alcyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterope_(Pleiad)" title="Sterope (Pleiad)">Sterope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celaeno" title="Celaeno">Celaeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Pleiad)" title="Electra (Pleiad)">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia" title="Maia">Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merope_(Pleiad)" title="Merope (Pleiad)">Merope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygete" title="Taygete">Taygete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_(mythology)" title="Sirius (mythology)">Sirius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritopatores" title="Tritopatores">Tritopatores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despoina" title="Despoina">Despoina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunostus" title="Eunostus">Eunostus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opora_(mythology)" title="Opora (mythology)">Opora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomelus" title="Philomelus">Philomelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Plutus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceso" title="Aceso">Aceso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epione" title="Epione">Epione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaso" title="Iaso">Iaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygieia" title="Hygieia">Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea" title="Panacea">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesphorus_(mythology)" title="Telesphorus (mythology)">Telesphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Rustic <br />deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aetna_(nymph)" title="Aetna (nymph)">Aetna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agdistis" title="Agdistis">Agdistis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alseid" title="Alseid">Alseids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonis" title="Amphictyonis">Amphictyonis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anthousai" title="Anthousai">Anthousai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus" title="Aristaeus">Aristaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Auloniad" title="Auloniad">Auloniads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britomartis" title="Britomartis">Britomartis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cabeiri" title="Cabeiri">Cabeiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comus" title="Comus">Comus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dryad" title="Dryad">Dryades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erato_(dryad)" title="Erato (dryad)">Erato</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hamadryad" title="Hamadryad">Hamadryades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopeleia" title="Chrysopeleia">Chrysopeleia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Epimeliad" title="Epimeliad">Epimeliades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecaterus" title="Hecaterus">Hecaterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuce_(mythology)" title="Leuce (mythology)">Leuce</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenades</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Meliae" title="Meliae">Meliae</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nymphai_Hyperboreioi" title="Nymphai Hyperboreioi">Nymphai Hyperboreioi</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oread" title="Oread">Oreads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrasteia" title="Adrasteia">Adrasteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyllene_(nymph)" title="Cyllene (nymph)">Cyllene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(mythology)" title="Echo (mythology)">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helice_(mythology)" title="Helice (mythology)">Helice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iynx" title="Iynx">Iynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomia_(mythology)" title="Nomia (mythology)">Nomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenone_(nymph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oenone (nymph)">Oenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitys_(mythology)" title="Pitys (mythology)">Pitys</a></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pegasides" title="Pegasides">Pegasides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapso" title="Rhapso">Rhapso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telete" title="Telete">Telete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexiares_and_Anicetus" title="Alexiares and Anicetus">Alexiares and Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphroditus" title="Aphroditus">Aphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arke" title="Arke">Arke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxesia_(Greek_mythology)" title="Auxesia (Greek mythology)">Auxesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enodia" title="Enodia">Enodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyalius" title="Enyalius">Enyalius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestra_(mythology)" title="Palaestra (mythology)">Palaestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanes" title="Phanes">Phanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipolis_(god)" title="Sosipolis (god)">Sosipolis</a></li></ul> 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