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Lethe (daughter of Eris) - Wikipedia
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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Figure in Greek mythology</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Wandschneider_-_Lethe_(Modell).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wilhelm_Wandschneider_-_Lethe_%28Modell%29.JPG/220px-Wilhelm_Wandschneider_-_Lethe_%28Modell%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wilhelm_Wandschneider_-_Lethe_%28Modell%29.JPG/330px-Wilhelm_Wandschneider_-_Lethe_%28Modell%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wilhelm_Wandschneider_-_Lethe_%28Modell%29.JPG/440px-Wilhelm_Wandschneider_-_Lethe_%28Modell%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="3100" /></a><figcaption>Lethe</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <b>Lethe</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Λήθη</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Forgetfulness, Oblivion')<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the personification of forgetfulness and oblivion. According to Hesiod's <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i>, Lethe was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a> (Strife), with no father mentioned. Her name was also given to <a href="/wiki/Lethe" title="Lethe">Lethe</a>, the river of oblivion in the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like all of the children of Eris, as given by Hesiod, Lethe is a personified abstraction, allegorizing the meaning of her name, and representing one of the many harmful things which might be thought to result from discord and strife, with no other identity.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman mythographer <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a> has the equivalent personification of the meaning of the Latin word <i>oblivio</i> (oblivion, forgetfulness)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the offspring of Ether [<i>Aether</i>] and Earth [<i>Terra</i>].<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meaning of the Greek <i>lethe</i> may have been influenced by the Greek word <i>aletheia</i>, meaning truth.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_sources">Literary sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lethe_(daughter_of_Eris)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Literary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fragment from one of the plays of <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> describes Lethe as "dumb, speechless", and "deprived of all things".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lethe became associated with the personifications Death (<a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a>) and Sleep (<a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Orphic_Hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphic Hymn">Orphic Hymn</a> to Sleep, has Sleep being a "true brother" to Death and Oblivion [Lethe],<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>, has the Latin equivalent Oblivio [Forgetfullness] as one of the guards at the entrance to the halls of Sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> literature, Lethe became a counterpart of Mneme [Μνήμη] the personification of memory, who was more or less identical to the Titan <a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greek_Anthology" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greek Anthology">The Greek Anthology</a></i> (10.67) has: </p> <dl><dd>Memory [Μνήμη] and Oblivion, [Λήθη] all hail! Memory I say in the case of good things, and Oblivion in the case of evil.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Mnemosyne played an important role in Orphic <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>, where it was her "work" to remind the soul of the initiate what must be done in the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Orphic Hymn to Mnemosyne, the goddess is invoked to combat oblivion (lethe). Mnemosyne is contrasted with "evil oblivion (lethe) that harms the mind", and called upon to "stir" in the minds of the initiates "the memory of the sacred rite", and to "ward off oblivion from them".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lethe and Mnemosyne were also paired at the oracle of <a href="/wiki/Trophonios" class="mw-redirect" title="Trophonios">Trophonios</a> at <a href="/wiki/Livadeia" title="Livadeia">Livadeia</a>. The geographer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, tells us that, before consulting the oracle, one had to drink from the fountain of Lethe to clear one's mind, and afterwards drink from the fountain of Mnemosyne to remember what the oracle says.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lethe, as a daughter of Eris, had a negative connotation, which can be seen from her association with Death, and as the "evil" counterpart of Mneme/Mnemosyne. However Lethe's association with Sleep might perhaps also imply a positive aspect, similar to that of Sleep who is said to "free us of cares" and "offer sweet respite from toil".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the sepulchral <a href="/wiki/Epigrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigrams">epigrams</a> from the seventh book of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greek_Anthology" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greek Anthology">The Greek Anthology</a></i>, apparently an inscription from the "tomb of Teos", mentions a "Lethe". The epigram has Teos as dwelling in the "House of Lethe" in the Underworld, possibly a reference to the daughter of Eris, and her residence there.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lethe_(daughter_of_Eris)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forgetfulness (Most, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml">p. 21</a>; Gantz, p. 10; Caldwell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater">p. 42 on 212–232</a>), Oblivion (Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31">p. 31</a>); compare with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Greek_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cambridge Greek Lexicon">The Cambridge Greek Lexicon</a></i> s.v. λήθη 6, which gives: "Lethe, Forgetfulness, Neglect".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimal, s.v. Lethe; Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DL%3Aentry+group%3D12%3Aentry%3Dlethe-bio-1">s.v. Lethe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> 226–227 (Caldwell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater">p. 43</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31">p. 31</a>; Gantz, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary</i>, s.v. oblivio.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hyginus_(Fabulae)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyginus (Fabulae)">Hyginus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latin.packhum.org/loc/1263/1/0#0">pr. 3.2</a> (Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 95 Theogony 3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, p. 231 on 227 Λήθην; <i><a href="/wiki/LSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="LSJ">LSJ</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da)lh%2Fqeia">s.v. ἀλήθεια</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-fragments_known_plays/1996/pb_LCL483.321.xml">fr. 670</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimal, s.v. Lethe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Athanassakis and Wolkow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/216/mode/2up">216–217</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Hymns" title="Orphic Hymns">Orphic Hymns</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/64/mode/2up">85.8</a>. While the <i>Hymn</i> has Lethe as a sister of Sleep and Death, Hesiod's genealogy (<i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml">211–212, 224–226</a>) makes her their niece.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thebaid" title="Thebaid">Thebaid</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statiuswithengli02statuoft/page/326/mode/2up">10.89–90</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e807520">s.v. Mneme</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greek_Anthology" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greek Anthology">The Greek Anthology</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_anthology_10/1918/pb_LCL085.37.xml">10.67</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Athanassakis and Wolkow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/206/mode/2up">p. 207</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Athanassakis and Wolkow, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/206/mode/2up">207</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/217/mode/2up">217 on line 8</a>; West, p. 231 on 227 Λήθην; <i>Orphic Hymns</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/60/mode/2up">77.3–10</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Athanassakis and Wolkow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/206/mode/2up">p. 207</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.39.8">9.39.8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Athanassakis and Wolkow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/217/mode/2up">p. 217 on line 8</a>; <i>Orphic Hymns</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/64/mode/2up">85.5</a>. Compare with <i>Orphic Hymns</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/216/mode/2up">3.6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greek_Anthology" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greek Anthology">The Greek Anthology</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_anthology_7/1917/pb_LCL068.17.xml">7.25</a> [= <a href="/wiki/Simonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonides">Simonides</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/simonides-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.579.xml">fr. LXVII Loeb</a> = 184 Bergk = 126 Diehl] (see <i>Greek Lyric, Volume III</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL476/1991/pb_LCL476.611.xml">p. 610</a>). The epigram is ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Simonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonides">Simonides</a>, but is "likely" spurious, see Campbell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/simonides-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.519.xml">pp. 519–520</a>. Grimal, p. 494, associates this mention of "Lethe" ("<a href="/wiki/Palatine_Anthology" title="Palatine Anthology">Anth. Pal.</a> 7.25") with the daughter of Eris; while <i><a href="/wiki/LSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="LSJ">LSJ</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dlh%2Fqh">s.v. λήθη</a>, gives the same passage ("'Λήθης δόμοι' Simon.184.6") as an example of the use of the word "lethe" to mean "of <i>a place of oblivion</i> in the lower world".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lethe_(daughter_of_Eris)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolos_Athanassakis" title="Apostolos Athanassakis">Athanassakis, Apostolos N.</a>, and Benjamin M. Wolkow, <i>The Orphic Hymns</i>, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0882-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0882-8">978-1-4214-0882-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>Caldwell, Richard, <i>Hesiod's Theogony</i>, Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941051-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941051-00-2">978-0-941051-00-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Greek_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cambridge Greek Lexicon">The Cambridge Greek Lexicon</a></i>, edited by J. Diggle <i>et al</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2021 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82680-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82680-8">978-0-521-82680-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Gantz" title="Timothy Gantz">Gantz, Timothy</a>, <i>Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources</i>, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5360-9">978-0-8018-5360-9</a> (Vol. 1), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5362-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5362-3">978-0-8018-5362-3</a> (Vol. 2).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greek_Anthology" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greek Anthology">The Greek Anthology</a>, Volume II: Book 7: Sepulchral Epigrams. Book 8: The Epigrams of St. Gregory the Theologian</i>, translated by W. R. Paton, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 68, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1917. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99075-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99075-3">978-0-674-99075-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL068/1917/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greek_Anthology" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greek Anthology">The Greek Anthology</a>, Volume IV: Book 10: The Hortatory and Admonitory Epigrams. Book 11: The Convivial and Satirical Epigrams. Book 12: Strato's Musa Puerilis</i>, translated by W. R. Paton, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 85, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1918. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99094-4">978-0-674-99094-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL085/1918/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li>Grimal, Pierre, <i>The Dictionary of Classical Mythology</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20102-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20102-1">978-0-631-20102-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>Hard, Robin, <i>The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"</i>, Psychology Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415186360" title="Special:BookSources/9780415186360">9780415186360</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC">Google Books</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus, Gaius Julius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a></i> in <i>Apollodorus' </i>Library<i> and Hyginus' </i>Fabulae<i>: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology, Translated, with Introductions by R. Scott Smith and Stephen M. Trzaskoma</i>, Hackett Publishing Company, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-821-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-821-6">978-0-87220-821-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus, Gaius Julius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latin.packhum.org/loc/1263/1/0#0">Latin text at packhum.org</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Most, G.W.</a>, <i>Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia,</i> Edited and translated by Glenn W. Most, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99720-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99720-2">978-0-674-99720-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL057/2018/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Liddell" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry George Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Robert Scott</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek-English_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="A Greek-English Lexicon">A Greek-English Lexicon</a></i>, revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie, <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a> Oxford, 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=E61EDD48E4F1A22F839AA4DC149C0955?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0057">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <i>Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.</i> Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <i>Republic, Volume II: Books 6-10</i>, edited and translated by Christopher Emlyn-Jones, William Preddy, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 276, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99651-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99651-9">978-0-674-99651-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL276/2013/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><i>The Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary</i>, edited by James Morwood, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-864227-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-864227-X">0-19-864227-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i>, London (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0104">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <i>Fragments</i>, edited and translated by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lloyd-Jones" title="Hugh Lloyd-Jones">Hugh Lloyd-Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 483. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99532-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99532-1">978-0-674-99532-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL483/1996/pb_LCL483.v.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>, <i>Statius with an English Translation by J. H. Mozley</i>, Volume II, <i>Thebaid</i>, Books V–XII, <i>Achilleid</i>, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 207, London: William Heinemann, Ltd., New York: G. P. Putnamm's Sons, 1928. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674992283" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674992283">978-0674992283</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/statiuswithengli02statuoft#page/n9/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonides">Simonides</a>, <i>Greek Lyric, Volume III: Stesichorus, Ibycus, Simonides, and Others</i>, edited and translated by David A. Campbell, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 476, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99525-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99525-3">978-0-674-99525-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL476/1991/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li>Walde, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e807520">s.v. Mneme</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/package/bnpo"><i>Brill’s New Pauly Online</i></a>, Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and, Helmuth Schneider, English Edition by: Christine F. Salazar, Classical Tradition volumes edited by: Manfred Landfester, English Edition by: Francis G. Gentry, published online: 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> (1966), <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814169-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814169-6">0-19-814169-6</a>.</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐84749c7844‐gv8b4 Cached time: 20250207194541 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.346 seconds Real time usage: 0.465 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3920/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 15667/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3017/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 48802/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.195/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15439076/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 345.040 1 -total 38.04% 131.265 17 Template:ISBN 36.94% 127.454 1 Template:Langx 23.80% 82.131 17 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 16.90% 58.325 1 Template:Short_description 10.28% 35.468 2 Template:Pagetype 5.59% 19.284 1 Template:Reflist 5.44% 18.759 51 Template:Yesno-no 4.58% 15.815 68 Template:Yesno 4.54% 15.652 20 Template:Main_other --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:77729044:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250207194541 and revision id 1273732990. 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