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id="toc-Statue,_temple,_and_feast_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statue,_temple,_and_feast_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Statue, temple, and feast day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statue,_temple,_and_feast_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eleusinian_procession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eleusinian_procession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Eleusinian procession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eleusinian_procession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Lenaea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lenaea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Lenaea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lenaea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Delphi?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Delphi?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>At Delphi?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Delphi?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name_and_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_and_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Name and origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_and_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_with_Dionysus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_with_Dionysus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Identification with Dionysus</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Якх – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Якх" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacus" title="Iacus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iacus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iakchos" title="Iakchos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iakchos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ίακχος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίακχος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaco" title="Yaco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yaco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3" title="یاکخوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یاکخوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacchos" title="Iacchos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iacchos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacco" title="Iacco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iacco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iakkhosz" title="Iakkhosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iakkhosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iakkhos" title="Iakkhos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Iakkhos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iakchos" title="Iakchos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iakchos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaco" title="Iaco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iaco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Иакх – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иакх" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Јакхо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јакхо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakho" title="Jakho – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jakho" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iakkhos" title="Iakkhos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iakkhos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iakkhos" title="Iakkhos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iakkhos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0akhos" title="İakhos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İakhos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Іакх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іакх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E9%98%BF%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF" title="伊阿科斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊阿科斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythology</a>, <b>Iacchus</b> (also <b>Iacchos</b>, <b>Iakchos</b>) (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἴακχος</span>) was a minor deity, of some cultic importance, particularly at Athens and Eleusis in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusinian mysteries">Eleusinian mysteries</a>, but without any significant mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He perhaps originated as the personification of the ritual exclamation <i>Iacche!</i> cried out during the Eleusinian procession from Athens to Eleusis.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was often identified with <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, perhaps because of the resemblance of the names <i>Iacchus</i> and <i>Bacchus</i>, another name for Dionysus. By various accounts he was a son of <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> (or apparently her husband), or a son of <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>, identical with <a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Dionysus Zagreus</a>, or a son of Dionysus. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> countryside, deserted by the Greeks, was being laid waste by the Persians, a ghostly procession was supposed to have been seen advancing from Eleusis, crying out “Iacchus”. This miraculous event was interpreted as a sign of the eventual Greek victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a> (480 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iacchus was also possibly involved in an Eleusinian myth in which the old woman <a href="/wiki/Baubo" title="Baubo">Baubo</a>, by exposing her genitals, cheered up the mourning Demeter. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cult">Cult</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iacchus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iacchus was one of the deities, along with <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> and Kore (<a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>), worshipped as part of the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The late 1st-century BC geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> called him the <i>ἀρχηγέτην</i> ("leader-in-chief" or "founder") "of the mysteries".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statue,_temple,_and_feast_day"><span id="Statue.2C_temple.2C_and_feast_day"></span>Statue, temple, and feast day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iacchus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Statue, temple, and feast day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pompeion_in_Kerameikos_Cemetery_on_March_1,_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_Pompeion_in_Kerameikos_Cemetery_on_March_1%2C_2021.jpg/220px-The_Pompeion_in_Kerameikos_Cemetery_on_March_1%2C_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_Pompeion_in_Kerameikos_Cemetery_on_March_1%2C_2021.jpg/330px-The_Pompeion_in_Kerameikos_Cemetery_on_March_1%2C_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_Pompeion_in_Kerameikos_Cemetery_on_March_1%2C_2021.jpg/440px-The_Pompeion_in_Kerameikos_Cemetery_on_March_1%2C_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of the Pompeion</figcaption></figure> <p>There was a statue of Iacchus kept in a temple at Athens. According to the 2nd-century AD geographer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, the statue held a torch and was by the Athenian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Praxiteles" title="Praxiteles">Praxiteles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A passage from <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs">The Frogs</a></i> (405 BC) suggests it wore a crown of myrtle.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pausanias, the statue was kept in a temple of Demeter located near the <a href="/wiki/Dipylon" title="Dipylon">Dipylon</a> gate, the main entrance to ancient Athens. The temple was perhaps the one that Plutarch referred to as the "so called Iaccheion".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearby was the Pompeion, the building which was the assembly point for the procession celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>. According to the 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> encyclopedia the <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i>, Iacchus was also the name of his "feast" day, presumably the day that Iacchus was carried to Eleusis as part of the Eleusinian procession.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eleusinian_procession">Eleusinian procession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iacchus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eleusinian procession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iacchus and his statue played an important part in the Eleusinian procession.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> referred to the procession as <i>ἐξαγόντων Ἴακχον</i> (“leading out Iacchus”).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 <a href="/wiki/Boedromion" class="mw-redirect" title="Boedromion">Boedromion</a> (probably), the statue of Iacchus was taken from its temple and carried as part of the procession of the participants in the Mysteries who walked from <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>, arriving on 20 Boedromion (corresponding to the 28th or 29 September).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the way, the participants in the procession would cry out the cultic exclamation, <i>Iacche!</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a special official associated with Iacchus and his statue called the <i>Ἰακχαγωγός</i> ('leader/bearer of Iacchus'), whose function presumably was to carry or accompany the statue of Iacchus during the procession.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Ἰακχαγωγός</i> is listed as one of the Eleusinian officials receiving an endowment (c. 160–170 AD),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appears in a list of Eleusinian priests given by the 2nd-century AD <a href="/wiki/Julius_Pollux" title="Julius Pollux">Julius Pollux</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had a reserved seat in the <i>prohedria</i> ("seats in front") of the <a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Dionysus" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater of Dionysus">Theater of Dionysus</a> at Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An incumbent of the office (126/7 AD) is mentioned on four dedications.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A parody of the Eleusinian procession appears in Aristophanes' comedy <i><a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs">The Frogs</a></i>, set in <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> (the underworld).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There a chorus of dead mystics, singing and dancing in procession, chant their "hymn to Iacchus": "O Iacchus, Iacchus O!", and sing, </p> <dl><dd>Iacchus, here abiding in temples most reverend,</dd> <dd>Iacchus, O Iacchus,</dd> <dd>come to dance in this meadow;</dd> <dd>to your holy mystic bands</dd> <dd>Shake the leafy crown</dd> <dd>around your head, brimming</dd> <dd>with myrtle,</dd> <dd>Boldly stomp your feet in time</dd> <dd>to the wild fun-loving rite,</dd> <dd>with full share of the Graces, the holy dance, sacred</dd> <dd>to your mystics.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>and, </p> <dl><dd>Awake, for it has come tossing torches in hand,</dd> <dd>Iacchos, Oh Iacchos,</dd> <dd>the light-bringing star of our nocturnal rite.</dd> <dd>Now the meadow brightly burns</dd> <dd>Old men's knees start to sway.</dd> <dd>They shake away their pains</dd> <dd>and the long cycles of ancient years</dd> <dd>Through your holy rite.</dd> <dd>Beaming with your torch,</dd> <dd>lead forth to the flowering stretch of marsh</dd> <dd>the youth that makes your choruses, o blessed one!<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>and, </p> <dl><dd>Now then</dd> <dd>Summon the god of the hour with your songs</dd> <dd>the partner of this dance of ours.</dd> <dd>Iacchus, honored by all, deviser of our festal song</dd> <dd>most sweet, follow us here</dd> <dd>to the goddess and show us how</dd> <dd>you travel a long road with ease.</dd> <dd>Iacchus, lover of the dance, lead me onward,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Lenaea">The Lenaea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iacchus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Lenaea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iacchus also played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Lenaia" title="Lenaia">Lenaia</a>, the winter <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Athenian festival of Dionysus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the scholiast on the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs">Frogs</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, participants at the Lenaia responded to the command to "Invoke the god" with the invocation, "Hail, Iacchos, son of Semele, thou giver of wealth."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the scholiast, the command to call on the god was proclaimed by the <a href="/wiki/Daduchos" title="Daduchos">Daduchos</a>, a high Eleusinian official <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_Delphi?"><span id="At_Delphi.3F"></span>At Delphi?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iacchus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: At Delphi?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The name Iacchus—identified with Dionysus—was also possibly associated with cultic ritual at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles_play)" title="Antigone (Sophocles play)">Antigone</a></i>, referring to nocturnal rites occurring on Mount Parnassus above Delphi, contains the invocation: </p><blockquote><p>O Leader of the chorus of the stars whose breath is fire, overseer of the chants in the night, son begotten of Zeus, appear, my king, with your attendant Thyiads, who in night-long frenzy dance and sing you as Iacchus the Giver!<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_origin">Name and origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iacchus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Name and origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iacchus seems to have originated as the personification of the cultic exclamation, <i>Iacche</i>, cried out by participants during the Eleusinian procession,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the exclamation itself, having apparently derived from <i>ιαχή</i> ("cry"), <i>ιάχω</i> ("to cry").<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that the cry "iacche’’ over time came to be interpreted as the vocative form of a name "Iacchus".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to being the cultic cry, "iacchus" was also a term for a kind of song or hymn of worship, possibly unassociated with the god.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_with_Dionysus">Identification with Dionysus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iacchus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Identification with Dionysus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iacchus is associated with Dionysus at least as early as the 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association may have arisen because of the homophony of the names Iacchus and Bacchus, one of the names of Dionysus. Two <a href="/wiki/Black-figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-figure">black-figure</a> <a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">lekythoi</a> (c. 500 BC) may represent the earliest evidence for such an association. The nearly-identical vases, one in Berlin<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the other in Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depict Dionysus along with the inscription <i>IAKXNE</i>, a possible miswriting of <i>IAKXE</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More certain early evidence can be found in the works of the 5th-century BC Athenian tragedians <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigone (Sophocles)">Antigone</a></i> (c. 441 BC), an ode to Dionysus begins by addressing Dionysus as the "God of many names" (<i>πολυώνυμε</i>), who rules over the glens of Demeter's Eleusis, and ends by identifying him with "Iacchus the Giver", who leads "the chorus of the stars whose breath is fire" and whose "attendant Thyiads" dance in "night-long frenzy".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And in a fragment from a lost play, Sophocles describes <a href="/wiki/Nysa_(mythology)" title="Nysa (mythology)">Nysa</a>, Dionysus' traditional place of nurture: "From here I caught sight of Nysa, haunt of Bacchus, famed among mortals, which Iacchus of the bull's horns counts as his beloved nurse".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">Bacchae</a></i> (c. 405 BC), a messenger, describing the Bacchic revelries on mount <a href="/wiki/Cithaeron" title="Cithaeron">Cithaeron</a>, associates Iacchus with <a href="/wiki/Bromius" title="Bromius">Bromius</a>, another of the names of Dionysus, saying, they "began to wave the thyrsos ... calling on Iacchus, the son of Zeus, Bromius, with united voice."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An inscription found on a stone <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> (c. 340 BC), found at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, contains a paean to Dionysus, which describes the travels of Dionysus to various locations in Greece where he was honored.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, where he was born, he first went to <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> where he displayed his "starry body", and with "Delphian girls" took his "place on the folds of Parnassus",<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then next to <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>, where he is called "Iacchus": </p> <dl><dd>And in your hand brandishing your night-</dd> <dd>lighting flame, with god-possessed frenzy</dd> <dd>you went to the vales of Eleusis</dd> <dd>...</dd> <dd>where the whole people of Hellas'</dd> <dd>land, alongside your own native witnesses</dd> <dd>of the holy mysteries, calls upon you</dd> <dd>as Iacchus: for mortals from their pains</dd> <dd>you have opened a haven without toils.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> says that Greeks "give the name 'Iacchus' not only to Dionysus but also to the leader-in-chief of the mysteries".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the identification of Iacchus with Dionysus in an <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a> context see <i>Orphic Hymn</i> 42.4, 49.3.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dionysus_Zagreus">Dionysus Zagreus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iacchus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dionysus Zagreus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In particular Iacchus was identified with <a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Dionysus Zagreus</a>, who was a son of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and Persephone.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a> Dionysus was, as an infant, attacked and dismembered by the Titans, but later reborn as Dionysus, the wine-god son of Zeus and <a href="/wiki/Semele" title="Semele">Semele</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>, the first king of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>. As noted above, Sophocles mentions "Iacchus of the bull's horns", and according to the 1st-century BC historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, it was this older Dionysus who was represented in painting and sculpture with horns, because he “excelled in sagacity and was the first to attempt the yoking of oxen and by their aid to effect the sowing of the seed”.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, the 2nd-century Greek historian, wrote that it was to this Dionysus, the son of Zeus and Persephone, "not the Theban Dionysus, that the mystic chant ‘Iacchus’ is sung".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And the 2nd-century poet <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> refers to the "dismemberment of Iacchus".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonnus">Nonnus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iacchus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nonnus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 4th- or 5th-century poet <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, associates the name Iacchus with a "third" Dionysus.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He describes the Athenian celebrations given to the first <a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Dionysus Zagreus</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>, the second Dionysus <a href="/wiki/Bromios" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromios">Bromios</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Semele" title="Semele">Semele</a>, and the third Dionysus Iacchus: </p> <dl><dd>They [the Athenians] honoured him as a god next after the son of Persephoneia, and after Semele's son; they established sacrifices for Dionysos late born and Dionysos first born, and third they chanted a new hymn for Iacchos. In these three celebrations Athens held high revel; in the dance lately made, the Athenians beat the step in honour of Zagreus and Bromios and Iacchos all together.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herodotus'_"Iacchus""><span id="Herodotus.27_.22Iacchus.22"></span>Herodotus' "Iacchus"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iacchus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Herodotus' "Iacchus""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possibly the oldest testimony related to Iacchus, is given by the 5th-century Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Herodotus, Dicaeus an Athenian exile told the story that, he and the former <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> king <a href="/wiki/Demaratus" title="Demaratus">Demaratus</a>, who had become an advisor to the Persian king <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>, witnessed a miraculous event which Dicaeus interpreted as predicting the defeat of the Persian fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a> (480 BC), during the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a>: </p> <dl><dd>Dicaeus son of Theocydes, an Athenian exile who had become important among the Medes, said that at the time when the land of Attica was being laid waste by Xerxes' army and there were no Athenians in the country, he was with Demaratus the Lacedaemonian on the Thriasian plain and saw advancing from Eleusis a cloud of dust as if raised by the feet of about thirty thousand men. They marvelled at what men might be raising such a cloud of dust and immediately heard a cry. The cry seemed to be the “Iacchus” of the mysteries, and when Demaratus, ignorant of the rites of Eleusis, asked him what was making this sound, Dicaeus said, “Demaratus, there is no way that some great disaster will not befall the king's army. Since Attica is deserted, it is obvious that this voice is divine and comes from Eleusis to help the Athenians and their allies. If it descends upon the Peloponnese, the king himself and his army on the mainland will be endangered. If, however, it turns towards the ships at Salamis, the king will be in danger of losing his fleet. Every year the Athenians observe this festival for the Mother and the Maiden, and any Athenian or other Hellene who wishes is initiated. The voice which you hear is the ‘Iacchus’ they cry at this festival.” To this Demaratus replied, “Keep silent and tell this to no one else. If these words of yours are reported to the king, you will lose your head, and neither I nor any other man will be able to save you, so be silent. The gods will see to the army.” Thus he advised, and after the dust and the cry came a cloud, which rose aloft and floated away towards Salamis to the camp of the Hellenes. In this way they understood that Xerxes' fleet was going to be destroyed. Dicaeus son of Theocydes used to say this, appealing to Demaratus and others as witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>However, while the "cloud of dust" and the ritual cry "Iacchus" are apparent references to the Eleusinian procession, no explicit reference is made by Herodotus to Iacchus' statue, nor in fact to the god himself— either here or elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have taken this passage as evidence that, for Herodotus, Iacchus was not yet a god.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This story, associating Iacchus with such an important Greek victory, presumably led to an increase in his fame, popularity and importance throughout Greece,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so conceivably, helped to establish Iacchus as a god. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iacchus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Genealogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iacchus, when identified with Dionysus, as he was at the <a href="/wiki/Lenaia" title="Lenaia">Lenaia</a> in Athens (see above), was considered to be the son of Zeus and Semele,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when identified with <a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Dionysus Zagreus</a>, was considered to be the son <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and Persephone.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, several sources associate Iacchus (or Dionysus/Iacchus) with Demeter, either explicitly or implicitly, as her son.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest such source, a 4th-century BC vase fragment at Oxford, shows Demeter holding the child Dionysus on her lap.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> tells us about a "second Dionysus" (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Dionysus Zagreus</a>) who "the writers of myths relate, was born to Zeus by Persephonê, though some say it was Demeter".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1st-century BC, Demeter suckling Iacchus had become such a commonplace, that the Latin poet <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a> could use it as an apparently recognizable example of a lover's euphemism.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A scholiast on the 2nd-century AD <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Aristides" title="Aelius Aristides">Aristides</a>, explicitly names Demeter as Iacchus' mother.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By other accounts apparently, Iacchus was the husband of Demeter.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And according to <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, Iacchus was the son of Dionysus and the nymph <a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aura</a>, who was the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lelantos" title="Lelantos">Lelantos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oceanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanid">Oceanid</a> <a href="/wiki/Periboea" title="Periboea">Periboia</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>?).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_anasyrma_of_Baubo">The <i>anasyrma</i> of Baubo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iacchus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The anasyrma of Baubo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iacchus was possibly involved in an Eleusinian myth concerning Demeter.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the abduction by <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> of her daughter <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>, Demeter visits Eleusis. Because she is in mourning for her lost daughter, Demeter refuses the offered hospitality of her Eleusinian hosts. Nevertheless, she is somehow made to laugh, and breaking her fast, finally accepts the offered food and drink. There are two versions of the story. In the earliest version, given in the <i><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric Hymn">Homeric Hymn</a> to Demeter</i>, an old servant woman <a href="/wiki/Iambe" title="Iambe">Iambe</a> makes Demeter laugh by telling her obscene jokes. In an apparent later <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a> version of the story, the old woman <a href="/wiki/Baubo" title="Baubo">Baubo</a> makes Demeter laugh by lifting her skirts (an <i><a href="/wiki/Anasyrma" title="Anasyrma">anasyrma</a></i>) thereby exposing her genitals. One account of this second version, suggests the possible involvement of Iacchus.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2nd-century <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian apologist">Christian apologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, in giving an account of this story, attributes the following lines of verse to <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>: </p> <dl><dd>This said, she drew aside her robes, and showed</dd> <dd>A sight of shame; child Iacchus was there,</dd> <dd>And laughing, plunged his hand below her breasts.</dd> <dd>Then smiled the goddess, in her heart she smiled,</dd> <dd>And drank the draught from out the glancing cup.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iacchus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graf 2005, "Iacchus"; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA134">p. 134</a>; Grimal, s.v. Iacchus, p. 224; Tripp, s.v. Iacchus; Rose, <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> s.v. Iacchus; Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DI%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Diacchus-bio-1">s.v. Iacchus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare with <a href="/wiki/Hymenaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymenaios">Hymenaios</a>, whose name derived from a traditional wedding-cry, see Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA223">p. 223</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.65">8.65</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jiménez San Cristóbal 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA125">p. 125</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.3.10">10.3.10</a>; Farnell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cultsofgreekstat03farnuoft#page/n167/mode/2up">p. 146</a>. However Farnell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cultsofgreekstat03farnuoft#page/n169/mode/2up">p. 148</a>, arguing that Iacchus was a late addition to the Eleusinian Mysteries, discounts Iacchus as "founder of the mysteries" saying: "if Strabo, in styling [Iacchus] the ἀρχηγέτης τῶν μυστηρίων, means more than that he led the mystae down the saced way to the mystic shrine, we need not be influenced by Strabo against better evidence."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.4">1.2.4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.37.4">1.37.4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mylonas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/princeton?id=syzWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253">p. 253</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs">Frogs</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0019.tlg009.perseus-eng1:323-336">323–330</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jiménez San Cristóbal 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA129">pp. 129–130</a>; Graf 2005, "Iacchus"; Mylonas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/princeton?id=syzWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253">pp. 253–254</a>; Farnell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cultsofgreekstat03farnuoft#page/n167/mode/2up">p. 147</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Aristides</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg024.perseus-eng1:27.3">27.3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a>, s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=iota,16">Ἴακχος (iota,16)</a>; Rose, <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> s.v. Iacchus; Harrison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/prolegomenatostu00harr#page/542/mode/2up">p. 542</a>; Farnell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cultsofgreekstat03farnuoft#page/n167/mode/2up">p. 147</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jiménez San Cristóbal 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA125">p. 125</a>; Versnel, p. 25; Kerényi 1967, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ds1Wg01wzeYC&pg=PA62">pp. 62–66</a>; Mylonas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/princeton?id=syzWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252">pp. 252–258</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Themistocles</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg010.perseus-eng1:15.1">15.1</a>; Graf 2005, "Iacchus". See also Plutarch, <i>Camillus</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg011.perseus-eng1:19.6">19.6</a>, <i>Alcibiades</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg015.perseus-eng1:34.3">34.3</a>, <i>Phocion</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg049.perseus-eng1:28.1">28.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leaving Athens on 19th Boedromion, and arriving in Eleusis on the 20th, are the most likely dates for the procession, see Jiménez San Cristóbal 2012, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA125">125</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA129">129</a>; Versnel, p. 25; Kerényi 1967, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ds1Wg01wzeYC&pg=PA62">p. 62</a>; Mylonas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/princeton?id=syzWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252">p. 252</a>; Dow, pp. 113–115; Farnell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cultsofgreekstat03farnuoft#page/n167/mode/2up">p. 147 n. a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Athanassakis and Wolkow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA149">p. 149</a>; Graf 2005, "Iacchus"; Farnell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cultsofgreekstat03farnuoft#page/n167/mode/2up">p. 147</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.65">8.65</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_of_Alexander" title="Anabasis of Alexander">Anabasis of Alexander</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/arrian-anabasis_alexander/1976/pb_LCL236.181.xml?rskey=NlzLtT&result=1&mainRsKey=nBdH9M">2.16.3</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs">Frogs</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0019.tlg009.perseus-eng1:316-322">316–336</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0019.tlg009.perseus-eng1:340-353">340–353</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0019.tlg009.perseus-eng1:396-398">396–404</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clinton 1974, p. 96; Farnell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wwyysmmnAUkC&pg=PA147">p. 147</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "Eleusinian endowment": <i><a href="/wiki/Inscriptiones_Graecae" title="Inscriptiones Graecae">Inscriptiones Graecae</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/3307?&bookid=5&location=1360">||<sup>2</sup> 1092.31</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pollux" title="Julius Pollux">Julius Pollux</a>, <i>Onomasticon</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/onomasticon01polluoft#page/n121/mode/2up">I 35</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Inscriptiones_Graecae" title="Inscriptiones Graecae">Inscriptiones Graecae</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/7348?&bookid=5&location=1360">II<sup>2</sup> 5044.2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Inscriptiones_Graecae" title="Inscriptiones Graecae">Inscriptiones Graecae</a></i> ||<sup>2</sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/6017?bookid=5&location=1360">3733.20–21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/6018?&bookid=5&location=1360">3734.1–3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/7069?bookid=5&location=1360">4771.11–12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/7070?bookid=5&location=1360">4772.7–9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Versnel, p. 24; Kerényi 1967, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ds1Wg01wzeYC&pg=PA9">p. 9</a>; Harrison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/prolegomenatostu00harr#page/540/mode/2up">pp. 540–541</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0019.tlg009.perseus-eng1:323-336">323–336</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0019.tlg009.perseus-eng1:340-353">340–353</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0019.tlg009.perseus-eng1:396-398">396–404</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guía, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">pp. 109–113</a>; Athanassakis and Wolkow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA149">p. 149</a>. Guía, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110">p. 110</a>, suggests that at the Lenaia, Iacchus, in addition to being a young man, and torchbearer, was possibly personified as a child, 'The son of Semele'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation by Farnell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9J0wnXWZmL8C&pg=PA149">p. 149</a> (citing scholiast on <i>Frogs</i> 482). See also Guía, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103">103</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">109</a>; Bowie, A. M., p. 233; Rose, <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> s.v. Iacchus; Versnel, p. 25; scholiast on <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs">Frogs</a></i> 479 (Rutherford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/scholiaaristopha01ruthuoft#page/332/mode/2up">p. 332</a>); <i>PMG</i> 879 (Page, p. 466).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Farnell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9J0wnXWZmL8C&pg=PA149">p. 149</a>; Guía, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103">p. 103</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guía, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">pp. 109–113</a>, which adds the qualification "at least in Attic tragedy" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110">p. 110</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles_play)" title="Antigone (Sophocles play)">Antigone</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0011.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1146-1154">1146–1154</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/prolegomenatostu00harr#page/413/mode/2up">p. 413</a>; Foucart, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lesmystresdl00foucuoft#page/110/mode/2up">pp. 110–113</a>; Persson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MN40011ucmf_0#page/n167/mode/2up">p. 151</a>; Guthrie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T0a749gm0IgC&pg=PA287">pp. 287–288</a>; Mylonas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/princeton?id=syzWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA238">p. 238</a>; Versnel, p. 26; Clinton 1974, p. 96; Grimal, s.v. Iacchus; Graf 2005, "Iaccus"; Athanassakis and Wolkow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA149">p. 149</a>; Guía, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA112">p. 112</a>, who asserts that "the figure of Iacchos probably originated in Athens as a ritual song or cry, not initially in relation to the mysteries and the Eleusinian festival, but in the context of the agricultural festivals of Dionysos".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Versnel, p. 27; Jiménez San Cristóbal 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA127">p. 127</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Versnel, p. 27; Encinas Reguero, p. 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jiménez San Cristóbal 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA128">p. 128</a>; Guía, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110">p. 110 n. 46</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> & <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*)%2Fiakxos"><i>s.v.</i> Ἴακχος</a>; <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=iota,16">Ἴακχος (iota,16)</a>. For example see <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trojan_Women" title="The Trojan Women">The Trojan Women</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg011.perseus-eng1:1226-1231">1230</a>: <i>νεκρῶν ἴακχον</i>, where <i>ἴακχον</i> is used to denote a <a href="/wiki/Threnody" title="Threnody">threnody</a>, a lament for the dead, thus Coleridge translates the line as "Wail for the dead"; <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclops_(play)" title="Cyclops (play)">Cyclops</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg001.perseus-eng1:63-81">68–71</a>, where the song "Iacchos Iacchos" is sung to Aphrodite; <i>Palamedes</i> fr. 586 Kannicht [<i>apud</i> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.3.13">10.3.13</a>] (= fr. 586 Nauck) (Collard and Cropp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.57.xml">pp. 56, 57</a>), where the word <i>ἰάκχοις</i>, translated by Collard and Cropp as "revel-cries", is used to refer to the sound of Dionysiac tambourines (<i>τυμπάνων</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jiménez San Cristóbal 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA125">p. 125</a>; Bowie, A. M., p. 232; Harrison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdJMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA540">pp. 540–542</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Antikensammlung_Berlin" title="Antikensammlung Berlin">Antikensammlung Berlin</a> F1961 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/1C4DA6AF-C361-4BE2-BD81-0CCBE7B2C1EA">Beazley Archive 302354</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Etruscan_Museum" title="National Etruscan Museum">National Etruscan Museum</a> 42884, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/C884C067-90A7-4F97-9E31-08D54C75039A">Beazley Archive 9017720</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Versnel, pp. 32 ff.; Bowie, A. M., p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jiménez San Cristóbal 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA127">p. 127</a>; Graf 2005, "Iacchus".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jiménez San Cristóbal 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA279">p. 279</a>, Bowie, A. M., pp. 232–233; Sophocles, <i>Antigone</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0011.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1115-1125">1115–1125</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0011.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1146-1154">1146–1154</a>; Versnel, pp. 23–24. Jebb, in his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0023%3Atext%3Dcomm%3Acommline%3D1146">note to line 1146 <b>χοράγ᾽ ἄστρων</b></a>, understands the Sophoclean use of the name "Iacchus" as specifically denoting the Eleusinian Dionysus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jiménez San Cristóbal 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA279">pp. 279–280</a>; Bowie, A. M., p. 233; <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, fragment 959 Radt (Lloyd-Jones, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-fragments_not_assignable_any_play/1996/pb_LCL483.415.xml">pp. 414, 415</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encinas Reguero, p. 350; Jiménez San Cristóbal 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA282">p. 282, with n. 41</a>; Bowie, A. M., p. 233; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">Bacchae</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg017.perseus-eng1:677-727">725</a>. Jiménez San Cristóbal also sees possible associations between Iacchus and Dionysus in Euripides: <i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(play)" title="Ion (play)">Ion</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg010.perseus-eng1:1074-1089">1074–1086</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trojan_Women" title="The Trojan Women">The Trojan Women</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg011.perseus-eng1:1226-1231">1230</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclops_(play)" title="Cyclops (play)">Cyclops</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg001.perseus-eng1:63-81">68–71</a>, and fr. 586 Kannicht (<i>apud</i> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.3.13">10.3.13</a>) = fr. 586 Nauck (Collard and Cropp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.57.xml">pp. 56, 57</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowie, E. L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Hymnic_Narrative_and_the_Narratology_of.html?id=7MVWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101">pp. 101–110</a>; Fantuzzi, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K73Tt_X1YaoC&pg=PA189">189</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K73Tt_X1YaoC&pg=PA190">190</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K73Tt_X1YaoC&pg=PA191">191</a>; PHI Greek Inscriptions, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/237910">BCH 19 (1895) 393</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">21–24, Bowie, E. L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Hymnic_Narrative_and_the_Narratology_of.html?id=7MVWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101">pp. 101–102</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">27–35, Bowie, E. L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Hymnic_Narrative_and_the_Narratology_of.html?id=7MVWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102">p. 102</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.3.10">10.3.10</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Athanassakis and Wolkow, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA37">37</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA41">41</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ff51JeXhHXUC&pg=PA358">p. 358</a>; Grimal, s.v. Iacchus; Tripp, s.v. Iacchus; Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DI%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Diacchus-bio-1">s.v. Iacchus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jiménez San Cristóbal 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA279">pp. 279–280</a>; <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4A*.html#4">4.4.2</a>, see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3E*.html#64">3.64.1–2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_of_Alexander" title="Anabasis of Alexander">Anabasis of Alexander</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/arrian-anabasis_alexander/1976/pb_LCL236.181.xml?rskey=NlzLtT&result=1&mainRsKey=nBdH9M">2.16.3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>, <i>De Saltatione</i> ("The Dance") 39 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lucianhar05luciuoft#page/250/mode/2up">Harmon, pp. 250, 251</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n61/mode/2up">1.26–28 I pp. 4, 5 with Rouse' note a</a>; Bernabé and García-Gasco, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLW9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">p. 109</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/492/mode/2up">48.962–968 III pp. 492, 493</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Versnel, p. 23; Kerényi 1967, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ds1Wg01wzeYC&pg=PA7">pp. 7–10</a>; Harrison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/prolegomenatostu00harr#page/542/mode/2up">p. 542</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.65">8.65</a>. Versnel describes the Herododean passage as the "oldest testimony". However, Encinas Reguero, p. 350, says only that it "could be the oldest". Though the event described by Herodotus supposedly took place prior to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a> in 480 BC, as Encinas Reguero points out, it is not known whether Herodotus wrote before or after the reference made to Iacchus in Sophocles' <i>Antigone</i> (c. 442–441 BC). Also possibly older testimony are the two lekythoi vases (c. 500 BC) mentioned above, as well as certain inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Berezan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a> ("possibly as early as the 6th century BC") noted by Jiménez San Cristóbal 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA127">p. 127</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.65">8.65</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Versnel, p. 23; Jiménez San Cristóbal 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA126">p. 126</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA127">p. 127</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jiménez San Cristóbal 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA127">p. 127</a>; see for example Foucart, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lesmystresdl00foucuoft#page/110/mode/2up">p. 110</a>: <i>Au temps des guerres médiques, il n'avait pas encore de personnalité, il désignait les chants et les acclamations poussées par le cortège des mystes, lorsqu'il se rendait d'Athènes a Éleusis. C'est le sens qu'il a très nettement dans le récit qu'Hérodote a fait du prodige qui annonça le désastre des Perses à Salamine. Dans la plaine déserte de Thria, un exilé athénien, au service du Grand Roi, aperçut un nuage de poussière, comme celui qu'aurait soulevé une troupe de trente mille hommes, et il entendit un grand bruit de cris qui lui semblèrent être le Iacchos mystique, xαί οἱ φαίνεσθαι τὴν φωνὴν εἶναι τὸν μυστιxὸν ἴαxχον.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mylonas, p. 255; Farnell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cultsofgreekstat03farnuoft#page/n167/mode/2up">p. 147</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholiast on <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs">Frogs</a></i> 479 (Rutherford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/scholiaaristopha01ruthuoft#page/332/mode/2up">p. 332</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ff51JeXhHXUC&pg=PA358">p. 358</a>; Grimal, s.v. Iacchus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcovich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nh8VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23">p. 23</a>; Parker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ff51JeXhHXUC&pg=PA358">p. 358</a>; Graf 1974, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDoL_7pzJhEC&pg=PA198">p. 198</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcovich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nh8VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23">p. 23</a>; Bianchi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxOeT0NWzwoC&pg=PA18">p. 18</a>; Graf 1974, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDoL_7pzJhEC&pg=PA198">p. 198</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a> at Oxford, Inv. 1956-355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3E*.html#64">3.64.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ff51JeXhHXUC&pg=PA358">p. 358 n. 139</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0550.phi001.perseus-eng1:4.1141-4.1191">4.1168–1169</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a>, <i>Adversus Gentes</i> (also called <i>Adversus Nationes</i>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thesevenbooksofa00arnouoft#page/n183/mode/2up">3.10 (p. 157)</a> referring to the Lucretius verse, lists "the full-breasted Cerses nursing Iaccus" as a sight "the mind longs" to see. Compare with <a href="/wiki/Photius" class="mw-redirect" title="Photius">Photius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dcthree.github.io/photios-images/#nanogallery/photios/pages/02_00215_0">s.v. Ἴακχος</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=iota,16">s.v. Ἴακχος (iota,16)</a>, which identify Iacchus with <i>Διόνυσος ἐπὶ τῷ μαστῷ</i> ('Dionysus at the breast').</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ff51JeXhHXUC&pg=PA358">p. 358 n. 139</a>; scholiast on <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Aristides" title="Aelius Aristides">Aristides</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6N1EAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA648">Vol. 3, p. 648 213, 18 Dindorf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA134">p. 134</a>; Grimal, s.v. Iacchus; Tripp, s.v. Iacchus; Rose, <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> s.v. Iacchus; scholiast on <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs">Frogs</a></i> 324 (Rutherford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/scholiaaristopha01ruthuoft#page/316/mode/2up">p. 316</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernabé and García-Gasco, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLW9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">p. 109</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n61/mode/2up">1.26–28 I pp. 4, 5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/442/mode/2up">48.245–247 III pp. 440–443</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/484/mode/2up">48.848–968 III pp. 484–493</a>. At 48.245–247, Nonnus seems to imply that Aura is the daughter of Lelantos by his wife Periboia, however at 1.27–28, he calls Aura the "daughter of Cybele".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcovich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nh8VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA20">pp. 20–27</a>; Olender, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_6qLgVl4uikC&pg=PA85">p. 85 ff.</a>; Athanassakis and Wolkow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA149">p. 149</a>; Kerényi 1951, pp. 242–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farnell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cultsofgreekstat03farnuoft#page/n167/mode/2up">pp. 147–148</a>, is dismisive of Iacchus' involvement, saying "It is of no importance that a late and reckless composer of an 'Orphic' hymn chooses to introduce him into the old Eleusinian myth of Baubo", noting that "the soundness of the text may be doubted, see Lobeck, <i>Aglaoph.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Protrepticus_(Clement)" title="Protrepticus (Clement)">Protrepticus</a></i> ["Exhortation to the Greeks"] (Butterworth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/clementofalexand00clem#page/42/mode/2up">pp. 42, 43</a> [= <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/126/mode/2up">Orphic fr. 52 Kern</a>]. For a discussion regarding the uncertainty of Clement's text, see Marcovich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nh8VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA20">pp. 20–27</a>. See also O'Higgins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QAcycx4DyoEC&pg=PA194">p. 194 n. 53</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iacchus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristides" title="Aristides">Aristides</a>, <i>Aristides ex recensione Guilielmi Dindorfii, Volume 3</i>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dindorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Dindorf">Wilhelm Dindorf</a>, Weidmann, G. Reimer, 1829. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001812297">Hathi Trust Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs"><i>Frogs</i></a>, Matthew Dillon, Ed., Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Aristoph.+Frogs">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius of Sicca</a>, <i>The Seven Books of Arnobius Adversus Gentes</i>, translated by Archibald Hamilton Bryce and Hugh Campbell, Edinburg: T. & T. Clark. 1871. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thesevenbooksofa00arnouoft#page/n9/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_of_Alexander" title="Anabasis of Alexander">Anabasis of Alexander</a>, Volume I: Books 1–4</i>, translated by P. A. Brunt. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 236. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1976. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99260-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99260-3">978-0-674-99260-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL236/1976/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolos_Athanassakis" title="Apostolos Athanassakis">Athanassakis, Apostolos N.</a>, and Benjamin M. Wolkow, <i>The Orphic Hymns</i>, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0882-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0882-8">978-1-4214-0882-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC">Google Books</a>.</li> <li>Bernabé and García-Gasco, "Nonnus and Dionysiac-Orphic Religion" in <i>Brill’s Companion to Nonnus of Panopolis</i>, editor Domenico Accorinti, BRILL, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004310698" title="Special:BookSources/9789004310698">9789004310698</a>.</li> <li>Bowie, A. M., <i>Aristophanes: Myth, Ritual and Comedy</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521440122" title="Special:BookSources/0521440122">0521440122</a>.</li> <li>Bowie, E. L., "Time and Place, Narrative and Speech in Philicus, Philodams and Limenius" in <i>Hymnic Narrative and the Narratology of Greek Hymns</i>, edited by Andrew Faulkner, Owen Hodkinson, BRILL, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004289512" title="Special:BookSources/9789004289512">9789004289512</a>.</li> <li>Collard, Christopher and Martin Cropp (2008b), <i>Euripides Fragments: Oedipus-Chrysippus: Other Fragments</i>, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 506. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99631-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99631-1">978-0-674-99631-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL506/2009/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <i>The Exhortation to the Greeks. The Rich Man's Salvation. To the Newly Baptized</i>. Translated by G. W. Butterworth. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 92. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1919. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99103-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99103-3">978-0-674-99103-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL092/1919/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/clementofalexand00clem#page/n7/mode/2up">Internet Archive 1960 edition</a>.</li> <li>Clinton, Kevin, <i>The Sacred Officials of the Eleusinian Mysteries</i> Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1974.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <i>Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History</i>. Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Twelve volumes. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html">Online version by Bill Thayer</a></li> <li>Dow, Sterling, "Athenian Decrees of 216-212 B. C.", <i>Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</i>, Vol. 48 (1937), pp. 105–126. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/310692">JSTOR</a></li> <li>Encinas Reguero, M. Carmen, "The Names of Dionysos in Euripides’ <i>Bacchae</i> and the Rhetorical Language of Teiresias", in <i>Redefining Dionysos</i>, Editors: Alberto Bernabé, Miguel Herrero de Jáuregui, Ana Isabel Jiménez San Cristóbal, Raquel Martín Hernández. Walter de Gruyter, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030091-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030091-8">978-3-11-030091-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">Bacchae</a></i>, translated by T. A. Buckley in <i>The Tragedies of Euripides</i>, London. Henry G. Bohn. 1850. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0092">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclops_(play)" title="Cyclops (play)">Cyclops</a></i>, in <i>Euripides, with an English translation by David Kovacs</i>, Cambridge. Harvard University Press. forthcoming. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg001.perseus-eng1:63-81">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(play)" title="Ion (play)">Ion</a></i>, translated by Robert Potter in <i>The Complete Greek Drama</i>, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill Jr. Volume 1. New York. Random House. 1938. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0110">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trojan_Women" title="The Trojan Women">The Trojan Women</a></i>, in <i>The Plays of Euripides</i>, translated by E. P. Coleridge. Volume I. London. George Bell and Sons. 1891. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0124">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Fantuzzi, Marco, "Sung Poetry: The Case of Inscribed Paeans" in <i>A Companion to Hellenistic Literature</i>, editors: James J. Clauss, Martine Cuypers, John Wiley & Sons, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405136792" title="Special:BookSources/9781405136792">9781405136792</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Richard_Farnell" title="Lewis Richard Farnell">Farnell, Lewis Richard</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cults_of_the_Greek_States" title="The Cults of the Greek States">The Cults of the Greek States</a></i>, Vol. III, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1907. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cultsofgreekstat03farnuoft#page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Foucart, Paul François, <i>Les mystères d'Éleusis</i>, Paris, Picard, 1914. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lesmystresdl00foucuoft#page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Graf, F. 1974, <i>Eleusis und die orphische Dichtung Athens in vorhellenistischer Zeit</i>, Walter de Gruyter, 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110044980" title="Special:BookSources/9783110044980">9783110044980</a>.</li> <li>Graf, F. 2005, "Iacchus" in <i><a href="/wiki/Brill%27s_New_Pauly" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill's New Pauly">Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World</a>. Antiquity, Volume 6</i>, Lieden-Boston 2005.</li> <li>Grimal, Pierre, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iOx6de8LUNAC"><i>The Dictionary of Classical Mythology</i></a>, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20102-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20102-1">978-0-631-20102-1</a>.</li> <li>Guía, Miriam Valdés, "Redefining Dionysus in Athens from Written Sources: The Lenaia, Iacchos and Attic Women" in <i>Redefining Dionysos</i>, Editors: Alberto Bernabé, Miguel Herrero de Jáuregui, Ana Isabel Jiménez San Cristóbal, Raquel Martín Hernández. Walter de Gruyter, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030091-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030091-8">978-3-11-030091-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._K._C._Guthrie" title="W. K. C. Guthrie">Gutherie, W. K. C.</a>, <i>The Greeks and Their Gods</i>, Beacon Press, 1950. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807057933" title="Special:BookSources/9780807057933">9780807057933</a>.</li> <li>Hard, Robin, <i>The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"</i>, Psychology Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415186360" title="Special:BookSources/9780415186360">9780415186360</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC">Google Books</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Harrison, Jane Ellen</a>, <i>Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion</i>, second edition, Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1908. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/prolegomenatostu00harr#page/n7/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Histories_of_Herodotus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Histories of Herodotus"><i>Histories</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/A._D._Godley" title="A. D. Godley">A. D. Godley</a> (translator), Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1920; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674991338" title="Special:BookSources/0674991338">0674991338</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.1.0">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Jiménez San Cristóbal, Anna Isabel, 2012, "Iacchus in Plutarch" in <i>Plutarch in the Religious and Philosophical Discourse of Late Antiquity</i>, edited by Fernando Lautaro Roig Lanzillotta and Israel Mu Oz Gallarte, Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004234741" title="Special:BookSources/9789004234741">9789004234741</a>.</li> <li>Jiménez San Cristóbal, Anna Isabel 2013, "The Sophoclean Dionysos" in <i>Redefining Dionysus</i>, Editors: Alberto Bernabé, Miguel Herrero de Jáuregui, Ana Isabel Jiménez San Cristóbal, Raquel Martín Hernández, Walter de Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030091-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030091-8">978-3-11-030091-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ker%C3%A9nyi" title="Károly Kerényi">Kerényi, Karl</a> 1951, <i>The Gods of the Greeks</i>, Thames and Hudson, London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ker%C3%A9nyi" title="Károly Kerényi">Kerényi, Karl</a> 1967, <i>Eleusis: Archetypal Image of Mother and Daughter</i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691019154" title="Special:BookSources/9780691019154">9780691019154</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ker%C3%A9nyi" title="Károly Kerényi">Kerényi, Karl</a> 1976, <i>Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life</i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691029153" title="Special:BookSources/9780691029153">9780691029153</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kern" title="Otto Kern">Kern, Otto</a>. <i>Orphicorum Fragmenta</i>, Berlin, 1922. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lloyd-Jones" title="Hugh Lloyd-Jones">Lloyd-Jones, Hugh</a>, <i>Sophocles: Fragments</i>, Edited and translated by Hugh Lloyd-Jones, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 483. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99532-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99532-1">978-0-674-99532-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL483/1996/pb_LCL483.v.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>, <i>Lucian, with an English Translation by A. M. Harmon, Volume 5, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> N. 302. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1962. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lucianhar05luciuoft#page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De Rerum Natura</a></i>, William Ellery Leonard. E. P. Dutton. 1916. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0131%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Marcovich, Miroslav, <i>Studies in Graeco-Roman Religions and Gnosticism</i>, BRILL, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004086241" title="Special:BookSources/9789004086241">9789004086241</a>.</li> <li>Mylonas, George Emmanuel, <i>Eleusis and the Eleusinian Mysteries</i>, Princeton University Press, 2015 (1961). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400877294" title="Special:BookSources/9781400877294">9781400877294</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i>; translated by <a href="/wiki/W._H._D._Rouse" title="W. H. D. Rouse">Rouse, W H D</a>, I Books I–XV. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 344, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i>; translated by <a href="/wiki/W._H._D._Rouse" title="W. H. D. Rouse">Rouse, W H D</a>, III Books XXXVI–XLVIII. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 346, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>O'Higgins, Laurie, <i>Women and Humor in Classical Greece</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521822534" title="Special:BookSources/9780521822534">9780521822534</a>.</li> <li>Olender, Maurice, "Aspects of Baubo: Ancient Texts and Contexts", in <i>Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World</i>, Editors: David M. Halperin, <a href="/wiki/John_J._Winkler" title="John J. Winkler">John J. Winkler</a>, Froma I. Zeitlin, Princeton University Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691002217" title="Special:BookSources/9780691002217">9780691002217</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denys_Page" title="Denys Page">Page, D. L. (Denys Lionel)</a>, 1908–1978, <i>Poetae melici Graeci</i>, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1962.</li> <li>Parker, Robert, <i>Polytheism and Society at Athens</i>, OUP Oxford, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191534522" title="Special:BookSources/9780191534522">9780191534522</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <i>Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.</i> Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Persson, Axel W., <i>The Religion of Greece in Prehistoric Times</i>, Berkeley, Los Angeles : University of California press, 1942. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MN40011ucmf_0#page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. <i>Lives, Volume II: Themistocles and Camillus. Aristides and Cato Major. Cimon and Lucullus.</i> Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 47. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1914. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99053-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99053-1">978-0-674-99053-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL047/1914/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. <i>Lives, Volume IV: Alcibiades and Coriolanus. Lysander and Sulla.</i> Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 80. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1916. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99089-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99089-0">978-0-674-99089-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL080/1916/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. <i>Lives, Volume VIII: Sertorius and Eumenes. Phocion and Cato the Younger</i>. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 100. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1919. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99111-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99111-8">978-0-674-99111-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL100/1919/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pollux" title="Julius Pollux">Pollux, Julius</a>, <i>Onomasticon</i>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dindorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Dindorf">Wilhelm Dindorf</a>, Leipzig: Kuehn. 1825. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/onomasticon01polluoft#page/n3/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jennings_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Jennings Rose">Rose, Herbert Jennings</a>, "Iacchus" in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Classical Dictionary">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i>, second edition, <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N.G.L.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hayes_Scullard" title="Howard Hayes Scullard">Howard Hayes Scullard</a> (editors), <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869117-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869117-3">0-19-869117-3</a>.</li> <li>Rutherford, William G., <i>Scholia Aristphanica</i>, London, Macmillan and Co. and New York, 1896. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/scholiaaristopha01ruthuoft#page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i>, London (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0104">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica"><i>Geography</i></a>, translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1">Books 6–14, at the Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <i>The Antigone of Sophocles, Edited with introduction and notes by Sir Richard Jebb</i>, Sir Richard Jebb. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1891. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0186%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li>Tripp, Edward, <i>Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology</i>, Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069022608X" title="Special:BookSources/069022608X">069022608X</a>.</li> <li>Versnel, H. S., “ΙΑΚΧΟΣ. Some Remarks Suggested by an Unpublished Lekythos in the Villa Giulia”, <i><a href="/wiki/Talanta" title="Talanta">Talanta</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talanta.nl/publications/previous-issues/1969-1973-●-volume-i-v/1972-volume-iv/"><b>4</b></a>, 1972, 23–38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talanta.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Versnel-23-38.pdf">PDF</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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(deities)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_mythology_(deities)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek mythology (deities)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_deities198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> deities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primal <br /> elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aether_(mythology)" title="Aether (mythology)">Aether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaos (mythology)">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemera" title="Hemera">Hemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ourea" title="Ourea">Ourea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">The twelve <a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)" title="Phoebe (Titaness)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Descendants of the Titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteria" title="Asteria">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraeus" title="Astraeus">Astraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus" title="Epimetheus">Epimetheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(son_of_Crius)" title="Perses (son of Crius)">Perses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Olympian <br /> deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Olympian Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyo" title="Enyo">Enyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Daughters of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clio" title="Clio">Clio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euterpe" title="Euterpe">Euterpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erato" title="Erato">Erato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpomene" title="Melpomene">Melpomene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyhymnia" title="Polyhymnia">Polyhymnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terpsichore" title="Terpsichore">Terpsichore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Muse)" title="Thalia (Muse)">Thalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania" title="Urania">Urania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Daughters of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonis" title="Apollonis">Apollonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borysthenis" title="Borysthenis">Borysthenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephisso" title="Cephisso">Cephisso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> Muses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aoede" title="Aoede">Aoide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melete" title="Melete">Melete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mneme" title="Mneme">Mneme</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muses of the <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypate" title="Hypate">Hypate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mese_(mythology)" title="Mese (mythology)">Mese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nete_(mythology)" title="Nete (mythology)">Nete</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muses at <a href="/wiki/Sicyon" title="Sicyon">Sicyon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polymatheia" title="Polymatheia">Polymatheia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Charites</a> (Graces)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglaia_(Grace)" title="Aglaia (Grace)">Aglaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne" title="Euphrosyne">Euphrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemone" title="Hegemone">Hegemone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithea" title="Pasithea">Pasithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Grace)" title="Thalia (Grace)">Thalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a> (Hours)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_(goddess)" title="Eirene (goddess)">Eirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunomia" title="Eunomia">Eunomia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia_(mythology)" title="Bia (mythology)">Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)" title="Kratos (mythology)">Kratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelus" title="Zelus">Zelus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water <br /> deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Sea deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthesikyme" title="Benthesikyme">Benthesikyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brizo" title="Brizo">Brizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)" title="Calliste (mythology)">Calliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)" title="Calypso (mythology)">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto" title="Ceto">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurybia_(mythology)" title="Eurybia (mythology)">Eurybia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucothea" title="Leucothea">Leucothea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melicertes" title="Melicertes">Melicertes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerites_(mythology)" title="Nerites (mythology)">Nerites</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nesoi" title="Nesoi">Nesoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodos" title="Rhodos">Rhodos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassa" title="Thalassa">Thalassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumas" title="Thaumas">Thaumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaste_(Oceanid)" title="Acaste (Oceanid)">Acaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admete_(Oceanid)" title="Admete (Oceanid)">Admete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Oceanid)" title="Asia (Oceanid)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callirhoe_(Oceanid)" title="Callirhoe (Oceanid)">Callirhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto_(Greek_myth)" title="Ceto (Greek myth)">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_(mother_of_Phaethon)" title="Clymene (mother of Phaethon)">Clymene (consort of Helios)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_(wife_of_Iapetus)" title="Clymene (wife of Iapetus)">Clymene (wife of Iapetus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytie_(Oceanid)" title="Clytie (Oceanid)">Clytie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodone_(mythology)" title="Dodone (mythology)">Dodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_(Oceanid)" title="Doris (Oceanid)">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Oceanid)" title="Electra (Oceanid)">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurynome_(Oceanid)" title="Eurynome (Oceanid)">Eurynome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyia" title="Idyia">Idyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melia_(consort_of_Apollo)" title="Melia (consort of Apollo)">Melia (consort of Apollo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melia_(consort_of_Inachus)" title="Melia (consort of Inachus)">Melia (consort of Inachus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perse_(mythology)" title="Perse (mythology)">Perse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philyra_(Oceanid)" title="Philyra (Oceanid)">Philyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleione_(mythology)" title="Pleione (mythology)">Pleione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plouto_(Oceanid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plouto (Oceanid)">Plouto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesto_(mythology)" title="Telesto (mythology)">Telesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(Oceanid)" title="Theia (Oceanid)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeuxo_(Oceanid)" title="Zeuxo (Oceanid)">Zeuxo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Nereids" title="Nereids">Nereids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatheia_(mythology)" title="Amatheia (mythology)">Amatheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphithoe_(mythology)" title="Amphithoe (mythology)">Amphithoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymatolege_(mythology)" title="Cymatolege (mythology)">Cymatolege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymo_(mythology)" title="Cymo (mythology)">Cymo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamene" title="Dynamene">Dynamene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea" title="Acis and Galatea">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galene_(mythology)" title="Galene (mythology)">Galene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protomedeia" title="Protomedeia">Protomedeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamathe_(Nereid)" title="Psamathe (Nereid)">Psamathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sao_(mythology)" title="Sao (mythology)">Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spio" title="Spio">Spio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Nereid)" title="Thalia (Nereid)">Thalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/River_gods_(Greek_mythology)" title="River gods (Greek mythology)">River gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achelous" title="Achelous">Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapus" title="Anapus">Anapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asopus" title="Asopus">Asopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterion_(god)" title="Asterion (god)">Asterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axius_(mythology)" title="Axius (mythology)">Axius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caanthus" title="Caanthus">Caanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebren" title="Cebren">Cebren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephissus_(mythology)" title="Cephissus (mythology)">Cephissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enipeus_(deity)" title="Enipeus (deity)">Enipeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kladeos" title="Kladeos">Kladeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_(mythology)" title="Meander (mythology)">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_(mythology)" title="Nilus (mythology)">Nilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numicus" title="Numicus">Numicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_(river_god)" title="Phyllis (river god)">Phyllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peneus" title="Peneus">Peneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarius_(mythology)" title="Sangarius (mythology)">Sangarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selemnus_(god)" title="Selemnus (god)">Selemnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simoeis" title="Simoeis">Simoeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strymon_(mythology)" title="Strymon (mythology)">Strymon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">Naiads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegina_(mythology)" title="Aegina (mythology)">Aegina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achiroe" title="Achiroe">Achiroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aganippe_(naiad)" title="Aganippe (naiad)">Aganippe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anigrides" title="Anigrides">Anigrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyra_(mythology)" title="Argyra (mythology)">Argyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistonis" title="Bistonis">Bistonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolbe" title="Bolbe">Bolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliadne" title="Caliadne">Caliadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassotis" title="Cassotis">Cassotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia" title="Castalia">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleocharia" title="Cleocharia">Cleocharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creusa_(Naiad)" title="Creusa (Naiad)">Creusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne" title="Daphne">Daphne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosera_(naiad)" title="Drosera (naiad)">Drosera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpina" title="Harpina">Harpina</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ionides" title="Ionides">Ionides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismenis" title="Ismenis">Ismenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larunda" title="Larunda">Larunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilaea" title="Lilaea">Lilaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liriope_(nymph)" title="Liriope (nymph)">Liriope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melite_(naiad)" title="Melite (naiad)">Melite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metope_(mythology)" title="Metope (mythology)">Metope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minthe" title="Minthe">Minthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria_(nymph)" title="Moria (nymph)">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_(Greek_mythology)" title="Nana (Greek mythology)">Nana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaea_(mythology)" title="Nicaea (mythology)">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orseis" title="Orseis">Orseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(daughter_of_Triton)" title="Pallas (daughter of Triton)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirene_(nymph)" title="Pirene (nymph)">Pirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmacis" title="Salmacis">Salmacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbe" title="Stilbe">Stilbe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thriae" title="Thriae">Thriae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corycia" title="Corycia">Corycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleodora_(nymph)" title="Cleodora (nymph)">Cleodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina" title="Melaina">Melaina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiasa" title="Tiasa">Tiasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Personifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algos" class="mw-redirect" title="Algos">Algos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphillogiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphillogiai">Amphillogiai</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Androktasiai" title="Androktasiai">Androktasiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atë">Atë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(deity)" title="Dysnomia (deity)">Dysnomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horkos" title="Horkos">Horkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysminai" title="Hysminai">Hysminai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe_(daughter_of_Eris)" title="Lethe (daughter of Eris)">Lethe</a></li> <li>Logoi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limos" title="Limos">Limos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machai" title="Machai">Machai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neikea" class="mw-redirect" title="Neikea">Neikea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonoi" title="Phonoi">Phonoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponos" title="Ponos">Ponos</a></li> <li>Pseudea</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apate" title="Apate">Apate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geras" title="Geras">Geras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">Moirai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropos" title="Atropos">Atropos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotho" title="Clotho">Clotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachesis" title="Lachesis">Lachesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momus" title="Momus">Momus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moros" title="Moros">Moros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oizys" title="Oizys">Oizys</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oneiros" title="Oneiros">Oneiroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotes" title="Philotes">Philotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achlys" title="Achlys">Achlys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adephagia" title="Adephagia">Adephagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aergia" title="Aergia">Aergia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidos" title="Aidos">Aidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aion_(deity)" title="Aion (deity)">Aion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alala" title="Alala">Alala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastor" title="Alastor">Alastor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aletheia" title="Aletheia">Aletheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alke" title="Alke">Alke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amechania" title="Amechania">Amechania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaideia" title="Anaideia">Anaideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke" title="Ananke">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelia" title="Angelia">Angelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apheleia" title="Apheleia">Apheleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete_(mythology)" title="Arete (mythology)">Arete</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arae" title="Arae">Arae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraea" title="Astraea">Astraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerus" title="Caerus">Caerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysus" title="Chrysus">Chrysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corus_(mythology)" title="Corus (mythology)">Corus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dikaiosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssebeia" title="Dyssebeia">Dyssebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiresione" title="Eiresione">Eiresione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekecheiria" title="Ekecheiria">Ekecheiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulabeia_(mythology)" title="Eulabeia (mythology)">Eulabeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupraxia_(mythology)" title="Eupraxia (mythology)">Eupraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersa" title="Ersa">Ersa</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Erotes" title="Erotes">Erotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anteros" title="Anteros">Anteros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedylogos" title="Hedylogos">Hedylogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)">Hymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Pothos" title="Erotes">Pothos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelos_(mythology)" title="Gelos (mythology)">Gelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedone" title="Hedone">Hedone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimarmene" title="Heimarmene">Heimarmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homados" title="Homados">Homados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonoia_(mythology)" title="Homonoia (mythology)">Homonoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horme" title="Horme">Horme</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioke_(mythology)" title="Ioke (mythology)">Ioke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakia" title="Kakia">Kakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koalemos" title="Koalemos">Koalemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kydoimos" title="Kydoimos">Kydoimos</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Litae" title="Litae">Litae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyssa" title="Lyssa">Lyssa</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maniae" title="Maniae">Maniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methe" title="Methe">Methe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomos_(mythology)" title="Nomos (mythology)">Nomos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palioxis" title="Palioxis">Palioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitharchia" title="Peitharchia">Peitharchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitho" title="Peitho">Peitho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penia" title="Penia">Penia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthus" title="Penthus">Penthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepromene" title="Pepromene">Pepromene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheme" title="Pheme">Pheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrike" title="Phrike">Phrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthonus" title="Phthonus">Phthonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poena" title="Poena">Poine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemos" title="Polemos">Polemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porus_(mythology)" title="Porus (mythology)">Poros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxidice" title="Praxidice">Praxidice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proioxis" title="Proioxis">Proioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophasis" title="Prophasis">Prophasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soter_(daimon)" title="Soter (daimon)">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteria_(mythology)" title="Soteria (mythology)">Soteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasos" title="Thrasos">Thrasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a></li> <li>The Younger <a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Charites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucleia" title="Eucleia">Eucleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupheme_(deity)" title="Eupheme (deity)">Eupheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenia" title="Euthenia">Euthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philophrosyne" title="Philophrosyne">Philophrosyne</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Sky</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Anemoi" title="Anemoi">Anemoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreas" title="Boreas">Boreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurus" title="Eurus">Eurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notus" title="Notus">Notus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrape_and_Bronte" title="Astrape and Bronte">Astrape and Bronte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aura</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(mythology)" title="Hyades (mythology)">Hyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephele" title="Nephele">Nephele</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcyone_(Pleiad)" title="Alcyone (Pleiad)">Alcyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterope_(Pleiad)" title="Sterope (Pleiad)">Sterope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celaeno" title="Celaeno">Celaeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Pleiad)" title="Electra (Pleiad)">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia" title="Maia">Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merope_(Pleiad)" title="Merope (Pleiad)">Merope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygete" title="Taygete">Taygete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_(mythology)" title="Sirius (mythology)">Sirius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritopatores" title="Tritopatores">Tritopatores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despoina" title="Despoina">Despoina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunostus" title="Eunostus">Eunostus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opora_(mythology)" title="Opora (mythology)">Opora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomelus" title="Philomelus">Philomelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Plutus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceso" title="Aceso">Aceso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epione" title="Epione">Epione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaso" title="Iaso">Iaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygieia" title="Hygieia">Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea" title="Panacea">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesphorus_(mythology)" title="Telesphorus (mythology)">Telesphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Rustic <br />deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aetna_(nymph)" title="Aetna (nymph)">Aetna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agdistis" title="Agdistis">Agdistis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alseid" title="Alseid">Alseids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonis" title="Amphictyonis">Amphictyonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus" title="Aristaeus">Aristaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britomartis" title="Britomartis">Britomartis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cabeiri" title="Cabeiri">Cabeiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comus" title="Comus">Comus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dryad" title="Dryad">Dryades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erato_(dryad)" title="Erato (dryad)">Erato</a></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hamadryad" title="Hamadryad">Hamadryades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopeleia" title="Chrysopeleia">Chrysopeleia</a></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Epimelides" title="Epimelides">Epimelides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecaterus" title="Hecaterus">Hecaterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuce_(mythology)" title="Leuce (mythology)">Leuce</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenades</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Meliae" title="Meliae">Meliae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborean_maidens" title="Hyperborean maidens">Hyperborean maidens</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oread" title="Oread">Oreads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(mythology)" title="Echo (mythology)">Echo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapso" title="Rhapso">Rhapso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telete" title="Telete">Telete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexiares_and_Anicetus" title="Alexiares and Anicetus">Alexiares and Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphroditus" title="Aphroditus">Aphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arke" title="Arke">Arke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxesia_(Greek_mythology)" title="Auxesia (Greek mythology)">Auxesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enodia" title="Enodia">Enodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyalius" title="Enyalius">Enyalius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestra_(mythology)" title="Palaestra (mythology)">Palaestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanes" title="Phanes">Phanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipolis_(god)" title="Sosipolis (god)">Sosipolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iacchus&oldid=1252254188">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iacchus&oldid=1252254188</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Category:Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_gods" title="Category:Greek gods">Greek gods</a></li><li><a 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