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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Марка Крайна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марка Крайна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_de_Carniola" title="Marca de Carniola – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marca de Carniola" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krain#Geschichte" title="Krain – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krain" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraini_mark" title="Kraini mark – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kraini mark" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_de_Carniola" title="Marca de Carniola – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marca de Carniola" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche_de_Carniole" title="Marche de Carniole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marche de Carniole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_de_Carniola" title="Marca de Carniola – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marca de Carniola" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markgrafschaft_Krain" title="Markgrafschaft Krain – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Markgrafschaft Krain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_di_Carniola" title="Marca di Carniola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marca di Carniola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" 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.mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">March (Margraviate) of Carniola</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Kranjska krajina</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>)</span><br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mark(grafschaft) Krain</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1040–1364</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:March_of_Verona_and_Aquileia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Carniola"><img alt="Flag of Carniola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/March_of_Verona_and_Aquileia.svg/125px-March_of_Verona_and_Aquileia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/March_of_Verona_and_Aquileia.svg/188px-March_of_Verona_and_Aquileia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/March_of_Verona_and_Aquileia.svg/250px-March_of_Verona_and_Aquileia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3948" data-file-height="2621" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldest_known_arms_of_Carniola.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Carniola"><img alt="Coat of arms of Carniola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Oldest_known_arms_of_Carniola.svg/85px-Oldest_known_arms_of_Carniola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Oldest_known_arms_of_Carniola.svg/128px-Oldest_known_arms_of_Carniola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Oldest_known_arms_of_Carniola.svg/170px-Oldest_known_arms_of_Carniola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="970" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Duchy_of_Carniola_locator_map_(1250).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Duchy_of_Carniola_locator_map_%281250%29.svg/250px-Duchy_of_Carniola_locator_map_%281250%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Duchy_of_Carniola_locator_map_%281250%29.svg/375px-Duchy_of_Carniola_locator_map_%281250%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Duchy_of_Carniola_locator_map_%281250%29.svg/500px-Duchy_of_Carniola_locator_map_%281250%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="2280" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d40000; color:white;"> </span> <small>March of Carniola at the time of the Hohenstaufen emperors (circa 1250)</small></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FEFEE9; color:black;"> </span> <small>The pale highlighted area roughly corresponds to the later <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Circle" title="Austrian Circle">Austrian Circle</a> and is shown merely for context</small></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="States of the Holy Roman Empire">State</a> (<a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">march</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kranj" title="Kranj">Kranj</a> (<i>Krainburg</i>) <p>(<i>Stein</i>) = <a href="/wiki/Kamnik" title="Kamnik">Kamnik</a> </p> (<i>Laibach</i>) = <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margraviate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Margrave</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1040–1033 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Poppo_I,_Margrave_of_Carniola" title="Poppo I, Margrave of Carniola">Poppo I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1358–1364 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria">Rudolf IV of Austria</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Separated from <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (as part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Duchy of Carinthia</a>) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">976</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margraviate</a> established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1040</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Inherited by King <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II of Bohemia</a> (thus uniting it with Austria and Styria) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1268</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Seized by <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1276</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declared a duchy by Duke <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria">Rudolf IV of Austria</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1364</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Status as duchy recognised </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1590</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Carinthia_until_1946.svg/20px-Flag_of_Carinthia_until_1946.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Carinthia_until_1946.svg/30px-Flag_of_Carinthia_until_1946.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Carinthia_until_1946.svg/40px-Flag_of_Carinthia_until_1946.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="390" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Duchy of Carinthia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Duchy of Carniola</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Krain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Krain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Krain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Krain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Krain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Krain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>March</b> (or <b>Margraviate</b>) <b>of Carniola</b> (<span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Kranjska krajina</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>)</span>; <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mark Krain</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span>) was a southeastern <a href="/wiki/Imperial_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial State">state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Duchy of Carniola</a>. It corresponded roughly to the central <a href="/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carniolan</a> region of present-day <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>. At the time of its creation, the <a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">march</a> served as a frontier defense against the Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Croatia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_Carniola&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carniola</a></div> <p>Before the coming of the Romans (c. 200 BC), the <a href="/wiki/Taurisci" title="Taurisci">Taurisci</a> dwelt in the north of Carniola, the <a href="/wiki/Pannonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonians">Pannonians</a> in the south-east, the <a href="/wiki/Iapodes" title="Iapodes">Iapodes</a> or Carni, a Celtic tribe, in the south-west. </p><p>Carniola formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>; the northern part was joined to <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, the south-western and south-eastern parts and the city of <a href="/wiki/Aemona" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemona">Aemona</a> to Venice and <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>. In the time of Augustus all the region from <a href="/wiki/Aemona" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemona">Aemona</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kolpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolpa">Kolpa</a> river belonged to the province of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Savia</a>. </p><p>After the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476), Carniola was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy, and (493) under Theodoric it formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrogothic kingdom">Ostrogothic kingdom</a>. Between the upper <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a> and the <a href="/wiki/So%C4%8Da" title="Soča">Soča</a> rivers lived the Carni, and towards the end of the sixth century Slavs settled the region called by Latin writers <i>Carnia</i>, or <i>Carniola</i> meaning, "little Carnia", i.e., part of greater Carnia. Later on the name was changed to <i>Krajina</i> or, in German, <i>Chrainmark</i>. The new inhabitants were subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_Carniola&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The march of Carniola on the eastern slope of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Alps" title="Julian Alps">Julian Alps</a> probably dates back to the late ninth century, when it was formed alongside the marches of <a href="/wiki/March_of_Carinthia" title="March of Carinthia">Carinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/March_of_Pannonia" title="March of Pannonia">Pannonia</a> and was especially susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyar</a> raids. In 952, Carniola was placed under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Dukes of Bavaria</a>, as were Carinthia, Istria, and <a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">Friuli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March_of_Carniola_locator_map_(1000).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/March_of_Carniola_locator_map_%281000%29.svg/220px-March_of_Carniola_locator_map_%281000%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/March_of_Carniola_locator_map_%281000%29.svg/330px-March_of_Carniola_locator_map_%281000%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/March_of_Carniola_locator_map_%281000%29.svg/440px-March_of_Carniola_locator_map_%281000%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Carniolan march within the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Duchy of Carinthia</a>, circa 1000 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>In 976, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a> deposed the rebellious Bavarian duke <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry II, Duke of Bavaria">Henry the Wrangler</a> and ceded the duchy to his nephew <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Duke_of_Swabia_and_Bavaria" title="Otto I, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria">Otto of Swabia</a>. In turn, he separated the southeastern marches from the Bavarian duchy and elevated Carinthia to a duchy in its own right. <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry III, Duke of Bavaria">Henry the Younger</a>, a member of the Bavarian <a href="/wiki/Luitpoldings" title="Luitpoldings">Luitpolding</a> dynasty, was appointed first duke and acted as a sort of "chief of the border police", controlling the Carniolan march, the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Styria" title="March of Styria">March of Styria</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mark_an_der_Drau" title="Mark an der Drau">Mark an der Drau</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mark_an_der_Sann" title="Mark an der Sann">Mark an der Sann</a></i>, as well as the vast <a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">March of Verona</a> with Friuli and Istria.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1040, King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III of Germany</a> separated Carniola from the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Duchy of Carinthia</a> and granted the <a href="/wiki/Windic_March" title="Windic March">Windic March</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Lower_Carniola" title="Lower Carniola">Lower Carniola</a>) to the former.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for the split was partly military considerations and partly the innate distinctness of the region, whose pattern of German colonisation differed from that of Carinthia proper north of the <a href="/wiki/Karawanks" title="Karawanks">Karawanks</a>. Carniola had been additionally settled mostly by <a href="/wiki/Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarians</a> with a minority of <a href="/wiki/Swabians" title="Swabians">Swabians</a> and retained its <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovenia" title="Culture of Slovenia">Slovene culture</a> while most of Carinthia adopted German culture. The most prominent Bavarian families were the Hoflein, Stein, Hertenberg, Reydeck, and Rabensberg, while the Swabian families of the Auersperg, Osterberg, and Gallenberg were also represented. Initially, the <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">margraviate</a> was bordered by Carinthia and Styria (elevated to a <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">duchy</a> in 1156) to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Croatia (medieval)">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udine" title="Udine">Udine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gradisca_d%27Isonzo" title="Gradisca d'Isonzo">Gradisca</a> to the west. The Carniolan lands were bound informally to the other marches of the southeast of the Empire in what has been termed the "Austrian complex" because of the supremacy which Austria quickly obtained over the others and the way in which they tended to follow her.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this informal cohesion, Carniola was more like a geographical part than a whole and it was often combined to its neighbours and granted out as payment for electoral support. Nevertheless, its status as the most southeasterly of the marches helped it retain its marcher privileges well into the thirteenth century and long after the other regions, especially Friuli, had lost theirs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patriarchal_rule">Patriarchal rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_Carniola&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Patriarchal rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 11 June 1077, Carniola and Istria were transferred by King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV of Germany">Henry IV of Germany</a> to the powerful <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_of_Aquileia" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchs of Aquileia">patriarchs of Aquileia</a>. Nevertheless, secular margraves were still appointed and the territory was administered as a separate province. After the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Thuringia" title="Duchy of Thuringia">Thuringian</a> counts of <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> upon the death of Margrave <a href="/wiki/Ulric_II,_Margrave_of_Carniola" title="Ulric II, Margrave of Carniola">Ulric II</a> in 1112 (he may have resigned his march in 1107 or 1108), the patriarchate took over the governing of the territory, against the resistance of the Rhenish <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sponheim" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Sponheim">House of Sponheim</a>, dukes of Carinthia from 1122. The Patriarchs partitioned the territory between several powerful fiefs, the most prominent of which were the Bavarian <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Andechs" title="Counts of Andechs">counts of Andechs</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Merania" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Merania">dukes of Merania</a>), the <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Gorizia" title="House of Gorizia">Meinhardiner</a></i> dynasty of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">Gorizia</a> (<i>Görz</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Celje" title="Counts of Celje">Counts of Celje</a>. </p><p>In the twelfth century, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> gradually acquired the Istrian littoral and Carniola took control of what remained of the Istrian march around <a href="/wiki/Pazin" title="Pazin">Pazin</a> (<i>Mitterburg</i>). Soon Carniola extended over the <a href="/wiki/Karst_Plateau" title="Karst Plateau">Karst Plateau</a> and had two small seacoasts on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Trieste" title="Gulf of Trieste">Gulf of Trieste</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kvarner" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Kvarner">Gulf of Kvarner</a>. It reached to the Friulian <a href="/wiki/Isonzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Isonzo">Isonzo</a> valley, but not the river itself. This change in its geographical constitution was accompanied by increased interest on the part of nearby landlocked powers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1245, <a href="/wiki/Berthold_(patriarch_of_Aquileia)" title="Berthold (patriarch of Aquileia)">Patriarch Berthold</a> gave Carniola to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Babenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Babenberg">Babenberg</a> duke <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Austria">Frederick II of Austria</a>, husband of <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Merania_(1215%E2%80%931263)" title="Agnes of Merania (1215–1263)">Agnes of Merania</a>, with royal consent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bohemian_rule">Bohemian rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_Carniola&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bohemian rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 1254, Carniola lost its marcher privileges. When Duke Frederick II of Austria died without male heirs in 1246, Carniola was given to the last Sponheim duke <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_III,_Duke_of_Carinthia" title="Ulrich III, Duke of Carinthia">Ulric III of Carinthia</a>, a cousin of the patriarch who married Frederick's widow Agnes. Ulric developed Carniola, endowing many lands to the church and establishing a mint at <a href="/wiki/Kostanjevica_na_Krki" title="Kostanjevica na Krki">Kostanjevica</a>. As he himself left no heirs, he willed his lands to his cousin, the <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II of Bohemia</a> in 1268. Ottokar likewise had acquired the princeless <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Duchy of Austria</a> with <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Styria</a>, and upon Ulric's death in 1269 he united Carinthia and Carniola to his Crown. </p><p>In 1273 Ottokar became embroiled in a dispute with the Swabian count <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf of Habsburg</a> over his election as <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>. The next year Rudolf and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diets_of_Nuremberg" title="Diets of Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> demanded that all fiefs acquired during the <i>interregnum</i> after the death of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II of Hohenstaufen</a> in 1250 were to revert to the Imperial crown, a demand which would have applied to Austria, Carinthia and Carniola. Ottokar refused, but was eventually put under <a href="/wiki/Imperial_ban" title="Imperial ban">Imperial ban</a> in 1276 and forced to cede the lands, only retaining his <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Moravia</a>. Two years later he was defeated and killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Marchfeld" title="Battle on the Marchfeld">Battle on the Marchfeld</a>. Under Habsburg rule, Carniola became a frontier against Venice in the southwest, while its eastern border with Hungary remained stable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austrian_rule">Austrian rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_Carniola&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Austrian rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rudolph enfeoffed Carniola to his sons <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany">Albert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf II, Duke of Austria">Rudolf II</a> in 1282 after a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, but instead he leased the margraviate to his ally Count <a href="/wiki/Meinhard,_Duke_of_Carinthia" title="Meinhard, Duke of Carinthia">Meinhard of Tyrol</a>, whom he appointed Duke of Carinthia from 1286. It remained with the <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Gorizia" title="House of Gorizia">Meinhardiner</a></i> dynasty until Meinard's son, Duke <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Bohemia" title="Henry of Bohemia">Henry VI of Carinthia</a>, died in 1335. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> king <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="John I of Bohemia">John I of Bohemia</a> renounced his rights of inheritance and the Habsburg dukes <a href="/wiki/Otto,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Otto, Duke of Austria">Otto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Albert II, Duke of Austria">Albert II of Austria</a> gained Carniola despite a former agreement the late Duke Henry had made with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis the Bavarian</a>, whereby his daughters Adelaide and <a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Countess_of_Tyrol" title="Margaret, Countess of Tyrol">Margaret of Tyrol</a> would inherit his lands. </p><p>Albert's son Duke <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria">Rudolf IV of Austria</a> declared Carniola a <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Duchy</a> in 1364, although like his claiming of the title of "Archduke of Austria" by the <i><a href="/wiki/Privilegium_Maius" title="Privilegium Maius">Privilegium Maius</a></i>, such an elevation was beyond his jurisdiction. The ducal title was not confirmed until much later: this time 1590. By the 1379 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuberg" title="Treaty of Neuberg">Treaty of Neuberg</a>, Carniola was attached to the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Austria" title="Inner Austria">Inner Austrian</a> possessions of the Habsburg <a href="/wiki/Leopoldian_line" title="Leopoldian line">Leopoldian line</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_margraves">List of margraves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_Carniola&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of margraves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Winther († after 12 March 933)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udalrich_von_Ebersberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udalrich von Ebersberg (page does not exist)">Udalrich von Ebersberg</a>, 1011–1029</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eberhard_II_von_Ebersberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eberhard II von Ebersberg (page does not exist)">Eberhard II von Ebersberg</a>, 1040</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppo_I,_Margrave_of_Carniola" title="Poppo I, Margrave of Carniola">Poppo I</a>, 1040–1044, Count of <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, also Margrave of <a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a> since 1012</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulric_I,_Margrave_of_Carniola" title="Ulric I, Margrave of Carniola">Ulric I</a>, 1045–1070, son, Count of Weimar, also Margrave of Istria from 1060</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppo_II,_Margrave_of_Carniola" title="Poppo II, Margrave of Carniola">Poppo II</a>, 1070–1098, son, also Margrave of Istria from 1096 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulric_II,_Margrave_of_Carniola" title="Ulric II, Margrave of Carniola">Ulric II</a>, 1098–1107, brother, Count of Weimar, also Margrave of Istria</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sponheim" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Sponheim">House of Sponheim</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert,_Duke_of_Carinthia" title="Engelbert, Duke of Carinthia">Engelbert I</a>, 1107–1124, also Margrave of Istria, Duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a> from 1122</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_III,_Margrave_of_Istria" title="Engelbert III, Margrave of Istria">Engelbert II</a>, 1124–1173, son, also Margrave of Istria</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Andechs" title="Counts of Andechs">House of Andechs</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berthold_I_of_Istria" title="Berthold I of Istria">Berthold I</a>, 1173–1188, also Margrave of Istria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthold,_Duke_of_Merania" title="Berthold, Duke of Merania">Berthold II</a>, 1188–1204, also <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Merania" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Merania">Duke of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Istria" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry II of Istria">Henry</a>, 1204–1228</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Duke_of_Merania" title="Otto I, Duke of Merania">Otto I</a>, 1228–1234</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto III, Count Palatine of Burgundy">Otto II</a>, 1234–1248</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Babenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Babenberg">House of Babenberg</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Frederick II, Duke of Austria">Frederick II the Warlike</a>, 1245–1246, Duke of <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Styria</a> since 1230</li></ul> <p><b>House of Sponheim</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_III,_Duke_of_Carinthia" title="Ulrich III, Duke of Carinthia">Ulric III</a>, 1248–1269, also Duke of Carinthia from 1256</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II</a>, 1269–1276, King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, also Duke of Austria, Styria and Carinthia</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_I_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph I of Germany">Rudolph</a>, 1276–1286, German king (<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>) since 1273, also Duke of Austria, Styria and Carinthia until 1282</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Gorizia" title="House of Gorizia">House of Gorizia</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meinhard,_Duke_of_Carinthia" title="Meinhard, Duke of Carinthia">Meinhard</a>, 1286–1295, Count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a> since 1258, also Duke of Carinthia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Bohemia" title="Henry of Bohemia">Henry</a>, 1295–1335, son, also King of Bohemia 1306 and 1307–10, Duke of Carinthia and Count of Tyrol</li></ul> <p><b>House of Habsburg</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Albert II, Duke of Austria">Albert II</a>, 1335–1358, grandson of King Rudolph, Duke of Austria and Styria since 1330, also Duke of Carinthia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria">Rudolph IV</a>, 1358–1364, son, also Duke of Austria, Styria and Carinthia, Count of Tyrol from 1363</li></ul> <p>declared himself "<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Duke of Carniola</a>" in 1364. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_Carniola&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Semple, 42. The first certain reference to a march of Carniola dates to 953.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Semple, 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, 606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, 607.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Semple, 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Semple, 43.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_Carniola&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThompson1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Westfall_Thompson" title="James Westfall Thompson">Thompson, James Westfall</a> (1928). <i>Feudal Germany</i>. Vol. II. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feudal+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+Ungar+Publishing&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=James+Westfall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+of+Carniola" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemple1915" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Churchill_Semple" title="Ellen Churchill Semple">Semple, Ellen Churchill</a> (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1429910">"The Barrier Boundary of the Mediterranean Basin and Its Northern Breaches as Factors in History"</a>. <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i>. <b>5</b>: 27–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00045601509357037">10.1080/00045601509357037</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft2c825k1f">2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2c825k1f</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=The+Barrier+Boundary+of+the+Mediterranean+Basin+and+Its+Northern+Breaches+as+Factors+in+History&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=27-59&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft2c825k1f&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00045601509357037&rft.aulast=Semple&rft.aufirst=Ellen+Churchill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1429910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+of+Carniola" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Slovenian_history" title="Timeline of Slovenian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo's Realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">March of Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windic_March" title="Windic March">Windic March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Illyria" title="Kingdom of Illyria">Kingdom of Illyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Duchy of Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drava_Banovina" title="Drava Banovina">Drava Banovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Socialist Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Slovenia" title="List of islands of Slovenia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Slovenia" title="List of lakes of Slovenia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Slovenia" title="List of mountains in Slovenia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Slovenia" title="Municipalities of Slovenia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Slovenia" title="List of rivers of Slovenia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Slovenia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Slovenia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovenia" title="Politics of Slovenia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovenia" title="Constitution of Slovenia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Slovenia" title="Elections in Slovenia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Slovenia" title="Foreign relations of Slovenia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Slovenia" title="Government of Slovenia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Slovenia" title="Judiciary of Slovenia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Slovenia">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Armed_Forces" title="Slovenian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Parliament" title="Slovenian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_National_Police_Force" title="Slovenian National Police Force">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Slovenia" title="List of political parties in Slovenia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovenia" title="President of Slovenia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_Slovenia" title="Statistical regions of Slovenia">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of Slovenia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Slovenia" title="Bank of Slovenia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Slovenia" title="Energy in Slovenia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Stock_Exchange" title="Ljubljana Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovenia" title="Telecommunications in Slovenia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Slovenia" title="Tourism in Slovenia">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Slovenia" title="Transport in Slovenia">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_Slovenia" title="Driving in Slovenia">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Slovenia" title="Highways in Slovenia">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Slovenia">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Slovenia" title="Category:Society of Slovenia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Slovenia" title="Demographics of Slovenia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovenia" title="Education in Slovenia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Slovenia" title="Healthcare in Slovenia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovenia" title="Languages of Slovenia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Slovenia" title="Squatting in Slovenia">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovenia" title="Culture of Slovenia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia#Visual_arts,_architecture_and_design" title="Slovenia">Architecture, visual arts, and design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovenian_films" title="List of Slovenian films">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_literature" title="Slovene literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Slovenia" title="Mass media in Slovenia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Slovenia" title="Public holidays in Slovenia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Slovenia" title="Sport in Slovenia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Slovenia" title="National symbols of Slovenia">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Slovenia" title="National anthem of Slovenia">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia" title="Coat of arms of Slovenia">coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Slovenia" title="Flag of Slovenia">flag</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Circle" title="Austrian Circle">Austrian Circle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Austria"><img alt="Flag of Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> lands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_Austria" title="Further Austria">Further Austria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weingarten,_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Weingarten, Württemberg">Altdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Bregenz" title="County of Bregenz">Bregenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breisgau" title="Breisgau">Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Burgau" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Burgau">Burgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Hohenberg_(Swabia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Hohenberg (Swabia)">Hohenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Constance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Constance">Konstanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortenau" title="Ortenau">Ortenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockach" title="Stockach">Stockach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundgau" title="Sundgau">Sundgau</a> <small>(until 1648)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tettnang" title="Tettnang">Tettnang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnweiler" title="Winnweiler">Winnweiler</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">Gorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarasp" title="Tarasp">Tarasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengen,_Germany" title="Tengen, Germany">Tengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Austrian_Circle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating the Austrian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Map indicating the Austrian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Locator_Austrian_Circle.svg/100px-Locator_Austrian_Circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Locator_Austrian_Circle.svg/150px-Locator_Austrian_Circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Locator_Austrian_Circle.svg/200px-Locator_Austrian_Circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span style="padding-left:22px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Bishop">Prince-Bishoprics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Brixen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Chur" title="Prince-Bishopric of Chur">Chur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Teutonic Order"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Teutonic Order" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/17px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/26px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/35px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic</a> bailiwicks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_der_Etsch" title="An der Etsch">An der Etsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bailiwick_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bailiwick of Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Circles est. 1500: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Circle" title="Bavarian Circle">Bavarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swabian_Circle" title="Swabian Circle">Swabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Circle" title="Franconian Circle">Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Lower Saxon Circle">(Lower) Saxon</a><br />Circles est. 1512: <b>Austrian</b>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Burgundian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Upper Saxon Circle">Upper Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Rhenish_Circle" title="Electoral Rhenish Circle">Electoral Rhenish</a> <span class="nowrap">   </span> · <span class="nowrap">   </span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_outside_the_Imperial_Circles" title="Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles">Unencircled territories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_of_Carniola&oldid=1249897892">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_of_Carniola&oldid=1249897892</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carolingian_marches" title="Category:Carolingian marches">Carolingian marches</a></li><li><a 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