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<span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hoar_frost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoar_frost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hoar frost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoar_frost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advection_frost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advection_frost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Advection frost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advection_frost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Window_frost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Window_frost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Window frost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Window_frost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_frost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_frost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>White frost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_frost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Rime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_frost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_frost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Black frost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_frost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effect on plants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effect_on_plants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effect on plants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Protection methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frost-free_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frost-free_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Frost-free areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frost-free_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permafrost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permafrost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Permafrost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permafrost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_other_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_other_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>On other planets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_other_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Frost</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryp" title="Ryp – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ryp" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B9" title="صقيع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صقيع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelada" title="Chelada – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chelada" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarcha" title="Escarcha – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escarcha" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskomipectan" title="Miskomipectan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Miskomipectan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A1da" title="Eláda – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Eláda" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83" title="Саву – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Саву" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1rov" title="Qırov – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qırov" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Шэрань – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шэрань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Шэрань – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шэрань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="पाला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पाला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andap" title="Andap – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Andap" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Слана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Слана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mraz" title="Mraz – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mraz" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelada" title="Gelada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gelada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Пас – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пас" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinovatka" title="Jinovatka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jinovatka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrug" title="Barrug – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Barrug" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost" title="Frost – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frost" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reif_(Niederschlag)" title="Reif (Niederschlag) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reif (Niederschlag)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="तुषारो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तुषारो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_(meteoroloogia)" title="Hall (meteoroloogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hall (meteoroloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Πάχνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάχνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%88" title="Лекш – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Лекш" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarcha" title="Escarcha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escarcha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prujno" title="Prujno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prujno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzigar" title="Antzigar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzigar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یخبندان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یخبندان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%C3%A9e_blanche" title="Gelée blanche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gelée blanche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioc" title="Sioc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sioc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_(emshir)" title="Rio (emshir) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rio (emshir)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng" title="Sông – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sông" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%A6%AC" title="서리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B2%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Եղյամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եղյամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="पाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mraz" title="Mraz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mraz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embun_beku" title="Embun beku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Embun beku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9la" title="Héla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Héla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brina" title="Brina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%94" title="קרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="თრთვილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თრთვილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Қырау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қырау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakitu" title="Sakitu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sakitu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruina" title="Pruina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pruina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salna" title="Salna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Salna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4if" title="Räif – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Räif" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0erk%C5%A1nas" title="Šerkšnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šerkšnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brina" title="Brina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Brina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9r_(csapad%C3%A9k)" title="Dér (csapadék) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dér (csapadék)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Слана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Слана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibun" title="Ibun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ibun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Лешсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лешсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%B2" title="နှင်းခဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နှင်းခဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijp" title="Rijp – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rijp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe-iezel" title="Roe-iezel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Roe-iezel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="तुषारो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तुषारो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%9C" title="霜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="霜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost" title="Frost – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frost" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost" title="Frost – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frost" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blancada" title="Blancada – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Blancada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waagii" title="Waagii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Waagii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulduruq" title="Bulduruq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bulduruq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szron" title="Szron – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geada" title="Geada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brum%C4%83" title="Brumă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Brumă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhulla" title="Chhulla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chhulla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Иней – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иней" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryma" title="Bryma – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bryma" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost" title="Frost – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frost" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slana" title="Slana – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Slana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szr%C5%8Dn" title="Szrōn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szrōn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Мраз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мраз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mraz" title="Mraz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mraz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuura" title="Kuura – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuura" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost" title="Frost – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frost" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andap" title="Andap – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Andap" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பனிப்பூச்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பனிப்பூச்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="น้ำค้างแข็ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำค้างแข็ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1ra%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kırağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kırağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Іній – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%81%D8%B1" title="کہر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hala" title="Hala – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hala" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_mu%E1%BB%91i" title="Sương muối – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sương muối" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rel%C3%AAye" title="Relêye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Relêye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%9C" title="霜 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="霜" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%9C" title="霜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="霜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%9C" title="霜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="霜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerk%C5%A1nos" title="Čerkšnos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čerkšnos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%9C" title="霜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="霜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4590598#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Coating or deposit of ice</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about deposit of ice on surfaces. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Freezing_air_temperature" title="Freezing air temperature">Freezing air temperature</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Frost_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Frost (disambiguation)">Frost (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Amant_16_Gel%C3%A9e_blanche_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Saint-Amant_16_Gel%C3%A9e_blanche_2008.jpg/300px-Saint-Amant_16_Gel%C3%A9e_blanche_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Saint-Amant_16_Gel%C3%A9e_blanche_2008.jpg/450px-Saint-Amant_16_Gel%C3%A9e_blanche_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Saint-Amant_16_Gel%C3%A9e_blanche_2008.jpg/600px-Saint-Amant_16_Gel%C3%A9e_blanche_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3325" data-file-height="2216" /></a><figcaption>A patch of grass showing three zones. <div><ol><li>crystalline frost in the below-freezing shade (blue, lower right)</li><li>frost in the warming but still below freezing strip most recently exposed to sunlight (white, center)</li><li>frost-free region: here, the previous frost has melted from a more prolonged exposure to sunlight (green, upper left.)</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Frost</b> is a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> surface, which forms from <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> that <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">deposits</a> onto a <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">freezing</a> surface. Frost forms when the air contains more water vapor than it can normally hold at a specific temperature. The process is similar to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Dew" title="Dew">dew</a>, except it occurs below the freezing point of water typically without crossing through a <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> state. </p><p>Air always contains a certain amount of water vapor, depending on temperature. Warmer air can hold more than colder air. When the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> contains more water than it can hold at a specific temperature, its <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> rises above 100% becoming <a href="/wiki/Supersaturated" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersaturated">supersaturated</a>, and the excess water vapor is forced to deposit onto any nearby surface, forming <a href="/wiki/Seed_crystal" title="Seed crystal">seed crystals</a>. The temperature at which frost will form is called the <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a>, and depends on the humidity of the air.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the temperature of the air drops below its dew point, excess water vapor is forced out of solution, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase change</a> directly from water vapor (a <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>) to ice (a solid). As more water molecules are added to the seeds, <a href="/wiki/Crystal_growth" title="Crystal growth">crystal growth</a> occurs, forming <a href="/wiki/Ice_crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice crystals">ice crystals</a>. Crystals may vary in size and shape, from an even layer of numerous microscopic-seeds to fewer but much larger crystals, ranging from long <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendritic crystals">dendritic crystals</a> (tree-like) growing across a surface, <a href="/wiki/Acicular_(crystal_habit)" title="Acicular (crystal habit)">acicular crystals</a> (needle-like) growing outward from the surface, snowflake-shaped crystals, or even large, knifelike blades of ice covering an object, which depends on many factors such as temperature, air pressure, air motion and turbulence, <a href="/wiki/Surface_roughness" title="Surface roughness">surface roughness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wettability" class="mw-redirect" title="Wettability">wettability</a>, and the level of supersaturation. For example, water vapor <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorbs</a> to glass very well, so automobile windows will often frost before the paint, and large hoar-frost crystals can grow very rapidly when the air is very cold, calm, and heavily saturated, such as during an <a href="/wiki/Ice_fog" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice fog">ice fog</a>. </p><p>Frost may occur when warm, moist air comes into contact with a cold surface, cooling it below its dew point, such as warm breath on a freezing window. In the atmosphere, it more often occurs when both the air and the surface are below freezing, when the air experiences a drop in temperature bringing it below its dew point, for example, when the temperature falls after the sun sets. In <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a>, it most commonly appears on surfaces near the ground as fragile white <a href="/wiki/Crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystals">crystals</a>; in cold climates, it occurs in a greater variety of forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliver2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliver2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The propagation of crystal formation occurs by the process of <a href="/wiki/Nucleation" title="Nucleation">nucleation</a>, in specific, <a href="/wiki/Nucleation_of_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleation of ice">water nucleation</a>, which is the same phenomenon responsible for the formation of clouds, fog, snow, rain and other meteorological phenomena. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ice_crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice crystals">ice crystals</a> of frost form as the result of <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractal</a> process development. The depth of <a href="/wiki/Frost_crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Frost crystals">frost crystals</a> varies depending on the amount of time they have been accumulating, and the concentration of the water vapor (<a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>). Frost crystals may be invisible (black), clear (<a href="/wiki/Translucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Translucent">translucent</a>), or, if a mass of frost crystals scatters light in all directions, the coating of frost appears white. </p><p>Types of frost include crystalline frost (<a href="#Hoar_frost">hoar frost</a> or radiation frost) from <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">deposition</a> of water vapor from air of low humidity, <a href="#White_frost">white frost</a> in humid conditions, <a href="#Window_frost">window frost</a> on glass surfaces, <a href="#Advection_frost">advection frost</a> from cold wind over cold surfaces, <a href="#Black_frost">black frost</a> without visible ice at low temperatures and very low humidity, and <a href="#Rime">rime</a> under <a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">supercooled</a> wet conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliver2005_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliver2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants that have evolved in warmer climates suffer damage when the temperature falls low enough to freeze the water in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> that make up the plant <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a>. The tissue damage resulting from this process is known as "frost damage". <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmers</a> in those regions where frost damage has been known to affect their crops often invest in substantial means to protect their crops from such damage. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevada-Apartadero-Merida-Venezuela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nevada-Apartadero-Merida-Venezuela.jpg/220px-Nevada-Apartadero-Merida-Venezuela.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nevada-Apartadero-Merida-Venezuela.jpg/330px-Nevada-Apartadero-Merida-Venezuela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nevada-Apartadero-Merida-Venezuela.jpg/440px-Nevada-Apartadero-Merida-Venezuela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Frost in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_towns_by_country" title="List of highest towns by country">highest town in Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apartaderos" title="Apartaderos">Apartaderos</a>: Because of its location in an <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">alpine tundra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ramo" title="Páramo">páramo</a></i>, a daily freeze-and-thaw cycle, sometimes described as "summer every day and winter every night", exists.</figcaption></figure> <p>If a solid surface is chilled below the <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> of the surrounding humid air, and the surface itself is colder than freezing, ice will form on it. If the water deposits as a liquid that then freezes, it forms a coating that may look glassy, opaque, or crystalline, depending on its type. Depending on context, that process may also be called <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_icing" title="Atmospheric icing">atmospheric icing</a>. The ice it produces differs in some ways from crystalline frost, which consists of spicules of ice that typically project from the solid surface on which they grow. </p><p>The main difference between the ice coatings and frost spicules arises because the crystalline spicules grow directly from <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">desublimation</a> of water vapour from air, and desublimation is not a factor in icing of freezing surfaces. For desublimation to proceed, the surface must be below the <a href="/wiki/Dew_point#Frost_point" title="Dew point">frost point</a> of the air, meaning that it is sufficiently cold for ice to form without passing through the <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid phase</a>. The air must be humid, but not sufficiently humid to permit the condensation of liquid water, or icing will result instead of desublimation. The size of the crystals depends largely on the temperature, the amount of <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> available, and how long they have been growing undisturbed. </p><p>As a rule, except in conditions where supercooled droplets are present in the air, frost will form only if the deposition surface is colder than the surrounding air. For instance, frost may be observed around cracks in cold wooden sidewalks when humid air escapes from the warmer ground beneath. Other objects on which frost commonly forms are those with low <a href="/wiki/Specific_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific heat">specific heat</a> or high <a href="/wiki/Thermal_emissivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal emissivity">thermal emissivity</a>, such as blackened metals, hence the accumulation of frost on the heads of rusty nails. </p><p>The apparently erratic occurrence of frost in adjacent localities is due partly to differences of elevation, the lower areas becoming colder on calm nights. Where static air settles above an area of ground in the absence of wind, the <a href="/wiki/Molar_absorptivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Molar absorptivity">absorptivity</a> and specific heat of the ground strongly influence the temperature that the trapped air attains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoar_frost">Hoar frost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hoar frost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hoar_frost#English" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hoar frost">hoar frost</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frostweb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Frostweb.jpg/170px-Frostweb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Frostweb.jpg/255px-Frostweb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Frostweb.jpg/340px-Frostweb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Spider_web" title="Spider web">spider web</a> covered in air hoar frost</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoarFrost.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/HoarFrost.jpg/220px-HoarFrost.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/HoarFrost.jpg/330px-HoarFrost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/HoarFrost.jpg/440px-HoarFrost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Hoar frost on the snow</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LightLTSEM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/LightLTSEM.jpg/220px-LightLTSEM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/LightLTSEM.jpg/330px-LightLTSEM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/LightLTSEM.jpg/440px-LightLTSEM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1603" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>Depth hoar, <a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">imaged</a> with <a href="/wiki/Optical_microscope" title="Optical microscope">optical</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron</a> (right) <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a></figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="hoarfrost_anchor"></span> <b>Hoar frost</b>, also <b>hoarfrost</b>, <b>radiation frost</b>, or <b>pruina</b>, refers to white ice crystals deposited on the ground or loosely attached to exposed objects, such as wires or leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They form on cold, clear nights when conditions are such that <a href="/wiki/Radiative_cooling#Nocturnal_surface_cooling" title="Radiative cooling">heat radiates</a> into outer space faster than it can be replaced from nearby warm objects or brought in by the wind. Under suitable circumstances, objects cool to below the <a href="/wiki/Dew_point#Frost_point" title="Dew point">frost point</a><sup id="cite_ref-RohliRohli2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RohliRohli2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the surrounding air, well below the freezing point of water. Such freezing may be promoted by effects such as <b>flood frost</b> or <b>frost pocket</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These occur when ground-level radiation cools air until it flows downhill and accumulates in pockets of very cold air in valleys and hollows. Hoar frost may freeze in such low-lying cold air even when the air temperature a few feet above ground is well above freezing. </p><p>The word "hoar" comes from an <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> adjective that means "showing signs of old age". In this context, it refers to the frost that makes trees and bushes look like white hair. </p><p>Hoar frost may have different names depending on where it forms: </p> <ul><li><b>Air hoar</b> is a deposit of hoar frost on objects above the surface, such as tree branches, plant stems, and wires.</li> <li><b>Surface hoar</b> refers to fern-like ice crystals directly deposited on snow, ice, or already frozen surfaces.</li> <li><b>Crevasse hoar</b> consists of crystals that form in glacial crevasses where water vapour can accumulate under calm weather conditions.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Depth_hoar" title="Depth hoar">Depth hoar</a></b> refers to faceted crystals that have slowly grown large within cavities beneath the surface of banks of dry snow. Depth hoar crystals grow continuously at the expense of neighbouring smaller crystals, so typically are visibly stepped and have faceted hollows.</li></ul> <p>When surface hoar covers sloping snowbanks, the layer of frost crystals may create an <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanche</a> risk; when heavy layers of new snow cover the frosty surface, furry crystals standing out from the old snow hold off the falling flakes, forming a layer of voids that prevents the new snow layers from bonding strongly to the old snow beneath. Ideal conditions for hoarfrost to form on snow are cold, clear nights, with very light, cold air currents conveying humidity at the right rate for growth of frost crystals. Wind that is too strong or warm destroys the furry crystals, and thereby may permit a stronger bond between the old and new snow layers. However, if the winds are strong enough and cold enough to lay the crystals flat and dry, carpeting the snow with cold, loose crystals without removing or destroying them or letting them warm up and become sticky, then the frost interface between the snow layers may still present an avalanche danger, because the texture of the frost crystals differs from the snow texture, and the dry crystals will not stick to fresh snow. Such conditions still prevent a strong bond between the snow layers.<sup id="cite_ref-McClungSchaerer2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClungSchaerer2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In very low temperatures where fluffy surface hoar crystals form without subsequently being covered with snow, strong winds may break them off, forming a dust of ice particles and blowing them over the surface. The ice dust then may form <i><a href="/wiki/Yukimarimo" title="Yukimarimo">yukimarimo</a></i>, as has been observed in parts of Antarctica, in a process similar to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Dust_bunny" title="Dust bunny">dust bunnies</a> and similar structures. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frosted_Flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of a flower with advection frost on the tips of its petals." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Frosted_Flower.jpg/220px-Frosted_Flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Frosted_Flower.jpg/330px-Frosted_Flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Frosted_Flower.jpg/440px-Frosted_Flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>A flower with advection frost on the edges of its petals</figcaption></figure> <p>Hoar frost and <a href="#White_frost">white frost</a> also occur in man-made environments such as in freezers or industrial <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">cold-storage</a> facilities. If such cold spaces or the pipes serving them are not well insulated and are exposed to ambient humidity, the moisture will freeze instantly depending on the freezer temperature. The frost may coat pipes thickly, partly insulating them, but such inefficient insulation still is a source of heat loss. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advection_frost">Advection frost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advection frost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Advection frost</b> (also called <b>wind frost</b>) refers to tiny ice spikes that form when very cold <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a> is blowing over tree branches, poles, and other surfaces. It looks like rimming on the edges of flowers and leaves, and usually forms against the <a href="/wiki/Windward_and_leeward" title="Windward and leeward">direction of the wind</a>. It can occur at any hour, day or night. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Window_frost">Window frost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Window frost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Window frost</b> (also called <b>fern frost</b> or <b>ice flowers</b>) forms when a glass pane is exposed to very cold air on the outside and warmer, moderately moist air on the inside. If the pane is a bad <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulator</a> (for example, if it is a single-pane window), water vapour condenses on the glass, forming frost patterns. With very low temperatures outside, frost can appear on the bottom of the window even with double-pane energy-efficient windows because the air convection between two panes of glass ensures that the bottom part of the glazing unit is colder than the top part. On unheated motor vehicles, the frost usually forms on the outside surface of the glass first. The glass surface influences the shape of crystals, so imperfections, scratches, or dust can modify the way ice <a href="/wiki/Nucleation" title="Nucleation">nucleates</a>. The patterns in window frost form a <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractal</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Fractal_dimension" title="Fractal dimension">fractal dimension</a> greater than one, but less than two. This is a consequence of the nucleation process being constrained to unfold in two dimensions, unlike a snowflake, which is shaped by a similar process, but forms in three dimensions and has a fractal dimension greater than two.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the indoor air is very humid, rather than moderately so, water first <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condenses</a> in small droplets, and then freezes into <a href="/wiki/Clear_ice" title="Clear ice">clear ice</a>. </p><p>Similar patterns of freezing may occur on other smooth vertical surfaces, but they seldom are as obvious or spectacular as on clear glass. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frost_patterns_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Frost_patterns_1.jpg/270px-Frost_patterns_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Frost_patterns_1.jpg/405px-Frost_patterns_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Frost_patterns_1.jpg/540px-Frost_patterns_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1710" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frost_patterns_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Frost_patterns_2.jpg/270px-Frost_patterns_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Frost_patterns_2.jpg/405px-Frost_patterns_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Frost_patterns_2.jpg/540px-Frost_patterns_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="1666" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frost_patterns_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Frost_patterns_3.jpg/270px-Frost_patterns_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Frost_patterns_3.jpg/405px-Frost_patterns_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Frost_patterns_3.jpg/540px-Frost_patterns_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4165" data-file-height="2777" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frost_patterns_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Frost_patterns_4.jpg/270px-Frost_patterns_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Frost_patterns_4.jpg/405px-Frost_patterns_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Frost_patterns_4.jpg/540px-Frost_patterns_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="2640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frost_patterns_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Frost_patterns_5.jpg/271px-Frost_patterns_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Frost_patterns_5.jpg/407px-Frost_patterns_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Frost_patterns_5.jpg/542px-Frost_patterns_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frost_patterns_25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Frost_patterns_25.jpg/259px-Frost_patterns_25.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Frost_patterns_25.jpg/388px-Frost_patterns_25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Frost_patterns_25.jpg/517px-Frost_patterns_25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WindowFrostNewmarketOntario1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/WindowFrostNewmarketOntario1986.jpg/278px-WindowFrostNewmarketOntario1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/WindowFrostNewmarketOntario1986.jpg/417px-WindowFrostNewmarketOntario1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/WindowFrostNewmarketOntario1986.jpg/556px-WindowFrostNewmarketOntario1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frost_on_a_plastic_container_in_a_-30_C_freezer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Frost_on_a_plastic_container_in_a_-30_C_freezer.jpg/307px-Frost_on_a_plastic_container_in_a_-30_C_freezer.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Frost_on_a_plastic_container_in_a_-30_C_freezer.jpg/460px-Frost_on_a_plastic_container_in_a_-30_C_freezer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Frost_on_a_plastic_container_in_a_-30_C_freezer.jpg/613px-Frost_on_a_plastic_container_in_a_-30_C_freezer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PXL_20210220_150158529.PORTRAIT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PXL_20210220_150158529.PORTRAIT.jpg/240px-PXL_20210220_150158529.PORTRAIT.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PXL_20210220_150158529.PORTRAIT.jpg/360px-PXL_20210220_150158529.PORTRAIT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PXL_20210220_150158529.PORTRAIT.jpg/480px-PXL_20210220_150158529.PORTRAIT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_frost">White frost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: White frost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>White frost</b> is a solid <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">deposition</a> of ice that forms directly from water vapour contained in air. </p><p>White frost forms when relative humidity is above 90% and the temperature below −8 °C (18 °F), and it grows against the wind direction, since air arriving from <a href="/wiki/Windward_and_leeward" title="Windward and leeward">windward</a> has a higher humidity than leeward air, but the wind must not be strong, else it damages the delicate icy structures as they begin to form. White frost resembles a heavy coating of hoar frost with big, interlocking crystals, usually needle-shaped. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rime">Rime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rime_ice" title="Rime ice">Rime ice</a></div> <p><b>Rime</b> is a type of ice deposition that occurs quickly, often under heavily humid and windy conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technically speaking, it is not a type of frost, since usually <a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">supercooled</a> water drops are involved, in contrast to the formation of hoar frost, in which water vapour desublimates slowly and directly. Ships travelling through Arctic seas may accumulate large quantities of rime on the rigging. Unlike hoar frost, which has a feathery appearance, rime generally has an icy, solid appearance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_frost">Black frost<span class="anchor" id="Black_frost"></span><span class="anchor" id="Killing_frost"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Black frost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plants_affected_by_Below_Freezing_Temps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Plants_affected_by_Below_Freezing_Temps.jpg/220px-Plants_affected_by_Below_Freezing_Temps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Plants_affected_by_Below_Freezing_Temps.jpg/330px-Plants_affected_by_Below_Freezing_Temps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Plants_affected_by_Below_Freezing_Temps.jpg/440px-Plants_affected_by_Below_Freezing_Temps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Dead plant leaves during <a href="/wiki/Winter_Storm_Uri" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Storm Uri">Winter Storm Uri</a> in a backyard in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a>, with below freezing temperatures.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Black frost</b> (or "killing frost") is not strictly speaking frost at all, because it is the condition seen in crops when the humidity is too low for frost to form, but the temperature falls so low that plant tissues freeze and die, becoming blackened, hence the term "black frost". Black frost often is called "killing frost" because white frost tends to be less cold, partly because the <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a> of freezing of the water reduces the temperature drop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_on_plants">Effect on plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Effect on plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damage">Damage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feuilles-avec-glace-leaves-with-ice-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Feuilles-avec-glace-leaves-with-ice-1.jpg/220px-Feuilles-avec-glace-leaves-with-ice-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Feuilles-avec-glace-leaves-with-ice-1.jpg/330px-Feuilles-avec-glace-leaves-with-ice-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Feuilles-avec-glace-leaves-with-ice-1.jpg/440px-Feuilles-avec-glace-leaves-with-ice-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Frost on the grass of a public park in November</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_(page_31)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_31%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_31%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_31%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_31%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_31%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_31%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2084" /></a><figcaption>Map of average first killing frost in Ohio from "Geography of Ohio," 1923</figcaption></figure> <p>Many plants can be damaged or killed by freezing temperatures or frost. This varies with the type of plant, the tissue exposed, and how low temperatures get; a "light frost" of −2 to 0 °C (28 to 32 °F) damages fewer types of plants than a "hard frost" below −2 °C (28 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-BI_Frost_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BI_Frost-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants likely to be damaged even by a light frost include vines—such as beans, grapes, squashes, melons—along with <a href="/wiki/Nightshade" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightshade">nightshades</a> such as tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers. Plants that may tolerate (or even benefit from) frosts include:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>root vegetables (e.g. beets, carrots, parsnips, onions)</li> <li>leafy greens (e.g. lettuces, spinach, chard, cucumber<sup id="cite_ref-JHR_2-2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHR_2-2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruciferous_vegetables" title="Cruciferous vegetables">cruciferous vegetables</a> (e.g. cabbages, cauliflower, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, radishes, kale, collard, mustard, turnips, rutabagas)</li></ul> <p>Even those plants that tolerate frost may be damaged once temperatures drop even lower (below −4 °C or 25 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-BI_Frost_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BI_Frost-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardy perennials, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hosta" title="Hosta">Hosta</a></i>, become dormant after the first frosts and regrow when spring arrives. The entire visible plant may turn completely brown until the spring warmth, or may drop all of its leaves and flowers, leaving the stem and stalk only. Evergreen plants, such as pine trees, withstand frost although all or most growth stops. <a href="/wiki/Frost_crack" title="Frost crack">Frost crack</a> is a bark defect caused by a combination of low temperatures and heat from the winter sun. </p><p>Vegetation is not necessarily damaged when leaf temperatures drop below the freezing point of their cell contents. In the absence of a site <a href="/wiki/Nucleation" title="Nucleation">nucleating</a> the formation of ice crystals, the leaves remain in a <a href="/wiki/Supercooled" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercooled">supercooled</a> liquid state, safely reaching temperatures of −4 to −12 °C (25 to 10 °F). However, once frost forms, the leaf <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> may be damaged by sharp ice crystals. <a href="/wiki/Hardening_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardening (botany)">Hardening</a> is the process by which a plant becomes tolerant to low temperatures. See also <a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">Cryobiology</a>. </p><p>Certain <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacteria</a>, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_syringae" title="Pseudomonas syringae">Pseudomonas syringae</a></i>, are particularly effective at triggering frost formation, raising the nucleation temperature to about −2 °C (28 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacteria lacking ice nucleation-active proteins (<a href="/wiki/Ice-minus_bacteria" title="Ice-minus bacteria">ice-minus bacteria</a>) result in greatly reduced frost damage.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection_methods">Protection methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Protection methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winterschutz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Winterschutz.jpg/220px-Winterschutz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Winterschutz.jpg/330px-Winterschutz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Winterschutz.jpg/440px-Winterschutz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4563" data-file-height="3042" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roses" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses">Roses</a> with protection against frost – <a href="/wiki/Volksgarten,_Vienna" title="Volksgarten, Vienna">Volksgarten, Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CuritibaFrostGeada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/CuritibaFrostGeada.jpg/220px-CuritibaFrostGeada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/CuritibaFrostGeada.jpg/330px-CuritibaFrostGeada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/CuritibaFrostGeada.jpg/440px-CuritibaFrostGeada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Brazil">Southern Brazil</a>) is the coldest of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/State_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="State capital">state capitals</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Garden_of_Curitiba" title="Botanical Garden of Curitiba">Botanical Garden of Curitiba</a> protects sensitive plants.</figcaption></figure> <p>Typical measures to prevent frost or reduce its severity include one or more of: </p> <ul><li>Deploying powerful blowers to simulate wind, thereby preventing the formation of accumulations of cold air. There are variations on this theme. One variety is the wind machine, an engine-driven propeller mounted on a vertical pole that blows air almost horizontally. Wind machines were introduced as a method for frost protection in California during the 1920s, but they were not widely accepted until the 1940s and 1950s. Now, they are commonly used in many parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another is the <a href="/wiki/Selective_inverted_sink" title="Selective inverted sink">selective inverted sink</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a device which prevents frost by drawing cold air from the ground and blowing it up through a chimney. It was originally developed to prevent frost damage to <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> fruits in <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>. In New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a> are used in similar fashion, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyard</a> regions such as <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlborough Region">Marlborough</a>. By dragging down warmer air from the <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">inversion layers</a>, and preventing the ponding of colder air on the ground, the low-flying helicopters prevent damage to the fruit buds. As the operations are conducted at night, and have in the past involved up to 130 aircraft per night in one region, safety rules are strict.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not a dedicated method, <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> have a similar (although smaller) effect of vertically mixing air layers of different temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature-2010.12.23_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-2010.12.23-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roy+Traiteur_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy+Traiteur-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDaily-2005_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDaily-2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>For high-value crops, farmers may <a href="/wiki/Tree_wrap" title="Tree wrap">wrap trees</a> and use physical crop coverings.</li> <li>For high-value crops grown over small areas, heating to slow the drop in temperature may be practical.</li> <li>Production of smoke to reduce cooling by radiation, now thought to be of little benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spraying crops with a layer of water releases latent heat, preventing harmful freezing of the tissues of the plants that it coats.</li></ul> <p>Such measures need to be applied with discretion, because they may do more harm than good; for example, spraying crops with water can cause damage if the plants become overburdened with ice. An effective, <b>low cost</b> method for small crop farms and plant nurseries, exploits the <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">latent heat of freezing</a>. A pulsed irrigation timer<sup id="cite_ref-Nurseries_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nurseries-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> delivers water through existing overhead sprinklers at a low volumes to combat frosts down to −5 °C (23 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Nurseries_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nurseries-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SmallCrops_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmallCrops-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the water freezes, it gives off its latent heat, preventing the temperature of the foliage from falling much below zero.<sup id="cite_ref-SmallCrops_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmallCrops-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frost-free_areas">Frost-free areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Frost-free areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frost-free areas are found mainly in the lowland tropics, where they cover almost all land except at <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitudes</a> above about 3,000 metres or 9,800 feet near the equator and around 2,000 metres or 6,600 feet in the semiarid areas in tropical regions. Some areas on the oceanic margins of the subtropics are also frost-free, as are highly oceanic areas near windward coasts. The most poleward frost-free areas are the lower altitudes of the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Île Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Île Saint-Paul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a>, southern Florida around <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Beach">Miami Beach</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a> are the only reliably frost-free areas, as well as the Channel Islands off the coast of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">hardiness zones</a> in these regions are 11a and 11b. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Permafrost">Permafrost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Permafrost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a> is a layer of frozen earth underground which never heats above freezing even during summer months, remaining frozen year round. Although not frost in the atmospheric sense, it consists of dirt, soil, sand, rocks, clay, or organic matter (peat) bound firmly together by ice crystals, making the material very hard and difficult to penetrate. Permafrost exists in the colder climates of the Arctic and Antarctic, such as Russia, Canada, Alaska, Norway, Greenland, or Antarctica, where the warmer conditions of summer are insufficient to penetrate the insulation of the Earth to reach deep enough to thaw the permafrost layer. The permafrost may begin from the surface of the ground or many meters beneath it, and may extend from just a meter to over a thousand meters in thickness. Permafrost contains a significant portion of the Earth's water and carbon, and prevents surface water from penetrating very deep into the ground, making it responsible in part for the typical <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">spruce bog</a> environments common in northern latitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personifications">Personifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Father_Frost_(fairy_tale)" title="Father Frost (fairy tale)">Father Frost (fairy tale)</a></div> <p>Frost is personified in Russian culture as <a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Russia">Indigenous peoples of Russia</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Mordvins" title="Mordvins">Mordvins</a> have their own traditions of frost deities. </p><p>English folklore tradition holds that <a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a>, an elfish creature, is responsible for feathery patterns of frost found on windows on cold mornings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_other_planets">On other planets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: On other planets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2024, two <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> spacecraft, <a href="/wiki/Exomars_TGO" class="mw-redirect" title="Exomars TGO">Exomars TGO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a>, discovered a thin but very wide layer of water frost on the peak of <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a>, the highest mountain on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. This layer of frost appears for a few hours around sunrise, and then evaporates into the atmosphere for the rest of the Martian day. This was the first instance of frost discovered in the equatorial region of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Frost</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frost_on_a_nettle,_Netherlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frost on a nettle"><img alt="Frost on a nettle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Frost_on_a_nettle%2C_Netherlands.jpg/135px-Frost_on_a_nettle%2C_Netherlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Frost_on_a_nettle%2C_Netherlands.jpg/202px-Frost_on_a_nettle%2C_Netherlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Frost_on_a_nettle%2C_Netherlands.jpg/270px-Frost_on_a_nettle%2C_Netherlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frost on a nettle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fern_Frost.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fern frost on a window"><img alt="Fern frost on a window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fern_Frost.JPG/271px-Fern_Frost.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fern_Frost.JPG/407px-Fern_Frost.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fern_Frost.JPG/542px-Fern_Frost.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fern frost on a window</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%BClmen,_Hausd%C3%BClmen,_Distel_--_2021_--_5079.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frost on a thistle in Hausdülmen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany"><img alt="Frost on a thistle in Hausdülmen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/D%C3%BClmen%2C_Hausd%C3%BClmen%2C_Distel_--_2021_--_5079.jpg/240px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_Hausd%C3%BClmen%2C_Distel_--_2021_--_5079.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/D%C3%BClmen%2C_Hausd%C3%BClmen%2C_Distel_--_2021_--_5079.jpg/360px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_Hausd%C3%BClmen%2C_Distel_--_2021_--_5079.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/D%C3%BClmen%2C_Hausd%C3%BClmen%2C_Distel_--_2021_--_5079.jpg/480px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_Hausd%C3%BClmen%2C_Distel_--_2021_--_5079.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5863" data-file-height="4397" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frost on a thistle in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BClmen" title="Dülmen">Hausdülmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Window-Frost.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Window frost"><img alt="Window frost" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Window-Frost.jpg/240px-Window-Frost.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Window-Frost.jpg/360px-Window-Frost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Window-Frost.jpg/480px-Window-Frost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Window frost</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frost-covered_lifebuoy,_Lake_Siskiyou.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frost-covered lifebuoy, Lake Siskiyou, California"><img alt="Frost-covered lifebuoy, Lake Siskiyou, California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Frost-covered_lifebuoy%2C_Lake_Siskiyou.jpg/269px-Frost-covered_lifebuoy%2C_Lake_Siskiyou.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Frost-covered_lifebuoy%2C_Lake_Siskiyou.jpg/404px-Frost-covered_lifebuoy%2C_Lake_Siskiyou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Frost-covered_lifebuoy%2C_Lake_Siskiyou.jpg/538px-Frost-covered_lifebuoy%2C_Lake_Siskiyou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5293" data-file-height="3541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frost-covered lifebuoy, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Siskiyou" title="Lake Siskiyou">Lake Siskiyou</a>, California</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frost_on_leaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frost on plant leaves in the Himalayas"><img alt="Frost on plant leaves in the Himalayas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Frost_on_leaves.jpg/270px-Frost_on_leaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Frost_on_leaves.jpg/406px-Frost_on_leaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Frost_on_leaves.jpg/541px-Frost_on_leaves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5202" data-file-height="3465" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frost on plant leaves in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoar_Frost.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Surface hoar in Alaska"><img alt="Surface hoar in Alaska" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hoar_Frost.JPG/271px-Hoar_Frost.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hoar_Frost.JPG/407px-Hoar_Frost.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hoar_Frost.JPG/542px-Hoar_Frost.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Surface hoar in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoar_frost_on_a_snow_field.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hoar frost in Julian Alps"><img alt="Hoar frost in Julian Alps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hoar_frost_on_a_snow_field.jpg/240px-Hoar_frost_on_a_snow_field.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hoar_frost_on_a_snow_field.jpg/360px-Hoar_frost_on_a_snow_field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hoar_frost_on_a_snow_field.jpg/480px-Hoar_frost_on_a_snow_field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hoar frost in <a href="/wiki/Julian_Alps" title="Julian Alps">Julian Alps</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frost_on_Birch_Tree_in_Stockholm_20180110.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frost on birch tree in Stockholm"><img alt="Frost on birch tree in Stockholm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Frost_on_Birch_Tree_in_Stockholm_20180110.jpg/135px-Frost_on_Birch_Tree_in_Stockholm_20180110.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Frost_on_Birch_Tree_in_Stockholm_20180110.jpg/202px-Frost_on_Birch_Tree_in_Stockholm_20180110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Frost_on_Birch_Tree_in_Stockholm_20180110.jpg/270px-Frost_on_Birch_Tree_in_Stockholm_20180110.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frost on birch tree in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frost_in_Ranu_Pani_on_4_August_2018_by_Susanto_Tan_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frost on grass in Ranu Pani, East Java, Indonesia"><img alt="Frost on grass in Ranu Pani, East Java, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Frost_in_Ranu_Pani_on_4_August_2018_by_Susanto_Tan_6.jpg/240px-Frost_in_Ranu_Pani_on_4_August_2018_by_Susanto_Tan_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Frost_in_Ranu_Pani_on_4_August_2018_by_Susanto_Tan_6.jpg/360px-Frost_in_Ranu_Pani_on_4_August_2018_by_Susanto_Tan_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Frost_in_Ranu_Pani_on_4_August_2018_by_Susanto_Tan_6.jpg/480px-Frost_in_Ranu_Pani_on_4_August_2018_by_Susanto_Tan_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frost on grass in <a href="/wiki/Ranu_Pani" title="Ranu Pani">Ranu Pani</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frost_on_birch_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frost on birch stem in Norway"><img alt="Frost on birch stem in Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Frost_on_birch_tree.jpg/120px-Frost_on_birch_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Frost_on_birch_tree.jpg/180px-Frost_on_birch_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Frost_on_birch_tree.jpg/240px-Frost_on_birch_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="4968" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frost on birch stem in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydneyfrost.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Light frost on grass in Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"><img alt="Light frost on grass in Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sydneyfrost.jpg/240px-Sydneyfrost.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sydneyfrost.jpg/360px-Sydneyfrost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sydneyfrost.jpg/480px-Sydneyfrost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Light frost on grass in <a href="/wiki/Western_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Sydney">Western Sydney</a>, New South Wales, Australia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_with_frost.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An oak leaf with frost in Sweden"><img alt="An oak leaf with frost in Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leaf_with_frost.jpg/270px-Leaf_with_frost.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leaf_with_frost.jpg/405px-Leaf_with_frost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leaf_with_frost.jpg/540px-Leaf_with_frost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="1254" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An oak leaf with frost in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_(temperature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frost (temperature)">Frost (temperature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line" title="Frost line">Frost line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">Frostbite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_frost" title="Ground frost">Ground frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icing_(nautical)" title="Icing (nautical)">Icing (nautical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_ice" title="Needle ice">Needle ice</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_causes_frost.htm">"What causes frost?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210230539/http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_causes_frost.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+causes+frost%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherquestions.com%2FWhat_causes_frost.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliver2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oliver2005_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliver2005_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Oliver2005" class="citation book cs1">John E. Oliver (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mwbAsxpRr0C&pg=PA382"><i>The Encyclopedia of World Climatology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. pp. 382–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3264-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3264-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-3264-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508153444/https://books.google.com/books?id=-mwbAsxpRr0C&pg=PA382">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Climatology&rft.pages=382-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3264-6&rft.au=John+E.+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-mwbAsxpRr0C%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hoar%20frost">"Hoarfrost – Definition of hoarfrost by Merriam-Webster"</a>. <i>merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219065328/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hoar%20frost">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Hoarfrost+%E2%80%93+Definition+of+hoarfrost+by+Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhoar%2520frost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RohliRohli2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RohliRohli2013_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLouisiana_State_University_Baton_Rouge_Robert_V._RohliRobert_V._RohliAnthony_J._Vega2013" class="citation book cs1">Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Robert V. Rohli; Robert V. Rohli; Anthony J. Vega (13 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AxWEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA381"><i>Climatology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Jones_%26_Bartlett_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones & Bartlett Publishers">Jones & Bartlett Publishers</a>. pp. 381–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-284-05427-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-284-05427-9"><bdi>978-1-284-05427-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519122238/https://books.google.com/books?id=AxWEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA381">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climatology&rft.pages=381-&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2013-12-13&rft.isbn=978-1-284-05427-9&rft.au=Louisiana+State+University+Baton+Rouge+Robert+V.+Rohli&rft.au=Robert+V.+Rohli&rft.au=Anthony+J.+Vega&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAxWEAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wxfacts/Frost-hollow.htm">"Weather Facts: Frost hollow – Weather UK – weatheronline.co.uk"</a>. <i>weatheronline.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212022607/http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wxfacts/Frost-hollow.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-02-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=weatheronline.co.uk&rft.atitle=Weather+Facts%3A+Frost+hollow+%E2%80%93+Weather+UK+%E2%80%93+weatheronline.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatheronline.co.uk%2Freports%2Fwxfacts%2FFrost-hollow.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClungSchaerer2006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McClungSchaerer2006_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_McClungPeter_A._Schaerer2006" class="citation book cs1">David McClung; Peter A. Schaerer (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Bpscs7Gqb8C&pg=PA72"><i>The Avalanche Handbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Mountaineers_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mountaineers Books">The Mountaineers Books</a>. pp. 72–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-809-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-809-8"><bdi>978-0-89886-809-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506012123/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Bpscs7Gqb8C&pg=PA72">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Avalanche+Handbook&rft.pages=72-&rft.pub=The+Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-89886-809-8&rft.au=David+McClung&rft.au=Peter+A.+Schaerer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Bpscs7Gqb8C%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestMauro_Bologna2003" class="citation book cs1">West, Bruce; Mauro Bologna (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgyTpQZOga0C&pg=PA46"><i>Physics of Fractal Operators</i></a>. 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Upper (October 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1065830">"Bacterial Ice Nucleation: A Factor in Frost Injury to Plants"</a>. <i>Plant Physiology</i>. <b>70</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1084–</span>1089. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.70.4.1084">10.1104/pp.70.4.1084</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1065830">1065830</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16662618">16662618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=Bacterial+Ice+Nucleation%3A+A+Factor+in+Frost+Injury+to+Plants&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1084-%3C%2Fspan%3E1089&rft.date=1982-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1065830%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16662618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.70.4.1084&rft.aulast=Lindow&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft.au=Deane+C.+Arny&rft.au=Christen+D.+Upper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1065830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">wind machine references: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fao.org/3/y7223e/y7223e0d.htm">http://www.fao.org/3/y7223e/y7223e0d.htm</a> ; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://extension.psu.edu/orchard-frost-protection-with-wind-machines">https://extension.psu.edu/orchard-frost-protection-with-wind-machines</a> ; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/10-045.htm">http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/10-045.htm</a> ;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rolexawards.com/laureates/laureate-20-guarga.html">Selective Inverted Sink</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060318212517/http://www.rolexawards.com/laureates/laureate-20-guarga.html">Archived</a> 2006-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Rolex Awards site (won award in <i>Technology and Innovation</i> category) 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Helicopters Fight Frost</i> – <i>Vector</i>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_of_New_Zealand" title="Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand">Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand</a>, September/ October 2008, Page 8-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature-2010.12.23-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nature-2010.12.23_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7327/full/4681001a.html">Turbines and turbulence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111201212633/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7327/full/4681001a.html">Archived</a> 2011-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature (journal)</a></i>, 468, 1001, 23 December 2010, DOI:10.1038/4681001a, published online 22 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy+Traiteur-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy+Traiteur_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somnath Baidya Roy and Justin J. Traiteur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/10/12/1000493107.abstract">Impacts of wind farms on surface air temperatures</a>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, No. 42, October 19, 2010, p. 17,899.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScienceDaily-2005-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ScienceDaily-2005_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/videos/2005/1012-wind_farms_impacting_weather.htm">Wind farms impacting weather</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100906101845/https://www.sciencedaily.com/videos/2005/1012-wind_farms_impacting_weather.htm">Archived</a> 2010-09-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Science Daily.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnyderde_Melo-Abreu2005" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Richard L.; de Melo-Abreu, J. Paulo (2005). "Chapter 7 - Active protection methods". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/4/y7223e/y7223e0d.htm"><i>Frost protection: fundamentals, practice, and economics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7+-+Active+protection+methods&rft.btitle=Frost+protection%3A+fundamentals%2C+practice%2C+and+economics&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft.au=de+Melo-Abreu%2C+J.+Paulo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F4%2Fy7223e%2Fy7223e0d.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nurseries-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nurseries_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nurseries_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plantsale.com.au/Articles/FrostProtection">"A practical method of frost protection"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320075831/http://www.plantsale.com.au/Articles/FrostProtection/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+practical+method+of+frost+protection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplantsale.com.au%2FArticles%2FFrostProtection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmallCrops-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmallCrops_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmallCrops_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSelders" class="citation web cs1">Selders, Arthur W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114032130/http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/hortcult/fruits/om101.pdf">"Frost protection with sprinkler irrigation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. West Virginia university. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/hortcult/fruits/om101.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frost+protection+with+sprinkler+irrigation&rft.pub=West+Virginia+university&rft.aulast=Selders&rft.aufirst=Arthur+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvu.edu%2F~agexten%2Fhortcult%2Ffruits%2Fom101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/permafrost/">National Geographic – Permafrost</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Lea2024" class="citation web cs1">Robert Lea (2024-06-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/mars-water-frost-equator-exomars-tharsis-olympus-mons">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We thought it was impossible:' Water frost on Mars discovered near Red Planet's equator"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=%27We+thought+it+was+impossible%3A%27+Water+frost+on+Mars+discovered+near+Red+Planet%27s+equator&rft.date=2024-06-10&rft.au=Robert+Lea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fmars-water-frost-equator-exomars-tharsis-olympus-mons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Frost" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Frost">Frost</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/frost" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/frost">frost</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/frost/frost.htm">Guide to Frost</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/weather/features/41763562">How much do you know about frost?</a> – <i>BBC</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Frost">American Meteorological Society, <i>Glossary of Meteorology</i> – Hoarfrost</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/whys/frost.htm">The Weather Doctor – Weather Whys – Frost</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Frost"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Frost">"Frost" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frost&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrost" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ice503" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ice" title="Template:Ice"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ice" title="Template talk:Ice"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ice" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ice"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ice503" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_ice#Amorphous_ice" title="Phases of ice">Amorphous solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_ice#Known_phases" title="Phases of ice">Crystalline phases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_ice#Ice_XVIII_(superionic_water)" title="Phases of ice">Superionic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_ice" title="Anchor ice">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cave" title="Ice cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_dune" title="Ice dune">Dune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_field" title="Ice field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">Iceberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ice_calving" title="Ice calving">calving</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icicle" title="Icicle">Icicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_jam" title="Ice jam">Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">Sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_spike" title="Ice spike">Spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalactite#Ice_stalactites" title="Stalactite">Stalactites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_volcano" title="Ice volcano">Volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice%E2%80%93albedo_feedback" title="Ice–albedo feedback">Albedo feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_circle" title="Ice circle">Circle or disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_ice" title="Clear ice">Clear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice crystals">Crystals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firn" title="Firn">Firn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_fog" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazil_ice" title="Frazil ice">Frazil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_flower" title="Frost flower">Frost flower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frost_flower_(sea_ice)" title="Frost flower (sea ice)">sea ice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaze_(ice)" title="Glaze (ice)">Glaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_ice" title="Hair ice">Hair ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_jacking" title="Ice jacking">Jacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9v%C3%A9" title="Névé">Névé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_ice" title="Needle ice">Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_nucleus" title="Ice nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rime_ice" title="Rime ice">Rime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_shove" title="Ice shove">Shove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuga_(ice)" title="Shuga (ice)">Shuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_ice" title="Slurry ice">Slurry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush" title="Slush">Slush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Storm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ice-related<br />activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_bath" title="Ice bath">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_blasting" title="Ice blasting">Blasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_blocking" title="Ice blocking">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_fishing" title="Ice fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_rafting" title="Ice rafting">Rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sculpture" title="Ice sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">Skating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceboat" title="Iceboat">Iceboating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cricket" title="Ice cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icetrack_cycling" title="Icetrack cycling">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">Figure skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_racing" title="Ice racing">Ice racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">Speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-track_speed_skating" title="Short-track speed skating">Short-track speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_skating" title="Tour skating">Tour skating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constructions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_bar" title="Ice bar">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_bridge" title="Ice bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hotel" title="Ice hotel">Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igloo" title="Igloo">Igloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_palace" title="Ice palace">Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pier" title="Ice pier">Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pykrete" title="Pykrete">Pykrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_rink" title="Ice rink">Rink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cutting" title="Ice cutting">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebox" title="Icebox">Icebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_house_(building)" title="Ice house (building)">Icehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceman_(occupation)" title="Iceman (occupation)">Iceman (occupation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pick" title="Ice pick">Pick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_trade" title="Ice trade">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l" title="Yakhchāl">Yakhchāl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice chips">Chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cube" title="Ice cube">Cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pack" title="Ice pack">Pack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Water_ice" title="Category:Water ice">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ice" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ice">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ice" class="extiw" title="wikt:ice">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viticulture340" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viticulture" title="Template:Viticulture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viticulture" title="Template talk:Viticulture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viticulture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viticulture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viticulture340" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biology and<br /> horticulture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampelography" title="Ampelography">Ampelography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_grape" title="Hybrid grape">Hybrid grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Grape_Genome_Program" title="International Grape Genome Program">International Grape Genome Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripening</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">Rootstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br /> variation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_categories_in_viticulture" title="Climate categories in viticulture">Climate categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" title="Diurnal temperature variation">Diurnal temperature variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">Microclimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_climate_levels_in_viticulture" title="Regional climate levels in viticulture">Regional climate levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">Soil types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspect_(geography)" title="Aspect (geography)">aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">slope</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> planting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Grapevine planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propagation_of_grapevines" title="Propagation of grapevines">Propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_viticulture" title="Precision viticulture">Row orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">Trellis design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_training" title="Vine training">Vine training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">Yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_(grape)" title="Canopy (grape)">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clos_(vineyard)" title="Clos (vineyard)">Clos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">Coulure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frost damage prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture#Green_harvest" title="Viticulture">Green harvest (<i>Vendange verte</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">Integrated pest management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_viticulture" title="Irrigation in viticulture">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klopotec" title="Klopotec">Klopotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerandage" title="Millerandage">Millerandage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">Brix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pests and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_diseases" title="List of grape diseases">diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_rot_(grape_disease)" title="Black rot (grape disease)">Black rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis bunch rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasiodiplodia_theobromae" title="Lasiodiplodia theobromae">Bot canker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_arm_of_grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead arm of grapevine">Dead arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">Downy mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_yellows" title="Grapevine yellows">Grapevine yellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_pest_nematode_species" title="List of agricultural pest nematode species">Nematodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylella_fastidiosa" title="Xylella fastidiosa">Pierce's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">Powdery mildew</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncinula_necator" title="Uncinula necator">Uncinula necator</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranychus_urticae" title="Tetranychus urticae">Red spider mite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupoecilia_ambiguella" title="Eupoecilia ambiguella">Vine moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">Adaptive management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on wine production">Effects of climate change on wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary of wine terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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