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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Grane_elektronike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grane_elektronike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Grane elektronike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grane_elektronike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Električni_uređaji_i_komponente" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Električni_uređaji_i_komponente"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Električni uređaji i komponente</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Električni_uređaji_i_komponente-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historija_elektronskih_komponenti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historija_elektronskih_komponenti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historija elektronskih komponenti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historija_elektronskih_komponenti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vrste_krugova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vrste_krugova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vrste krugova</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vrste_krugova-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Vrste krugova</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vrste_krugova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analogni_krugovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analogni_krugovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Analogni krugovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analogni_krugovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digitalni_krugovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digitalni_krugovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Digitalni krugovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digitalni_krugovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teorija_elektronike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teorija_elektronike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Teorija elektronike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teorija_elektronike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dizajn_elektroničkih_sistema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dizajn_elektroničkih_sistema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dizajn elektroničkih sistema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dizajn_elektroničkih_sistema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montažne_mogućnosti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montažne_mogućnosti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Montažne mogućnosti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montažne_mogućnosti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Također_pogledajte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Također_pogledajte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Također pogledajte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Također_pogledajte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalje_čitanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalje_čitanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Dalje čitanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalje_čitanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjski_linkovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Vanjski linkovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uključi/isključi sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uključi/isključi sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elektronika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na članak na drugom jeziku. Dostupno na 147 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">147 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – afrikans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – njemački (Švicarska)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="njemački (Švicarska)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Electronica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="إلكترونيات – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلكترونيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83" title="إيليكطرونيك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيليكطرونيك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3nica" title="Electrónica – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Electrónica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="الکترونیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکترونیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – baškirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alektruon%C4%97ka" title="Alektruonėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alektruonėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроніка – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электроніка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроніка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электроніка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроника – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електроника" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन बिज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ইলেকট্রন বিজ্ঞান – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রন বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronek" title="Elektronek – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elektronek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B2nica" title="Electrònica – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Electrònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ئەلەکترۆنیک – centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلەکترۆنیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroneg" title="Electroneg – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Electroneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ηλεκτρονική – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρονική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electronics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniko" title="Elektroniko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3nica" title="Electrónica – španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electrónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroonika" title="Elektroonika – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektroonika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="الکترونیک – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکترونیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniikka" title="Elektroniikka – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektroniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrooniga" title="Elektrooniga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Elektrooniga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectronique_(technique)" title="Électronique (technique) – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électronique (technique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroonik" title="Elektroonik – sjeverni frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elektroonik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="sjeverni frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletroniche" title="Eletroniche – friulijski" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Eletroniche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroanika" title="Elektroanika – zapadni frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elektroanika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zapadni frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leictreonaic" title="Leictreonaic – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leictreonaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%B8" title="電子學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="電子學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9l%C3%A8ktronnik" title="Lélèktronnik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lélèktronnik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3nica" title="Electrónica – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Electrónica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אלקטרוניקה – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקטרוניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इलैक्ट्रॉनिक्स – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलैक्ट्रॉनिक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Electronics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektwonik_(teknik)" title="Elektwonik (teknik) – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Elektwonik (teknik)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Էլեկտրոնիկա – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոնիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Electronica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniko" title="Elektroniko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafeindat%C3%A6kni" title="Rafeindatækni – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafeindatækni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettronica" title="Elettronica – italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettronica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="電子工学 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子工学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilekchranix" title="Ilekchranix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ilekchranix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ელექტრონიკა – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტრონიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliktrunik" title="Iliktrunik – kabile" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iliktrunik" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabile" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel%C9%9Bk%C9%A9troniiki" title="Eelɛkɩtroniiki – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Eelɛkɩtroniiki" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innallangialerineq" title="Innallangialerineq – kalalisutski" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Innallangialerineq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="kalalisutski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9B%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ವಿದ್ಯುಚ್ಛಾಸ್ತ್ರ – kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿದ್ಯುಚ್ಛಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%89%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4" title="일렉트로닉스 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일렉트로닉스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="گرٛۆندُت – kašmirski" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گرٛۆندُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kašmirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron%C3%AEk" title="Elektronîk – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elektronîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegas" title="Elektronegas – kornski" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Elektronegas" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Electronica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletronica" title="Eletronica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eletronica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronica" title="Elektronica – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Elektronica" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletronega" title="Eletronega – lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eletronega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81" title="ເອເລັກໂຕຣນິກ – laoski" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເອເລັກໂຕຣນິກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikoriam-boanaratra" title="Haikoriam-boanaratra – malgaški" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haikoriam-boanaratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроника – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електроника" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇലക്ട്രോണിക്സ് – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇലക്ട്രോണിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Электроник – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Электроник" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="विजाणूशास्त्र – marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विजाणूशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiletr%C3%B3nica" title="Eiletrónica – mirandeški" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiletrónica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ် – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – donjonjemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="donjonjemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इलेक्त्रोनिक्स – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इलेक्त्रोनिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronica" title="Elektronica – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektronica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikk" title="Elektronikk – norveški (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektronikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikk" title="Elektronikk – norveški (Bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektronikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški (Bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica – oksitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Electronica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektirooniksii" title="Elektirooniksii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Elektirooniksii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ ਤਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ ਤਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B2nica" title="Eletrònica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eletrònica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="الیکٹرونکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیکٹرونکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%BC%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A" title="برېښنايي ټېکنالوژي – paštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېښنايي ټېکنالوژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B4nica" title="Eletrônica – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eletrônica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illari_yachay" title="Illari yachay – kečua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Illari yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%C4%83" title="Electronică – rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Electronică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроніка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Електроніка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="ऋणाणुशास्त्रम् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ऋणाणुशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B2nica" title="Eletrònica – sardinijski" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Eletrònica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alittr%C3%B2nica" title="Alittrònica – sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alittrònica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Electronics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%BD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="اليڪٽرانڪس – sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اليڪٽرانڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – srpskohrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpskohrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um%E1%B8%8Din" title="Umḍin – tahelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Umḍin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tahelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික තාක්‍ෂණය – sinhaleški" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික තාක්‍ෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhaleški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electronics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektarooniga" title="Elektarooniga – somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Elektarooniga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроника – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електроника" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ktronika" title="Éléktronika – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éléktronika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniki" title="Elektroniki – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elektroniki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மின்னணுவியல் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்னணுவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎలక్ట్రానిక్స్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలక్ట్రానిక్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – tadžički" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="อิเล็กทรอนิกส์ – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิเล็กทรอนิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniks" title="Elektroniks – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Elektroniks" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроніка – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електроніка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="برقیات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%82etr%C3%B2nega" title="Ełetrònega – venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ełetrònega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Điện tử học – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện tử học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%ABjfeppal" title="Mbëjfeppal – volof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mbëjfeppal" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="volof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="电子学 – Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7" title="עלעקטראניק – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עלעקטראניק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3i%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9%CC%81on%C3%ADn%C3%A1" title="Ìṣiṣẹ́oníná – jorubanski" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣiṣẹ́oníná" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="电子学 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电子学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-ch%C3%BA-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Tiān-chú-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-chú-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%B8" title="電子學 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電子學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezengabuzuba" title="Ezengabuzuba – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/260px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/390px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/520px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMD_tehnologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SMD tehnologija (stranica ne postoji)">SMD</a> elektronske komponente</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Elektronika</b> obuhvata fiziku, inžinjerstvo, tehnologiju i primjene koje se bave emisijom, protokom i kontrolom <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> u <a href="/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum">vakuumu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">materiji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To je razikuje od klasične <a href="/wiki/Elektrotehnika" title="Elektrotehnika">elektrotehnike</a> jer koristi aktivne uređaje za kontrolu protoka elektrona <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poja%C4%8Diva%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pojačivač (stranica ne postoji)">pojačavanjem</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ispravlja%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ispravljač (stranica ne postoji)">ispravljanjem</a>, a ne samo pomoću pasivnih efekata poput <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_otpor" title="Električni otpor">otpornosti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_kapacitet" title="Električni kapacitet">kapacitivnosti</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_induktivitet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Električni induktivitet (stranica ne postoji)">induktivnosti</a>. Identifikacija elektrona u 1897, zajedno sa naknadnim izumom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vakuumska_cijev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vakuumska cijev (stranica ne postoji)">vakuumske cijevi</a> koja može pojačavati i ispravljati male električne signale, označila je početak polja elektronike i elektronskog doba.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ova razlika je započeta oko 1906. godine sa <a href="/wiki/Trioda" title="Trioda">triodom</a> koju je izumio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_De_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee De Forest (stranica ne postoji)">Lee De Forest</a> i koja je omogućila električno <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poja%C4%8Diva%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pojačivač (stranica ne postoji)">pojačavanje</a> slabih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_signal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio signal (stranica ne postoji)">radio signala</a> i audio signala sa nemehaničkim uređajem. Sve do 1950, ovo polje se nazivalo "radio tehnologija", jer je njegova glavna primjena bila u dizajnu i teoriji radio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oda%C5%A1ilja%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odašiljač (stranica ne postoji)">odašiljača</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio-prijemnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio-prijemnik (stranica ne postoji)">prijemnika</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vakuumska_cijev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vakuumska cijev (stranica ne postoji)">vakuumskih cijevi</a>. </p><p>Pojam "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika_%C4%8Dvrstog_stanja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronika čvrstog stanja (stranica ne postoji)">elektronika čvrstog stanja</a>" <i>(solid-state electronics)</i> se pojavio nakon što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Shockley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Shockley (stranica ne postoji)">William Shockley</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Houser_Brattain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Houser Brattain (stranica ne postoji)">Walter Houser Brattain</a> i <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> izmislili prvi <a href="/wiki/Tranzistor" title="Tranzistor">tranzistor</a> 1947. u <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labsu</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=MOSFET&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MOSFET (stranica ne postoji)">MOSFET</a> (MOS tranzistor) su kasnije u 1959. izmislili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Atalla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed Atalla (stranica ne postoji)">Mohamed Atalla</a> i <a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a> u Bell Labsu. MOSFET je bio prvi istinski kompaktni tranzistor koji je mogao biti minijaturan i masovno proizveden za širu upotrebu, što je dovelo do revolucije u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_industrija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronska industrija (stranica ne postoji)">elektronskoj industriji</a>, te odrigralo centralnu ulogu u revoluciji <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroelektronika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroelektronika (stranica ne postoji)">mikroelektronike</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digitalna_revolucija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digitalna revolucija (stranica ne postoji)">digitalnoj revoluciji</a>. MOSFET je od tada postao osnovni element u većini modernih elektroničkih uređaja i najrašireniji je elektronički uređaj u svijetu. </p><p>Elektronika se masovno koristi u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obrada_informacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obrada informacija (stranica ne postoji)">obradi informacija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telekomunikacije" title="Telekomunikacije">telekomunikacijama</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obrada_signala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obrada signala (stranica ne postoji)">obradi signala</a>. Mogućnost elektroničkih uređaja da se ponašaju kao <a href="/wiki/Prekida%C4%8D" title="Prekidač">prekidači</a> omogućava digitalnu obradu informacija. Tehnologije međusobnog povezivanja kao što su <a href="/wiki/Printana_plo%C4%8Da_(elektrotehnika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Printana ploča (elektrotehnika)">printane ploče</a>, tehnologija pakovanja elektronike i ostale različite forme komunijacijske infrastrukture dovršavaju funkcionalnost sklopa i transformišu pomiješane <a href="/wiki/Elektronska_komponenta" title="Elektronska komponenta">elektronske komponente</a> u uobičajen radni <a href="/wiki/Sistem" title="Sistem">sistem</a>, koji se naziva <b>elektronički sistem</b>; primjeri su <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunar" title="Računar">računari</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upravlja%C4%8Dki_sistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upravljački sistem (stranica ne postoji)">upravljački sistemi</a>. Elektronički sistem može biti dio drugog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemsko_in%C5%BEinjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemsko inžinjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">projektovanog sistema</a> ili samostalnog uređaja. Od 2019. većina elektroničkih uređaja<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> koristi <a href="/wiki/Poluprovodnik" title="Poluprovodnik">poluprovodničke</a> komponente za kontrolu elektrona. Elektronički uređaji obično sadrže sklop koji se sastoji od aktivnih <a href="/wiki/Poluprovodnik" title="Poluprovodnik">poluprovodnika</a> koji su dopunjeni sa pasivnim elementima; takav sklop se opisuje kao <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_krug" class="mw-redirect" title="Električni krug">električni krug</a>. Elektronika se bavi <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_krug" class="mw-redirect" title="Električni krug">električnim krugovima</a> koji uključuju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktivna_komponenta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktivna komponenta (stranica ne postoji)">aktivne električne komponente</a> kao što su vakuumske cijevi, <a href="/wiki/Tranzistor" title="Tranzistor">tranzistori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dioda" title="Dioda">diode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integralno_kolo" title="Integralno kolo">integralna kola</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optoelektronika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optoelektronika (stranica ne postoji)">optoelektroniku</a> i <a href="/wiki/Senzor" title="Senzor">senzore</a>, povezane <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasivnost_(in%C5%BEinjerstvo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasivnost (inžinjerstvo) (stranica ne postoji)">pasivne električne komponente</a> i tehnologije međusobnog povezivanja. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelinearni_sistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nelinearni sistem (stranica ne postoji)">Nelinearno</a> ponašanje aktivnih komponenti i njihova sposobnost kontrole protoka elektrona omogućava pojačavanje slabih signala. </p><p>Proučavanje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poluprovodni%C4%8Dki_ure%C4%91aj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poluprovodnički uređaj (stranica ne postoji)">poluprovodničkih uređaja</a> i srodnih tehnologija smatra se granom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizika_%C4%8Drvstog_stanja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fizika črvstog stanja (stranica ne postoji)">fizike čvrstog stanja</a>, dok dizajn i konstrukcija <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_kolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Električno kolo">električnih kola</a> za rješavanje praktičnih problema spada u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektroni%C4%8Dko_in%C5%BEinjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektroničko inžinjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">elektroničko inžinjerstvo</a>. Ovaj članak se fokusira na <a href="/w/index.php?title=In%C5%BEinjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inžinjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">inžinjerske</a> aspekte elektronike. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grane_elektronike">Grane elektronike</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak "Grane elektronike"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Grane elektronike"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elektronika se dijeli na sljedeće grane: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Digitalna_elektronika" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitalna elektronika">Digitalna elektronika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analogna_elektronika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analogna elektronika (stranica ne postoji)">Analogna elektronika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroelektronika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroelektronika (stranica ne postoji)">Mikroelektronika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizajn_strujnog_kola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dizajn strujnog kola (stranica ne postoji)">Dizajn strujnog kola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralno_kolo" title="Integralno kolo">Integralna kola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetska_elektronika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energetska elektronika (stranica ne postoji)">Energetska elektronika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optoelektronika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optoelektronika (stranica ne postoji)">Optoelektronika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poluprovodni%C4%8Dki_ure%C4%91aji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poluprovodnički uređaji (stranica ne postoji)">Poluprovodnički uređaji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugra%C4%91eni_sistemi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugrađeni sistemi (stranica ne postoji)">Ugrađeni sistemi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_elektronika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audio elektronika (stranica ne postoji)">Audio elektronika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekomunikacije" title="Telekomunikacije">Telekomunikacije</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Električni_uređaji_i_komponente"><span id="Elektri.C4.8Dni_ure.C4.91aji_i_komponente"></span>Električni uređaji i komponente</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak "Električni uređaji i komponente"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Električni uređaji i komponente"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Audion_receiver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Audion_receiver.jpg/220px-Audion_receiver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Audion_receiver.jpg/330px-Audion_receiver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Audion_receiver.jpg/440px-Audion_receiver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>Jedan od najranijih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Audion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audion (stranica ne postoji)">audion</a> radio-prijemnika, kojeg je 1914. napravio De Forest.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:US_Navy_080820-N-9079D-007_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Michael_J._Isenmann,_from_St._Louis,_Mo.,_performs_a_voltage_check_on_a_power_circuit_card_in_Air_Navigation_Equipment_room_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/US_Navy_080820-N-9079D-007_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Michael_J._Isenmann%2C_from_St._Louis%2C_Mo.%2C_performs_a_voltage_check_on_a_power_circuit_card_in_Air_Navigation_Equipment_room_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lin.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/US_Navy_080820-N-9079D-007_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Michael_J._Isenmann%2C_from_St._Louis%2C_Mo.%2C_performs_a_voltage_check_on_a_power_circuit_card_in_Air_Navigation_Equipment_room_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lin.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/US_Navy_080820-N-9079D-007_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Michael_J._Isenmann%2C_from_St._Louis%2C_Mo.%2C_performs_a_voltage_check_on_a_power_circuit_card_in_Air_Navigation_Equipment_room_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lin.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektroni%C4%8Dki_tehni%C4%8Dar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronički tehničar (stranica ne postoji)">Elektronički tehničar</a> obavlja naponsku provjeru na ploči električnog kruga u sobi opreme za zračnu navigaciju na nosaču aviona <a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(CVN-72)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) (stranica ne postoji)">USS <i>Abraham Lincoln</i> (CVN 72)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Elektronska_komponenta" title="Elektronska komponenta">Elektronska komponenta</a></div> <p>Elektronska komponenta je svaki fizički dio u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_sistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Električni sistem (stranica ne postoji)">električnom sistemu</a> koji se koristi da utiče na <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrone</a> ili sa njima povezana polja na način koji je u skladu sa predviđenom funkcijom električnog sistema. Komponente su uglavom namijenjene za povezivanje zajedno, obično se leme na <a href="/wiki/Printana_plo%C4%8Da_(elektrotehnika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Printana ploča (elektrotehnika)">štampanu ploču</a> (PCB), radi stvaranja električnog kola sa određenom funkcijom (npr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poja%C4%8Diva%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pojačivač (stranica ne postoji)">pojačivač</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio-prijemnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio-prijemnik (stranica ne postoji)">radio-prijemnik</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronski_oscilatori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronski oscilatori (stranica ne postoji)">oscilator</a>). Komponente se mogu pakovati pojedinačno ili u složenije grupe kao <a href="/wiki/Integralno_kolo" title="Integralno kolo">integralna kola</a>. Neke od uobičajenih elektronskih komponenti su <a href="/wiki/Kondenzator" title="Kondenzator">kondenzatori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zavojnica" title="Zavojnica">zavojnice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otpornik" title="Otpornik">otpornici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dioda" title="Dioda">diode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tranzistor" title="Tranzistor">tranzistori</a>, itd. Komponente se često kategorišu na aktivne (npr. tranzistori ili <a href="/wiki/Tiristor" title="Tiristor">tiristori</a>) ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasivnost_(in%C5%BEinjerstvo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasivnost (inžinjerstvo) (stranica ne postoji)">pasivne</a> (npr. otpornici, diode, zavojnice ili kondenzatori).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historija_elektronskih_komponenti">Historija elektronskih komponenti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak "Historija elektronskih komponenti"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Historija elektronskih komponenti"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Također pogledajte: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historija_elektrotehnike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historija elektrotehnike (stranica ne postoji)">Historija elektrotehnike</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vremenska_linija_elektrotehnike_i_elektronike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vremenska linija elektrotehnike i elektronike (stranica ne postoji)">Vremenska linija elektrotehnike i elektronike</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vakuumska_cijev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vakuumska cijev (stranica ne postoji)">Vakuumske cijevi</a> (termionički ventili) su bile među najranijim elektronskim komponentama.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One su gotovo jedine odgovorne za elektronsku revoluciju prve polovine dvadesetog stoljeća.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omogućile su znatno složenije sisteme i dale nam radio, televiziju, fonografe, radar, telefoniju na daljinu i mnogo više. One su odigrale vodeću ulogu u području mikrotalasa i prenosa velike snage, te kod televizijskih prijemnika sve do sredine 1980-ih.<sup id="cite_ref-Okamura1994_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okamura1994-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Od tog vremena, uređaji sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika_%C4%8Dvrstog_stanja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronika čvrstog stanja (stranica ne postoji)">čvrstim stanjem</a> <i>(solid-state)</i> su ih u potpunosti prestigli u korištenju. Vakuumske cijevi se i dalje koriste u nekim specijalnim aplikacijama kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventilski_RF_poja%C4%8Diva%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ventilski RF pojačivač (stranica ne postoji)">RF pojačivači velike snage</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katodna_cijev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katodna cijev (stranica ne postoji)">katodne cijevi</a>, specijalna audio oprema, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gitarsko_poja%C4%8Dalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gitarsko pojačalo (stranica ne postoji)">gitarska pojačala</a> i neki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetron (stranica ne postoji)">mikrovalni uređaji</a>. Prvi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranzistor_sa_ta%C4%8Dkama_kontakta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tranzistor sa tačkama kontakta (stranica ne postoji)">tranzistor sa tačkama kontakta</a> su izmislili <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Houser_Brattain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Houser Brattain (stranica ne postoji)">Walter Houser Brattain</a> u Bell Labsu 1947. godine.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U aprilu 1955, <a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_608&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM 608 (stranica ne postoji)">IBM 608</a> je bio prvi <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>-ov proizvod koji je koristio <a href="/wiki/Tranzistor" title="Tranzistor">tranzistorske</a> sklopove bez ikakvih vakuumskih cijevi i vjeruje se da je to bio prvi <a href="/wiki/Kalkulator" title="Kalkulator">kalkulator</a> u potpunosti sačinjen od tranzistora koji je proizveden za komercijalno tržište.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Model 608 je sadržavao više od 3.000 <a href="/wiki/Germanijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanijum">germanijumskih</a> tranzistora. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_J._Watson_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas J. Watson Jr. (stranica ne postoji)">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a> je naredio da svi budući IBM-ovim proizvodi koriste tranzistore u svom dizajnu. Od tada tranzistori su skoro isključivo korišteni za računarsku logiku i periferne uređaje. Međutim, rani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bipolarni_tranzistor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bipolarni tranzistor (stranica ne postoji)">tranzistori</a> su bili relativno glomazni uređaji koje je bilo teško prilagoditi za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masovna_proizvodnja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masovna proizvodnja (stranica ne postoji)">masovnu proizvodnju</a>, što ih je ograničilo na brojne specijalizirane upotrebe.<sup id="cite_ref-Moskowitz_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moskowitz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOSFET&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MOSFET (stranica ne postoji)">MOSFET</a> (MOS tranzistor) su izumili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Atalla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed Atalla (stranica ne postoji)">Mohamed Atalla</a> i <a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a> 1959. u Bell Labsu.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lojek_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lojek-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory-transistor_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-transistor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-triumph_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triumph-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MOSFET je bio prvi istinski kompaktan tranzistor koji se mogao veoma umanjiti i masovno proizvoditi za širok spektar upotrebe.<sup id="cite_ref-Moskowitz_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moskowitz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Njegove prednosti uključuju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prilagodljivost_MOSFET-a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prilagodljivost MOSFET-a (stranica ne postoji)">veliku prilagodljivost</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pristupačnost,<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory-digital_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-digital-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nisku energetsku potrošnju, te <a href="/wiki/Integralno_kolo" title="Integralno kolo">veliku gustoću</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napravio je revoluciju u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_industrija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronska industrija (stranica ne postoji)">elektronskoj industriji</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chan_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grant_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> postavši najčešće korišten elektronski uređaj na svijetu.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory-transistor_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-transistor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Golio_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golio-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MOSFET je osnovni element u većini modernih električnih uređaja<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Colinge2016_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colinge2016-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i bio je ključan za elektronsku revoluciju,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revoluciju u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroelektronika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroelektronika (stranica ne postoji)">mikroelektronici</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zimbovskaya_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimbovskaya-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> te <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digitalna_revolucija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digitalna revolucija (stranica ne postoji)">digitalnoj revoluciji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-triumph_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triumph-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raymer_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raymer-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wong_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MOSFET je stoga zaslužan za rođenje moderne elektronike,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> te moguće najvažniji izum u elektronici.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vrste_krugova">Vrste krugova</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak "Vrste krugova"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Vrste krugova"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Krugovi i komponente se mogu podijeliti u dvije grupe: analogni i digitalni. Određeni uređaji se mogu sastojati od krugova koja imaju jednu, drugu ili mješavinu dviju vrsta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analogni_krugovi">Analogni krugovi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak "Analogni krugovi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Analogni krugovi"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analogna_elektronika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analogna elektronika (stranica ne postoji)">Analogna elektronika</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:HitachiJ100A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HitachiJ100A.jpg/220px-HitachiJ100A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HitachiJ100A.jpg/330px-HitachiJ100A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HitachiJ100A.jpg/440px-HitachiJ100A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Hitachi J100 frekvencijski ispravljač</figcaption></figure> <p>Većina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analogni_signal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analogni signal (stranica ne postoji)">analognih</a> elektroničkih uređaja, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>-prijemnici, su izgrađeni od kombinacije nekoliko osnovnih vrsta krugova. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analogni_krug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analogni krug (stranica ne postoji)">Analogni krugovi</a> koriste kontinuirani raspon napona ili struje za razliku od diskretnih nivoa kao u digitalnim krugovima. </p><p>Do sada je razvijen ogroman broj različitih analognih krugova, pogotovo zato što se 'krug' može definisati kao bilo šta od jedne komponente do sistema koji sadrži hiljade komponenti. </p><p>Analogni krugovi se ponekad nazivaju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linearni_krug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linearni krug (stranica ne postoji)">linearnim krugovima</a>, iako se mnogi nelinearni efekti koriste u analognim krugovima kao što su mikseri, modulatori, itd. Dobri primjeri analognih krugova uključuju vakuumske cijevi i tranzistorske pojačivače, operacijske pojačivače i oscilatore. </p><p>Rijetko se mogu pronaći moderni krugovi koji su u potpunosti analogni. U današnjici analogni krugovi mogu koristiti digitalne ili čak mikroprocesorske tehnike za poboljšanje performansi. Ove vrste krugova se obično nazivaju "krugovi mješovitih signala" umjesto samo analogni ili digitalni. </p><p>Ponekad je teško razlikovati analogne i digitalne krugove jer oba posjeduju elemente i linearnih i nelinearnih operacija. Jedan primjer je komparator koji na ulazu uzima neprekidni raspon napona, ali na izlazu daje samo jedan od dva nivoa kao u digitalnom krugu. Slično tome, preopterećeni tranzistorski pojačivač može poprimiti karakteristike upravljanog <a href="/wiki/Prekida%C4%8D" title="Prekidač">prekidača</a> koji u suštini ima dva izlaza. Zapravo mnogi digitalni krugovi su ustvari implementirani kao varijacije analognih krugova sličnih ovom primjeru – uostalom, svi aspekti stvarnog fizičkog svijeta su u osnovi analogni, tako da se digitalni efekti ostvaruju samo ograničavanjem analognog ponašanja. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digitalni_krugovi">Digitalni krugovi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak "Digitalni krugovi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Digitalni krugovi"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Digitalna_elektronika" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitalna elektronika">Digitalna elektronika</a></div> <p>Digitalni krugovi su električni sklopovi koji se temelje na velikom broju diskretnih naponskih nivoa. Digitalni krugovi su najčešći fizički prikaz <a href="/wiki/Booleova_algebra" title="Booleova algebra">Booleove algebre</a> i temelj su svih digitalnih računara. Za većinu inžinjera izrazi "digitalni krug", "digitalni sistem" i "logika" predstavljaju istu stvar u kontekstu digitalnih krugova. Većina digitalnih krugova koristi binarni sistem sa dva naponska nivoa označena sa "0" i "1". Često logička "0" označava niži napon, dok logička "1" predstavlja viši napon. Međutim, neki sistemi koriste obrnutu definiciju ("0" predstavlja visoki napon) ili koriste jačinu struje kao osnovu. Često dizajneri logičkih krugova mogu zamijeniti ove definicije iz jednog kruga do sljedećeg u zavisnosti od toga koja definicija najbolje pristaje njegovom dizajnu. Definicija nivoa kao "0" ili "1" je proizvoljna. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ternarni_ra%C4%8Dunar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ternarni računar (stranica ne postoji)">Ternarna</a> (sa tri stanja) logika je bila proučavana i napravljeni su određeni prototipi računara. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunar" title="Računar">Računari</a>, električni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvarcni_sat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvarcni sat (stranica ne postoji)">satovi</a> i <a href="/wiki/PLC" title="PLC">PLC</a>-ovi (korišteni za kontrolu industrijskih procesa) su izgrađeni od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digitalni_podaci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digitalni podaci (stranica ne postoji)">digitalnih</a> krugova. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digitalni_procesor_signala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digitalni procesor signala (stranica ne postoji)">Digitalni procesori signala</a> su još jedan primjer. </p><p>Gradivni blokovi: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOSFET&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MOSFET (stranica ne postoji)">Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logi%C4%8Dka_kola" title="Logička kola">Logička kola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabira%C4%8D_(elektronika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabirač (elektronika) (stranica ne postoji)">Sabirač</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-flop" title="Flip-flop">Flip-flopovi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broja%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brojač (stranica ne postoji)">Brojači</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procesorski_registar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procesorski registar (stranica ne postoji)">Registri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiplekser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multiplekser (stranica ne postoji)">Multiplekseri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schmittov_okida%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schmittov okidač (stranica ne postoji)">Schmittov okidač</a></li></ul> <p>Visoko integrisani uređaji: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memorijski_%C4%8Dip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memorijski čip (stranica ne postoji)">Memorijski čipovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikroprocesor" title="Mikroprocesor">Mikroprocesori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikrokontroler" title="Mikrokontroler">Mikrokontroleri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integralno_kolo_specifi%C4%8Dne_namjene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integralno kolo specifične namjene (stranica ne postoji)">Integralno kolo specifične namjene</a> (ASIC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digitalni_procesor_signala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digitalni procesor signala (stranica ne postoji)">Digitalni procesor signala</a> (DSP)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FPGA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FPGA (stranica ne postoji)">Field-programmable gate array</a> (FPGA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teorija_elektronike">Teorija elektronike</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak "Teorija elektronike"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Teorija elektronike"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matemati%C4%8Dke_metode_u_elektronici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematičke metode u elektronici (stranica ne postoji)">Matematičke metode u elektronici</a></div> <p>Matematičke metode su sastavi dio proučavanja elektronike. Da bi se stekao status stručnjaka u elektronici, potrebno je i poznavanje matematičke analize krugova. </p><p>Analiza krugova je proučavanje metoda rješavanja obično linearnih sistema za nepoznate variable kao što je napon na određenom <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Cvor_(krugovi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Čvor (krugovi) (stranica ne postoji)">čvoru</a> ili jačina struje kroz određenu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Put_(teorija_grafova)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Put (teorija grafova) (stranica ne postoji)">granu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graf_(diskretna_matematika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graf (diskretna matematika) (stranica ne postoji)">mreže</a>. Analitički alat koji se često koristi za ovo je <a href="/w/index.php?title=SPICE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPICE (stranica ne postoji)">SPICE</a> simulator krugova. </p><p>Također bitno za elektroniku je proučavanje i razumijevanje teorije <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetno_polje" title="Elektromagnetno polje">elektromagnetnog polja</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dizajn_elektroničkih_sistema"><span id="Dizajn_elektroni.C4.8Dkih_sistema"></span>Dizajn elektroničkih sistema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak "Dizajn elektroničkih sistema"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Dizajn elektroničkih sistema"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemsko_in%C5%BEinjerstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemsko inžinjerstvo (stranica ne postoji)">Sistemsko inžinjerstvo</a></div> <p>Dizajn elektroničkih sistema se bavi multidisciplinarnim problemima dizajna složenih elektroničkih uređaja i sistema, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Mobilni_telefon" title="Mobilni telefon">mobilni telefoni</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunar" title="Računar">računari</a>. Ova oblast pokriva širok spektar od dizajna i razvoja elektroničkih sistema (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Razvoj_novog_proizvoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Razvoj novog proizvoda (stranica ne postoji)">razvoj novog proizvoda</a>) do osiguravanja njihove ispravne funkcionalnosti, radnog vijeka i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Recikliranje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recikliranje (stranica ne postoji)">odlaganja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lienig_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lienig-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dizajn elektroničkih sistema je proces definisanja i razvoja složenih elektroničkih uređaja koji će udovoljiti određenim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analiza_zahtjeva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analiza zahtjeva (stranica ne postoji)">zahtjevima</a> korisnika. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Montažne_mogućnosti"><span id="Monta.C5.BEne_mogu.C4.87nosti"></span>Montažne mogućnosti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak "Montažne mogućnosti"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Montažne mogućnosti"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elektronske komponente se uglavnom montiraju na sljedeće načine: </p> <ul><li>Kroz rupe <i>(Through-hole)</i></li> <li>Montiranje na površinu <i>(Surface Mount)</i></li> <li>Montiranje na kućište <i>(Chassis Mount)</i></li> <li>LGA/BGA/PGA utičnice <i>(socket)</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Također_pogledajte"><span id="Tako.C4.91er_pogledajte"></span>Također pogledajte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak "Također pogledajte"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Također pogledajte"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Računarsko inženjerstvo">Računarsko inženjerstvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printana_plo%C4%8Da_(elektrotehnika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Printana ploča (elektrotehnika)">Printana ploča (elektrotehnika)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotika" title="Robotika">Robotika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicij" title="Silicij">Silicij</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak "Reference"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Reference"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312388">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3303350">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/electronics">"electronics | Devices, Facts, & History"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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M</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 41–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIE.2012.2182822">10.1109/MIE.2012.2182822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Ind.+Electron.+M.&rft.atitle=The+age+of+vacuum+tubes%3A+Early+devices+and+the+rise+of+radio+communications&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-43&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMIE.2012.2182822&rft.aulast=Guarnieri&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: ref=harv (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_ref%3Dharv" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: ref=harv">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFGuarnieri2012" class="citation journal cs1">Guarnieri, M. (2012). "The age of vacuum tubes: the conquest of analog communications". <i>IEEE Ind. Electron. M</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 52–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIE.2012.2193274">10.1109/MIE.2012.2193274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Ind.+Electron.+M.&rft.atitle=The+age+of+vacuum+tubes%3A+the+conquest+of+analog+communications&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=52-54&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMIE.2012.2193274&rft.aulast=Guarnieri&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: ref=harv (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_ref%3Dharv" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: ref=harv">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFGuarnieri2012" class="citation journal cs1">Guarnieri, M. (2012). "The age of Vacuum Tubes: Merging with Digital Computing". <i>IEEE Ind. Electron. M</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 52–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIE.2012.2207830">10.1109/MIE.2012.2207830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Ind.+Electron.+M.&rft.atitle=The+age+of+Vacuum+Tubes%3A+Merging+with+Digital+Computing&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=52-55&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMIE.2012.2207830&rft.aulast=Guarnieri&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: ref=harv (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_ref%3Dharv" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: ref=harv">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okamura1994-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Okamura1994_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFSōgo_Okamura1994" class="citation book cs1">Sōgo Okamura (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHFyngmO95YC&pg=PR4"><i>History of Electron Tubes</i></a>. IOS Press. str. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-90-5199-145-1" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-90-5199-145-1"><bdi>978-90-5199-145-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231220508/http://books.google.com/books?id=VHFyngmO95YC&pg=PR4">Arhivirano</a> s originala, 31. 12. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 5. 12. 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Electron+Tubes&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-90-5199-145-1&rft.au=S%C5%8Dgo+Okamura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHFyngmO95YC%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/invention-of-the-point-contact-transistor/">"1947: Invention of the Point-Contact Transistor"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_History_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computer History Museum (stranica ne postoji)">Computer History Museum</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 10. 8. 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+History+Museum&rft.atitle=1947%3A+Invention+of+the+Point-Contact+Transistor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fsiliconengine%2Finvention-of-the-point-contact-transistor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFBashe1986" class="citation book cs1">Bashe, Charles J.; et al. (1986). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Potrebna besplatna registracija"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ibmsearlycompute00bash"><i>IBM's Early Computers</i></a></span>. MIT. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ibmsearlycompute00bash/page/386">386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM%27s+Early+Computers&rft.pages=386&rft.pub=MIT&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Bashe&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fibmsearlycompute00bash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: ref=harv (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_ref%3Dharv" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: ref=harv">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFPughJohnsonPalmer1991" class="citation book cs1">Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. (1991). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Potrebna besplatna registracija"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ibms360early370s0000pugh"><i>IBM's 360 and early 370 systems</i></a></span>. MIT Press. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ibms360early370s0000pugh/page/34">34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-262-16123-7" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-262-16123-7"><bdi>978-0-262-16123-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM%27s+360+and+early+370+systems&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-262-16123-7&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=Emerson+W.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Lyle+R.&rft.au=Palmer%2C+John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fibms360early370s0000pugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: ref=harv (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_ref%3Dharv" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: ref=harv">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moskowitz-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moskowitz_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moskowitz_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFMoskowitz2016" class="citation book cs1">Moskowitz, Sanford L. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168"><i>Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wiley_%26_Sons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Wiley & Sons (stranica ne postoji)">John Wiley & Sons</a>. str. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-470-50892-3" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-470-50892-3"><bdi>978-0-470-50892-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Materials+Innovation%3A+Managing+Global+Technology+in+the+21st+century&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-470-50892-3&rft.aulast=Moskowitz&rft.aufirst=Sanford+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2STRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computerhistory-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-computerhistory_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/">"1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated"</a>. <i>The Silicon Engine</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_History_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computer History Museum (stranica ne postoji)">Computer History Museum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Silicon+Engine&rft.atitle=1960+%E2%80%93+Metal+Oxide+Semiconductor+%28MOS%29+Transistor+Demonstrated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fsiliconengine%2Fmetal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lojek-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lojek_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFLojek2007" class="citation book cs1">Lojek, Bo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historysemicondu00loje_697"><i>History of Semiconductor Engineering</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer Science & Business Media (stranica ne postoji)">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historysemicondu00loje_697/page/n327">321</a>–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-3-540-34258-8" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-3-540-34258-8"><bdi>978-3-540-34258-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Semiconductor+Engineering&rft.pages=321-3&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-34258-8&rft.aulast=Lojek&rft.aufirst=Bo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorysemicondu00loje_697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computerhistory-transistor-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-computerhistory-transistor_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-computerhistory-transistor_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/">"Who Invented the Transistor?"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_History_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computer History Museum (stranica ne postoji)">Computer History Museum</a></i>. 4. 12. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 20. 7. 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+History+Museum&rft.atitle=Who+Invented+the+Transistor%3F&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fatchm%2Fwho-invented-the-transistor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-triumph-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-triumph_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-triumph_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6fBEjf9WPw">"Triumph of the MOS Transistor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_History_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computer History Museum (stranica ne postoji)">Computer History Museum</a>. 6. 8. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 21. 7. 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Triumph+of+the+MOS+Transistor&rft.date=2010-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dq6fBEjf9WPw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFMotoyoshi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Motoyoshi, M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719120523/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8a44/93b535463daa7d7317b08d8900a33b8cbaf4.pdf">"Through-Silicon Via (TSV)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i>. <b>97</b> (1): 43–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJPROC.2008.2007462">10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifikator)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9219">0018-9219</a>. Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8a44/93b535463daa7d7317b08d8900a33b8cbaf4.pdf">originala</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, 19. 7. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 21. 4. 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Through-Silicon+Via+%28TSV%29&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-48&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJPROC.2008.2007462&rft.issn=0018-9219&rft.aulast=Motoyoshi&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F8a44%2F93b535463daa7d7317b08d8900a33b8cbaf4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computerhistory-digital-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-computerhistory-digital_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279">"Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race – CHM Revolution"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_History_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computer History Museum (stranica ne postoji)">Computer History Museum</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 22. 7. 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+History+Museum&rft.atitle=Tortoise+of+Transistors+Wins+the+Race+%E2%80%93+CHM+Revolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Frevolution%2Fdigital-logic%2F12%2F279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068">"Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=EETimes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EETimes (stranica ne postoji)">EETimes</a></i>. 12. 12. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 18. 7. 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EETimes&rft.atitle=Transistors+Keep+Moore%27s+Law+Alive&rft.date=2018-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eetimes.com%2Fauthor.asp%3Fsection_id%3D36%26doc_id%3D1334068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chan-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chan_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFChan1992" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Yi-Jen (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ"><i>Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Michigan (stranica ne postoji)">University of Michigan</a>. str. 1. <q>The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+of+InAIAs%2FInGaAs+and+GaInP%2FGaAs+heterostructure+FET%27s+for+high+speed+applications&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Yi-Jen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsV4eAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grant_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFGrantGowar1989" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Duncan Andrew; Gowar, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ"><i>Power MOSFETS: theory and applications</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiley_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiley (publisher) (stranica ne postoji)">Wiley</a>. str. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-471-82867-9" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-471-82867-9"><bdi>978-0-471-82867-9</bdi></a>. <q>The metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+MOSFETS%3A+theory+and+applications&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-471-82867-9&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Duncan+Andrew&rft.au=Gowar%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZiZTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golio-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golio_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFGolioGolio2018" class="citation book cs1">Golio, Mike; Golio, Janet (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2"><i>RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CRC_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRC Press (stranica ne postoji)">CRC Press</a>. str. 18–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-1-4200-0672-8" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-1-4200-0672-8"><bdi>978-1-4200-0672-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RF+and+Microwave+Passive+and+Active+Technologies&rft.pages=18-2&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-0672-8&rft.aulast=Golio&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Golio%2C+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMCj9jxSVQKIC%26pg%3DSA18-PA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1992" class="citation web cs1">Daniels, Lee A. (28. 5. 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/28/nyregion/dr-dawon-kahng-61-inventor-in-field-of-solid-state-electronics.html">"Dr. Dawon Kahng, 61, Inventor In Field of Solid-State Electronics"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 1. 4. 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr.+Dawon+Kahng%2C+61%2C+Inventor+In+Field+of+Solid-State+Electronics&rft.date=1992-05-28&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Lee+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F05%2F28%2Fnyregion%2Fdr-dawon-kahng-61-inventor-in-field-of-solid-state-electronics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colinge2016-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colinge2016_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFColingeGreer2016" class="citation book cs1">Colinge, Jean-Pierre; Greer, James C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FvjUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Nanowire Transistors: Physics of Devices and Materials in One Dimension</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (stranica ne postoji)">Cambridge University Press</a>. str. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-1-107-05240-6" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-1-107-05240-6"><bdi>978-1-107-05240-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nanowire+Transistors%3A+Physics+of+Devices+and+Materials+in+One+Dimension&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05240-6&rft.aulast=Colinge&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Greer%2C+James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFvjUCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2017" class="citation book cs1">Williams, J. B. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v4QlDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Future</i></a>. Springer. str. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-3-319-49088-5" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-3-319-49088-5"><bdi>978-3-319-49088-5</bdi></a>. <q>Though these devices were not of great interest at the time, it was to be these Metal Oxide Semiconductor MOS devices that were going to have enormous impact in the future</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Electronics+Revolution%3A+Inventing+the+Future&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-49088-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv4QlDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimbovskaya-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zimbovskaya_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFZimbovskaya2013" class="citation book cs1">Zimbovskaya, Natalya A. 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Pristupljeno 8. 8. 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDirect&rft.atitle=Transistors+%E2%80%93+an+overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fcomputer-science%2Ftransistors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFKubozonoHeHamaoUesugi2015" class="citation book cs1">Kubozono, Yoshihiro; He, Xuexia; Hamao, Shino; Uesugi, Eri; Shimo, Yuma; Mikami, Takahiro; Goto, Hidenori; Kambe, Takashi (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8wdCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA355">"Application of Organic Semiconductors toward Transistors"</a>. <i>Nanodevices for Photonics and Electronics: Advances and Applications</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CRC_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRC Press (stranica ne postoji)">CRC Press</a>. str. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-981-4613-75-0" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-981-4613-75-0"><bdi>978-981-4613-75-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Application+of+Organic+Semiconductors+toward+Transistors&rft.btitle=Nanodevices+for+Photonics+and+Electronics%3A+Advances+and+Applications&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-981-4613-75-0&rft.aulast=Kubozono&rft.aufirst=Yoshihiro&rft.au=He%2C+Xuexia&rft.au=Hamao%2C+Shino&rft.au=Uesugi%2C+Eri&rft.au=Shimo%2C+Yuma&rft.au=Mikami%2C+Takahiro&rft.au=Goto%2C+Hidenori&rft.au=Kambe%2C+Takashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8wdCCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFCerofolini2009" class="citation book cs1">Cerofolini, Gianfranco (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8VUqvC2B98AC&pg=PA9"><i>Nanoscale Devices: Fabrication, Functionalization, and Accessibility from the Macroscopic World</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer Science & Business Media (stranica ne postoji)">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. str. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-3-540-92732-7" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-3-540-92732-7"><bdi>978-3-540-92732-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nanoscale+Devices%3A+Fabrication%2C+Functionalization%2C+and+Accessibility+from+the+Macroscopic+World&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-540-92732-7&rft.aulast=Cerofolini&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8VUqvC2B98AC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonChauGhaniMistry2005" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, S. E.; Chau, R. S.; Ghani, T.; Mistry, K.; Tyagi, S.; Bohr, M. T. (2005). "In search of "Forever," continued transistor scaling one new material at a time". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Transactions_on_Semiconductor_Manufacturing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing (stranica ne postoji)">IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing</a></i>. <b>18</b> (1): 26–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTSM.2004.841816">10.1109/TSM.2004.841816</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifikator)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0894-6507">0894-6507</a>. <q>In the field of electronics, the planar Si metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is perhaps the most important invention.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Semiconductor+Manufacturing&rft.atitle=In+search+of+%22Forever%2C%22+continued+transistor+scaling+one+new+material+at+a+time&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-36&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTSM.2004.841816&rft.issn=0894-6507&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=S.+E.&rft.au=Chau%2C+R.+S.&rft.au=Ghani%2C+T.&rft.au=Mistry%2C+K.&rft.au=Tyagi%2C+S.&rft.au=Bohr%2C+M.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lienig-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lienig_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFJ._LienigH._Bruemmer2017" class="citation book cs1">J. Lienig; H. Bruemmer (2017). <i>Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design</i>. Springer International Publishing. str. 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-55840-0">10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-3-319-55839-4" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-3-319-55839-4"><bdi>978-3-319-55839-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Electronic+Systems+Design&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-55840-0&rft.isbn=978-3-319-55839-4&rft.au=J.+Lienig&rft.au=H.+Bruemmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AElektronika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dalje_čitanje"><span id="Dalje_.C4.8Ditanje"></span>Dalje čitanje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odlomak "Dalje čitanje"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronika&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Dalje čitanje"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Art of Electronics</i> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-521-37095-0" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-521-37095-0">978-0-521-37095-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjski_linkovi">Vanjski linkovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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