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vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-真空管及三極管時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#真空管及三極管時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>真空管及三極管時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-真空管及三極管時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-電晶體及積體電路時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電晶體及積體電路時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>電晶體及積體電路時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-電晶體及積體電路時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-電子設備及零件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電子設備及零件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>電子設備及零件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-電子設備及零件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-電路種類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電路種類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>電路種類</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-電路種類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关電路種類子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-電路種類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-類比電路" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#類比電路"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>類比電路</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-類比電路-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-數位電路" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#數位電路"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>數位電路</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-數位電路-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-散熱和熱管理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#散熱和熱管理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>散熱和熱管理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-散熱和熱管理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-雜訊" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#雜訊"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>雜訊</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-雜訊-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-電子學理論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電子學理論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>電子學理論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-電子學理論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-電子學實驗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電子學實驗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>電子學實驗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-電子學實驗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-電腦輔助設計（CAD）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電腦輔助設計（CAD）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>電腦輔助設計（CAD）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-電腦輔助設計（CAD）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-零件連接方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#零件連接方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>零件連接方法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-零件連接方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-学科体系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#学科体系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>学科体系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-学科体系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">电子学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。147种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">147种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Electronica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="إلكترونيات – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلكترونيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83" title="إيليكطرونيك – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيليكطرونيك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3nica" title="Electrónica – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Electrónica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="الکترونیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکترونیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alektruon%C4%97ka" title="Alektruonėka – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alektruonėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроніка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электроніка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроніка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электроніка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроника – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електроника" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन बिज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ইলেকট্রন বিজ্ঞান – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রন বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronek" title="Elektronek – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elektronek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B2nica" title="Electrònica – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Electrònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ئەلەکترۆنیک – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلەکترۆنیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroneg" title="Electroneg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Electroneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ηλεκτρονική – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρονική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electronics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniko" title="Elektroniko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3nica" title="Electrónica – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electrónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroonika" title="Elektroonika – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektroonika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="الکترونیک – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکترونیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniikka" title="Elektroniikka – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektroniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrooniga" title="Elektrooniga – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Elektrooniga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectronique_(technique)" title="Électronique (technique) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électronique (technique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroonik" title="Elektroonik – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elektroonik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletroniche" title="Eletroniche – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Eletroniche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroanika" title="Elektroanika – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elektroanika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leictreonaic" title="Leictreonaic – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leictreonaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%B8" title="電子學 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="電子學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9l%C3%A8ktronnik" title="Lélèktronnik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lélèktronnik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3nica" title="Electrónica – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Electrónica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אלקטרוניקה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקטרוניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इलैक्ट्रॉनिक्स – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलैक्ट्रॉनिक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Electronics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektwonik_(teknik)" title="Elektwonik (teknik) – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Elektwonik (teknik)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Էլեկտրոնիկա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոնիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Electronica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniko" title="Elektroniko – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafeindat%C3%A6kni" title="Rafeindatækni – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafeindatækni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettronica" title="Elettronica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettronica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="電子工学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子工学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilekchranix" title="Ilekchranix – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ilekchranix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ელექტრონიკა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტრონიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliktrunik" title="Iliktrunik – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iliktrunik" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel%C9%9Bk%C9%A9troniiki" title="Eelɛkɩtroniiki – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Eelɛkɩtroniiki" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innallangialerineq" title="Innallangialerineq – 格陵兰语" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Innallangialerineq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="格陵兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9B%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ವಿದ್ಯುಚ್ಛಾಸ್ತ್ರ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿದ್ಯುಚ್ಛಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%89%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4" title="일렉트로닉스 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일렉트로닉스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="گرٛۆندُت – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گرٛۆندُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron%C3%AEk" title="Elektronîk – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elektronîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegas" title="Elektronegas – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Elektronegas" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Electronica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletronica" title="Eletronica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eletronica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronica" title="Elektronica – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Elektronica" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletronega" title="Eletronega – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eletronega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81" title="ເອເລັກໂຕຣນິກ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເອເລັກໂຕຣນິກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikoriam-boanaratra" title="Haikoriam-boanaratra – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haikoriam-boanaratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроника – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електроника" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇലക്ട്രോണിക്സ് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇലക്ട്രോണിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Электроник – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Электроник" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="विजाणूशास्त्र – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विजाणूशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiletr%C3%B3nica" title="Eiletrónica – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiletrónica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इलेक्त्रोनिक्स – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इलेक्त्रोनिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronica" title="Elektronica – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektronica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikk" title="Elektronikk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektronikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikk" title="Elektronikk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektronikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Electronica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektirooniksii" title="Elektirooniksii – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Elektirooniksii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ ਤਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ ਤਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B2nica" title="Eletrònica – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eletrònica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="الیکٹرونکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیکٹرونکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%BC%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A" title="برېښنايي ټېکنالوژي – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېښنايي ټېکنالوژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B4nica" title="Eletrônica – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eletrônica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illari_yachay" title="Illari yachay – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Illari yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%C4%83" title="Electronică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Electronică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроніка – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Електроніка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="ऋणाणुशास्त्रम् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ऋणाणुशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B2nica" title="Eletrònica – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Eletrònica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alittr%C3%B2nica" title="Alittrònica – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alittrònica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Electronics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%BD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="اليڪٽرانڪس – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اليڪٽرانڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um%E1%B8%8Din" title="Umḍin – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Umḍin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික තාක්‍ෂණය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික තාක්‍ෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electronics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektarooniga" title="Elektarooniga – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Elektarooniga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроника – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електроника" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ktronika" title="Éléktronika – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éléktronika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniki" title="Elektroniki – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elektroniki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மின்னணுவியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்னணுவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎలక్ట్రానిక్స్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలక్ట్రానిక్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="อิเล็กทรอนิกส์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิเล็กทรอนิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniks" title="Elektroniks – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Elektroniks" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроніка – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електроніка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="برقیات – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%82etr%C3%B2nega" title="Ełetrònega – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ełetrònega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Điện tử học – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện tử học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%ABjfeppal" title="Mbëjfeppal – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mbëjfeppal" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="电子学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7" title="עלעקטראניק – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עלעקטראניק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3i%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9%CC%81on%C3%ADn%C3%A1" title="Ìṣiṣẹ́oníná – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣiṣẹ́oníná" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-ch%C3%BA-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Tiān-chú-ha̍k – 闽南语" 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</div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>关于与「<b>电子学</b>」標題相近或相同的条目页，請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89)" class="mw-disambig" title="电子 (消歧义)">电子 (消歧义)</a></b>」。</div> <style 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.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/48px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/72px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/96px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">編修</a>，以確保文法、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:避免使用的字詞">用詞、语气</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="Wikipedia:格式手册">格式</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C/%E6%A0%87%E7%82%B9%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="Wikipedia:格式手册/标点符号">標點</a>等使用恰当。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2016年12月9日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請按照<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">校對指引</a>，幫助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit">编辑</a>這個條目。（<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:编辑">幫助</a>、<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="Talk:电子学">討論</a>）</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-c9403e5" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Electronics"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="IT"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/250px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/375px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/500px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E8%B4%B4%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="表面贴片">表面贴片</a>的电子元件</figcaption></figure> <p><b>电子学</b>（英語：<span lang="en">electronics</span>）是物理学的一门分支<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="学科">学科</a>。该学科研究课题包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子">电子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%A3%9D%E7%BD%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="電子裝置">电子装置</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="电子电路">电子电路</a>等，利用包括“<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%BA%90%E8%B4%9F%E8%BD%BD" title="有源负载">有源器件</a>”（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%AE%A1" title="真空管">真空管</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%A5%B5%E9%AB%94" title="二極體">二极管</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9E%81%E7%AE%A1" class="mw-disambig" title="三极管">三极管</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="集成电路">集成电路</a>）和与之相关的“<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8A%A8%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="被动元件">无源器件</a>”等<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="电子元件">电子元件</a>，来构成电路的互连技术。 </p><p>有源器件的非线性特性和控制电子流动的能力，能够放大微弱信号，使得电子学广泛应用于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="信息处理">信息处理</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1" title="通信">通信</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="信号处理">信号处理</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%99%A8%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="电子器件">电子器件</a>的开关特性，使处理<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7" title="数字信号">数字信号</a>成为可能。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B6%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF%E6%9D%BF" title="印制电路板">电路板</a>和电子<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E8%A3%85" class="mw-disambig" title="封装">封装</a>等互连技术和其他各种形式的通信基础元件，完善了电路功能并使连接在一起的元件成为一个正常工作的系统。 </p><p>电子学有别于<b>電機</b>（electrical）和<b>機電</b>（electro-mechanical）科学与技术。电气和电机科学与技术是关于<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%83%BD" title="电能">电能</a>的产生、分布、开关、储存和转换，通过电线、电动机、发电机、电池、开关、中继器、变压器、电阻和其他无源器件从其他形式的能量转换为电能的学科。 </p><p>1897年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="約瑟夫·湯姆森">約瑟夫·湯姆森</a>發現<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a>的存在，这是電子學的起源。早期的電子學使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%AE%A1" title="真空管">真空管</a>來控制電子的流動，但其存在成本高及體積大等缺點<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。现如今，大多數电子设备都使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93" title="半导体">半导体</a>器件来控制电子。真空管至今仍有一些特殊应用，例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="高功率射频放大器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Valve RF amplifier"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87%E5%B0%84%E9%A2%91%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高功率射频放大器（页面不存在）">高功率射频放大器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_RF_amplifier" class="extiw" title="en:Valve RF amplifier"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Valve RF amplifier</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E6%9E%81%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E7%AE%A1" title="阴极射线管">阴极射线管</a>、专业音频设备和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%85%94%E7%A3%81%E6%8E%A7%E7%AE%A1" title="多腔磁控管">多腔磁控管</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2" title="微波">微波</a>设备。 </p><p>半导体器件的研究和相关技术是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="固体物理学">固体物理学</a>的一个分支，但是设计和搭建电子电路来解决实际问题却是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="电子工程">电子工程</a>的范围。本文专注于电子学的工程方面。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="電學史">电学史</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="真空管及三極管時期"><span id=".E7.9C.9F.E7.A9.BA.E7.AE.A1.E5.8F.8A.E4.B8.89.E6.A5.B5.E7.AE.A1.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>真空管及三極管時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：真空管及三極管時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%9B%99%E4%B8%89%E6%A5%B5%E7%AE%A16922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E9%9B%99%E4%B8%89%E6%A5%B5%E7%AE%A16922.jpg/220px-%E9%9B%99%E4%B8%89%E6%A5%B5%E7%AE%A16922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E9%9B%99%E4%B8%89%E6%A5%B5%E7%AE%A16922.jpg/330px-%E9%9B%99%E4%B8%89%E6%A5%B5%E7%AE%A16922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E9%9B%99%E4%B8%89%E6%A5%B5%E7%AE%A16922.jpg/440px-%E9%9B%99%E4%B8%89%E6%A5%B5%E7%AE%A16922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>常用的6922雙三極真空管</figcaption></figure> <p>電子學和其他學科的區别開始於1906年，以真空管<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9E%81%E7%AE%A1_(%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%AE%A1)" title="三极管 (真空管)">三極管</a>的發明為標誌。三極管通過非機械設備，可以放大弱無線電訊號和音頻訊號。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%AE%A1" title="真空管">真空管</a>是最早的電子元件之一。它在1980年代中期以前占主導地位<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>真空管的原理是愛迪生在1883年發現的愛迪生效應，愛迪生當時為了避免燈泡中的碳絲黑化，在燈泡中加入一片金屬薄片，當金屬薄片帶正電時，愛迪生發現在燈絲和金屬薄片之間出現電流，其原因是因為燈絲中的電子因受熱而脫離原子（<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84" title="热发射">熱發射</a>）受金屬薄片的正電吸引而穿過燈絲和金屬薄片之間的空間。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9E%81%E7%AE%A1_(%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%AE%A1)" title="三极管 (真空管)">三極管</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%AF%8C%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="李·德富雷斯特">李·德富雷斯特</a>在1906年發明的<sup id="cite_ref-ifeng_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifeng-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，其原理類似<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%AE%A1" title="真空管">真空管</a>，但在陰極和金屬板之間加上了控制用的網格，其目的是要控制陰極上的電子及金屬板上的電流。第一個聲音擴大器就是應用到此項技術，早期的收音機及電視也是用類似技術。李·德富雷斯特被譽為是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電子學">電子學</a>之父，因為發明三极管之前，人們只能將<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%BB" title="交流電">交流電</a>轉換為<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%BB" title="直流電">直流電</a>，但在發明三极管後，就可以放大像是聲音、無線電、電視等各式各様的信號，因此帶來這些產品大幅的興起，在1930年代發明了「電子學」一詞，來表示這些新興的技術設備。 </p><p>隨著時代的演進，真空管也逐漸的進步，像是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%9E%81%E7%AE%A1" title="四极管">四極管</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%9E%81%E7%AE%A1" title="五极管">五極管</a>等元件也出現了，也有一些可以配合高功率應用的真空管設備。同時真空管的體積也在縮小。到1950年，這一領域被稱為“無線電技術”，因為它的主要應用是無線電的發送、接收和真空管的設計與原理。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="電晶體及積體電路時期"><span id=".E9.9B.BB.E6.99.B6.E9.AB.94.E5.8F.8A.E7.A9.8D.E9.AB.94.E9.9B.BB.E8.B7.AF.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>電晶體及積體電路時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：電晶體及積體電路時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transistorer_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Transistorer_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Transistorer_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Transistorer_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Transistorer_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Transistorer_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Transistorer_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="3480" /></a><figcaption>幾個不同大小的電晶體</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="電晶體">電晶體</a>是1948年<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E4%B8%81" title="约翰·巴丁">约翰·巴丁</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%96%87%E9%A1%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="沃尔特·布喇顿">沃尔特·布喇顿</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="貝爾實驗室">貝爾電話公司實驗研究所</a>發明的<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>， <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%9E%81%E6%80%A7%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%AE%A1" title="双极性晶体管">雙極性電晶體</a>也在一年後發明，現在的電子設備多半是利用雙極性電晶體（或是以此為基礎的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%8D%E9%AB%94%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="積體電路">積體電路</a>）元件製成。相較於真空管，電晶體有體積較小，較堅固，能量密度高，需要的電壓較低等優點。電晶體不需在真空中運作，是用固態的半導體製成，因此不需要數百伏的電壓才能工作，因此電晶體取代了真空管的應用。 </p><p>電晶體有三個端子（基極、集極及射極），類似一個真空三極管，基極類似三極管中的控制網，射極類似陰極，集極類似金屬板。經過適當安排三極的極性，可以用微小的基極電流去控制較大的集極電流。 </p><p>在1958年出現了第一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%8D%E9%AB%94%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="積體電路">積體電路</a>，將6個電晶體放在同一個封裝內。1960年代末期<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E7%AB%A5%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="仙童半導體">仙童半導體</a>推出了μA709，是第一個被廣泛使用的積體電路<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="運算放大器">運算放大器</a>。1970年<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E7%89%B9%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="英特爾">英特爾</a>(Intel)開發了第一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%99%95%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="微處理器">微處理器</a><a href="/wiki/4004" class="mw-redirect" title="4004">4004</a>。電子學的發展相當快，後來已區分為幾個不同的領域，其中最主要的分界是類比電路及數位電路。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%8D%E9%AB%94%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="積體電路">積體電路</a>在民生的廣泛應用，間接加速了<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="電腦">電腦</a>的演進<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，使得人類的科技發展一日千里。電子學在20世紀的發展堪稱第二次的石器革命。電子學也成為工程領域中最有發展潛力的領域之一。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="電子設備及零件"><span id=".E9.9B.BB.E5.AD.90.E8.A8.AD.E5.82.99.E5.8F.8A.E9.9B.B6.E4.BB.B6"></span>電子設備及零件</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：電子設備及零件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%B6%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="電子零件">電子零件</a></div> <p>電子零件是指一電子系統中使用的零件，而此零件可以依電子系統所要的方式，影響電子或其相關電場或磁場。電子零件一般會設計的可以互相連接，多半是用<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E9%92%8E%E7%84%8A" title="软钎焊">軟釺焊</a>的方式固定在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E6%9D%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="印刷電路板">印刷電路板</a>(PCB)上，最後形成一特定功能的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="電路">電路</a>（例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%A8" title="放大器">放大器</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E6%8E%A5%E6%94%B6%E6%9C%BA" title="无线电接收机">無線電接收機</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AF%E7%9B%AA%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="振盪器">振盪器</a>）。電子零件可以是分立型的零件，有其個別的封裝，也有像<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%8D%E9%AB%94%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="積體電路">積體電路</a>一様較複雜的零件。常見的電子零件包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AE%B9%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="電容器">電容器</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%84%9F%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="電感器">電感器</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%98%BB%E5%99%A8" title="電阻器">電阻器</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%A5%B5%E9%AB%94" title="二極體">二極體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="電晶體">電晶體</a>等。電子零件一般會分類為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="主動元件">主動元件</a>（像電晶體或<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E9%96%98%E7%AE%A1" title="晶閘管">晶閘管</a>）及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8B%95%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="被動元件">被動元件</a>（像<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AE%B9%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="電容器">電容器</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%98%BB%E5%99%A8" title="電阻器">電阻器</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%84%9F%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="电感元件">電感元件</a>）等<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIT20120424.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/MIT20120424.jpg/220px-MIT20120424.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/MIT20120424.jpg/330px-MIT20120424.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/MIT20120424.jpg/440px-MIT20120424.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>麻省理工学院官网首页报道<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BD%E6%B5%81%E5%AD%90%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84" title="载流子散射">唐-崔瑟豪斯理论</a> (Tang-Dresselhaus Theory) 对不同尺度体系中电子输运性质的描述</figcaption></figure> <p>各种电子器件中的电子输运机制是其研发和制造的关键。各种器件尺度下，电子输运可以是 <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A9%E6%95%A3%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="扩散作用">扩散输运</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B9%E9%81%93%E8%BE%93%E8%BF%90" title="弹道输运">弹道输运</a>和 <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%81" title="量子跃迁">量子跃迁</a>或其复杂组合。根据达尼尔∙罗德于<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="贝尔实验室">贝尔实验室</a>提出的罗德理论<sup id="cite_ref-”RodeModel1”_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-”RodeModel1”-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-”RodeModel2”_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-”RodeModel2”-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>与<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90%E7%88%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="唐爽（页面不存在）">唐爽</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%94%E8%B1%AA%E6%96%AF" title="米尔德里德·德雷斯尔豪斯">崔瑟豪斯夫人</a>于<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%9C%81%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="麻省理工学院">麻省理工学院</a>提出的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E8%BD%BD%E6%B5%81%E5%AD%90%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="电子载流子散射">唐-崔瑟豪斯理论</a> <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-”graphene”_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-”graphene”-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-”CNT”_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-”CNT”-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DTIC_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTIC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，微电子器件尺度下的电子输运机制依然能由单个电子携带的<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a>变最大值推知，而此最大值可以通过热功率测得。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="電路種類"><span id=".E9.9B.BB.E8.B7.AF.E7.A8.AE.E9.A1.9E"></span>電路種類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：電路種類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>電路大致可以分為<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E6%AF%94%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="類比電路">類比電路</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="數位電路">數位電路</a>二類。前者的電壓電流訊號都是涉及連續函數形式的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E6%AF%94%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="類比訊號">類比訊號</a>，而數位電路的訊號是離散式的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="數位訊號">數位訊號</a>多半是以0和1來表示<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過也有許多電路同時包括類比電路及數位電路。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="類比電路"><span id=".E9.A1.9E.E6.AF.94.E9.9B.BB.E8.B7.AF"></span>類比電路</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：類比電路"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_Order_Lowpass_Filter_RC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1st_Order_Lowpass_Filter_RC.svg/250px-1st_Order_Lowpass_Filter_RC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1st_Order_Lowpass_Filter_RC.svg/375px-1st_Order_Lowpass_Filter_RC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1st_Order_Lowpass_Filter_RC.svg/500px-1st_Order_Lowpass_Filter_RC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="140" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E9%80%9A%E6%BB%A4%E6%B3%A2%E5%99%A8" title="低通滤波器">低通滤波器</a>是一種模拟电路</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E6%AF%94%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="類比電路">類比電路</a></div> <p>類比電路中的電壓或電流是連續函數形式的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E6%AF%94%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="類比訊號">類比訊號</a>。可以分為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="線性電路" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Linear circuit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="線性電路（页面不存在）">線性電路</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_circuit" class="extiw" title="en:Linear circuit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Linear circuit</span></a></span>）</span></span>和非線性電路。 </p><p>類比電路中，像<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%98%BB%E5%99%A8" title="電阻器">電阻器</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AE%B9%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="電容器">電容器</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%84%9F%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="电感元件">電感元件</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E5%A3%93%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="變壓器">變壓器</a>的電流和電壓信號呈線性的關係，這類的元件稱為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="線性元件（页面不存在）">線性元件</a>，只由線性元件組成的電路為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="線性電路" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Linear circuit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="線性電路（页面不存在）">線性電路</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_circuit" class="extiw" title="en:Linear circuit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Linear circuit</span></a></span>）</span></span>。線性電路在分析上比較容易。 </p><p>電流和電壓信號不呈線性的元件稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="非线性元件">非線性元件</a>，像<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E9%A2%91%E5%99%A8" title="混频器">混频器</a>、调制器、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%AE%A1" title="真空管">真空管</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="電晶體">電晶體</a>放大器、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="運算放大器">運算放大器</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AF%E7%9B%AA%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="振盪器">振盪器</a>等，若電路有非線性元件，在分析上比較困難，若電壓、電流是在一定數值（稱為工作點）附近，可以用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="小訊號模型">小訊號模型</a>的方式，將非線性元件用線性元件來模擬，以簡化分析和計算。 </p><p>類比電路的元件也可以分為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="主動元件">主動元件</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8B%95%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="被動元件">被動元件</a>，主動元件屬於非線性元件，像<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="電晶體">電晶體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%AE%A1" title="真空管">真空管</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="運算放大器">運算放大器</a>等。許多類比電路的特性都是靠主動元件的特性的產生。 </p><p>現在的設備中很少有純類比的電路，許多類比電路會配合數位甚至是微處理器的技術以提升其性能。這類電路也可以歸類為「混合信號」的電路。 </p><p>有些電路很難區分是類比電路或數位電路，像<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%99%A8" title="比较器">比較器</a>的輸入是類比訊號，但其輸出只有二種準位，為數位訊號。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="數位電路"><span id=".E6.95.B8.E4.BD.8D.E9.9B.BB.E8.B7.AF"></span>數位電路</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：數位電路"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Full-adder_logic_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Full-adder_logic_diagram.svg/400px-Full-adder_logic_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Full-adder_logic_diagram.svg/600px-Full-adder_logic_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Full-adder_logic_diagram.svg/800px-Full-adder_logic_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%8A%A0%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="全加器">全加器</a>是一種數位电路</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="數位電路">數位電路</a></div> <p>數位電路中的電壓會有幾個不同的電壓準位，數位電路常用來實現<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%9E%97%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="布林代數">布林代數</a>，也是所有數位電腦的基礎。對工程師而言，在討論數位電路時，「數位電路」、「數位系統」或「邏輯」往往是可互相替代。 </p><p>大部份的數位電路都是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%80%B2%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="二進制">二進制</a>的系統，有二個可以用0和1表示的電壓準位，一般0是較低的電壓，可以用L表示，1是較高的電壓，可以用H表示，不過也有定義相反的（0用H表示）、增加一個<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%98%BB%E6%80%81" title="高阻态">高阻态</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%85%8B%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="三態邏輯">三態邏輯</a>）、或是以電流大小為準的系統。也有系統使用<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B2%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="三進制">三進制</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%80%B2%E5%88%B6%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="三進制計算機">三進制計算機</a>，但還沒有實際的產品應用。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="電腦">電腦</a>、電子<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1%E9%90%98" class="mw-redirect" title="石英鐘">石英鐘</a>、用在工業控制的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%99%A8" title="可编程逻辑控制器">可编程逻辑控制器</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E8%99%95%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" title="數位訊號處理器">數位訊號處理器</a>都是用數位電路所組合而成。 </p><p>數位電路中常見的模組包括： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E9%96%98" title="邏輯閘">邏輯閘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%99%A8" title="加法器">加法器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%8F%8D%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="正反器">正反器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E6%95%B0%E5%99%A8" title="计数器">計數器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E5%AD%98%E5%99%A8" title="寄存器">寄存器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%A5%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="數據多工器">數據多工器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9%E8%A7%B8%E7%99%BC%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="施密特觸發器">施密特觸發器</a></li></ul> <p>以下是一些高度整合的模組： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%99%95%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="微處理器">微處理器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="微控制器">微控制器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A9%8D%E9%AB%94%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" title="特殊應用積體電路">特殊應用積體電路</a>（ASIC）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E8%99%95%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" title="數位訊號處理器">數位訊號處理器</a>（DSP）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%BA%E5%8F%AF%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E9%97%A8%E9%98%B5%E5%88%97" title="现场可编程逻辑门阵列">現場可程式邏輯門陣列</a>（FPGA）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="散熱和熱管理"><span id=".E6.95.A3.E7.86.B1.E5.92.8C.E7.86.B1.E7.AE.A1.E7.90.86"></span>散熱和熱管理</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：散熱和熱管理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_DTC-AAL03_and_Asus_motherboard_20080206.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Intel_DTC-AAL03_and_Asus_motherboard_20080206.jpg/250px-Intel_DTC-AAL03_and_Asus_motherboard_20080206.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Intel_DTC-AAL03_and_Asus_motherboard_20080206.jpg/375px-Intel_DTC-AAL03_and_Asus_motherboard_20080206.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Intel_DTC-AAL03_and_Asus_motherboard_20080206.jpg/500px-Intel_DTC-AAL03_and_Asus_motherboard_20080206.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>主機板上的散热片和CPU上散热片加風扇組成的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E7%86%B1%E6%A8%A1%E7%B5%84" title="散熱模組">散熱模組</a></figcaption></figure> <p>電路在運作時會發<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1" class="mw-disambig" title="熱">熱</a>，需利用設備進行散熱，否則會降低<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E5%BA%A6" title="可靠度">可靠度</a>，甚至造成電路的損壞<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。散熱技術是利用<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%82%B3%E5%B0%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="熱傳導">熱傳導</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81" title="對流">對流</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="熱輻射">熱輻射</a>的方式散熱，散熱技術中最常見的是用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E7%83%AD%E7%89%87" title="散热片">散熱片</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E6%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="風扇">風扇</a>，利用空氣來冷卻<sup id="cite_ref-Sistino1996_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sistino1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，有些設備的發熱量大，需要用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%86%B7" title="水冷">水冷</a>方式散熱。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="雜訊"><span id=".E9.9B.9C.E8.A8.8A"></span>雜訊</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：雜訊"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E8%A8%8A" title="雜訊">雜訊</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E8%A8%8A" title="雜訊">雜訊</a>定義為是在有用信號上的不想要的干擾，可能影響信號內容的傳送<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。雜訊和電路造成的信號扭曲不完全相同。任何電路都會造成雜訊，雜訊可能是因為電場或磁場而產生，也可能是因為熱而產生（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熱雜訊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thermal Noise"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E9%9B%9C%E8%A8%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱雜訊（页面不存在）">熱雜訊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_Noise" class="extiw" title="en:Thermal Noise"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thermal Noise</span></a></span>）</span></span>）。這些雜訊可能可以透過調整電路位置或環境（如降低溫度）來改善。而像是<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E7%B2%92%E5%99%AA%E5%A3%B0" title="散粒噪声">散粒雜訊</a>之類的雜訊，是因為物理性質的限制而所產生，這類的雜訊不易透過調整電路或環境來改善。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="電子學理論"><span id=".E9.9B.BB.E5.AD.90.E5.AD.B8.E7.90.86.E8.AB.96"></span>電子學理論</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：電子學理論"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在電子學的研究中，數學方法是不可少的。若要熟悉電子學，也就需要熟悉和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="電路分析">電路分析</a>有關的數學，以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁學">電磁學</a>的理論。 </p><p>電路分析是將電路轉換為許多未知數組成的系統，電路中的物理量（如某<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E7%82%B9_(%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF)" title="结点 (电路)">節點</a>的電壓或某<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF_(%E5%9B%BE%E8%AE%BA)" title="道路 (图论)">路徑</a>的電流）變成系統中的未知數，再研究如何求解系統。系統可能是線性的，也可能是非線性的。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9F%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F" title="集成电路通用模拟程序">SPICE</a>電路仿真器是電路分析常用的分析工具。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="電子學實驗"><span id=".E9.9B.BB.E5.AD.90.E5.AD.B8.E5.AF.A6.E9.A9.97"></span>電子學實驗</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：電子學實驗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF%E4%BB%BF%E7%9C%9F" title="电子电路仿真">电子电路仿真</a></div> <p>在電子學的學習過程中，實驗是很重要的一環。實驗可以證明和核實許多相關定理及定律，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%A7%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="歐姆定律">歐姆定律</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%8C%E8%8D%B7%E5%A4%AB%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="克希荷夫電路定律">克希荷夫電路定律</a>等。以往電子學的實驗需要實際的電子設備及零件，但近年來已經有許多電子電路模擬的軟體可以取代實際的實驗，這類的軟體包括了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="CircuitLogix" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="CircuitLogix"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CircuitLogix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CircuitLogix（页面不存在）">CircuitLogix</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CircuitLogix" class="extiw" title="en:CircuitLogix"><span lang="en" dir="auto">CircuitLogix</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/Multisim" class="mw-redirect" title="Multisim">Multisim</a>和<a href="/wiki/PSpice" class="mw-redirect" title="PSpice">PSpice</a>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="電腦輔助設計（CAD）"><span id=".E9.9B.BB.E8.85.A6.E8.BC.94.E5.8A.A9.E8.A8.AD.E8.A8.88.EF.BC.88CAD.EF.BC.89"></span>電腦輔助設計（CAD）</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：電腦輔助設計（CAD）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E5%8C%96" title="電子設計自動化">電子設計自動化</a></div> <p>現代的電子工程師可以使用預先定義好的模塊來進行<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="电路设计">電路設計</a>，這些模塊包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電源">電源</a>、半導體元件（如<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="電晶體">電晶體</a>）及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%8D%E9%AB%94%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="積體電路">積體電路</a>等。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E5%8C%96" title="電子設計自動化">電子設計自動化</a>軟體包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E5%9C%96" title="電路圖">電路圖</a>製作軟體及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF%E6%9D%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="印刷电路板">印刷电路板</a>設計軟體。常見的電子設計自動化軟體包括NI Multisim、Cadence（<a href="/wiki/OrCAD" title="OrCAD">OrCAD</a>）、<a href="/wiki/Pads" title="Pads">Pads</a>、<a href="/wiki/Altium_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Altium designer">Altium designer</a>（Protel）等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="零件連接方法"><span id=".E9.9B.B6.E4.BB.B6.E9.80.A3.E6.8E.A5.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>零件連接方法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：零件連接方法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>隨著時代的不同，連接電子零件的技術也隨之改變。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="点对点式连接" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Point-to-point construction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%82%B9%E5%AF%B9%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%8F%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="点对点式连接（页面不存在）">点对点式连接</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_construction" class="extiw" title="en:Point-to-point construction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Point-to-point construction</span></a></span>）</span></span>零件是最早期使用的連接方式。後來也有使用「積木型連接」（Cordwood construction）及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="繞線板" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="wire wrap"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%9E%E7%B7%9A%E6%9D%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="繞線板（页面不存在）">繞線板</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wire_wrap" class="extiw" title="en:wire wrap"><span lang="en" dir="auto">wire wrap</span></a></span>）</span></span>來連接零件。現代的電路多半會使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E6%9D%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="印刷電路板">印刷電路板</a>，材質可能是<a href="/wiki/FR-4" title="FR-4">FR-4</a>或是較便宜但較不耐磨的合成樹脂紙<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="FR-2" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="FR-2"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=FR-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FR-2（页面不存在）">FR-2</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR-2" class="extiw" title="en:FR-2"><span lang="en" dir="auto">FR-2</span></a></span>）</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>近年來開始重視電子零件對人體健康及環境的影響，尤其是銷售到<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐盟">歐盟</a>的電子產品更是如此。歐盟的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E5%AE%B3%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4" title="危害性物質限制指令">危害性物質限制指令</a>（RoHS）是限制電子產品的材料及工藝標準，已於2006年7月生效<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，像傳統<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%8A%E9%8C%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="焊錫">焊錫</a>中含有的<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="鉛">鉛</a>就是危害性物質限制指令禁用的物質。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F%E8%A8%AD%E5%82%99%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4" title="廢電子電機設備指令">廢電子電機設備指令</a>（WEEE）則是制訂廢棄電子電機設備收集、回收、再生的目標。WEEE的第二版在2012年8月開始實施<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="学科体系"><span id=".E5.AD.A6.E7.A7.91.E4.BD.93.E7.B3.BB"></span>学科体系</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：学科体系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>系统技术 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1" title="通信">通信</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD" title="广播">广播</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86" title="电视">电视</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%BE%BE" title="雷达">雷达</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无线电导航（页面不存在）">无线电导航</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="电子计算机">计算机</a></li></ul></li> <li>基础理论和基础技术 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="电路">电路</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="電路分析">电路分析</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%A2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="电波传播（页面不存在）">电波传播</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="信号处理">信号处理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%AE%BA" title="信息论">信息论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="自动控制">自动控制</a></li></ul></li> <li>元件器件与材料工艺 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%80%81%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%99%A8%E4%BB%B6" title="固态电子器件">固态电子器件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="集成电路">集成电路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%99%A8%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="真空电子器件">真空电子器件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="电子元件">电子元件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="电子材料">电子材料</a></li></ul></li> <li>交叉学科 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%84%E7%94%B5%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="射电天文学">射电天文学</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:电子学">电子学主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="电子工程">電子工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="電機工程">電機工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="電學">電學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="電力學">電力學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%9B%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="电力电子学">电力电子学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電路學">電路學</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電子電路學（页面不存在）">電子電路學</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chwa.com.tw/TResource/HS/book1/ch1/ch1-3-1.htm">相關補充資料-資訊處理的工具和計算機的發展</a>. 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Infinet.com.tw. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-21</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infinet.com.tw/001/support_article_001.aspx?cid=C_00000007&index=38">原始内容</a>存档于2014-03-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E7%86%B1%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F%E5%84%80%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8+%3A+%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%99%BC&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Infinet.com.tw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infinet.com.tw%2F001%2Fsupport_article_001.aspx%3Fcid%3DC_00000007%26index%3D38&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sistino1996-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sistino1996_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Alphonse J. 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CRC Press. 5 March 1996: 432– <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-22</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8247-9693-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8247-9693-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-8247-9693-8</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701075959/http://books.google.com/books?id=lmcHKS1lkrQC&pg=PA432">存档</a>于2014-07-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Alphonse+J.+Sistino&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Electronic+Circuitry%3A+Analysis+and+Design&rft.date=1996-03-05&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-9693-8&rft.pages=432-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlmcHKS1lkrQC%26pg%3DPA432&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780471428060" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-471-42806-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322002214/http://www.jiagongjueyuanban.com/news/xgzx/620.html">FR-4材料与FR-1及FR-2材料对比</a>. Jiagongjueyuanban.com. 2013-08-02 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-21</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jiagongjueyuanban.com/news/xgzx/620.html">原始内容</a>存档于2014-03-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=FR-4%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E4%B8%8EFR-1%E5%8F%8AFR-2%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%94&rft.date=2013-08-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Jiagongjueyuanban.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jiagongjueyuanban.com%2Fnews%2Fxgzx%2F620.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuvonline.com.cn/news_view.asp?id=11&cid=2">ROHS认证介绍</a>. 廣洲優測認證機電技術有限公司. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-05-07</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130807072352/http://tuvonline.com.cn/news_view.asp?id=11&cid=2">存档</a>于2013-08-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=ROHS%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%81%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%BB%A3%E6%B4%B2%E5%84%AA%E6%B8%AC%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%89%E6%A9%9F%E9%9B%BB%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuvonline.com.cn%2Fnews_view.asp%3Fid%3D11%26cid%3D2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tisamax.com/article/view/156">歐盟新版WEEE指令(2012/19/EU)正式發佈</a>. 能邁科技股份有限公司. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-05-07</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921061826/http://www.tisamax.com/article/view/156">存档</a>于2012-09-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E6%96%B0%E7%89%88WEEE%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4%282012%2F19%2FEU%29%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E7%99%BC%E4%BD%88&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%83%BD%E9%82%81%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tisamax.com%2Farticle%2Fview%2F156&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Art of Electronics</i> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521370950" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-37095-0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nanohub.org/resources/1500">Online course on <i>Computational Electronics</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130807002745/http://nanohub.org/resources/1500">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） on Nanohub.org</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:電學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:電學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="電學" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="電學">電學</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">电子学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="电磁学">电磁学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="电路">電路學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="電力學">電力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="半導體學">半導體學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="靜電學">靜電學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB" title="電">電</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">電荷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B4%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="電洞">電洞</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="电子材料">電子材料</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%98%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="電阻">電阻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%84%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="電感">電感</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AE%B9" title="電容">電容</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%A5%B5%E9%AB%94" title="二極體">二極體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="半導體">半導體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%AB%94" class="mw-disambig" title="記憶體">記憶體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%8D%E9%AB%94%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="積體電路">積體電路</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:电子学">电子学主题</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="电子学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB" title="Template:电子学体系"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB" title="Template talk:电子学体系"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:电子学体系"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="电子学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">电子学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">分支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9F%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="模拟电路">模拟电路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="数字电路">数字电路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F%E4%BB%AA%E5%99%A8" title="测量仪器">测量仪器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="电子工程">电子工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="微电子学">微电子学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%9B%BB%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="光電工程">光電工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%9B%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="电力电子学">电力电子学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="印刷电子学">印刷电子学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93" title="半导体">半导体</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原理图输入" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Schematic capture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E5%9B%BE%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原理图输入（页面不存在）">原理图输入</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schematic_capture" class="extiw" title="en:Schematic capture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Schematic capture</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="电子设备及系统的热管理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thermal management of electronic devices and systems"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E5%8F%8A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9A%84%E7%83%AD%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="电子设备及系统的热管理（页面不存在）">热管理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_management_of_electronic_devices_and_systems" class="extiw" title="en:Thermal management of electronic devices and systems"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thermal management of electronic devices and systems</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">高阶话题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原子电子学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Atomtronics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原子电子学（页面不存在）">原子电子学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomtronics" class="extiw" title="en:Atomtronics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Atomtronics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物电子学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bioelectronics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物电子学（页面不存在）">生物电子学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioelectronics" class="extiw" title="en:Bioelectronics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bioelectronics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%88%88%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="新興技術列表">新興技術列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="电子元件故障" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Failure of electronic components"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6%E6%95%85%E9%9A%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="电子元件故障（页面不存在）">电子元件故障</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_of_electronic_components" class="extiw" title="en:Failure of electronic components"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Failure of electronic components</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="柔性电子学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Flexible electronics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%94%E6%80%A7%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柔性电子学（页面不存在）">柔性电子学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_electronics" class="extiw" title="en:Flexible electronics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Flexible electronics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%8A%9F%E8%80%97%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="低功耗设计">低功耗设计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="分子电子学">分子电子学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="纳电子学">纳电子学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="有机电子学">有机电子学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="光子学">光子学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E7%94%B5%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="压电电子学">压电电子学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="量子光学">量子光学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%B8" title="自旋電子學">自旋電子學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">电子设备</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E8%AA%BF%E7%AF%80" title="空氣調節">空氣調節</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BE%9B%E6%9A%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="中央供暖系统">中央供暖系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E8%A1%A3%E6%A9%9F" title="乾衣機">乾衣機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="电子计算机">电子计算机</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%86%E8%A8%98%E5%9E%8B%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" title="筆記型電腦">筆記型電腦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%A0%81%E7%9B%B8%E6%9C%BA" title="数码相机">数码相机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E7%A2%97%E6%A9%9F" title="洗碗機">洗碗機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E7%AE%B1" title="冰箱">冰箱</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="家庭机器人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Home robot"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家庭机器人（页面不存在）">家庭机器人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_robot" class="extiw" title="en:Home robot"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Home robot</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E5%8A%87%E9%99%A2" title="家庭劇院">家庭劇院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E5%8A%87%E9%99%A2%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" title="家庭劇院個人電腦">家庭劇院個人電腦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="信息技术">信息技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%AE%E9%A3%9F%E7%88%90" title="煮食爐">煮食爐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2%E7%82%89" title="微波炉">微波炉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D" title="移动电话">移动电话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E8%A8%AD%E5%82%99" title="網絡設備">網絡設備</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%94%9C%E5%BC%8F%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E6%92%AD%E6%94%BE%E5%99%A8" title="可攜式媒體播放器">可攜式媒體播放器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E6%8E%A5%E6%94%B6%E6%9C%BA" title="无线电接收机">无线电接收机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E7%AE%B1" title="冰箱">冰箱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%B8%E5%A1%B5%E5%99%A8" title="機器人吸塵器">機器人吸塵器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%9D%BF%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" title="平板電腦">平板電腦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D" title="电话">电话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86" title="电视">电视</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无水箱热水器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tankless water heater"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%B0%B4%E7%AE%B1%E7%83%AD%E6%B0%B4%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无水箱热水器（页面不存在）">热水器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankless_water_heater" class="extiw" title="en:Tankless water heater"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tankless water heater</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E6%A9%9F" title="電子遊戲機">電子遊戲機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E8%A1%A3%E6%A9%9F" title="洗衣機">洗衣機</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">应用</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%A2%91%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87" title="音频设备">音频设备</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="汽車電子">汽車電子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="航空电子">航空电子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="控制系統">控制系統</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="数据采集" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Data acquisition"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%87%87%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数据采集（页面不存在）">数据采集</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_acquisition" class="extiw" title="en:Data acquisition"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Data acquisition</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8" title="電子書">電子書</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="电子健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="eHealth"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="电子健康（页面不存在）">电子健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/eHealth" class="extiw" title="en:eHealth"><span lang="en" dir="auto">eHealth</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="电子工业">电子工业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%B0" title="電子作戰">電子作戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="嵌入式系统">嵌入式系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%A8%E7%94%B5%E5%99%A8" title="家用电器">家用电器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD" title="智慧家庭">智慧家庭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="集成电路">集成电路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%A8%E7%94%B5%E5%99%A8" title="家用电器">家用电器</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81" title="消費電子產品">消費電子產品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%89%B2%E5%AE%B6%E9%9B%BB" title="白色家電">大家电</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AE%B6%E9%9B%BB" title="小家電">小家電</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2" title="微波">微波</a>技术</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A" title="軍隊">军事</a>电子学</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93" title="多媒体">多媒体</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="核电子学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nuclear electronics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核电子学（页面不存在）">核电子学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_electronics" class="extiw" title="en:Nuclear electronics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nuclear electronics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%BA%90%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6" title="開源硬件">開源硬件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%BE%BE" title="雷达">雷达</a>与<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无线电导航" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radionavigation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无线电导航（页面不存在）">无线电导航</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionavigation" class="extiw" title="en:Radionavigation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Radionavigation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无线电电子学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radio electronics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无线电电子学（页面不存在）">无线电电子学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_electronics" class="extiw" title="en:Radio electronics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Radio electronics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E8%B5%AB%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="太赫輻射">太赫輻射</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="视频硬件" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Video hardware"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="视频硬件（页面不存在）">视频硬件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_hardware" class="extiw" title="en:Video hardware"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Video hardware</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E7%B7%9A" title="金屬線">有线通讯</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" title="無線通訊">無線通訊</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="半导体物理学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:半导体物理学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:半导体物理学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:半导体物理学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="半导体物理学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93" title="半导体">半导体物理学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">原理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%81%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93" title="本征半导体">本征半导体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E8%B4%A8%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93" title="杂质半导体">杂质半导体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E5%B8%A6%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="能带结构">能带结构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BC%E5%B8%A6" title="导带">导带</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%B8%B6" title="價帶">价带</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%9A%99" title="能隙">能隙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BD%E6%B5%81%E5%AD%90" title="载流子">载流子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子">电子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E7%A9%B4" title="空穴">空穴</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E4%B8%BB_(%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93)" title="施主 (半导体)">施主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="受体 (物理学)">受主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%94%9F%E4%BC%8F%E6%89%93%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="光生伏打效应">光生伏打效应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89" title="半导体激光">半导体激光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="霍爾效應">霍爾效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%96%E7%89%B9%E5%9F%BA%E5%8A%BF%E5%9E%92" title="肖特基势垒">肖特基势垒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%A7%86%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%B8" title="歐姆接觸">欧姆接触</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93%E5%99%A8%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0" title="半导体器件制造">工艺</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%88%BB" title="光刻">光刻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BB%E8%9A%80" title="刻蚀">刻蚀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%BA%E6%9D%82_(%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93)" title="掺杂 (半导体)">掺杂</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%B9%B6%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93" title="简并半导体">简并</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%B3%A8%E5%85%A5" title="离子注入">离子注入</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E6%9D%9F%E5%A4%96%E5%BB%B6" title="分子束外延">分子束外延</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%B0%94%E7%9B%B8%E6%B2%89%E7%A7%AF" title="物理气相沉积">物理气相沉积</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%B0%94%E7%9B%B8%E6%B2%89%E7%A7%AF" title="化学气相沉积">化学气相沉积</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%A6%E5%8C%96" title="化学机械平坦化">化学机械平坦化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOI" title="SOI">SOI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93%E5%99%A8%E4%BB%B6" title="半导体器件">器件</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pn%E7%BB%93" title="Pn结">PN结</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%AE%A1" title="晶体管">晶体管</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%A5%B5%E9%AB%94" title="二極體">二極體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%85%89%E4%BA%8C%E6%A5%B5%E7%AE%A1" title="發光二極管">發光二極管</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%9E%81%E6%80%A7%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%AE%A1" title="双极性晶体管">BJT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%BA%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94%E7%AE%A1" title="场效应管">FET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94%E5%A0%B4%E6%95%88%E9%9B%BB%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" title="金屬氧化物半導體場效電晶體">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%A3%9C%E5%BC%8F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" title="互補式金屬氧化物半導體">CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E9%96%98%E7%AE%A1" title="晶閘管">晶閘管</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%84%E8%86%9C%E9%9B%BB%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" title="薄膜電晶體">薄膜晶体管</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%83%BD%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0" title="太阳能电池">太阳能电池</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="物理学分支" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Template:物理學分支"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Template talk:物理學分支"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:物理學分支"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="物理学分支" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学">物理学</a><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Category:物理学分支">分支</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="物理学史">物理学史</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">组成部分</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="理论物理学">理论物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗物理學">实验物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="应用物理学">应用物理</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="運動 (物理學)">运动</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学">热力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="力学">力学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="经典力学">经典力学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B9%E9%81%93%E5%AD%A6" title="弹道学">弹道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%97%A5%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="拉格朗日力学">拉格朗日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A1%BF%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="哈密顿力学">哈密顿</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9E%E7%BB%AD%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="连续介质力学">连续介质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="天體力學">天体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="统计力学">统计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="流体力学">流体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学">量子</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2" title="波">波</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%BA_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)" title="场 (物理)">场</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="电磁学">电磁学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="经典电磁学">经典</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="量子场论">量子场论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="相对论">相对论</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="狭义相对论">狭义相对论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">按专业</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數碼物理學">數碼物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="计算物理学">计算物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子核物理学">原子核物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%89%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子分子与光物理学">原子分子與光物理學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="分子物理学">分子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子物理学">原子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="等离子体物理学">等离子体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="统计力学">统计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="凝聚态物理学">凝聚态物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="固体物理学">固体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%A7%82%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="介观物理学">介观</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="软物质">软</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="高分子物理学">高分子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="声学">声学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学">光学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="几何光学">几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="物理光学">物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="非线性光学">非线性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="量子光学">量子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学">天体物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="核天体物理学">核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="恒星物理学">恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体粒子物理学">天体粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="太阳物理学">太阳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="空间物理学">空间</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">生命科学中的物理学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物力学">生物力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="农业物理学">农业物理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="醫學物理">醫學物理</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="激光医学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Laser medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="激光医学（页面不存在）">激光医学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Laser medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Laser medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="核医学">核医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" title="醫學影像">醫學影像</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理物理学">心理物理学</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%99%85%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88" title="科际整合">交叉学科</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学">天体物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="数学物理">数学物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="非线性物理学">非线性物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟物理學">经济物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="材料科学">材料科学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="高分子物理学">高分子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化学</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="化学物理学">化学物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="物理宇宙学">物理宇宙学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="大气物理学">大气</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="云物理学">云</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地球物理学">地球物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="土壤物理學">土壤物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="物理海洋学">物理海洋学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="量子信息科学">量子信息科学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">有关</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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