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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vietnam (disambiguation)">Vietnam (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and 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.ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>Vietnam,<a href="#cite_note-19">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[f]</a> officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,<a href="#cite_note-21">[g]</a> is a country at the eastern edge of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">mainland Southeast Asia</a>, with an area of about 331,000 square kilometres (128,000 sq mi) and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">fifteenth-most populous country</a>. One of the two <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist state">Marxist–Leninist states</a> in Southeast Asia,<a href="#cite_note-22">[h]</a> Vietnam shares land borders with China to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> to the west. It shares <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime borders</a> with <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> through the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>. Its capital is <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> and its largest city is <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a> (commonly known as Saigon). <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</div><div class="ib-country-names">Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Vietnam"><img alt="Flag of Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/125px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/188px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/250px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vietnam" title="Flag of Vietnam">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Vietnam"><img alt="Emblem of Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Emblem_of_Vietnam.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Emblem_of_Vietnam.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Emblem_of_Vietnam.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="529"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Vietnam" title="Emblem of Vietnam"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc<div>"Independence – Freedom – Happiness"</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFn_Qu%C3%A2n_Ca" title="Tiến Quân Ca">Tiến Quân Ca</a> "The Song of the Marching Troops"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="Quoc_ca_Viet_Nam.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Quoc_ca_Viet_Nam.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Quoc_ca_Viet_Nam.ogg/Quoc_ca_Viet_Nam.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vietnam_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Vietnam_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vietnam_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Vietnam_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vietnam_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Vietnam_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="540"></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Vietnam_ASEAN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Location_Vietnam_ASEAN.svg/250px-Location_Vietnam_ASEAN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Location_Vietnam_ASEAN.svg/375px-Location_Vietnam_ASEAN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Location_Vietnam_ASEAN.svg/500px-Location_Vietnam_ASEAN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900"></a>Show map of ASEAN</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Vietnam (green)in <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> (dark grey)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vietnam&params=21_2_N_105_51_E_type:city">21°2′N 105°51′E / 21.033°N 105.850°E / 21.033; 105.850</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vietnam&params=10_48_N_106_39_E_type:city">10°48′N 106°39′E / 10.800°N 106.650°E / 10.800; 106.650</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2019)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>85.32% <a href="/wiki/Kinh_Vietnamese" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinh Vietnamese">Kinh Vietnamese</a></li><li>14.68% <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" title="List of ethnic groups in Vietnam">other</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2019-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2019)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">86.32% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">folk</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">6.1% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam" title="Catholic Church in Vietnam">Catholicism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">4.79% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.02% <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Vietnam" title="Protestantism in Vietnam">Protestantism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.58% <a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.07% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.12% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">other</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2019-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> Viet (colloquial)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnam" title="Politics of Vietnam">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> one-party <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist republic</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">General Secretary</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4_L%C3%A2m" title="Tô Lâm">Tô Lâm</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Lương Cường">Lương Cường</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Prime Minister of Vietnam">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Minh_Ch%C3%ADnh" title="Phạm Minh Chính">Phạm Minh Chính</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Vietnam" title="Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam">National Assembly Chairman</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Thanh_M%E1%BA%ABn" title="Trần Thanh Mẫn">Trần Thanh Mẫn</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Vietnam" title="National Assembly of Vietnam">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Văn Lang">Văn Lang</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7th century BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3rd century BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Nanyue" title="Han conquest of Nanyue">Han's annexation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">111 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_dynasty" title="Ngô dynasty">Independence from China</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">939</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Regaining independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1428</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn</a>'s unification </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1802</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1883)" title="Treaty of Huế (1883)">Protectorate Treaty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 August 1883</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Declaration of Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 September 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">North–South division</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 July 1954</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">End of Vietnam War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 April 1975</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Vietnam#Since_1976" title="National Assembly of Vietnam">Reunification</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 July 1976</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 December 1986</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam#Current_constitution" title="Constitution of Vietnam">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 November 2013<a href="#cite_note-9">[c]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vietnam" title="Geography of Vietnam">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">331,344.82<a href="#cite_note-area_2022-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[d]</a> km2 (127,932.95 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">66th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6.38</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Vietnam" title="Demographics of Vietnam">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">100,300,000<a href="#cite_note-gso-pop-14">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">15th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2019 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">96,208,984<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2019-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">298/km2 (771.8/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">49th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $1.559 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.VN-16">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">26th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $15,470<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.VN-16">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">106th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $465.814 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.VN-16">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">33th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $4,623<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.VN-16">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">119th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2020)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 36.8<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2020c-17">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.726<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-18">[14]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">107th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Vietnamese đồng">Vietnamese đồng</a> (₫) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">VND</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+07:00 (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B07:00" title="UTC+07:00">Vietnam Standard Time</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Vietnam" title="Telephone numbers in Vietnam">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Vietnam" title="Telephone numbers in Vietnam">+84</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:VN" title="ISO 3166-2:VN">VN</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.vn" title=".vn">.vn</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chu_nom.svg/26px-Chu_nom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chu_nom.svg/39px-Chu_nom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chu_nom.svg/52px-Chu_nom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="779"></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> text. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(East_Asian)" title="Help:Multilingual support (East Asian)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">chữ Nôm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">chữ Quốc ngữ</a>.</div></div> </div> Vietnam was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">northern Vietnam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> annexed Northern and Central Vietnam, which were subsequently under <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_under_Chinese_rule" title="Vietnam under Chinese rule">Chinese rule</a> from 111 BC until the <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_dynasty" title="Ngô dynasty">first dynasty</a> emerged in 939. Successive <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dynasties" title="List of Vietnamese dynasties">monarchical dynasties</a> absorbed Chinese influences through <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">expanded southward</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars" title="History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars">conquering</a> <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>. During most of the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was effectively divided into two domains of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Trong" title="Đàng Trong">Đàng Trong</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Ngo%C3%A0i" title="Đàng Ngoài">Đàng Ngoài</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn</a>—the last imperial dynasty—surrendered to <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> in 1883. In 1887, its territory was integrated into <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> as three separate regions. In the immediate aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the nationalist coalition <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a>, led by the communist revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>, launched the <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">declared</a> Vietnam's independence from the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> in 1945. Vietnam went through prolonged warfare in the 20th century. After <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">World War II</a>, France returned to reclaim colonial power in the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>, from which Vietnam emerged victorious in 1954. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">treaties signed</a> between the Viet Minh and France, Vietnam was also separated into two parts. The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> began shortly after, between the communist <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="China in the Vietnam War">China</a>, and the anti-communist <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">United States</a>. Upon the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">North Vietnamese victory</a> in 1975, Vietnam reunified as a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> (CPV) in 1976. An ineffective <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a>, a trade embargo by the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>, and wars with <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">China</a> crippled the country further. In 1986, the CPV initiated <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">economic and political reforms</a> similar to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a>, transforming the country to a <a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">socialist-oriented market economy</a>. The reforms facilitated Vietnamese reintegration into the <a href="/wiki/Global_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global economy">global economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">politics</a>. Vietnam is a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a> with a lower-middle-income economy. It has <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Vietnam" title="Corruption in Vietnam">high levels of corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Vietnam" title="Censorship in Vietnam">censorship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Vietnam" title="Environmental issues in Vietnam">environmental issues</a> and a poor <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Vietnam" title="Human rights in Vietnam">human rights record</a>. It is part of international and intergovernmental institutions including the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">CPTPP</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">OIF</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>. It has assumed a seat on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> twice. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Prehistory_and_early_history">2.1 Prehistory and early history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Dynastic_Vietnam">2.2 Dynastic Vietnam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#French_Indochina">2.3 French Indochina</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#First_Indochina_War">2.4 First Indochina War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Vietnam_War">2.5 Vietnam War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Reunification_and_reforms">2.6 Reunification and reforms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Climate">3.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Biodiversity">3.2 Biodiversity</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Government_and_politics">4 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">4.1 Administrative divisions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Foreign_relations">4.2 Foreign relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Military">4.3 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Human_rights_and_sociopolitical_issues">4.4 Human rights and sociopolitical issues</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Agriculture">5.1 Agriculture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Seafood">5.1.1 Seafood</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Science_and_technology">5.2 Science and technology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Tourism">5.3 Tourism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Transport">5.4 Transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Energy">5.5 Energy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Telecommunication">5.6 Telecommunication</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation">5.7 Water supply and sanitation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Demographics">6 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Urbanisation">6.1 Urbanisation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Languages">6.2 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Religion">6.3 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Education">6.4 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Health">6.5 Health</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Culture">7 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Literature">7.1 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Music">7.2 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Media">7.3 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Cuisine">7.4 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Holidays_and_festivals">7.5 Holidays and festivals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Sports">7.6 Sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Sources">11 Sources</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Print">11.1 Print</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Legislation_and_government_source">11.2 Legislation and government source</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Academic_publications">11.3 Academic publications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#News_and_magazines">11.4 News and magazines</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Websites">11.5 Websites</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Free_content">11.6 Free content</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Government">12.1 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Media_and_censorship">12.2 Media and censorship</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Tourism_2">12.3 Tourism</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Names of Vietnam</a></div> The name Việt Nam (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[viə̂tˀ nāːm]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880798">.mw-parser-output .vi-nom{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Nom Na Tong","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","Han-Nom Kai","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinA","HanaMinB","HanaMin","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .vi-nom.ext{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP2","BabelStone Han","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinB","Han-Nom Kai",sans-serif}</style><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:越南">越南</a>), literally "Viet South", means "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order or "South of the Viet" per <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> word order.<a href="#cite_note-Brindley_2015_p27-23">[15]</a> A variation of the name, <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a> (or Nam Việt, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%B6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:南越">南越</a>), was first documented in the 2nd century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods200238-24">[16]</a> The term "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="extiw" title="wikt:Việt">Việt</a>" (Yue) (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:越">越</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Yuè; <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Yale">Cantonese Yale</a>: Yuht; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: Yüeh4; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="extiw" title="wikt:Việt">Việt</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Chinese">Early Middle Chinese</a> was first written using the <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograph</a> "戉" for an axe (a homophone), in <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">oracle bone</a> and bronze inscriptions of the late <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (c. 1200 BC), and later as "越".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976-25">[17]</a> At that time, it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham1996-26">[18]</a> In the early 8th century BC, a tribe on the middle <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> were called the <a href="/wiki/Yangyue" title="Yangyue">Yangyue</a>, a term later used for peoples further south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham1996-26">[18]</a> Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC, 'Yue'/'Việt' referred to the <a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">State of Yue</a> in the lower Yangtze basin and its people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976-25">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham1996-26">[18]</a> From the 3rd century BC, the term was used for the non-Chinese populations of southern China and northern Vietnam, with particular ethnic groups called <a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouyue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouyue">Ouyue</a>, Luoyue (Vietnamese: <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Lạc Việt">Lạc Việt</a>), etc., collectively called the <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> (Bách Việt, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E8%B6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:百越">百越</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Bǎiyuè; <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Yale">Cantonese Yale</a>: Baak Yuet; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Bách Việt; <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Hundred Yue/Viet').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976-25">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham1996-26">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue_Hashimoto19721-27">[19]</a> The term 'Baiyue'/'Bách Việt' first appeared in the book <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshi_Chunqiu" title="Lüshi Chunqiu">Lüshi Chunqiu</a> compiled around 239 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnoblockRiegel2001510-28">[20]</a> By the 17th and 18th centuries AD, educated Vietnamese apparently referred to themselves as người Việt (Viet people) or người Nam (southern people).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003405-29">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%F0%A0%8A%9B%E8%B6%8A.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%F0%A0%8A%9B%E8%B6%8A.png/220px-%F0%A0%8A%9B%E8%B6%8A.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="358"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 248px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%F0%A0%8A%9B%E8%B6%8A.png/220px-%F0%A0%8A%9B%E8%B6%8A.png" data-width="220" data-height="248" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/%F0%A0%8A%9B%E8%B6%8A.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Người Việt 𠊛越 written in chữ Nôm</figcaption></figure> The form Việt Nam (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:越南">越南</a>) is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem <a href="/wiki/S%E1%BA%A5m_Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_Tr%C3%ACnh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sấm Trạng Trình">Sấm Trạng Trình</a>. The name has also been found on 12 <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">steles</a> carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Hải Phòng</a> that dates to 1558.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhan1976510-30">[22]</a> In 1802, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_%C3%81nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Phúc Ánh">Nguyễn Phúc Ánh</a> (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>. In the second year of his rule, he asked the <a href="/wiki/Jiaqing_Emperor" title="Jiaqing Emperor">Jiaqing Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' (南越 in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Tuo" title="Zhao Tuo">Zhao Tuo</a>'s Nanyue, which included the regions of <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,<a href="#cite_note-etymology-32">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004932-33">[24]</a> meaning "South of the Viet" per <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> word order but the Vietnamese understood it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order.<a href="#cite_note-Brindley_2015_p27-23">[15]</a> Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.<a href="#cite_note-etymology-32">[i]</a> It was revived in the early 20th century in <a href="/wiki/Phan_B%E1%BB%99i_Ch%C3%A2u" title="Phan Bội Châu">Phan Bội Châu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Loss_of_Vietnam" title="History of the Loss of Vietnam">History of the Loss of Vietnam</a>, and later by the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Vietnamese Nationalist Party</a> (VNQDĐ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonnessonAntlov1996117-34">[25]</a> The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">imperial government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> adopted Việt Nam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonnessonAntlov1996126-35">[26]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">History of Vietnam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Vietnamese_history" title="Timeline of Vietnamese history">Timeline of Vietnamese history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_early_history">Prehistory and early history</h3></div> Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> age. Stone artefacts excavated in <a href="/wiki/Gia_Lai_province" title="Gia Lai province">Gia Lai province</a> have been claimed to date to 780,000 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-36">[27]</a> based on associated find of <a href="/wiki/Tektite" title="Tektite">tektites</a>, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-37">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n_province" title="Lạng Sơn province">Lạng Sơn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_province" title="Nghệ An province">Nghệ An</a> provinces in northern Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney2009-38">[29]</a> The oldest <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkazawaAokiKimura1992321-39">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabett2012109-40">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennellPorr201441-41">[32]</a> Teeth attributed to Homo sapiens from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> have been found at Dong Can,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsumuraYonedaYukioOxenham200812-42">[33]</a> and from the Early <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> at Mai Da Dieu,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsumuraLan_CuongKim_ThuyAnezaki2001-43">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxenhamTayles200636-44">[35]</a> Lang Gao<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen198516-45">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlstr%C3%B6mK%C3%A4ll%C3%A9n200283-46">[37]</a> and Lang Cuom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxenhamBuckley2015329-47">[38]</a> Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Jade_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Jade Road">Maritime Jade Road</a>, as ascertained by archeological research.<a href="#cite_note-48">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[42]</a> By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-<a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> cultivation in the <a href="/wiki/Ma_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma River">Ma River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Red River</a> floodplains led to the flourishing of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_S%C6%A1n_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Đông Sơn culture">Đông Sơn culture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham1984-52">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENang_ChungGiang_Hai201731-53">[44]</a> notable for its <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> casting used to make elaborate bronze <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_S%C6%A1n_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Đông Sơn drums">Đông Sơn drums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_LaetHerrmann1996408-54">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECal%C3%B2200951-55">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201731-56">[47]</a> At this point, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Văn Lang">Văn Lang</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a> appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, throughout the first millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECal%C3%B2200951-55">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookeLiAnderson201146-57">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynastic_Vietnam">Dynastic Vietnam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Vietnam_under_Chinese_rule" title="Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule">Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png/220px-Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1147"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 335px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png/220px-Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png" data-width="220" data-height="335" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png/330px-Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png/440px-Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Angkor Empire</a> and their neighbours, late 13th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nguyen_Dynasty,_administrative_divisions_map_(1838).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_administrative_divisions_map_%281838%29.svg/220px-Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_administrative_divisions_map_%281838%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="835"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 309px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_administrative_divisions_map_%281838%29.svg/220px-Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_administrative_divisions_map_%281838%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="309" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_administrative_divisions_map_%281838%29.svg/330px-Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_administrative_divisions_map_%281838%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_administrative_divisions_map_%281838%29.svg/440px-Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_administrative_divisions_map_%281838%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_invasions_of_Cambodia" title="Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia">Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia</a></figcaption></figure> According to Vietnamese legends, <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_B%C3%A0ng_dynasty" title="Hồng Bàng dynasty">Hồng Bàng dynasty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B9ng_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Hùng kings">Hùng kings</a> first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">history of Vietnam</a> (then known as Xích Quỷ and later <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Văn Lang">Văn Lang</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelley2002151-58">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECottrell200914-59">[50]</a> In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Lạc Việt">Lạc Việt</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Âu Việt">Âu Việt</a> tribes to form the <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a>, proclaiming himself <a href="/wiki/An_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="An Dương Vương">An Dương Vương</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Tr%E1%BA%A7nTh%C6%B0_H%C3%A020008-60">[51]</a> In 179 BC, a Chinese general named <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Tuo" title="Zhao Tuo">Zhao Tuo</a> ("Triệu Đà") defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENang_ChungGiang_Hai201731-53">[44]</a> However, Nanyue was itself <a href="/wiki/Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Southward expansion of the Han dynasty">incorporated into the empire</a> of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> in 111 BC after the <a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Nanyue_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Nanyue War">Han–Nanyue War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004932-33">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao201662-61">[52]</a> For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under <a href="/wiki/Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese domination of Vietnam">Chinese rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren1980-62">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198330-63">[54]</a> Early independence movements, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Trưng Sisters">Trưng Sisters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Tri%E1%BB%87u" title="Lady Triệu">Lady Triệu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelley2002177-64">[55]</a> were temporarily successful,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECottrell200915-65">[56]</a> though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_L%C3%BD_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior Lý dynasty">Anterior Lý dynasty</a> between AD 544 and 602.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETh%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAnM%E1%BB%ABng_Nguy%E1%BA%BD%CC%82n195833-66">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesneaux196620-67">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEanon.197224-68">[59]</a> By the early 10th century, Northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Khúc family">Khúc family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuyet_TranReid200632-69">[60]</a> In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Ngô Quyền">Ngô Quyền</a> defeated the forces of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a> state at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(938)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)">Bạch Đằng River</a> and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHi%E1%BA%BB%CC%82n_L%C3%AA200365-70">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_LienSharrock201455-71">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2017226-72">[63]</a> By the 960s, the dynastic <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> (Great Viet) kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần</a> dynasties. During the rule of the Trần dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Mongol invasions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECottrell200916-73">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_LienSharrock201495-74">[65]</a> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhism</a> flourished and became the state religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2017226-72">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeyes1995183-75">[66]</a> Following the 1406–7 <a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93H%E1%BB%93_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming–Hồ War">Ming–Hồ War</a>, which overthrew the <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Hồ dynasty</a>, Vietnamese independence was <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam">interrupted briefly</a> by the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, but was restored by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_L%E1%BB%A3i" title="Lê Lợi">Lê Lợi</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_LienSharrock2014111-76">[67]</a> The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Thánh Tông">Lê Thánh Tông</a> (1460–1497).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_LienSharrock2014120-77">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2017265-78">[69]</a> Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as <a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Nam tiến</a> ("Southward expansion"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonWhitmore2014158-79">[70]</a> eventually conquering the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Angkor Period">Khmer Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVo201113-80">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoiAnh_Tuan2015212-81">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhuong_Linh201639-82">[73]</a> From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Đại Việt. First, the Chinese-supported <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc dynasty</a> challenged the Lê dynasty's power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonWhitmore2014174-83">[74]</a> After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords" title="Trịnh lords">Trịnh lords</a> and the southern <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a>, who engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">civil war</a> for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonard1984131-84">[75]</a> Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>, annexing the <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)" title="Central Highlands (Vietnam)">Central Highlands</a> and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVo201113-80">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhuong_Linh201639-82">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004356-85">[76]</a> The division of the country ended a century later when the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Tây Sơn">Tây Sơn</a> brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Nguyễn Ánh</a>. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>, ruling under the name <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004356-85">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Indochina">French Indochina</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_campaign" title="Tonkin campaign">Tonkin campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></div> In the 1500s, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected a <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A0m_Islands" title="Chàm Islands">Chàm Islands</a> to mark their presence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo%C3%A0ng200750-86">[77]</a> By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo%C3%A0ng200750-86">[77]</a> After they had settled in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Nagasaki" title="Portuguese Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_An" title="Hội An">Hội An</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo%C3%A0ng200750-86">[77]</a> Portuguese traders and <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> missionaries under the <a href="/wiki/Padroado" title="Padroado">Padroado</a> system were active in both Vietnamese realms of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Trong" title="Đàng Trong">Đàng Trong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cochinchina" title="Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a> or Quinan) and <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Ngo%C3%A0i" title="Đàng Ngoài">Đàng Ngoài</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a>) in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETran2018-87">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a> in Japan to establish trade for <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo%C3%A0ng200752-88">[79]</a> Meanwhile, in 1613, the first <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in <a href="/wiki/H%C6%B0ng_Y%C3%AAn" title="Hưng Yên">Phố Hiến</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo%C3%A0ng200753-89">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg/260px-Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1147"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg/260px-Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg/390px-Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg/520px-Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saigon" title="Siege of Saigon">Capture of Saigon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rigault_de_Genouilly" title="Charles Rigault de Genouilly">Charles Rigault de Genouilly</a> on 18 February 1859</figcaption></figure> Between 1615 and 1753, French traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi199889-90">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard2010479-91">[82]</a> The first French missionaries arrived in 1658, under the Portuguese Padroado. From its foundation, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a> under <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Propaganda Fide</a> actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first in 1664 and Tonkin first in 1666.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETran201727-92">[83]</a> Spanish <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] to feel threatened by continuous <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a> activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeod199122-93">[84]</a> After several Catholic missionaries were detained, the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> intervened in 1843 to free them, as the kingdom was perceived as <a href="/wiki/Xenophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophobic">xenophobic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods200242-94">[85]</a> In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885, <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France eroded</a> Vietnam's sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortada199429-95">[86]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tourane" title="Siege of Tourane">siege of Tourane</a> in 1858, France was aided by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> (with Filipino, <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Asian" title="Latin American Asian">Latin American</a>, and Spanish troops from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>)<a href="#cite_note-96">[87]</a> and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith201246-97">[88]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1862)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1862)">1862 Treaty</a>, and especially after France completely conquered <a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Lower Cochinchina</a> in 1867, the <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Th%C3%A2n_movement" title="Văn Thân movement">Văn Thân movement</a> of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> across central and northern Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith201249%E2%80%9350-98">[89]</a> Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the <a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">French colony of Cochinchina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeod199161-99">[90]</a> By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a>. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> in 1887.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004520-100">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2001396-101">[92]</a> The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankum2011172-102">[93]</a> A Western-style system of modern education introduced new <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> values.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENhu_Nguyen201637-103">[94]</a> Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, the colony's capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1876269-104">[95]</a> During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_movement" title="Cần Vương movement">Cần Vương movement</a> rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Vietnam's Christian</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith201253-105">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnh_Ngo201671-106">[97]</a> After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuach_Langlet1991360-107">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsay2008171-108">[99]</a> Another large-scale rebellion, the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_uprising" title="Thái Nguyên uprising">Thái Nguyên uprising</a>, was also suppressed heavily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinoman2000-109">[100]</a> The French developed a <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">plantation economy</a> to promote export of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201433-110">[101]</a> However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and <a href="/wiki/Self-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-government">self-government</a>. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamous <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Poison_Plot" title="Hanoi Poison Plot">Hanoi Poison Plot</a> of 1908. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exposition_Hano%C3%AF_1902_-_Grand_Palais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of the Grand Palais building in Hanoi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Exposition_Hano%C3%AF_1902_-_Grand_Palais.jpg/260px-Exposition_Hano%C3%AF_1902_-_Grand_Palais.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="1027"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Exposition_Hano%C3%AF_1902_-_Grand_Palais.jpg/260px-Exposition_Hano%C3%AF_1902_-_Grand_Palais.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of the Grand Palais building in Hanoi" data-width="260" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Exposition_Hano%C3%AF_1902_-_Grand_Palais.jpg/390px-Exposition_Hano%C3%AF_1902_-_Grand_Palais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Exposition_Hano%C3%AF_1902_-_Grand_Palais.jpg/520px-Exposition_Hano%C3%AF_1902_-_Grand_Palais.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais_(Hanoi)" title="Grand Palais (Hanoi)">Grand Palais</a> built for the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoi exhibition">1902–1903 world's fair</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> became French Indochina's capital</figcaption></figure> A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like <a href="/wiki/Phan_B%E1%BB%99i_Ch%C3%A2u" title="Phan Bội Châu">Phan Bội Châu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phan_Ch%C3%A2u_Trinh" title="Phan Châu Trinh">Phan Châu Trinh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phan_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ph%C3%B9ng" title="Phan Đình Phùng">Phan Đình Phùng</a>, Emperor <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0m_Nghi" title="Hàm Nghi">Hàm Nghi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hồ Chí Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a> fighting or calling for independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELargo2002112-111">[102]</a> This resulted in the 1930 <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_mutiny" title="Yên Bái mutiny">Yên Bái mutiny</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Vietnamese Nationalist Party</a> (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKh%C3%A1nh_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh198698-112">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdellCastillo200882-113">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2012-114">[105]</a> The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">war in the Pacific</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a> in 1940. Afterwards, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese Empire</a> was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while the pro-<a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French</a> colonial administration continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1990293-115">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGettlemanFranklinYoungFranklin19954-116">[107]</a> Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">full-scale takeover of the country</a> in March 1945. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Famine_of_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Famine of 1945">Vietnamese Famine of 1945</a> which killed up to two million people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThanh_Ni%C3%AAn2015-117">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_Net''2015-118">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Indochina_War">First Indochina War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">Operation Passage to Freedom</a></div> In 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a>, a nationalist liberation movement based on a <a href="/wiki/Communist_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist ideology">communist ideology</a>, emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hồ Chí Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a>. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of Vietnam">Japanese occupation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoes199295-119">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2011192-120">[111]</a> After the military defeat of Japan in World War II and the fall of its puppet government <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> in August 1945, Saigon's administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunn2014270-121">[112]</a> The Việt Minh occupied <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2011192-120">[111]</a> In July 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> had decided to divide Indochina at the <a href="/wiki/16th_parallel_north" title="16th parallel north">16th parallel</a> to allow <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Louis Mountbatten</a> received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville2007175-122">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20076-123">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Indochina_post_partition.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Map showing the partition of French Indochina following the 1954 Geneva Conference" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/French_Indochina_post_partition.png/220px-French_Indochina_post_partition.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="457"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 335px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/French_Indochina_post_partition.png/220px-French_Indochina_post_partition.png" data-alt="Map showing the partition of French Indochina following the 1954 Geneva Conference" data-width="220" data-height="335" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/French_Indochina_post_partition.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partition</a> of French Indochina after the <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></figcaption></figure> But as the French were weakened by the <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">German occupation</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British-Indian</a> forces and the remaining Japanese <a href="/wiki/Southern_Expeditionary_Army_Group" title="Southern Expeditionary Army Group">Southern Expeditionary Army Group</a> were used to maintain order and help France reestablish control through the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Vietnam (1945–46)">1945–1946 War in Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville2007124-124">[115]</a> Hồ initially chose to take a moderate stance to avoid military conflict with France, asking the French to withdraw their colonial administrators and for French professors and engineers to help build a modern independent Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2011192-120">[111]</a> But the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a> did not act on these requests, including the idea of independence, and dispatched the <a href="/wiki/French_Far_East_Expeditionary_Corps" title="French Far East Expeditionary Corps">French Far East Expeditionary Corps</a> to restore colonial rule. This resulted in the Việt Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoes199295-119">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2011192-120">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonnesson201166-125">[116]</a> The resulting <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Army" title="Vietnamese National Army">Vietnamese loyalists</a> in the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Ph%E1%BB%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Điện Biên Phủ">battle of Điện Biên Phủ</a> allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">Geneva Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2011192-120">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite201289-126">[117]</a> The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a>. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone">Demilitarised Zone</a>, roughly along the <a href="/wiki/17th_parallel_north" title="17th parallel north">17th parallel north</a> (pending elections scheduled for July 1956<a href="#cite_note-131">[j]</a>). A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through <a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">Operation Passage to Freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson201243-132">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201739-133">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Vietnam">partition of Vietnam</a> by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_DijkGraySavranskayaSuri201368-134">[124]</a> But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a>, toppled <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> in a fraudulent <a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_Vietnam_referendum" title="1955 State of Vietnam referendum">referendum</a> organised by his brother <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Nhu" title="Ngô Đình Nhu">Ngô Đình Nhu</a>, and proclaimed himself president of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_DijkGraySavranskayaSuri201368-134">[124]</a> This effectively replaced the internationally recognised <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a> in the south—supported by the United States, France, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> and Thailand—and Hồ's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> in the north, supported by the Soviet Union, Sweden,<a href="#cite_note-135">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_DijkGraySavranskayaSuri201368-134">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the United States in the Vietnam War">Role of the United States in the Vietnam War</a></div> From 1953 to 1956, the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> government instituted <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> reforms including "<a href="/wiki/Rent_regulation" title="Rent regulation">rent reduction</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Vietnam" title="Land reform in Vietnam">land reform</a>", which resulted in significant <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMo%C3%AFse201756-136">[126]</a> This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVu2007-137">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1975143-138">[128]</a> In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political reeducation centres".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeneghan1969160-139">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1975177-140">[130]</a> This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> activity in the country, if only for a time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrozier1955-141">[131]</a> The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1975174%E2%80%93178-142">[132]</a> The pro-Hanoi <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_C%E1%BB%99ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Cộng">Việt Cộng</a> began a guerrilla campaign in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2013292-143">[133]</a> From 1960, the Soviet Union and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes1973209-144">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsen200792-145">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoo201127-146">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agent_Orange_Cropdusting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft pictured spraying Agent Orange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Agent_Orange_Cropdusting.jpg/220px-Agent_Orange_Cropdusting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2292"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 263px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Agent_Orange_Cropdusting.jpg/220px-Agent_Orange_Cropdusting.jpg" data-alt="Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft pictured spraying Agent Orange" data-width="220" data-height="263" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Agent_Orange_Cropdusting.jpg/330px-Agent_Orange_Cropdusting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Agent_Orange_Cropdusting.jpg/440px-Agent_Orange_Cropdusting.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Three US <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_C-123_Provider" title="Fairchild C-123 Provider">Fairchild UC-123B</a> aircraft spraying <a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ranch_Hand" title="Operation Ranch Hand">Operation Ranch Hand</a> as part of a <a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">herbicidal warfare</a> operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_C%E1%BB%99ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Cộng">Việt Cộng</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1962–1971</figcaption></figure> In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">mass demonstrations</a>, leading to a violent government crackdown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuehlenbeckMuehlenbeck2012221-147">[137]</a> This led to the <a href="/wiki/Cable_243" title="Cable 243">collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States</a>, and ultimately to a <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">1963 coup</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm">he and Nhu were assassinated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillbanks201353-148">[138]</a> The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nguyễn Cao Kỳ">Nguyễn Cao Kỳ</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a> took control in mid-1965.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuy_HinhDinh_Tho2015238-149">[139]</a> Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssermanBowman200946-150">[140]</a> During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin incident</a> as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlterman2005213-151">[141]</a> US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewy1980-152">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbons2014166-153">[143]</a> The US also engaged in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">sustained aerial bombing</a>. Meanwhile, China and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes1973209-144">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsen200792-145">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi201267-154">[144]</a> Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Hồ Chí Minh trail</a>, which passed through <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillet2011-155">[145]</a> The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Tết Offensive">Tết Offensive</a>. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2018-156">[146]</a> During the offensive, communist troops <a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Massacre at Huế">massacred over 3,000 civilians</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1975251-157">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankum2011209-158">[148]</a> Facing an increasing casualty count, <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">rising domestic opposition</a> to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began <a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">withdrawing from ground combat roles</a> in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to <a href="/wiki/Vietnamisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamisation">strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEggleston20141-159">[149]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a> of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory2018-160">[150]</a> In December 1974, North Vietnam <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long" title="Battle of Phước Long">captured</a> the province of <a href="/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long_province" title="Phước Long province">Phước Long</a> and started a <a href="/wiki/1975_Spring_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 Spring Offensive">full-scale offensive</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">fall of Saigon</a> on 30 April 1975.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2011749-161">[151]</a> South Vietnam was ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">provisional government</a> for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigham199886-162">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reunification_and_reforms">Reunification and reforms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Re-education_camp_(Vietnam)" title="Re-education camp (Vietnam)">Re-education camp (Vietnam)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_boat_people" title="Vietnamese boat people">Vietnamese boat people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a></div> On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''1976-163">[153]</a> The war had devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8 million people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschmanPrestonManh_Loi1995-164">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShenon1995-165">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObermeyerMurrayGakidou2008-166">[156]</a> A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4 million <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_casualties" title="Vietnam War casualties">Vietnamese civilians</a> were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDohrenwendTurseWallYager201869-167">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[158]</a> In its aftermath, under <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Du%E1%BA%A9n" title="Lê Duẩn">Lê Duẩn</a>'s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2010499,_512%E2%80%93513-169">[159]</a> but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to <a href="/wiki/Re-education_camp_(Vietnam)" title="Re-education camp (Vietnam)">reeducation camps</a>, where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDenny1982-170">[160]</a> The government embarked on a mass campaign of <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivisation</a> of farms and factories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Spokesman-Review''19778-171">[161]</a> Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoise198812-172">[162]</a> In 1978, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of <a href="/wiki/An_Giang_province" title="An Giang province">An Giang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%AAn_Giang_province" title="Kiên Giang province">Kiên Giang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissi2006144-173">[163]</a> the Vietnamese military <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">invaded Cambodia</a> and removed them from power after occupying <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeggle2004166-174">[164]</a> The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a>, which ruled until 1989.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampson1996175-175">[165]</a> However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">brief incursion into northern Vietnam</a> in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a> escalated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoo2011131-176">[166]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Sixth National Congress</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News1997-177">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEV%C4%83n_Ph%C3%BAc2014-178">[168]</a> The reformers were led by 71-year-old <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Linh" title="Nguyễn Văn Linh">Nguyễn Văn Linh</a>, who became the party's new general secretary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News1997-177">[167]</a> He and the reformers implemented a series of <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> reforms known as <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a> ("Renovation") that carefully managed the transition from a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> to a "<a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">socialist-oriented market economy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray199724%E2%80%9325-179">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBich_Loan2007-180">[170]</a> Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under Đổi Mới, the government encouraged <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBich_Loan2007-180">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe201620-181">[171]</a> Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodkind1995-182">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallup2002-183">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagstaffvan_DoorslaerWatanabe2003-184">[174]</a> In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BA_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng" title="Nguyễn Phú Trọng">Nguyen Phu Trong</a>, was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.<a href="#cite_note-185">[175]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vietnam" title="Geography of Vietnam">Geography of Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geography_of_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yến River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Geography_of_Vietnam.jpg/220px-Geography_of_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1152"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 198px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Geography_of_Vietnam.jpg/220px-Geography_of_Vietnam.jpg" data-alt="Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yến River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls" data-width="220" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Geography_of_Vietnam.jpg/330px-Geography_of_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Geography_of_Vietnam.jpg/440px-Geography_of_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1_Long_Bay" title="Hạ Long Bay">Hạ Long Bay</a>, Yến River, and <a href="/wiki/Ban_Gioc%E2%80%93Detian_Falls" title="Ban Gioc–Detian Falls">Bản-Giốc Waterfalls</a></figcaption></figure> Vietnam is located on the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Indochinese Peninsula</a> between the latitudes <a href="/wiki/8th_parallel_north" title="8th parallel north">8°</a> and <a href="/wiki/24th_parallel_north" title="24th parallel north">24°N</a>, and the longitudes <a href="/wiki/102nd_meridian_east" title="102nd meridian east">102°</a> and <a href="/wiki/110th_meridian_east" title="110th meridian east">110°E</a>. It covers a total area of 331,210 km2 (127,881 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-Vietnam-11">[8]</a> or 331,699 km2 (128,070 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Vietnam_country_profile-12">[9]</a> The combined length of the country's land boundaries is 4,639 km (2,883 mi), and its coastline is 3,444 km (2,140 mi) long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasuchon20087-186">[176]</a> At its narrowest point in the central <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_B%C3%ACnh_province" title="Quảng Bình province">Quảng Bình province</a>, the country is as little as 50 kilometres (31 mi) across, though it widens to around 600 kilometres (370 mi) in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProtected_Areas_and_Development_Partnership200313-187">[177]</a> Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land area,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFr%C3%B6hlichSchreinemachersStahrClemens20135-188">[178]</a> and tropical forests cover around 42%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatural_Resources_and_Environment_Program199556-189">[179]</a> The Red River Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering 15,000 km2 (5,792 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''AgroViet_Newsletter''2007-190">[180]</a> is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_River_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River Delta">Mekong River Delta</a> in the south. Once an inlet of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a>, it has been filled in over the millennia by riverine <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_deposits" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial deposits">alluvial deposits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuu_Chiem1993180-191">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinh_Hoangvan_LapKim_OanhJiro2016-192">[182]</a> The delta, covering about 40,000 km2 (15,444 sq mi), is a low-level plain no more than 3 metres (9.8 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances 60 to 80 metres (196.9 to 262.5 ft) into the sea every year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuu_Chiem1993183-193">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_TruongYeStive2017757-194">[184]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Vietnam" title="Exclusive economic zone of Vietnam">exclusive economic zone of Vietnam</a> covers 417,663 km2 (161,261 sq mi) in the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVietnamese_Waters_Zone-195">[185]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I%27m_coming,_PXP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/I%27m_coming%2C_PXP.jpg/220px-I%27m_coming%2C_PXP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/I%27m_coming%2C_PXP.jpg/220px-I%27m_coming%2C_PXP.jpg" data-alt="Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/I%27m_coming%2C_PXP.jpg/330px-I%27m_coming%2C_PXP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/I%27m_coming%2C_PXP.jpg/440px-I%27m_coming%2C_PXP.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Hoàng Liên Sơn <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a>, the range that includes <a href="/wiki/Fansipan" title="Fansipan">Fansipan</a> which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula</figcaption></figure> Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Annamite_Range" title="Annamite Range">Annamite Range</a>, and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> and 22% of its total forested land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosslettCosslett201713-196">[186]</a> The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DeDouglasMcMorrowLindley2008-197">[187]</a> Several minor <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> have been recorded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_Phuong20123-198">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News''2016-199">[189]</a> The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. <a href="/wiki/Fansipan" title="Fansipan">Fansipan</a> (also known as Phan Xi Păng), which is located in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0o_Cai_province" title="Lào Cai province">Lào Cai province</a>, is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing 3,143 m (10,312 ft) high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_National_Administration_of_Tourism''2014-200">[190]</a> From north to south Vietnam, the country also has <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Vietnam" title="List of islands of Vietnam">numerous islands</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Phú Quốc">Phú Quốc</a> is the largest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoobbyerSpooner2013173-201">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hang_S%C6%A1n_%C4%90o%C3%B2ng" title="Hang Sơn Đoòng">Hang Sơn Đoòng</a> Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. The <a href="/wiki/Ba_B%E1%BB%83_Lake" title="Ba Bể Lake">Ba Bể Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a> River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosslettCosslett201313-202">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnh2016a-203">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Telegraph''-204">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Vietnam" title="Climate of Vietnam">Climate of Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_VNM_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An image of the Köppen climate classification map of Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_VNM_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_VNM_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="850"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_VNM_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_VNM_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" data-alt="An image of the Köppen climate classification map of Vietnam" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_VNM_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_VNM_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_VNM_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_VNM_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> map of Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nha_Trang_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of Nha Trang beach with many high rise buildings behind it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nha_Trang_skyline.jpg/325px-Nha_Trang_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1213"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 325px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nha_Trang_skyline.jpg/325px-Nha_Trang_skyline.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of Nha Trang beach with many high rise buildings behind it" data-width="325" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nha_Trang_skyline.jpg/488px-Nha_Trang_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nha_Trang_skyline.jpg/650px-Nha_Trang_skyline.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Nha_Trang" title="Nha Trang">Nha Trang</a>, a popular beach destination, has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a>.</figcaption></figure> Due to differences in latitude and the marked variety in <a href="/wiki/Topographical_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographical relief">topographical relief</a>, Vietnam's climate tends to vary considerably for each region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVu197966-205">[195]</a> During the winter or dry season, extending roughly from November to April, the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> winds usually blow from the northeast along the Chinese coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable moisture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehlAugstein19731-206">[196]</a> The average annual temperature is generally higher in the plains than in the mountains, especially in southern Vietnam compared to the north. Temperatures vary less in the southern plains around Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta, ranging from between 21 and 35 °C (70 and 95 °F) over the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuleen2017-207">[197]</a> In Hanoi and the surrounding areas of the Red River Delta, the temperatures are much lower between 15 and 33 °C (59 and 91 °F).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuleen2017-207">[197]</a> Seasonal variations in the mountains, plateaus, and the northernmost areas are much more dramatic, with temperatures varying from 3 °C (37 °F) in December and January to 37 °C (99 °F) in July and August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVietnam_Net2018a-208">[198]</a> During winter, snow occasionally falls over the highest peaks of the far northern mountains near the Chinese border.<a href="#cite_note-209">[199]</a> Vietnam receives high rates of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> in the form of rainfall with an average amount from 1,500 to 2,000 mm (60 to 80 in) during the monsoon seasons; this often causes flooding, especially in the cities with poor drainage systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThi_Anh-210">[200]</a> The country is also affected by <a href="/wiki/Tropical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical depression">tropical depressions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical storm">tropical storms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThi_Anh-210">[200]</a> Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, with 55% of its population living in low-elevation coastal areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverland2017-211">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Vietnam" title="Wildlife of Vietnam">Wildlife of Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Vietnam" title="Environmental issues in Vietnam">Environmental issues in Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_species_in_Vietnam" title="List of endangered species in Vietnam">List of endangered species in Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Vietnam" title="Protected areas of Vietnam">Protected areas of Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildlife_of_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photographs of Native species in Vietnam the crested argus; the red-shanked douc, a monkey; the Indochinese leopard and the saola, a bovine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wildlife_of_Vietnam.jpg/220px-Wildlife_of_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="404"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wildlife_of_Vietnam.jpg/220px-Wildlife_of_Vietnam.jpg" data-alt="Photographs of Native species in Vietnam the crested argus; the red-shanked douc, a monkey; the Indochinese leopard and the saola, a bovine." data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wildlife_of_Vietnam.jpg/330px-Wildlife_of_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Wildlife_of_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Native species in Vietnam, clockwise from top-right: <a href="/wiki/Crested_argus" title="Crested argus">crested argus</a> (a peafowl), <a href="/wiki/Red-shanked_douc" title="Red-shanked douc">red-shanked douc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_leopard" title="Indochinese leopard">Indochinese leopard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">saola</a></figcaption></figure> As the country is located within the <a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan realm</a>, Vietnam is one of twenty-five countries considered to possess a uniquely high level of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. This was noted in the country's National Environmental Condition Report in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment''-213">[203]</a> It is ranked 16th worldwide in biological diversity, being home to approximately 16% of the world's species. 15,986 species of <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> have been identified in the country, of which 10% are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>. Vietnam's <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> includes 307 <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> species, 200 <a href="/wiki/Oligochaeta" title="Oligochaeta">oligochaeta</a>, 145 <a href="/wiki/Acarina" class="mw-redirect" title="Acarina">acarina</a>, 113 <a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">springtails</a>, 7,750 insects, 260 reptiles, and 120 amphibians. There are 840 birds and 310 mammals are found in Vietnam, of which 100 birds and 78 mammals are endemic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment''-213">[203]</a> Vietnam has two <a href="/wiki/World_Natural_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="World Natural Heritage Site">World Natural Heritage Sites</a>—the <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1_Long_Bay" title="Hạ Long Bay">Hạ Long Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phong_Nha-K%E1%BA%BB_B%C3%A0ng_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park">Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park</a>—together with nine <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Asia_and_the_Pacific#Vietnam" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Asia and the Pacific">biosphere reserves</a>, including <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_Gi%E1%BB%9D_Mangrove_Forest" title="Cần Giờ Mangrove Forest">Cần Giờ Mangrove Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1t_Ti%C3%AAn_National_Park" title="Cát Tiên National Park">Cát Tiên</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1t_B%C3%A0_National_Park" title="Cát Bà National Park">Cát Bà</a>, <a href="/wiki/U_Minh_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_National_Park" title="U Minh Thượng National Park">Kiên Giang</a>, the Red River Delta, Mekong Delta, <a href="/wiki/Western_Ngh%E1%BB%87_An" title="Western Nghệ An">Western Nghệ An</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C5%A9i_C%C3%A0_Mau_National_Park" title="Mũi Cà Mau National Park">Cà Mau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cu_Lao_Cham_Marine_Park" title="Cu Lao Cham Marine Park">Cu Lao Cham Marine Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO_World_Heritage_Convention1994-214">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO_World_Heritage_Convention2003-215">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPha_Le2016-216">[206]</a> Vietnam is also home to 1,438 species of freshwater <a href="/wiki/Microalgae" title="Microalgae">microalgae</a>, constituting 9.6% of all microalgae species, as well as 794 aquatic <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> and 2,458 species of sea fish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment''-213">[203]</a> In recent years, 13 <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a>, 222 species, and 30 <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a> of flora have been newly described in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment''-213">[203]</a> Six new mammal species, including the <a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">saola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_muntjac" title="Giant muntjac">giant muntjac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_snub-nosed_monkey" title="Tonkin snub-nosed monkey">Tonkin snub-nosed monkey</a> have also been discovered, along with one new bird species, the endangered <a href="/wiki/Edwards%27s_pheasant" title="Edwards's pheasant">Edwards's pheasant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirdLife_International2016-217">[207]</a> In the late 1980s, a small population of <a href="/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros" title="Javan rhinoceros">Javan rhinoceros</a> was found in Cát Tiên National Park. However, the last individual of the species in Vietnam was reportedly shot in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinver2011-218">[208]</a> In agricultural <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>, Vietnam is one of the world's twelve original <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> centres. The Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank preserves 12,300 cultivars of 115 species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment''-213">[203]</a> The Vietnamese government spent US$49.07 million on the preservation of biodiversity in 2004 alone and has established 126 conservation areas, including 30 <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Vietnam" title="List of national parks of Vietnam">national parks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment''-213">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sa_Pa_mountain_hills_with_agricultural_activities.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of the Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activity shiwn in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sa_Pa_mountain_hills_with_agricultural_activities.jpg/220px-Sa_Pa_mountain_hills_with_agricultural_activities.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sa_Pa_mountain_hills_with_agricultural_activities.jpg/220px-Sa_Pa_mountain_hills_with_agricultural_activities.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of the Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activity shiwn in the foreground" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sa_Pa_mountain_hills_with_agricultural_activities.jpg/330px-Sa_Pa_mountain_hills_with_agricultural_activities.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sa_Pa_mountain_hills_with_agricultural_activities.jpg/440px-Sa_Pa_mountain_hills_with_agricultural_activities.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Sa_Pa_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Pa (town)">Sa Pa</a> mountain hills with <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Vietnam" title="Agriculture in Vietnam">agricultural activities</a></figcaption></figure> In Vietnam, wildlife <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> has become a major concern. In 2000, a <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisation">non-governmental organisation</a> (NGO) called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_for_Nature_%E2%80%93_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education for Nature – Vietnam (page does not exist)">Education for Nature – Vietnam</a> was founded to instill in the population the importance of wildlife conservation in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDall2017-219">[209]</a> In the years that followed, another NGO called GreenViet was formed by Vietnamese youngsters for the enforcement of wildlife protection. Through collaboration between the NGOs and local authorities, many local poaching syndicates were crippled by their leaders' arrests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDall2017-219">[209]</a> A study released in 2018 revealed Vietnam is a destination for the illegal export of <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a> horns from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> due to the demand for them as a medicine and a status symbol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDang_VuNielsen2018-220">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENam_DangNielsen2019-221">[211]</a> The main environmental concern that persists in Vietnam today is the legacy of the use of the chemical <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicide</a> <a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>, which continues to cause <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a> and many health problems in the Vietnamese population. In the southern and central areas affected most by the chemical's use during the Vietnam War, nearly 4.8 million Vietnamese people have been exposed to it and suffered from its effects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanoutUrbanMusilSzakova2014-222">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerre2016-223">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2018-224">[214]</a> In 2012, approximately 50 years after the war,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgence_France-Presse2016-225">[215]</a> the US began a US$43 million joint clean-up project in the former chemical storage areas in Vietnam to take place in stages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerre2016-223">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod2012-226">[216]</a> Following the completion of the first phase in <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0_N%E1%BA%B5ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Đà Nẵng">Đà Nẵng</a> in late 2017,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''United_States_Agency_for_International_Development''-227">[217]</a> the US announced its commitment to clean other sites, especially in the heavily impacted site of <a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_H%C3%B2a" title="Biên Hòa">Biên Hòa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2018-228">[218]</a> The Vietnamese government spends over <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Vietnamese đồng">VNĐ</a>10 trillion each year ($431.1 million) for monthly allowances and the physical rehabilitation of victims of the chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News''2018a-229">[219]</a> In 2018, the Japanese engineering group <a href="/wiki/Shimizu_Corporation" title="Shimizu Corporation">Shimizu Corporation</a>, working with Vietnamese military, built a plant for the treatment of soil polluted by Agent Orange. Plant construction costs were funded by the company itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Nikkei_Asian_Review''2018-230">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENHK_World-Japan2018-231">[221]</a> One of the long-term plans to restore southern Vietnam's damaged <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> is through the use of <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a> efforts. The Vietnamese government began doing this at the end of the war. It started by replanting <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove forests</a> in the Mekong Delta regions and in <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_Gi%E1%BB%9D_district" title="Cần Giờ district">Cần Giờ</a> outside Hồ Chí Minh City, where mangroves are important to ease (though not eliminate) flood conditions during monsoon seasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgent_Orange_Record-232">[222]</a> The country had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 5.35/10, ranking it 104th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-233">[223]</a> Apart from herbicide problems, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">arsenic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ground_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground water">ground water</a> in the Mekong and Red River Deltas has also become a major concern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergStengelPhamPham2007-234">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerolaHienQuyenVengosh2014-235">[225]</a> And most notoriously, <a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">unexploded ordnances</a> (UXO) pose dangers to humans and wildlife—another bitter legacy from the long wars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiguelRoland2005-236">[226]</a> As part of the continuous campaign to <a href="/wiki/Demining" title="Demining">demine</a>/remove UXOs, several international <a href="/wiki/Mine_clearance_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine clearance agency">bomb removal agencies</a> from the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Government_of_the_United_Kingdom''2017-237">[227]</a> Denmark,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELM_Report2000-238">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Development_Programme2018-239">[229]</a> and the US<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''United_States_Department_of_State''2006-240">[230]</a> have been providing assistance. The Vietnam government spends over VNĐ1 trillion ($44 million) annually on demining operations and additional hundreds of billions of đồng for treatment, assistance, rehabilitation, vocational training and resettlement of the victims of UXOs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Thanh2016-241">[231]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Halong_Bay_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of Hạ Long Bay"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Halong_Bay_panorama.jpg/1000px-Halong_Bay_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="346" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5963" data-file-height="2062"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1000px;height: 346px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Halong_Bay_panorama.jpg/1000px-Halong_Bay_panorama.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1000" data-height="346" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Halong_Bay_panorama.jpg/1500px-Halong_Bay_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Halong_Bay_panorama.jpg/2000px-Halong_Bay_panorama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Halong_Bay_panorama.jpg" title="File:Halong Bay panorama.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1_Long_Bay" title="Hạ Long Bay">Hạ Long Bay</a></div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnam" title="Politics of Vietnam">Politics of Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vietnam" title="Government of Vietnam">Government of Vietnam</a></div> Vietnam is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxist-Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, one of the two <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a> (the other being <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Government_of_Vietnam_(II)''-242">[232]</a> Although Vietnam remains officially committed to <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenfield1994204-243">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacciniImpullittiMalesky2017-244">[234]</a> with <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Economist''2008-245">[235]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam" title="Constitution of Vietnam">constitution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of the country's politics and society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Government_of_Vietnam_(II)''-242">[232]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">president</a> is the elected <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Government_of_Vietnam_(II)''-242">[232]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:411px;max-width:411px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._To_Lam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Tô Lâm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Mr._To_Lam.jpg/110px-Mr._To_Lam.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1834"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Mr._To_Lam.jpg/110px-Mr._To_Lam.jpg" data-alt="Tô Lâm" data-width="110" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Mr._To_Lam.jpg/165px-Mr._To_Lam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Mr._To_Lam.jpg/220px-Mr._To_Lam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4_L%C3%A2m" title="Tô Lâm">Tô Lâm</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%90T_Luongcuong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Lương Cường" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%C4%90T_Luongcuong.jpg/100px-%C4%90T_Luongcuong.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="801"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%C4%90T_Luongcuong.jpg/100px-%C4%90T_Luongcuong.jpg" data-alt="Lương Cường" data-width="100" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%C4%90T_Luongcuong.jpg/150px-%C4%90T_Luongcuong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%C4%90T_Luongcuong.jpg/200px-%C4%90T_Luongcuong.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Lương Cường">Lương Cường</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">President</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Pham_Minh_Chinh_-_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Phạm Minh Chính" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pham_Minh_Chinh_-_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Pham_Minh_Chinh_-_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="932"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pham_Minh_Chinh_-_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Pham_Minh_Chinh_-_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Phạm Minh Chính" data-width="85" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pham_Minh_Chinh_-_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Pham_Minh_Chinh_-_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pham_Minh_Chinh_-_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Pham_Minh_Chinh_-_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Minh_Ch%C3%ADnh" title="Phạm Minh Chính">Phạm Minh Chính</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Prime Minister of Vietnam">Prime Minister</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tranthanhman2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Trần Thanh Mẫn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tranthanhman2023.jpg/100px-Tranthanhman2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="530"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tranthanhman2023.jpg/100px-Tranthanhman2023.jpg" data-alt="Trần Thanh Mẫn" data-width="100" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tranthanhman2023.jpg/150px-Tranthanhman2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tranthanhman2023.jpg/200px-Tranthanhman2023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Thanh_M%E1%BA%ABn" title="Trần Thanh Mẫn">Trần Thanh Mẫn</a> <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam">Chairman of the National Assembly</a></div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">general secretary</a> of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Government_of_Vietnam_(II)''-242">[232]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Prime Minister of Vietnam">prime minister</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Fatherland_Front" title="Vietnamese Fatherland Front">Vietnamese Fatherland Front</a> and worker and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unionist</a> parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Government_of_Vietnam_(II)''-242">[232]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Assembly_of_Vietnam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/National_Assembly_of_Vietnam.JPG/220px-National_Assembly_of_Vietnam.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/National_Assembly_of_Vietnam.JPG/220px-National_Assembly_of_Vietnam.JPG" data-alt="Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/National_Assembly_of_Vietnam.JPG/330px-National_Assembly_of_Vietnam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/National_Assembly_of_Vietnam.JPG/440px-National_Assembly_of_Vietnam.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Vietnam" title="National Assembly of Vietnam">National Assembly of Vietnam</a> building in Hanoi</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Vietnam" title="National Assembly of Vietnam">National Assembly of Vietnam</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> state <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> composed of 500 members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmbassy_of_Vietnam_in_USA-246">[236]</a> Headed by a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chairmen_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam">chairman</a>, it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Government_of_Vietnam_(II)''-242">[232]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_Vietnam" title="Supreme People's Court of Vietnam">Supreme People's Court of Vietnam</a>, headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest <a href="/wiki/Court_of_appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of appeal">court of appeal</a>, though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Municipal_Courts_of_Vietnam" title="Provincial Municipal Courts of Vietnam">provincial municipal courts</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Local_Courts_of_Vietnam" title="Local Courts of Vietnam">local courts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Military_Courts_of_Vietnam" title="Military Courts of Vietnam">Military courts</a> possess special jurisdiction in matters of <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">state security</a>. Vietnam maintains the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Vietnam" title="Capital punishment in Vietnam">death penalty</a> for numerous offences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Justice''1999-247">[237]</a> In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_V%C4%83n_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng" title="Võ Văn Thưởng">Võ Văn Thưởng</a>,<a href="#cite_note-248">[238]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Minh_Ch%C3%ADnh" title="Phạm Minh Chính">Phạm Minh Chính</a> (since 2021)<a href="#cite_note-249">[239]</a> and the most powerful leader <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BA_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng" title="Nguyễn Phú Trọng">Nguyễn Phú Trọng</a> (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam's General Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-250">[240]</a> On 22 May 2024, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4_L%C3%A2m" title="Tô Lâm">Tô Lâm</a>, who previously served as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Vietnam)">Minister of Public Security</a>, was voted as the president of Vietnam by the National Assembly after Võ Văn Thưởng resigned on the same year due to corruption charges against him.<a href="#cite_note-251">[241]</a> On 3 August 2024, Tô Lâm, who is also serving as the president, was elected by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam as the general secretary following the death of Nguyễn Phú Trọng on 19 July 2024.<a href="#cite_note-252">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[243]</a> On 21 October 2024, the National Assembly appointed <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">army</a> general <a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Lương Cường">Lương Cường</a> as president, succeeding Tô Lâm.<a href="#cite_note-254">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Vietnam" title="Subdivisions of Vietnam">Subdivisions of Vietnam</a></div> Vietnam is divided into 58 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnam" title="Provinces of Vietnam">provinces</a> (Vietnamese: Tỉnh, <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%81#Vietnamese" class="extiw" title="wikt:省">省</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Japan_Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism''-255">[245]</a> There are also five <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Vietnam" title="Municipalities of Vietnam">municipalities</a> (thành phố trực thuộc trung ương), which are administratively on the same level as provinces. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <table cellpadding="10" align="none" style="width:0; border-spacing:0px; text-align:center; background-color:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #cccccc"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:solid 1px #cccccc"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 400px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vietnam_location_map.svg/400px-Vietnam_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="783" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2349"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 783px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vietnam_location_map.svg/400px-Vietnam_location_map.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="400" data-height="783" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vietnam_location_map.svg/600px-Vietnam_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vietnam_location_map.svg/800px-Vietnam_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:179px; top:142px"><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">1</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:224px; top:642px"><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">2</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:224px; top:152px"><a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">3</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:292px; top:383px"><a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">4</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:171px; top:674px"><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C6%A1" title="Cần Thơ">5</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:62px; top:107px"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_province" title="Điện Biên province">6</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:69px; top:77px"><a href="/wiki/Lai_Ch%C3%A2u_province" title="Lai Châu province">7</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:104px; top:77px"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0o_Cai_province" title="Lào Cai province">8</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:144px; top:62px"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Giang_province" title="Hà Giang province">9</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:194px; top:57px"><a href="/wiki/Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng_province" title="Cao Bằng province">10</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:214px; top:102px"><a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n_province" title="Lạng Sơn province">11</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:124px; top:102px"><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_province" title="Yên Bái province">12</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:154px; top:92px"><a href="/wiki/Tuy%C3%AAn_Quang_province" title="Tuyên Quang province">13</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:179px; top:82px"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_K%E1%BA%A1n_province" title="Bắc Kạn province">14</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:179px; top:112px"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_province" title="Thái Nguyên province">15</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:94px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_La_province" title="Sơn La province">16</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:149px; top:127px"><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Th%E1%BB%8D_province" title="Phú Thọ province">17</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:169px; top:122px"><a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Ph%C3%BAc_province" title="Vĩnh Phúc province">18</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:194px; top:136px"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh_province" title="Bắc Ninh province">19</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:214px; top:125px"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Giang_province" title="Bắc Giang province">20</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:244px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ninh_province" title="Quảng Ninh province">21</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:159px; top:157px"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_B%C3%ACnh_province" title="Hòa Bình province">22</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:194px; top:150px"><a href="/wiki/H%C6%B0ng_Y%C3%AAn_province" title="Hưng Yên province">23</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:208px; top:145px"><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_province" title="Hải Dương province">24</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:211px; top:166px"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh_province" title="Thái Bình province">25</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:189px; top:164px"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Nam_province" title="Hà Nam province">26</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:202px; top:177px"><a href="/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_province" title="Nam Định province">27</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:184px; top:179px"><a href="/wiki/Ninh_B%C3%ACnh_province" title="Ninh Bình province">28</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:164px; top:197px"><a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_province" title="Thanh Hóa province">29</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:149px; top:237px"><a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_province" title="Nghệ An province">30</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:179px; top:272px"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_T%C4%A9nh_province" title="Hà Tĩnh province">31</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:204px; top:312px"><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_B%C3%ACnh_province" title="Quảng Bình province">32</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:234px; top:349px"><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B_province" title="Quảng Trị province">33</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:264px; top:372px"><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%ABa_Thi%C3%AAn_Hu%E1%BA%BF_province" title="Thừa Thiên Huế province">34</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:284px; top:402px"><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam_province" title="Quảng Nam province">35</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:314px; top:432px"><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3i_province" title="Quảng Ngãi province">36</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:284px; top:452px"><a href="/wiki/Kon_Tum_province" title="Kon Tum province">37</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:294px; top:492px"><a href="/wiki/Gia_Lai_province" title="Gia Lai province">38</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:329px; top:482px"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_province" title="Bình Định province">39</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:334px; top:522px"><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Y%C3%AAn_province" title="Phú Yên province">40</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:294px; top:542px"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_L%E1%BA%AFk_province" title="Đắk Lắk province">41</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:271px; top:572px"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C4%83k_N%C3%B4ng_province" title="Đăk Nông province">42</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:332px; top:567px"><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C3%B2a_province" title="Khánh Hòa province">43</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:284px; top:602px"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_province" title="Lâm Đồng province">44</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:326px; top:597px"><a href="/wiki/Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_province" title="Ninh Thuận province">45</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:287px; top:627px"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_province" title="Bình Thuận province">46</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:229px; top:597px"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_province" title="Bình Phước province">47</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:197px; top:614px"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ninh_province" title="Tây Ninh province">48</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:222px; top:622px"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_province" title="Bình Dương province">49</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:244px; top:632px"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Nai_province" title="Đồng Nai province">50</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:254px; top:652px"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A0_R%E1%BB%8Ba%E2%80%93V%C5%A9ng_T%C3%A0u_province" title="Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province">51</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:204px; top:646px"><a href="/wiki/Long_An_province" title="Long An province">52</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:176px; top:652px"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Th%C3%A1p_province" title="Đồng Tháp province">53</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:201px; top:659px"><a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n_Giang_province" title="Tiền Giang province">54</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:213px; top:673px"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%BFn_Tre_province" title="Bến Tre province">55</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:154px; top:656px"><a href="/wiki/An_Giang_province" title="An Giang province">56</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:191px; top:676px"><a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Long_province" title="Vĩnh Long province">57</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:156px; top:683px"><a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%AAn_Giang_province" title="Kiên Giang province">58</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:173px; top:690px"><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%ADu_Giang_province" title="Hậu Giang province">59</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:207px; top:692px"><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A0_Vinh_province" title="Trà Vinh province">60</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:187px; top:702px"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3c_Tr%C4%83ng_province" title="Sóc Trăng province">61</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:166px; top:715px"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1c_Li%C3%AAu_province" title="Bạc Liêu province">62</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:149px; top:732px"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A0_Mau_province" title="Cà Mau province">63</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:275px; top:184px"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch_Long_V%C4%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Bạch Long Vĩ">*</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:333px; top:654px"><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Qu%C3%BD" title="Phú Quý">**</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:224px; top:742px"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o" title="Côn Đảo">***</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:101px; top:667px"><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Phú Quốc">****</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:69px; top:721px"><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%95_Chu_Islands" title="Thổ Chu Islands">*****</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:374px; top:442px"><a href="/wiki/Paracel_Islands" title="Paracel Islands">✱</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:344px; top:712px"><a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">✱✱</a></div> </div> <big>Provinces of Vietnam</big> Island areas: *-<a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch_Long_V%C4%A9_Island" title="Bạch Long Vĩ Island">Bạch Long Vĩ Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong Municipality</a> [3]) **-<a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Qu%C3%BD" title="Phú Quý">Phú Quý Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Qu%C3%BD" title="Phú Quý">Phú Quý district</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_province" title="Bình Thuận province">Bình Thuận province</a> [46]) ***-<a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o" title="Côn Đảo">Côn Đảo Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o" title="Côn Đảo">Côn Đảo district</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A0_R%E1%BB%8Ba%E2%80%93V%C5%A9ng_T%C3%A0u_province" title="Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province">Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province</a> [51]) ****-<a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Phú Quốc">Phú Quốc Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Phú Quốc">Phú Quốc City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%AAn_Giang_province" title="Kiên Giang province">Kiên Giang province</a> [58]) *****-<a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%95_Chu_Islands" title="Thổ Chu Islands">Thổ Chu Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Phú Quốc">Phú Quốc City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%AAn_Giang_province" title="Kiên Giang province">Kiên Giang province</a> [58]) ✱-<a href="/wiki/Paracel_Islands" title="Paracel Islands">Paracel Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Sa_district" title="Hoàng Sa district">Hoàng Sa district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Đà Nẵng Municipality</a> [4]) ✱✱-<a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Sa_district" title="Trường Sa district">Trường Sa district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C3%B2a_province" title="Khánh Hòa province">Khánh Hòa province</a> [43]) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 2em;"> <table style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"> <div class="center"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_(Vietnam)" title="Northwest (Vietnam)">Northwest</a></div> <hr> 6. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_province" title="Điện Biên province">Điện Biên</a> 22. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_B%C3%ACnh_province" title="Hòa Bình province">Hòa Bình</a> 7. <a href="/wiki/Lai_Ch%C3%A2u_province" title="Lai Châu province">Lai Châu</a> 8. <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0o_Cai_province" title="Lào Cai province">Lào Cai</a> 16. <a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_La_province" title="Sơn La province">Sơn La</a> 12. <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_province" title="Yên Bái province">Yên Bái</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"> <div class="center"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_(Vietnam)" title="Northeast (Vietnam)">Northeast</a></div> <hr> 20. <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Giang_province" title="Bắc Giang province">Bắc Giang</a> 14. <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_K%E1%BA%A1n_province" title="Bắc Kạn province">Bắc Kạn</a> 10. <a href="/wiki/Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng_province" title="Cao Bằng province">Cao Bằng</a> 9. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Giang_province" title="Hà Giang province">Hà Giang</a> 11. <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n_province" title="Lạng Sơn province">Lạng Sơn</a> 17. <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Th%E1%BB%8D_province" title="Phú Thọ province">Phú Thọ</a> 21. <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ninh_province" title="Quảng Ninh province">Quảng Ninh</a> 15. <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_province" title="Thái Nguyên province">Thái Nguyên</a> 13. <a href="/wiki/Tuy%C3%AAn_Quang_province" title="Tuyên Quang province">Tuyên Quang</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"> <div class="center"><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a></div> <hr> 1. <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hà Nội</a> (municipality) 3. <a href="/wiki/Hai_Phong" class="mw-redirect" title="Hai Phong">Hải Phòng</a> (municipality) 19. <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh_province" title="Bắc Ninh province">Bắc Ninh</a> 26. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Nam_province" title="Hà Nam province">Hà Nam</a> 24. <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_province" title="Hải Dương province">Hải Dương</a> 23. <a href="/wiki/H%C6%B0ng_Y%C3%AAn_province" title="Hưng Yên province">Hưng Yên</a> 27. <a href="/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_province" title="Nam Định province">Nam Định</a> 28. <a href="/wiki/Ninh_B%C3%ACnh_province" title="Ninh Bình province">Ninh Bình</a> 25. <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh_province" title="Thái Bình province">Thái Bình</a> 18. <a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Ph%C3%BAc_province" title="Vĩnh Phúc province">Vĩnh Phúc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"> <div class="center"><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Coast" title="North Central Coast">North Central Coast</a></div> <hr> 31. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_T%C4%A9nh_province" title="Hà Tĩnh province">Hà Tĩnh</a> 30. <a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_province" title="Nghệ An province">Nghệ An</a> 32. <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_B%C3%ACnh_province" title="Quảng Bình province">Quảng Bình</a> 33. <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B_province" title="Quảng Trị province">Quảng Trị</a> 29. <a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_province" title="Thanh Hóa province">Thanh Hóa</a> 34. <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%ABa_Thi%C3%AAn_Hu%E1%BA%BF_province" title="Thừa Thiên Huế province">Thừa Thiên Huế</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"> <div class="center"><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)" title="Central Highlands (Vietnam)">Central Highlands</a></div> <hr> 41. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_L%E1%BA%AFk_province" title="Đắk Lắk province">Đắk Lắk</a> 42. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_N%C3%B4ng_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Đắk Nông province">Đắk Nông</a> 38. <a href="/wiki/Gia_Lai_province" title="Gia Lai province">Gia Lai</a> 37. <a href="/wiki/Kon_Tum_province" title="Kon Tum province">Kon Tum</a> 44. <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_province" title="Lâm Đồng province">Lâm Đồng</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"> <div class="center"><a href="/wiki/South_Central_Coast" title="South Central Coast">South Central Coast</a></div> <hr> 4. <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Đà Nẵng</a> (municipality) 39. <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_province" title="Bình Định province">Bình Định</a> 46. <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_province" title="Bình Thuận province">Bình Thuận</a> 43. <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C3%B2a_province" title="Khánh Hòa province">Khánh Hòa</a> 45. <a href="/wiki/Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_province" title="Ninh Thuận province">Ninh Thuận</a> 40. <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Y%C3%AAn_province" title="Phú Yên province">Phú Yên</a> 35. <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam_province" title="Quảng Nam province">Quảng Nam</a> 36. <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3i_province" title="Quảng Ngãi province">Quảng Ngãi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"> <div class="center"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_(Vietnam)" title="Southeast (Vietnam)">Southeast</a></div> <hr> 2. <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Hồ Chí Minh City</a> (municipality) 51. <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A0_R%E1%BB%8Ba%E2%80%93V%C5%A9ng_T%C3%A0u_province" title="Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province">Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu</a> 49. <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_province" title="Bình Dương province">Bình Dương</a> 47. <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_province" title="Bình Phước province">Bình Phước</a> 50. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Nai_province" title="Đồng Nai province">Đồng Nai</a> 48. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ninh_province" title="Tây Ninh province">Tây Ninh</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"> <div class="center"><a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a></div> <hr> 5. <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C6%A1" title="Cần Thơ">Cần Thơ</a> (municipality) 56. <a href="/wiki/An_Giang_province" title="An Giang province">An Giang</a> 62. <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1c_Li%C3%AAu_province" title="Bạc Liêu province">Bạc Liêu</a> 55. <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%BFn_Tre_province" title="Bến Tre province">Bến Tre</a> 63. <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A0_Mau_province" title="Cà Mau province">Cà Mau</a> 53. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Th%C3%A1p_province" title="Đồng Tháp province">Đồng Tháp</a> 59. <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%ADu_Giang_province" title="Hậu Giang province">Hậu Giang</a> 58. <a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%AAn_Giang_province" title="Kiên Giang province">Kiên Giang</a> 52. <a href="/wiki/Long_An_province" title="Long An province">Long An</a> 61. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3c_Tr%C4%83ng_province" title="Sóc Trăng province">Sóc Trăng</a> 54. <a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n_Giang_province" title="Tiền Giang province">Tiền Giang</a> 60. <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A0_Vinh_province" title="Trà Vinh province">Trà Vinh</a> 57. <a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Long_province" title="Vĩnh Long province">Vĩnh Long</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tay_Ho_Communist_propaganda_posters_in_2015_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tay_Ho_Communist_propaganda_posters_in_2015_11.jpg/220px-Tay_Ho_Communist_propaganda_posters_in_2015_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tay_Ho_Communist_propaganda_posters_in_2015_11.jpg/220px-Tay_Ho_Communist_propaganda_posters_in_2015_11.jpg" data-alt="A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tay_Ho_Communist_propaganda_posters_in_2015_11.jpg/330px-Tay_Ho_Communist_propaganda_posters_in_2015_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tay_Ho_Communist_propaganda_posters_in_2015_11.jpg/440px-Tay_Ho_Communist_propaganda_posters_in_2015_11.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> A <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party</a> poster in Hanoi</figcaption></figure> Provinces are subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Provincial_city_(Vietnam)" title="Provincial city (Vietnam)">provincial municipalities</a> (thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh, 'city under province'), <a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">townships</a> (thị xã) and <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">counties</a> (huyện), which are in turn subdivided into towns (thị trấn) or <a href="/wiki/Commune-level_subdivisions_(Vietnam)" title="Commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)">communes</a> (xã). Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into <a href="/wiki/District" title="District">districts</a> (quận) and counties, which are further subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Ward_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (country subdivision)">wards</a> (phường). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Vietnam" title="Foreign relations of Vietnam">Foreign relations of Vietnam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Quang_and_Vladimir_Putin,_2016-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Quang_and_Vladimir_Putin%2C_2016-01.jpg/200px-Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Quang_and_Vladimir_Putin%2C_2016-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Quang_and_Vladimir_Putin%2C_2016-01.jpg/200px-Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Quang_and_Vladimir_Putin%2C_2016-01.jpg" data-alt="Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin" data-width="200" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Quang_and_Vladimir_Putin%2C_2016-01.jpg/300px-Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Quang_and_Vladimir_Putin%2C_2016-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Quang_and_Vladimir_Putin%2C_2016-01.jpg/400px-Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Quang_and_Vladimir_Putin%2C_2016-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">President <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Quang" title="Trần Đại Quang">Trần Đại Quang</a> with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> on 19 November 2016</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Tillerson_Joins_Commercial_Deals_Signing_Ceremony_at_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Vietnam_(38322247422).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Secretary Tillerson at the Presidential Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Secretary_Tillerson_Joins_Commercial_Deals_Signing_Ceremony_at_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Vietnam_%2838322247422%29.jpg/200px-Secretary_Tillerson_Joins_Commercial_Deals_Signing_Ceremony_at_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Vietnam_%2838322247422%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4431" data-file-height="2759"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 125px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Secretary_Tillerson_Joins_Commercial_Deals_Signing_Ceremony_at_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Vietnam_%2838322247422%29.jpg/200px-Secretary_Tillerson_Joins_Commercial_Deals_Signing_Ceremony_at_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Vietnam_%2838322247422%29.jpg" data-alt="Secretary Tillerson at the Presidential Palace" data-width="200" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Secretary_Tillerson_Joins_Commercial_Deals_Signing_Ceremony_at_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Vietnam_%2838322247422%29.jpg/300px-Secretary_Tillerson_Joins_Commercial_Deals_Signing_Ceremony_at_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Vietnam_%2838322247422%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Secretary_Tillerson_Joins_Commercial_Deals_Signing_Ceremony_at_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Vietnam_%2838322247422%29.jpg/400px-Secretary_Tillerson_Joins_Commercial_Deals_Signing_Ceremony_at_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Vietnam_%2838322247422%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a> accompanies US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> to a commercial deal signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017.</div></div></div></div></div> Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer1994-256">[246]</a> Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954, North Vietnam maintained relations with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, South Vietnam maintained relations with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer1994-256">[246]</a> Despite these differences, Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem "<a href="/wiki/Nam_qu%E1%BB%91c_s%C6%A1n_h%C3%A0" title="Nam quốc sơn hà">Nam quốc sơn hà</a>" and the 1428 proclamation of independence "<a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Ng%C3%B4_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_c%C3%A1o" title="Bình Ngô đại cáo">Bình Ngô đại cáo</a>". Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer1994-256">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands#Military_conflicts_and_diplomatic_dialogues" title="Spratly Islands">significant territorial tensions</a> remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThanh_Hai2016177-257">[247]</a> Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN), <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN), <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> (NAM), <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">International Organisation of the Francophonie</a> (La Francophonie), and <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs''2018-258">[248]</a> As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs''2013-259">[249]</a> Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification, <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralisation</a> with international relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs''2007-260">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs''2014-261">[251]</a> The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBich_Loan2007-180">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs''2007-260">[250]</a> Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist <a href="/wiki/Western_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Western countries">Western countries</a>. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDayley201898-262">[252]</a> Relations with the United States <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="United States–Vietnam relations">began improving</a> in August 1995 with both states upgrading their <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/liaison" class="extiw" title="wikt:liaison">liaison</a> offices to embassy status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1995-263">[253]</a> As diplomatic ties between the two governments grew, the United States opened a <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consulate general</a> in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco">its consulate</a> in San Francisco. Full diplomatic relations were also restored with New Zealand, which opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2012-264">[254]</a> Vietnam established an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2005386-265">[255]</a> President of the United States, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, made a historic visit to Vietnam in November 2000. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi and the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-16_Nov_2000-266">[256]</a> Pakistan also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> in December 2005 and trade office in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> in November 2005.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInstitute_of_Regional_Studies200166-267">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs''-268">[258]</a> In May 2016, US President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargoes" class="mw-redirect" title="United States embargoes">embargo</a> on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaramone2016-269">[259]</a> Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">territorial disputes in the South China Sea</a> and in containment of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_expansionism" title="Chinese expansionism">Chinese expansionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutt2020-270">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorr2019-271">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETran2020-272">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Vietnam People's Armed Forces">Vietnam People's Armed Forces</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Vietnam People's Armed Forces">Vietnam People's Armed Forces</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam People's Army">Vietnam People's Army</a> (VPA), the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Public_Security" title="Vietnam People's Public Security">Vietnam People's Public Security</a> and the Vietnam Self-Defence Militia. The VPA is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Ground_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam People's Ground Forces">Vietnam People's Ground Forces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy" title="Vietnam People's Navy">Vietnam People's Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Vietnam People's Air Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Border_Guard" title="Vietnam Border Guard">Vietnam Border Guard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Coast_Guard" title="Vietnam Coast Guard">Vietnam Coast Guard</a>. The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorRutherford201150-273">[263]</a> In 2015, Vietnam's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">military expenditure</a> totalled approximately US$4.4 billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total government spending.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYan2016-274">[264]</a> Joint military exercises and war games have been held with <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoice_of_Vietnam2016-275">[265]</a> India,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Economic_Times''2018-276">[266]</a> Japan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Japan_Times''2015-277">[267]</a> Laos,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoice_of_Vietnam2018b-278">[268]</a> Russia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Defence''_Russia2018-279">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoice_of_Vietnam2016-275">[265]</a> and the US.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Telegraph''2012-280">[270]</a> In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Treaty_Collection-281">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiap2017-282">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_and_sociopolitical_issues">Human rights and sociopolitical issues</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Vietnam" title="Human rights in Vietnam">Human rights in Vietnam</a></div> Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>. In 2009, Vietnamese lawyer <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_C%C3%B4ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Lê Công Định">Lê Công Định</a> was arrested and charged with the capital crime of <a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">subversion</a>; several of his associates were also arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News2009-283">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMydans2009-284">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> described him and his arrested associates as <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_conscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of conscience">prisoners of conscience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News2009-283">[273]</a> Vietnam has also suffered from human trafficking and related issues.<a href="#cite_note-285">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-287">[277]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Economy of Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Vietnam.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Vietnam.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Vietnam.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Vietnam.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Vietnam.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Historical GDP per capita development of Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;" colspan="2">Share of world <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.VN-16">[12]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#cfb;">Year </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Share </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.80% </td></tr></tbody></table> Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been based largely on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>—primarily <a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Vietnam" title="Rice production in Vietnam">wet rice cultivation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell_University-288">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bauxite_mining_in_Vietnam" title="Bauxite mining in Vietnam">Bauxite</a>, an important material in the production of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, is mined in central Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim_Phuong20141-289">[279]</a> Since reunification, the country's economy is shaped primarily by the CPV through <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_Vietnam" title="Five-Year Plans of Vietnam">Five Year Plans</a> decided upon at the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimura1986-290">[280]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivisation</a> of farms, factories, and capital goods was carried out as part of the establishment of central planning, with millions of people working for state enterprises. Under strict state control, Vietnam's economy continued to be plagued by inefficiency, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Vietnam" title="Corruption in Vietnam">corruption in state-owned enterprises</a>, poor quality and underproduction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikariKirkpatrickWeiss1992249-291">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENgoc_VoLe20147-292">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Tho200311-293">[283]</a> With the decline in economic aid from its main trading partner, the Soviet Union, following the erosion of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Eastern bloc</a> in the late 1980s, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>, as well as the negative impacts of the post-war <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">trade embargo</a> imposed by the United States,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvackLitvackRondinelli199931-294">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman2002-295">[285]</a> Vietnam began to liberalise its trade by <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluing</a> its exchange rate to increase exports and embarked on a policy of economic development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvackLitvackRondinelli199933-296">[286]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Landmark_81_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81, located in Bình Thạnh District in Ho Chi Minh City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Landmark_81_at_night.jpg/220px-The_Landmark_81_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Landmark_81_at_night.jpg/220px-The_Landmark_81_at_night.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81, located in Bình Thạnh District in Ho Chi Minh City" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Landmark_81_at_night.jpg/330px-The_Landmark_81_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Landmark_81_at_night.jpg/440px-The_Landmark_81_at_night.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the <a href="/wiki/Landmark_81" title="Landmark 81">Landmark 81</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Th%E1%BA%A1nh_district" title="Bình Thạnh district">Bình Thạnh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)</a></figcaption></figure> In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Sixth National Congress</a> of the CPV introduced <a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">socialist-oriented market</a> economic reforms as part of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a> reform program. <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">Private ownership</a> began to be encouraged in industry, commerce and agriculture and state enterprises were <a href="/wiki/Corporatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatisation">restructured</a> to operate under market constraints.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Tho20035-297">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoang_VuongDung_Tran2009-298">[288]</a> This led to the five-year economic plans being replaced by the socialist-oriented market mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoang_Vuong2014-299">[289]</a> As a result of these reforms, Vietnam achieved approximately 8% annual <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) growth between 1990 and 1997.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELargo200266-300">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Monetary_Fund199923-301">[291]</a> The United States ended its economic embargo against Vietnam in early 1994.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburn1994-302">[292]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a> caused an economic slowdown to 4–5% growth per year, its economy began to recover in 1999,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Tho20035-297">[287]</a> and grew at around 7% per year from 2000 to 2005, one of the fastest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Pincus2015-303">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuang_Vinh13-304">[294]</a> On 11 January 2007, Vietnam became the 150th member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a> (World Trade Organization).<a href="#cite_note-305">[295]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/General_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam" title="General Statistics Office of Vietnam">General Statistics Office of Vietnam</a> (GSO), growth remained strong despite the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_global_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s global recession">late-2000s global recession</a>, holding at 6.8% in 2010. Vietnam's year-on-year inflation rate reached 11.8% in December 2010 and the currency, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Vietnamese đồng">Vietnamese đồng</a>, was devalued three times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsian_Development_Bank2010388-306">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThanh_Ni%C3%AAn2010-307">[297]</a> Deep <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, defined as the percentage of the population living on less than $1 per day, has declined significantly in Vietnam and the relative poverty rate is now less than that of China, India and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVierraVierra20115-308">[298]</a> This decline can be attributed to <a href="/wiki/Equity_(economics)" title="Equity (economics)">equitable economic policies</a> aimed at improving <a href="/wiki/Living_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Living standards">living standards</a> and preventing the rise of <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">inequality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandemoorteleBird2010-309">[299]</a> These policies have included egalitarian land distribution during the initial stages of the Đổi Mới program, investment in poorer remote areas, and subsidising of education and healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuong_LeKuboFujinoMinh_Pham201023-310">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._DangGlewwe20179-311">[301]</a> Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has applied sequenced trade liberalisation, a two-track approach opening some sectors of the economy to international markets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandemoorteleBird2010-309">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandemoortele2010-312">[302]</a> Manufacturing, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> and high-tech industries now form a large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Although Vietnam is a relative newcomer to the <a href="/wiki/Oil_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry">oil industry</a>, it is the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia with a total 2011 output of 318,000 barrels per day (50,600 m3/d).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUPI.com2013-313">[303]</a> In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the eighth-largest crude <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> producer in the Asia and Pacific region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFong-Sam201026-314">[304]</a> The US bought the biggest share of Vietnam's exports,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News''2018b-315">[305]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a> from China were the most popular Vietnamese import.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVietnam_News_Agency2018-316">[306]</a> Based on findings by the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) in 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a> rate in Vietnam was 2.3%, the <a href="/wiki/Nominal_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal GDP">nominal GDP</a> US$406.452 billion, and a nominal <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> $4,086.<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.VN-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Tu%E1%BB%95i_Tr%E1%BA%BB_News''2012-317">[307]</a> Besides the <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">primary sector economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Vietnam" title="Tourism in Vietnam">tourism</a> has contributed significantly to Vietnam's economic growth with 7.94 million foreign visitors recorded in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_Net''2016a-318">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terraced_fields_Sa_Pa_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of terraced rice fields in Sa Pa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Terraced_fields_Sa_Pa_3.jpg/220px-Terraced_fields_Sa_Pa_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Terraced_fields_Sa_Pa_3.jpg/220px-Terraced_fields_Sa_Pa_3.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of terraced rice fields in Sa Pa" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Terraced_fields_Sa_Pa_3.jpg/330px-Terraced_fields_Sa_Pa_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Terraced_fields_Sa_Pa_3.jpg/440px-Terraced_fields_Sa_Pa_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Terraced rice fields in <a href="/wiki/Sa_Pa" title="Sa Pa">Sa Pa</a></figcaption></figure> As a result of several <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products. It is now the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a> nuts, with a one-third global share;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMai2017-319">[309]</a> the largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, accounting for one-third of the world's market;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoice_of_Vietnam2018c-320">[310]</a> and the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> exporter in the world after <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsen20071-321">[311]</a> Subsequently, Vietnam is also the world's second largest exporter of <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2014-322">[312]</a> The country has the highest proportion of land use for <a href="/wiki/Permanent_crop" title="Permanent crop">permanent crops</a> together with other states in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mekong_Subregion" title="Greater Mekong Subregion">Greater Mekong Subregion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruongVoNguyen2018172-323">[313]</a> Other primary exports include <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> and fishery products. Agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economy has risen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seafood">Seafood</h4></div> The overall fisheries production of Vietnam from capture fisheries and <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> was 5.6 million MT in 2011 and 6.7 million MT in 2016. The output of Vietnam's fisheries sector has seen strong growth, which could be attributed to the continued expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector.<a href="#cite_note-324">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Vietnam" title="Science and technology in Vietnam">Science and technology in Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TOPIO_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of a TOPIO humanoid ping-pong-playing robot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/TOPIO_3.jpg/220px-TOPIO_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2042" data-file-height="1362"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/TOPIO_3.jpg/220px-TOPIO_3.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of a TOPIO humanoid ping-pong-playing robot" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/TOPIO_3.jpg/330px-TOPIO_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/TOPIO_3.jpg/440px-TOPIO_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> A Vietnamese-made <a href="/wiki/TOPIO" title="TOPIO">TOPIO</a> 3.0 <a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">humanoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Ping-pong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ping-pong">ping-pong</a>-playing robot displayed during the 2009 <a href="/wiki/International_Robot_Exhibition" title="International Robot Exhibition">International Robot Exhibition</a> (IREX) in Tokyo<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDigInfo2007-325">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorel2010-326">[316]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2010, Vietnam's total state spending on science and technology amounted to roughly 0.45% of its GDP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News''2010-327">[317]</a> Vietnamese scientists have made many significant contributions in various fields of study, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoang_Tuy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoang Tuy">Hoàng Tụy</a> pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a> field of <a href="/wiki/Global_optimisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Global optimisation">global optimisation</a> in the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoblitz2009198-328">[318]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_B%E1%BA%A3o_Ch%C3%A2u" title="Ngô Bảo Châu">Ngô Bảo Châu</a> won the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a> for his proof of <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_lemma_(Langlands_program)" title="Fundamental lemma (Langlands program)">fundamental lemma in the theory of automorphic forms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECNRS2010-329">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoppes2010-330">[320]</a> Since the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology">Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology</a> (VAST) by the government in 1975, the country is working to develop its first national <a href="/wiki/Space_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Space flight">space flight</a> program especially after the completion of the infrastructure at the Vietnam Space Centre (VSC) in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVietnam_National_Space_Centre2016-331">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVietnam_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology2017-332">[322]</a> Vietnam has also made significant advances in the development of <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/TOPIO" title="TOPIO">TOPIO</a> humanoid model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDigInfo2007-325">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorel2010-326">[316]</a> One of Vietnam's main <a href="/wiki/Messaging_apps" class="mw-redirect" title="Messaging apps">messaging apps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zalo" title="Zalo">Zalo</a>, was developed by Vương Quang Khải, a Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Hacker" title="Hacker">hacker</a> who later worked with the country's largest <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> service company, the <a href="/wiki/FPT_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="FPT Group">FPT Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaslan2017-333">[323]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Svhutech_nckh4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Vietnamese science students working on an experiment in their university lab." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Svhutech_nckh4.jpg/220px-Svhutech_nckh4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Svhutech_nckh4.jpg/220px-Svhutech_nckh4.jpg" data-alt="Vietnamese science students working on an experiment in their university lab." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Svhutech_nckh4.jpg/330px-Svhutech_nckh4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Svhutech_nckh4.jpg/440px-Svhutech_nckh4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Vietnamese science students working on an <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiment</a> in their university lab</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics" title="UNESCO Institute for Statistics">UNESCO Institute for Statistics</a>, Vietnam devoted 0.19% of its GDP to science research and development in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO_Media_Services2016-334">[324]</a> Vietnam was ranked 44th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024, it has increased its ranking considerably since 2012, where it was ranked 76th.<a href="#cite_note-335">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[326]</a> Between 2005 and 2014, the number of Vietnamese scientific publications recorded in Thomson Reuters' <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> increased at a rate well above the average for Southeast Asia, albeit from a modest starting point.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO_Publishing713%E2%80%93714-337">[327]</a> Publications focus mainly on <a href="/wiki/Life_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Life science">life sciences</a> (22%), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/physic" class="extiw" title="wikt:physic">physics</a> (13%) and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> (13%), which is consistent with recent advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and shipbuilding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO_Publishing713%E2%80%93714-337">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Vietnam" title="Tourism in Vietnam">Tourism in Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pont-pagode_%22japonais%22_de_Hoi-an,_vue_de_nuit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pont-pagode_%22japonais%22_de_Hoi-an%2C_vue_de_nuit.jpg/220px-Pont-pagode_%22japonais%22_de_Hoi-an%2C_vue_de_nuit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pont-pagode_%22japonais%22_de_Hoi-an%2C_vue_de_nuit.jpg/220px-Pont-pagode_%22japonais%22_de_Hoi-an%2C_vue_de_nuit.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pont-pagode_%22japonais%22_de_Hoi-an%2C_vue_de_nuit.jpg/330px-Pont-pagode_%22japonais%22_de_Hoi-an%2C_vue_de_nuit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pont-pagode_%22japonais%22_de_Hoi-an%2C_vue_de_nuit.jpg/440px-Pont-pagode_%22japonais%22_de_Hoi-an%2C_vue_de_nuit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_An" title="Hội An">Hội An</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Southeast_Asia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia">World Heritage Site</a>, is a major tourist destination. Photo is <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Bridge" title="Japanese Bridge">Japanese Bridge</a>. </figcaption></figure> Tourism is an important element of economic activity in the nation, contributing 7.5% of the total GDP. Vietnam hosted roughly 13 million tourists in 2017, an increase of 29.1% over the previous year, making it one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world. The vast majority of the tourists in the country, some 9.7 million, came from Asia; namely China (4 million), <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (2.6 million), and Japan (798,119).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_National_Administration_of_Tourism''2018-338">[328]</a> Vietnam also attracts large numbers of visitors from Europe, with almost 1.9 million visitors in 2017; most European visitors came from Russia (574,164), followed by the United Kingdom (283,537), France (255,396), and Germany (199,872). Other significant international arrivals by nationality include the United States (614,117) and Australia (370,438).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_National_Administration_of_Tourism''2018-338">[328]</a> The most visited destinations in Vietnam are the largest city, Ho Chi Minh City, with over 5.8 million international arrivals, followed by Hanoi with 4.6 million and <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1_Long" title="Hạ Long">Hạ Long</a>, including Hạ Long Bay with 4.4 million arrivals. All three are ranked in the top 100 most visited cities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuy2018-339">[329]</a> Vietnam is home to eight <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>. In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Travel_%2B_Leisure" title="Travel + Leisure">Travel + Leisure</a> ranked <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_An" title="Hội An">Hội An</a> as one of the world's top 15 best destinations to visit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerzian2018-340">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vietnam" title="Transport in Vietnam">Transport in Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Vietnam" title="Rail transport in Vietnam">Rail transport in Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Vietnam" title="List of airports in Vietnam">List of airports in Vietnam</a></div> Much of Vietnam's modern transportation network can trace its roots to the French colonial era when it was used to facilitate the transportation of <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a> to its main ports. It was extensively expanded and modernised following the partition of Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrook20147-341">[331]</a> Vietnam's road system includes national roads administered at the central level, provincial roads managed at the provincial level, district roads managed at the district level, urban roads managed by cities and towns and commune roads managed at the commune level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''General_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam''2010-342">[332]</a> In 2010, Vietnam's road system had a total length of about 188,744 kilometres (117,280 mi) of which 93,535 kilometres (58,120 mi) are <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a> roads comprising national, provincial and district roads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''General_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam''2010-342">[332]</a> The length of the national road system is about 15,370 kilometres (9,550 mi) with 15,085 kilometres (9,373 mi) of its length paved. The provincial road system has around 27,976 kilometres (17,383 mi) of paved roads while 50,474 kilometres (31,363 mi) district roads are paved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''General_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam''2010-342">[332]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%E1%BA%A7u_Long_Th%C3%A0nh,_%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_cao_t%E1%BB%91c_TP.HCM_-_Long_Th%C3%A0nh_-_D%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%C3%A2y.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of Ho Chi Minh City's North–South Expressway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/C%E1%BA%A7u_Long_Th%C3%A0nh%2C_%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_cao_t%E1%BB%91c_TP.HCM_-_Long_Th%C3%A0nh_-_D%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%C3%A2y.JPG/220px-C%E1%BA%A7u_Long_Th%C3%A0nh%2C_%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_cao_t%E1%BB%91c_TP.HCM_-_Long_Th%C3%A0nh_-_D%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%C3%A2y.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2456" data-file-height="1632"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/C%E1%BA%A7u_Long_Th%C3%A0nh%2C_%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_cao_t%E1%BB%91c_TP.HCM_-_Long_Th%C3%A0nh_-_D%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%C3%A2y.JPG/220px-C%E1%BA%A7u_Long_Th%C3%A0nh%2C_%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_cao_t%E1%BB%91c_TP.HCM_-_Long_Th%C3%A0nh_-_D%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%C3%A2y.JPG" data-alt="Photograph of Ho Chi Minh City's North–South Expressway" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/C%E1%BA%A7u_Long_Th%C3%A0nh%2C_%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_cao_t%E1%BB%91c_TP.HCM_-_Long_Th%C3%A0nh_-_D%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%C3%A2y.JPG/330px-C%E1%BA%A7u_Long_Th%C3%A0nh%2C_%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_cao_t%E1%BB%91c_TP.HCM_-_Long_Th%C3%A0nh_-_D%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%C3%A2y.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/C%E1%BA%A7u_Long_Th%C3%A0nh%2C_%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_cao_t%E1%BB%91c_TP.HCM_-_Long_Th%C3%A0nh_-_D%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%C3%A2y.JPG/440px-C%E1%BA%A7u_Long_Th%C3%A0nh%2C_%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_cao_t%E1%BB%91c_TP.HCM_-_Long_Th%C3%A0nh_-_D%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%C3%A2y.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City%E2%80%93Long_Thanh%E2%80%93Dau_Giay_Expressway" title="Ho Chi Minh City–Long Thanh–Dau Giay Expressway">HCMC–LT–DG</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Expressway_East" title="North–South Expressway East">North–South Expressway</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tan_Son_Nhat_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of Tan Son Nhat International Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tan_Son_Nhat_International_Airport.jpg/220px-Tan_Son_Nhat_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tan_Son_Nhat_International_Airport.jpg/220px-Tan_Son_Nhat_International_Airport.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of Tan Son Nhat International Airport" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tan_Son_Nhat_International_Airport.jpg/330px-Tan_Son_Nhat_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tan_Son_Nhat_International_Airport.jpg/440px-Tan_Son_Nhat_International_Airport.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Tan_Son_Nhat_International_Airport" title="Tan Son Nhat International Airport">Tan Son Nhat International Airport</a> is the busiest airport in the country.</figcaption></figure> Bicycles, motorcycles and <a href="/wiki/Motor_scooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor scooter">motor scooters</a> remain the most popular forms of road transport in the country, a legacy of the French, though the number of privately owned cars has been increasing in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuu_DucMai_HoaThien_HuongNgoc_Bao20132080-343">[333]</a> Public buses operated by private companies are the main mode of long-distance travel for much of the population. <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">Traffic collisions</a> remain the major safety issue of Vietnamese transportation with an average of 30 people losing their lives daily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''General_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam''2011-344">[334]</a> <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic congestion</a> is a growing problem in both Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City especially with the growth of individual car ownership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinh_LeAnh_Trinh2016-345">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESohrBrockfeldSauerl%C3%A4nderMelde2016220-346">[336]</a> Vietnam's primary cross-country rail service is the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_railway_(Vietnam)" title="North–South railway (Vietnam)">Reunification Express</a> from Ho Chi Minh City to Hanoi, a distance of nearly 1,726 kilometres (1,072 mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChin2018-347">[337]</a> From Hanoi, railway lines branch out to the northeast, north, and west; the eastbound line runs from Hanoi to Hạ Long Bay, the northbound line from Hanoi to <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Thái Nguyên">Thái Nguyên</a>, and the northeast line from Hanoi to Lào Cai. In 2009, Vietnam and Japan signed a deal to build a <a href="/w/index.php?title=North%E2%80%93South_Express_railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North–South Express railway (page does not exist)">high-speed railway</a>—<a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">shinkansen</a> (bullet train)—using Japanese technology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Japan_Times''2009-348">[338]</a> Vietnamese engineers were sent to Japan to receive training in the operation and maintenance of high-speed trains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVietnam+2008-349">[339]</a> The planned railway will be a 1,545 kilometres (960 mi)-long express route serving a total of 23 stations, including Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, with 70% of its route running on bridges and through tunnels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''2018-350">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_Net''2018b-351">[341]</a> The trains will travel at a maximum speed of 350 kilometres (220 mi) per hour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_Net''2018b-351">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth_East_Asia_Iron_and_Steel_Institute2009-352">[342]</a> Plans for the high-speed rail line, however, have been postponed after the Vietnamese government decided to prioritise the development of both the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Metro" title="Hanoi Metro">Hanoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/HCMC_Metro" title="HCMC Metro">Ho Chi Minh City</a> metros and expand road networks instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChin2018-347">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChi2017-353">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatarski2017-354">[344]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%B9a_V%E1%BA%BD_Terminal,_Port_of_H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph if a crane at the Port of Hai Phong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ch%C3%B9a_V%E1%BA%BD_Terminal%2C_Port_of_H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng.JPG/220px-Ch%C3%B9a_V%E1%BA%BD_Terminal%2C_Port_of_H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ch%C3%B9a_V%E1%BA%BD_Terminal%2C_Port_of_H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng.JPG/220px-Ch%C3%B9a_V%E1%BA%BD_Terminal%2C_Port_of_H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng.JPG" data-alt="Photograph if a crane at the Port of Hai Phong" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ch%C3%B9a_V%E1%BA%BD_Terminal%2C_Port_of_H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng.JPG/330px-Ch%C3%B9a_V%E1%BA%BD_Terminal%2C_Port_of_H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ch%C3%B9a_V%E1%BA%BD_Terminal%2C_Port_of_H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng.JPG/440px-Ch%C3%B9a_V%E1%BA%BD_Terminal%2C_Port_of_H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> The port of <a href="/wiki/Hai_Phong" class="mw-redirect" title="Hai Phong">Hai Phong</a> is one of the largest and busiest container ports in Vietnam.</figcaption></figure> Vietnam operates 20 major civil airports, including three international gateways: <a href="/wiki/Noi_Bai" class="mw-redirect" title="Noi Bai">Noi Bai</a> in Hanoi, <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang_International_Airport" title="Da Nang International Airport">Da Nang International Airport</a> in Đà Nẵng and <a href="/wiki/Tan_Son_Nhat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tan Son Nhat">Tan Son Nhat</a> in Ho Chi Minh City. Tan Son Nhat is the country's largest airport handling the majority of international passenger traffic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoang20161-355">[345]</a> According to a government-approved plan, Vietnam will have another seven international airports by 2025, including <a href="/wiki/Vinh_International_Airport" title="Vinh International Airport">Vinh International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phu_Bai_International_Airport" title="Phu Bai International Airport">Phu Bai International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cam_Ranh_International_Airport" title="Cam Ranh International Airport">Cam Ranh International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phu_Quoc_International_Airport" title="Phu Quoc International Airport">Phu Quoc International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat_Bi_International_Airport" title="Cat Bi International Airport">Cat Bi International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Can_Tho_International_Airport" title="Can Tho International Airport">Can Tho International Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Long_Thanh_International_Airport" title="Long Thanh International Airport">Long Thanh International Airport</a>. The planned Long Thanh International Airport will have an annual service capacity of 100 million passengers once it becomes fully operational in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_Investment_Review''2018-356">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Airlines" title="Vietnam Airlines">Vietnam Airlines</a>, the state-owned national airline, maintains a fleet of 86 passenger aircraft and aims to operate 170 by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaGiangDenslow2012-357">[347]</a> Several private airlines also operate in Vietnam, including <a href="/wiki/Air_Mekong" title="Air Mekong">Air Mekong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_Airways" title="Bamboo Airways">Bamboo Airways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jetstar_Pacific_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetstar Pacific Airlines">Jetstar Pacific Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Air_Service_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam Air Service Company">VASCO</a> and <a href="/wiki/VietJet_Air" title="VietJet Air">VietJet Air</a>. As a coastal country, Vietnam has many major sea ports, including <a href="/wiki/Cam_Ranh" title="Cam Ranh">Cam Ranh</a>, Đà Nẵng, <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Hải Phòng</a>, Ho Chi Minh City, <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1_Long" title="Hạ Long">Hạ Long</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qui_Nh%C6%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Qui Nhơn">Qui Nhơn</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C5%A9ng_T%C3%A0u" title="Vũng Tàu">Vũng Tàu</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%ADa_L%C3%B2" title="Cửa Lò">Cửa Lò</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nha_Trang" title="Nha Trang">Nha Trang</a>. Further inland, the country's extensive network of rivers plays a key role in rural transportation with over 47,130 kilometres (29,290 mi) of navigable <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a> carrying ferries, barges and <a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">water taxis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndex_Mundi2018-358">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Vietnam" title="Energy in Vietnam">Energy in Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Vietnam" title="List of power stations in Vietnam">List of power stations in Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C6%A1n_La_Dam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of the Sơn La Dam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/S%C6%A1n_La_Dam.JPG/220px-S%C6%A1n_La_Dam.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/S%C6%A1n_La_Dam.JPG/220px-S%C6%A1n_La_Dam.JPG" data-alt="Photograph of the Sơn La Dam" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/S%C6%A1n_La_Dam.JPG/330px-S%C6%A1n_La_Dam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/S%C6%A1n_La_Dam.JPG/440px-S%C6%A1n_La_Dam.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_La_Dam" title="Sơn La Dam">Sơn La Dam</a> in northern Vietnam, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of largest hydroelectric power stations">largest hydroelectric dam</a> in Southeast Asia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Intellasia''2010-359">[349]</a></figcaption></figure> Vietnam's energy sector is dominated largely by the state-controlled <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Electricity" title="Vietnam Electricity">Vietnam Electricity Group</a> (EVN). As of 2017, EVN made up about 61.4% of the country's power generation system with a total power capacity of 25,884 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElectricity_of_Vietnam201710-360">[350]</a> Other energy sources are <a href="/wiki/PetroVietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="PetroVietnam">PetroVietnam</a> (4,435 MW), <a href="/wiki/Vinacomin" title="Vinacomin">Vinacomin</a> (1,785 MW) and 10,031 MW from <a href="/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer" title="Build–operate–transfer">build–operate–transfer</a> (BOT) investors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElectricity_of_Vietnam201712-361">[351]</a> Most of Vietnam's power is generated by either <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">fossil fuel power</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_hydropower" class="mw-redirect" title="Small hydropower">small hydropower</a> and renewable energy supplies the remainder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElectricity_of_Vietnam201712-361">[351]</a> The Vietnamese government had planned to develop a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> as the path to establish <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Vietnam">another source for electricity</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>. The plan was abandoned in late 2016 when a majority of the National Assembly voted to oppose the project due to widespread public concern over <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive contamination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyenBinh_MinhPhamBurmistrova2016-362">[352]</a> The household gas sector in Vietnam is dominated by PetroVietnam, which controls nearly 70% of the country's domestic market for <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> (LPG).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Nikkei_Asian_Review''-363">[353]</a> Since 2011, the company also operates five renewable energy power plants including the Nhơn Trạch 2 Thermal Power Plant (750 MW), Phú Quý Wind Power Plant (6 MW), Hủa Na Hydro-power Plant (180 MW), Dakdrinh Hydro-power Plant (125 MW) and Vũng Áng 1 Thermal Power Plant (1,200 MW).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViet_TrungQuoc_VietVan_Chat201670-364">[354]</a> According to statistics from <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>, Vietnam is listed among the 52 countries that have <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">proven crude oil reserves</a>. In 2015 the reserve was approximately 4.4 billion barrels ranking Vietnam first place in Southeast Asia, while the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">proven gas reserves</a> were about 0.6 trillion cubic metres (tcm) and ranking it third in Southeast Asia after <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViet_TrungQuoc_VietVan_Chat201664-365">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunication">Telecommunication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vietnam" title="Telecommunications in Vietnam">Telecommunications in Vietnam</a></div> Telecommunications services in Vietnam are wholly provided by the Vietnam Post and Telecommunications General Corporation (now the <a href="/wiki/VNPT" class="mw-redirect" title="VNPT">VNPT</a> Group) which is a <a href="/wiki/State-owned" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned">state-owned</a> company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham20156-366">[356]</a> The VNPT retained its monopoly until 1986. The telecom sector was reformed in 1995 when the Vietnamese government began to implement a competitive policy with the creation of two domestic telecommunication companies, the Military Electronic and Telecommunication Company (<a href="/wiki/Viettel" title="Viettel">Viettel</a>, which is wholly owned by the Vietnamese Ministry of Defence) and the Saigon Post and Telecommunication Company (SPT or SaigonPostel), with 18% of it owned by VNPT.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham20156-366">[356]</a> VNPT's monopoly was finally ended by the government in 2003 with the issuance of a decree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham20157-367">[357]</a> By 2012, the top three telecom operators in Vietnam were Viettel, <a href="/wiki/Vinaphone" title="Vinaphone">Vinaphone</a> and <a href="/wiki/MobiFone" title="MobiFone">MobiFone</a>. The remaining companies included: <a href="/wiki/EVNTelecom" title="EVNTelecom">EVNTelecom</a>, Vietnammobile and <a href="/wiki/S-Fone" title="S-Fone">S-Fone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News''2012-368">[358]</a> With the shift towards a more <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market-orientated economy</a>, Vietnam's telecommunications market is continuously being reformed to attract <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a>, which includes the supply of services and the establishment of nationwide telecom infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Oxford_Business_Group''2017-369">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Vietnam" title="Water supply and sanitation in Vietnam">Water supply and sanitation in Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Village_vietnam_sapa_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Stream flowing down a hill with a bridge crossing it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Village_vietnam_sapa_bridge.jpg/220px-Village_vietnam_sapa_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Village_vietnam_sapa_bridge.jpg/220px-Village_vietnam_sapa_bridge.jpg" data-alt="Stream flowing down a hill with a bridge crossing it" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Village_vietnam_sapa_bridge.jpg/330px-Village_vietnam_sapa_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Village_vietnam_sapa_bridge.jpg/440px-Village_vietnam_sapa_bridge.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> In rural areas of Vietnam, <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">piped water systems</a> are operated by a wide variety of institutions including a national organisation, people committees (local government), community groups, co-operatives and private companies.</figcaption></figure> Vietnam has 2,360 rivers with an average annual discharge of 310 billion <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">m3</a>. The rainy season accounts for 70% of the year's discharge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''British_Business_Group_Vietnam''20171-370">[360]</a> Most of the country's urban <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> systems have been developed without proper management within the last 10 years. Based on a 2008 survey by the Vietnam Water Supply and Sewerage Association (VWSA), existing water production capacity exceeded demand, but service coverage is still sparse. Most of the clean water supply infrastructure is not widely developed. It is only available to a small proportion of the population with about one third of 727 district towns having some form of piped water supply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''British_Business_Group_Vietnam''20172-371">[361]</a> There is also concern over the safety of existing water resources for urban and rural water supply systems. Most industrial factories release their untreated <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> directly into the water sources. Where the government does not take measures to address the issue, most domestic wastewater is discharged, untreated, back into the environment and pollutes the <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''British_Business_Group_Vietnam''20172-371">[361]</a> In recent years, there have been some efforts and collaboration between local and foreign universities to develop access to safe water in the country by introducing <a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">water filtration systems</a>. There is a growing concern among local populations over the serious public health issues associated with water contamination caused by pollution as well as the <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">high levels of arsenic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Technology_Sydney2018-372">[362]</a> The government of Netherlands has been providing aid focusing its investments mainly on water-related sectors including <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a> projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Government_of_the_Netherlands''2016-373">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Government_of_the_Netherlands''2018-374">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnh2018-375">[365]</a> Regarding <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, 78% of Vietnam's population has access to <a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">"improved" sanitation</a>—94% of the urban population and 70% of the rural population. However, there are still about 21 million people in the country lacking access to "improved" sanitation according to a survey conducted in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNICEF2015-376">[366]</a> In 2018, the construction ministry said the country's water supply, and drainage industry had been applying hi-tech methods and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> (IT) to sanitation issues but faced problems like limited funding, climate change, and pollution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News''2018c-377">[367]</a> The health ministry has also announced that water inspection units will be established nationwide beginning in June 2019. Inspections are to be conducted without notice, since there have been many cases involving health issues caused by poor or polluted water supplies as well unhygienic conditions reported every year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News''2018d-378">[368]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Vietnam" title="Demographics of Vietnam">Demographics of Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Vietnam">Ethnic groups in Vietnam</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_population_pyramid_01.04.2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Vietnam_population_pyramid_01.04.2019.png/350px-Vietnam_population_pyramid_01.04.2019.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="291" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="1840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 291px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Vietnam_population_pyramid_01.04.2019.png/350px-Vietnam_population_pyramid_01.04.2019.png" data-alt="" data-width="350" data-height="291" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Vietnam_population_pyramid_01.04.2019.png/525px-Vietnam_population_pyramid_01.04.2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Vietnam_population_pyramid_01.04.2019.png/700px-Vietnam_population_pyramid_01.04.2019.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Vietnam population pyramid in 2019</figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:gray; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 75.772172478941px; border-left-color:#e3ffff"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#e3ffff"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#e3ffff"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Ethnic groups of Vietnam<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones199821-379">[369]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> (85.32%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" title="List of ethnic groups in Vietnam">Other</a> (14.68%)</div> </div> </div></div> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam&action=edit">[update]</a>, the population of Vietnam stands at approximately 97.5 million people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs-380">[370]</a> The population had grown significantly from the 1979 census, which showed the total population of reunified Vietnam to be 52.7 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1980-381">[371]</a> According to the 2019 census, the country's population was 96,208,984.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2019-2">[2]</a> Based on the 2019 census, 65.6% of the Vietnamese population live in rural areas while only 34.4% live in urban areas. The average growth rate of the urban population has recently increased which is attributed mainly to migration and rapid urbanisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2019-2">[2]</a> The dominant <a href="/wiki/Viet_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Viet people">Viet</a> or Kinh ethnic group constitute 82,085,826 people or 85.32% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2019-2">[2]</a> Most of their population is concentrated in the country's <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fans" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial fans">alluvial deltas</a> and coastal plains. As a majority ethnic group, the Kinh possess significant political and economic influence over the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones199821-379">[369]</a> Despite this, Vietnam is also home to various ethnic groups, of which <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Vietnam">54 are officially recognised</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Dao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tay people">Tày</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_people_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai people in Vietnam">Thái</a> and <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Nùng people">Nùng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Citizenship_and_Immigration''20131-382">[372]</a> Many ethnic minorities such as the <a href="/wiki/Muong_people" title="Muong people">Muong</a>, who are closely related to the Kinh, dwell in the highlands which cover two-thirds of Vietnam's territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Government_of_Vietnam_(I)''-383">[373]</a> Since the partition of Vietnam, the population of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)" title="Central Highlands (Vietnam)">Central Highlands</a> was almost exclusively <a href="/wiki/Degar" class="mw-redirect" title="Degar">Degar</a> (including more than 40 tribal groups); however, the South Vietnamese government at the time enacted a program of resettling Kinh in indigenous areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECultural_Orientation_Resource_Centre7-384">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontagnard_Human_Rights_Organisation-385">[375]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Hoa</a> (ethnic <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer Krom</a> people are mainly lowlanders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones199821-379">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoskoff20081316-386">[376]</a> Throughout Vietnam's history, many Chinese people, largely from <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South China</a>, migrated to the country as administrators, merchants and even refugees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoddLewis2003531-387">[377]</a> Since the reunification in 1976, an increase of communist policies nationwide resulted in the nationalisation and confiscation of property especially from the Hoa in the south and the wealthy in cities. This led many of them to leave Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmer1996-388">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeinberg2016-389">[379]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanisation">Urbanisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam" title="List of cities in Vietnam">List of cities in Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline_(night).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Ho Chi Minh City's District 1 skyline photographed at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline_%28night%29.jpg/300px-Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline_%28night%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3304" data-file-height="1815"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline_%28night%29.jpg/300px-Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline_%28night%29.jpg" data-alt="Ho Chi Minh City's District 1 skyline photographed at night" data-width="300" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline_%28night%29.jpg/450px-Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline_%28night%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline_%28night%29.jpg/600px-Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline_%28night%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/District_1,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="District 1, Ho Chi Minh City">District 1</a>, Ho Chi Minh City</figcaption></figure> The number of people who live in urbanised areas in 2019 is 33,122,548 people (with the urbanisation rate at 34.4%).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2019-2">[2]</a> Since 1986, Vietnam's urbanisation rates have surged rapidly after the Vietnamese government implemented the Đổi Mới economic program, changing the system into a socialist one and liberalising property rights. As a result, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (the two major cities in the Red River Delta and Southeast regions respectively) increased their share of the total urban population from 8.5% and 24.9% to 15.9% and 31% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''United_Nations_Population_Fund''2009117-390">[380]</a> The Vietnamese government, through its <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Construction_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Construction (Vietnam)">construction ministry</a>, forecasts the country will have a 45% urbanisation rate by 2020 although it was confirmed to only be 34.4% according to the 2019 census.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2019-2">[2]</a> Urbanisation is said to have a positive correlation with economic growth. Any country with higher urbanisation rates has a higher GDP growth rate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2002-391">[381]</a> Furthermore, the urbanisation movement in Vietnam is mainly between the rural areas and the country's Southeast region. Ho Chi Minh City has received a large number of migrants due mainly to better weather and economic opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''United_Nations_Population_Fund''2009102-392">[382]</a> A study also shows that rural-to-urban area migrants have a higher standard of living than both non-migrants in rural areas and non-migrants in urban areas. This results in changes to economic structures. In 1985, agriculture made up 37.2% of Vietnam's GDP; in 2008, that number had declined to 18.5%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiraDasturKilroyLozano2011194-393">[383]</a> In 1985, industry made up only 26.2% of Vietnam's GDP; by 2008, that number had increased to 43.2%. Urbanisation also helps to improve basic services which increase people's standards of living. Access to electricity grew from 14% of total households with electricity in 1993 to above 96% in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiraDasturKilroyLozano2011194-393">[383]</a> In terms of access to fresh water, data from 65 utility companies shows that only 12% of households in the area covered by them had access to the water network in 2002; by 2007, more than 70% of the population was connected. Though urbanisation has many benefits, it has some drawbacks since it creates more traffic, and air and water pollution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiraDasturKilroyLozano2011194-393">[383]</a> Many Vietnamese use <a href="/wiki/Moped" title="Moped">mopeds</a> for transportation, since they are relatively cheap and easy to operate. Their large numbers have been known to cause traffic congestion and air pollution in Vietnam. In the capital city alone, the number of mopeds increased from 0.5 million in 2001 to 4.7 million in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiraDasturKilroyLozano2011194-393">[383]</a> With rapid development, factories have sprung up which indirectly pollute the air and water, for example in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Vietnam_marine_life_disaster" title="2016 Vietnam marine life disaster">2016 Vietnam marine life disaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiezzi2016-394">[384]</a> The government is intervening and attempting solutions to decrease air pollution by decreasing the number of motorcycles while increasing public transportation. It has introduced more regulations for <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> handling. The amount of solid waste generated in urban areas of Vietnam has increased by more than 200% from 2003 to 2008. Industrial solid waste accounted for 181% of that increase. One of the government's efforts includes attempting to promote campaigns that encourage locals to sort <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">household waste</a>, since <a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">waste sorting</a> is still not practised by most of Vietnamese society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng201819-395">[385]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Vietnam" title="Template:Largest cities of Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Vietnam" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam#Classification" title="List of cities in Vietnam">cities and municipalities</a> in Vietnam <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source: <a href="/wiki/2019_Vietnamese_census" title="2019 Vietnamese census">2019 Vietnamese census</a>,<a href="#cite_note-census-396">[386]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Vietnam)">National Assembly</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[note 2]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam" title="List of cities in Vietnam">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam" title="List of cities in Vietnam">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnam" title="Provinces of Vietnam">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam" title="List of cities in Vietnam"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam" title="List of cities in Vietnam">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam" title="List of cities in Vietnam">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnam" title="Provinces of Vietnam">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam" title="List of cities in Vietnam"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ho Chi Minh City"><noscript><img alt="Ho Chi Minh City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline.jpg/120px-Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="3579"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 54px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline.jpg/120px-Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline.jpg" data-alt="Ho Chi Minh City" data-width="120" data-height="54" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline.jpg/180px-Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline.jpg/240px-Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hanoi_skyline_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanoi"><noscript><img alt="Hanoi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hanoi_skyline_at_night.jpg/120px-Hanoi_skyline_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hanoi_skyline_at_night.jpg/120px-Hanoi_skyline_at_night.jpg" data-alt="Hanoi" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hanoi_skyline_at_night.jpg/180px-Hanoi_skyline_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hanoi_skyline_at_night.jpg/240px-Hanoi_skyline_at_night.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Vietnam" title="Municipalities of Vietnam">Municipality</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,993,082</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vinh" title="Vinh">Vinh</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_province" title="Nghệ An province">Nghệ An</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">473,275 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haiphong"><noscript><img alt="Haiphong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng_City.jpg/120px-H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng_City.jpg/120px-H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng_City.jpg" data-alt="Haiphong" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng_City.jpg/180px-H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng_City.jpg/240px-H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng_City.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Can-tho-tuonglamphotos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cần Thơ"><noscript><img alt="Cần Thơ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Can-tho-tuonglamphotos.jpg/120px-Can-tho-tuonglamphotos.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 68px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Can-tho-tuonglamphotos.jpg/120px-Can-tho-tuonglamphotos.jpg" data-alt="Cần Thơ" data-width="120" data-height="68" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Can-tho-tuonglamphotos.jpg/180px-Can-tho-tuonglamphotos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Can-tho-tuonglamphotos.jpg/240px-Can-tho-tuonglamphotos.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C6%A1" title="Cần Thơ">Cần Thơ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Vietnam" title="Municipalities of Vietnam">Municipality</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,053,663</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a" title="Thanh Hóa">Thanh Hóa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_province" title="Thanh Hóa province">Thanh Hóa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">436,833 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Vietnam" title="Municipalities of Vietnam">Municipality</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,028,514</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nha_Trang" title="Nha Trang">Nha Trang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C3%B2a_province" title="Khánh Hòa province">Khánh Hòa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">422,601 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C6%A1" title="Cần Thơ">Cần Thơ</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Vietnam" title="Municipalities of Vietnam">Municipality</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,235,171</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B4n_Ma_Thu%E1%BB%99t" title="Buôn Ma Thuột">Buôn Ma Thuột</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_L%E1%BA%AFk_province" title="Đắk Lắk province">Đắk Lắk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">375,590 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Vietnam" title="Municipalities of Vietnam">Municipality</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,134,310</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2n_Uy%C3%AAn,_B%C3%ACnh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Tân Uyên, Bình Dương">Tân Uyên</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_province" title="Bình Dương province">Bình Dương</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">370,512 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_H%C3%B2a" title="Biên Hòa">Biên Hòa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Nai_province" title="Đồng Nai province">Đồng Nai</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,055,414</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/V%C5%A9ng_T%C3%A0u" title="Vũng Tàu">Vũng Tàu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A0_R%E1%BB%8Ba%E2%80%93V%C5%A9ng_T%C3%A0u_province" title="Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province">Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">357,124 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thủ Đức">Thủ Đức</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,013,795</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Thái Nguyên">Thái Nguyên</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_province" title="Thái Nguyên province">Thái Nguyên</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">340,403 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADn_An" title="Thuận An">Thuận An</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_province" title="Bình Dương province">Bình Dương</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">596,227</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_Nguy%C3%AAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Thủy Nguyên">Thủy Nguyên</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">333,810 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%ABa_Thi%C3%AAn_Hu%E1%BA%BF_province" title="Thừa Thiên Huế province">Thừa Thiên Huế</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">486,781</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Giang" title="Bắc Giang">Bắc Giang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Giang_province" title="Bắc Giang province">Bắc Giang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">326,354 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/D%C4%A9_An" title="Dĩ An">Dĩ An</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_province" title="Bình Dương province">Bình Dương</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">474,681</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1_Long" title="Hạ Long">Hạ Long</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ninh_province" title="Quảng Ninh province">Quảng Ninh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">322,710 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> Some cities were established or expanded after the <a href="/wiki/2019_Vietnamese_census" title="2019 Vietnamese census">2019 census</a> was conducted, including Thủ Đức, Thuận An, Huế, Dĩ An, Vinh, Tân Uyên, Thanh Hóa, Thủy Nguyên, Bắc Giang, Hạ Long. </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> Excluding converted population (including temporary residents). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> of the country is <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, a tonal <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic language</a> (Mon–Khmer), which is spoken by the majority of the population. Vietnam's minority groups speak a variety of languages, including: <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_language" title="Tày language">Tày</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Muong language">Mường</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>, Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Nung_language_(Tai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nung language (Tai)">Nùng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Montagnard_(Vietnam)" title="Montagnard (Vietnam)">Montagnard</a> peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)" title="Central Highlands (Vietnam)">Central Highlands</a> also speak a number of distinct languages, some belonging to the Austroasiatic and others to the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> language families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECultural_Orientation_Resource_Centre10-399">[387]</a> In recent years, a number of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">sign languages</a> have developed in the major cities. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_calligraphy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A sample of traditional Vietnamese calligraphy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vietnamese_calligraphy.jpg/220px-Vietnamese_calligraphy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="505"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vietnamese_calligraphy.jpg/220px-Vietnamese_calligraphy.jpg" data-alt="A sample of traditional Vietnamese calligraphy" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vietnamese_calligraphy.jpg/330px-Vietnamese_calligraphy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vietnamese_calligraphy.jpg/440px-Vietnamese_calligraphy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calligraphy" title="Vietnamese calligraphy">Vietnamese calligraphy</a> in Latin alphabet</figcaption></figure> The French language, a legacy of colonial rule, is spoken by many educated Vietnamese as a second language, especially among those educated in the former <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, where it was a principal language in administration, education and commerce.<a href="#cite_note-400">[388]</a> Vietnam remains a full member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">International Organisation of the Francophonie</a> (La Francophonie) and education has revived some interest in the language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''French_Senate''1997-401">[389]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, and to a lesser extent German, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> are known among some northern Vietnamese whose families had ties with the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Van8-402">[390]</a> With improved relations with Western countries and recent reforms in Vietnamese administration, English has been increasingly used as a second language and the study of English is now obligatory in most schools either alongside or in place of French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Van9-403">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Government_of_the_United_Kingdom''2018-404">[392]</a> The popularity of Japanese, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> have also grown as the country's ties with other East Asian nations have strengthened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWai-ming20023-405">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnh_Dinh201663-406">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirano2016-407">[395]</a> Third-graders can choose one of seven languages (English, Russian, French, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, German) as their first foreign language.<a href="#cite_note-408">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[398]</a> In Vietnam's <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">high school graduation examinations</a>, students can take their foreign language exam in one of the above-mentioned languages.<a href="#cite_note-411">[399]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Religion in Vietnam</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#fcf7f7; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 13262.66059596px; border-left-color:#FF6600"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF6600"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF6600"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 8376.1780133552px; border-left-color:#b3ff9e"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#b3ff9e"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#b3ff9e"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2065.3343769455px; border-left-color:#fffa75"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#fffa75"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#fffa75"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 885.3816277942px; border-left-color:#87CEFA"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#87CEFA"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#87CEFA"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 564.5924559666px; border-left-color:#edb7e9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#edb7e9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#edb7e9"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 160.00859471855px; border-left-color:#ffdab0"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#ffdab0"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#ffdab0"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 86.171595130805px; border-left-color:#e3ffff"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#e3ffff"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#e3ffff"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Vietnam (2019)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2019-2">[2]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> or no religion (86.32%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhism</a> (4.79%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam" title="Catholic Church in Vietnam">Catholicism</a> (6.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Vietnam" title="Protestantism in Vietnam">Protestantism</a> (1.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a> (1.02%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a> (0.58%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Islam (0.07%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Others (0.12%)</div> </div> </div></div> Under Article 70 of the 1992 Constitution of Vietnam, all citizens enjoy <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of belief and religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Justice''1992-412">[400]</a> All religions are equal before the law and each <a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">place of worship</a> is protected under Vietnamese state law. Religious beliefs cannot be misused to undermine state law and policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Justice''1992-412">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Justice''2004b-413">[401]</a> According to a 2007 survey 81% of Vietnamese people <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">did not believe in a god</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckerman200711-414">[402]</a> Based on government findings in 2009, the number of religious people increased by 932,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''General_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam''2009-415">[403]</a> The official statistics, presented by the Vietnamese government to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_special_rapporteur" title="United Nations special rapporteur">United Nations special rapporteur</a> in 2014, indicate the overall number of followers of recognised religions is about 24 million of a total population of almost 90 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBielefeldt2014-416">[404]</a> According to the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2019, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhists</a> account for 4.79% of the total population, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam" title="Catholic Church in Vietnam">Catholics</a> 6.1%, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Vietnam" title="Protestantism in Vietnam">Protestants</a> 1.0%, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahao Buddhists</a> 1.02%, and <a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a> followers 0.58%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2019-2">[2]</a> Other religions includes <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Bahaʼís</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, representing less than 0.2% of the population. The majority of Vietnamese do not follow any organised religion, though many of them observe some form of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> as a system of social and ethical philosophy still has certain influences in modern Vietnam. <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna Buddhism">Mahāyāna</a> is the dominant branch of Buddhism, while <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> is practised mostly by the Khmer minority. About 8 to 9% of the population is Christian—made up of Roman Catholics and Protestants. Catholicism was introduced to Vietnam in the 16th century and was firmly established by <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> missionaries (mainly Portuguese and Italian) in the 17th centuries from nearby <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETran2018-87">[78]</a> French missionaries (from the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a>) together with Spanish missionaries (from the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a> of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>) actively sought converts in the 18th, 19th, and first half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods200234-417">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith201242,_72-418">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamport2018898-419">[407]</a> A significant number of Vietnamese people, especially in the South, are also adherents of two indigenous religions of syncretic <a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a> and quasi-Buddhist <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELargo2002168-420">[408]</a> Protestantism was only recently spread by American and Canadian missionaries in the 20th century;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Hoang20171-421">[409]</a> the largest Protestant denomination is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Church_of_Vietnam_%E2%80%93_South&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evangelical Church of Vietnam – South (page does not exist)">Evangelical Church of Vietnam</a>. Around 770,000 of the country's Protestants are members of ethnic minorities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Hoang20171-421">[409]</a> particularly the highland <a href="/wiki/Montagnard_(Vietnam)" title="Montagnard (Vietnam)">Montagnards</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECultural_Orientation_Resource_Centre5,_7-422">[410]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong people</a>. Although it is one of the country's minority religions, Protestantism is the <a href="/wiki/Fastest-growing_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fastest-growing religion">fastest-growing religion</a> in Vietnam, expanding at a rate of 600% in recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Hoang20171-421">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''United_States_Department_of_State''2005-423">[411]</a> Several other minority faiths exist in Vietnam, these include: Bani, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">non-denominational</a> sections of Islam which is practised primarily among the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Cham</a> minority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%E1%BB%B3_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ngLockhart201135-424">[412]</a> There are also a few Kinh adherents of Islam, other minority adherents of Baha'i, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia#Vietnam" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hindus among the Cham</a>'s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevinsonChristensen200289-425">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200948-426">[414]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Education in Vietnam</a></div> Vietnam has an extensive state-controlled network of schools, colleges, and universities and a growing number of privately run and partially privatised institutions. General education in Vietnam is divided into five categories: <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high schools</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a>. A large number of public schools have been constructed across the country to raise the national <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a>, which stood at 90% in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNICEF-427">[415]</a> Most universities are located in major cities of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City with the country's education system continuously undergoing a series of reforms by the government. <a href="/wiki/Basic_education" title="Basic education">Basic education</a> in the country is relatively free for the poor although some families may still have trouble paying tuition fees for their children without some form of public or private assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHa_Tr%C3%A2n2014-428">[416]</a> Regardless, Vietnam's school enrolment is among the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2013-429">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2015-430">[418]</a> The number of colleges and universities increased dramatically in the 2000s from 178 in 2000 to 299 in 2005. In higher education, the government provides subsidised loans for students through the national bank, although there are deep concerns about access to the loans as well the burden on students to repay them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham2012-431">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapmanLiu2013-432">[420]</a>Since 1995, enrolment in higher education has grown tenfold to over 2.2 million with 84,000 lecturers and 419 institutions of higher education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_MoraWood201455-433">[421]</a> A number of foreign universities operate private campuses in Vietnam, including <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (United States) and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology_Vietnam" title="Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology Vietnam">Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology</a> (Australia). The government's strong commitment to education has fostered significant growth but still need to be sustained to retain academics. In 2018, a decree on university autonomy allowing them to operate independently without ministerial control is in its final stages of approval. The government will continue investing in education especially for the poor to have access to basic education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_Net''2016b-434">[422]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Vietnam" title="Health in Vietnam">Health in Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Life_expectancy_in_Vietnam.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Life_expectancy_in_Vietnam.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_Vietnam.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Life_expectancy_in_Vietnam.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Life_expectancy_in_Vietnam.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_in_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Development of life expectancy in Vietnam since 1950</figcaption></figure> By 2015, 97% of the population had access to improved water sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndex_Mundi2016-435">[423]</a> In 2016, Vietnam's national <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> stood at 80.9 years for women and 71.5 for men, and the <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate was 17 per 1,000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2016a-436">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2016b-437">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2017-438">[426]</a> Since the partition, North Vietnam has established a public health system that has reached down to the <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlet</a> level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Harvard_Crimson''1972-439">[427]</a> After the national reunification in 1975, a nationwide health service was established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagstaffvan_DoorslaerWatanabe2003-184">[174]</a> In the late 1980s, the quality of healthcare declined to some degree as a result of budgetary constraints, a shift of responsibility to the provinces and the introduction of charges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuong_LeKuboFujinoMinh_Pham201023-310">[300]</a> Inadequate funding has also contributed to a shortage of <a href="/wiki/Nurses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurses">nurses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midwives" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwives">midwives</a> and hospital beds; in 2000, Vietnam had only 24.7 hospital beds per 10,000 people before declining to 23.7 in 2005 as stated in the annual report of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Health (Vietnam)">Vietnamese Health Ministry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrung_Chien200665-440">[428]</a> The controversial use of herbicides as a chemical weapon by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">US military</a> during the war left tangible, long-term <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Agent_Orange_on_the_Vietnamese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people">impacts upon the Vietnamese people</a> that persist in the country today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News2005-441">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaberman2014-442">[430]</a> For instance, it led to three million Vietnamese people suffering health problems, one million birth defects caused directly by exposure to the chemical and 24% of Vietnam's land being defoliated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGustafsson2010125-443">[431]</a> Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has made significant progress in combating <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. The malaria mortality rate fell to about five per cent of its 1990s equivalent by 2005 after the country introduced improved antimalarial drugs and treatment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Namde_VriesVan_ToiNagelkerke2005-444">[432]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a> (TB) cases, however, are on the rise. TB has become the second most infectious disease in the country after <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory-related illness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrinhNguyenDoNguyen2016-445">[433]</a> With an intensified vaccination program, better hygiene and foreign assistance, Vietnam hopes to reduce sharply the number of TB cases and new TB infections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNeil2016-446">[434]</a> In 2004, government subsidies covering about 15% of health care expenses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebermanWagstaff200940-447">[435]</a> That year, the United States announced Vietnam would be one of 15 states to receive funding as part of its global AIDS relief plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyin20054-448">[436]</a> By the following year, Vietnam had diagnosed 101,291 <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">human immunodeficiency virus</a> (HIV) cases, of which 16,528 progressed to <a href="/wiki/Acquired_immune_deficiency_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquired immune deficiency syndrome">acquired immune deficiency syndrome</a> (AIDS); 9,554 have died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVietnam_Women's_Union2005-449">[437]</a> The actual number of HIV-positive individuals is estimated to be much higher. On average between 40 and 50 new infections are reported daily in the country. In 2007, 0.4% of the population was estimated to be infected with HIV and the figure has remained stable since 2005.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2018a-450">[438]</a> More global aid is being delivered through <a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria</a> to fight the spread of the disease in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNeil2016-446">[434]</a> In September 2018, the Hanoi People's Committee urged the citizens of the country to stop eating <a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">dog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">cat meat</a> as it can cause diseases like <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a>. More than 1,000 stores in the capital city of Hanoi were found to be selling both meats. The decision prompted positive comments among Vietnamese on <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, though some noted that the consumption of dog meat will remain an ingrained habit among many people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News2018-451">[439]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam" title="Culture of Vietnam">Culture of Vietnam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="The Temple of Literature in Hanoi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature.jpg/200px-Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature.jpg/200px-Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature.jpg" data-alt="The Temple of Literature in Hanoi" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature.jpg/300px-Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature.jpg/400px-Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Literature,_Hanoi" title="Temple of Literature, Hanoi">Temple of Literature</a> in Hanoi</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hue_Vietnam_Citadel-of-Hu%E1%BA%BF-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="The Meridian Gate (Huế)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hue_Vietnam_Citadel-of-Hu%E1%BA%BF-01.jpg/200px-Hue_Vietnam_Citadel-of-Hu%E1%BA%BF-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3833" data-file-height="2555"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hue_Vietnam_Citadel-of-Hu%E1%BA%BF-01.jpg/200px-Hue_Vietnam_Citadel-of-Hu%E1%BA%BF-01.jpg" data-alt="The Meridian Gate (Huế)" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hue_Vietnam_Citadel-of-Hu%E1%BA%BF-01.jpg/300px-Hue_Vietnam_Citadel-of-Hu%E1%BA%BF-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hue_Vietnam_Citadel-of-Hu%E1%BA%BF-01.jpg/400px-Hue_Vietnam_Citadel-of-Hu%E1%BA%BF-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_City_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Imperial City of Huế">Imperial City of Huế</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%93pera,_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh,_Vietnam,_2013-08-14,_DD_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%C3%93pera%2C_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_02.JPG/200px-%C3%93pera%2C_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5114" data-file-height="3101"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%C3%93pera%2C_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_02.JPG/200px-%C3%93pera%2C_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_02.JPG" data-alt="The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City" data-width="200" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%C3%93pera%2C_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_02.JPG/300px-%C3%93pera%2C_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%C3%93pera%2C_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_02.JPG/400px-%C3%93pera%2C_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_02.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Theatre,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Theatre, Ho Chi Minh City">Municipal Theatre</a> (Saigon Opera House) in Ho Chi Minh City</div></div></div></div></div> Vietnamese culture is considered part of <a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a>. Vietnam's culture has developed over the centuries from indigenous ancient <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_S%C6%A1n_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Đông Sơn culture">Đông Sơn culture</a> with wet rice cultivation as its economic base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham1984-52">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECal%C3%B2200951-55">[46]</a> Some elements of the nation's culture have Chinese origins, drawing on elements of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> in its traditional political system and philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETung_Hieu201571-452">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENhu_Nguyen201632-453">[441]</a> Vietnamese society is structured around làng (ancestral villages);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndres2001-454">[442]</a> all Vietnamese mark a <a href="/wiki/Gi%E1%BB%97_T%E1%BB%95_H%C3%B9ng_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương">common ancestral anniversary</a> on the tenth day of the third <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar month</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigoreva20144-455">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage2012-456">[444]</a> The influence of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_culture" title="Cantonese culture">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_culture" title="Hakka culture">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_culture" title="Hokkien culture">Hokkien</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainanese</a> cultures is more evident in the north where Buddhism is strongly entwined with popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhuRenCollinsWarner2017142-457">[445]</a> Despite this, there are <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatowns</a> in the south, such as in <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A3_L%E1%BB%9Bn" title="Chợ Lớn">Chợ Lớn</a>, where many Chinese have <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">intermarried</a> with Kinh and are indistinguishable among them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeodThi_Dieu20018-458">[446]</a> In the central and southern parts of Vietnam, traces of Champa and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer culture">Khmer culture</a> are evidenced through the remains of ruins, artefacts as well within their population as the successor of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomoki199636-459">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%E1%BB%B3_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ngLockhart201184-460">[448]</a> In recent centuries, Western cultures have become popular among recent generations of Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENhu_Nguyen201632-453">[441]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg/170px-Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="601"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg/170px-Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg/255px-Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg/340px-Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Vietnamese traditional white <a href="/wiki/School_uniforms_by_country#Vietnam" title="School uniforms by country">school uniform</a> for girls in the country, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i" title="Áo dài">áo dài</a> with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Asian_conical_hat" title="Asian conical hat">nón lá</a>, a conical hat</figcaption></figure> The traditional focuses of Vietnamese culture are based on humanity (nhân nghĩa) and harmony (hòa) in which family and community values are highly regarded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhuRenCollinsWarner2017142-457">[445]</a> Vietnam reveres a number of key cultural symbols,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVo201296-461">[449]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dragon" title="Vietnamese dragon">Vietnamese dragon</a> which is derived from <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snake</a> imagery; Vietnam's national father, <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Long_Qu%C3%A2n" title="Lạc Long Quân">Lạc Long Quân</a> is depicted as a holy dragon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigoreva20144-455">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallop2017-462">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVietnamese-American_Association-463">[451]</a> The lạc is a holy bird representing Vietnam's national mother <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_C%C6%A1" title="Âu Cơ">Âu Cơ</a>. Other prominent images that are also revered are the <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">buffalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChonchirdsin2016-464">[452]</a> Many Vietnamese also believe in the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">spiritualism</a> where illness can be brought on by a <a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">curse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">sorcery</a> or caused by non-observance of a religious ethic. Traditional medical practitioners, <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a> and other forms of spiritual protection and religious practices may be employed to treat the ill person.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaitemata_District_Health_Board20152-465">[453]</a> In the modern era, the cultural life of Vietnam has been deeply influenced by government-controlled media and cultural programs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENhu_Nguyen201632-453">[441]</a> For many decades, foreign cultural influences, especially those of Western origin, were shunned. But since the recent reformation, Vietnam has seen a greater exposure to neighbouring Southeast Asian, East Asian as well to Western culture and media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhuong2012-466">[454]</a> The main Vietnamese formal dress, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i" title="Áo dài">áo dài</a> is worn for special occasions such as weddings and religious festivals. White áo dài is the required uniform for girls in many high schools across the country. Other examples of traditional Vietnamese clothing include: the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n" title="Áo tứ thân">áo tứ thân</a>, a four-piece woman's dress; the áo ngũ, a form of the thân in five-piece form, mostly worn in the north of the country; the <a href="/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm" title="Yếm">yếm</a>, a woman's undergarment; the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba" title="Áo bà ba">áo bà ba</a>, rural working "<a href="/wiki/Pyjamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyjamas">pyjamas</a>" for men and women; the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_g%E1%BA%A5m" title="Áo gấm">áo gấm</a>, a formal brocade tunic for government receptions; and the áo the, a variant of the áo gấm worn by grooms at weddings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewandowski201112-467">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward201690-468">[456]</a> Traditional headwear includes the standard conical <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3n_l%C3%A1" title="Nón lá">nón lá</a>, the "lampshade-like" <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3n_quai_thao" class="mw-redirect" title="Nón quai thao">nón quai thao</a>, and the traditional turban, <a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n" title="Khăn vấn">khăn vấn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward201690-468">[456]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChico2013354-469">[457]</a> In tourism, a number of popular cultural tourist destinations include the former <a href="/wiki/Imperial_City_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Imperial City of Huế">Imperial City of Huế</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phong_Nha_%E2%80%93_K%E1%BA%BB_B%C3%A0ng_National_Park" title="Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng National Park">Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_An" title="Hội An">Hội An</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n" title="Mỹ Sơn">Mỹ Sơn</a>, coastal regions such as Nha Trang, the caves of Hạ Long Bay and the <a href="/wiki/Marble_Mountains_(Vietnam)" title="Marble Mountains (Vietnam)">Marble Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPha_Le2014-470">[458]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_Net''2017a-471">[459]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_literature" title="Vietnamese literature">Vietnamese literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_poetry" title="Vietnamese poetry">Vietnamese poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_mythology" title="Vietnamese mythology">Vietnamese mythology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_fairy_tales" title="Vietnamese fairy tales">Vietnamese fairy tales</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%E1%BA%AFc_phong_cho_B%C3%B9i_T%C3%B4ng_V%C4%A9_%E8%A3%B4%E5%AE%97%E5%81%89.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A scroll showing a Vietnamese dragon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/S%E1%BA%AFc_phong_cho_B%C3%B9i_T%C3%B4ng_V%C4%A9_%E8%A3%B4%E5%AE%97%E5%81%89.png/250px-S%E1%BA%AFc_phong_cho_B%C3%B9i_T%C3%B4ng_V%C4%A9_%E8%A3%B4%E5%AE%97%E5%81%89.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="98" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1915" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 98px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/S%E1%BA%AFc_phong_cho_B%C3%B9i_T%C3%B4ng_V%C4%A9_%E8%A3%B4%E5%AE%97%E5%81%89.png/250px-S%E1%BA%AFc_phong_cho_B%C3%B9i_T%C3%B4ng_V%C4%A9_%E8%A3%B4%E5%AE%97%E5%81%89.png" data-alt="A scroll showing a Vietnamese dragon" data-width="250" data-height="98" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/S%E1%BA%AFc_phong_cho_B%C3%B9i_T%C3%B4ng_V%C4%A9_%E8%A3%B4%E5%AE%97%E5%81%89.png/375px-S%E1%BA%AFc_phong_cho_B%C3%B9i_T%C3%B4ng_V%C4%A9_%E8%A3%B4%E5%AE%97%E5%81%89.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/S%E1%BA%AFc_phong_cho_B%C3%B9i_T%C3%B4ng_V%C4%A9_%E8%A3%B4%E5%AE%97%E5%81%89.png/500px-S%E1%BA%AFc_phong_cho_B%C3%B9i_T%C3%B4ng_V%C4%A9_%E8%A3%B4%E5%AE%97%E5%81%89.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dragon" title="Vietnamese dragon">Vietnamese dragon</a> on Emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C3%9D_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Ý Tông">Vĩnh Hựu</a>'s <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1736 edict conferring a title</figcaption></figure> Vietnamese literature has centuries-deep history and the country has a rich tradition of <a href="/wiki/Folk_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk literature">folk literature</a> based on the typical six–to-eight-verse poetic form (<a href="/wiki/L%E1%BB%A5c_b%C3%A1t" title="Lục bát">lục bát</a>) called ca dao which usually focuses on village ancestors and heroes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C6%B0%C6%A1ng2010-472">[460]</a> Written literature has been found dating back to the 10th century <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_dynasty" title="Ngô dynasty">Ngô dynasty</a>, with notable ancient authors including: <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%C3%A3i" title="Nguyễn Trãi">Nguyễn Trãi</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Xu%C3%A2n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Hồ Xuân Hương">Hồ Xuân Hương</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Du" title="Nguyễn Du">Nguyễn Du</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Chi%E1%BB%83u" title="Nguyễn Đình Chiểu">Nguyễn Đình Chiểu</a>. Some literary genres play an important role in theatrical performance, such as hát nói in <a href="/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9" title="Ca trù">ca trù</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton2015-473">[461]</a> Some poetic unions have also been formed in Vietnam, such as the tao đàn. Vietnamese literature has been influenced by Western styles in recent times, with the first literary transformation movement of <a href="/wiki/Th%C6%A1_m%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Thơ mới">thơ mới</a> emerging in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2008-474">[462]</a> Vietnamese folk literature is an intermingling of many forms. It is not only an oral tradition, but a mixing of three media: hidden (only retained in the memory of folk authors), fixed (written), and shown (performed). Folk literature usually exists in many versions, passed down orally, and has unknown authors. <a href="/wiki/Myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Myths">Myths</a> consist of stories about supernatural beings, heroes, creator gods and reflect the viewpoint of ancient people about human life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVo20124-475">[463]</a> They consist of creation stories, stories about their origins (Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ), <a href="/wiki/Culture_heroes" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture heroes">culture heroes</a> (<a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_Tinh_%E2%80%93_Th%E1%BB%A7y_Tinh" title="Sơn Tinh – Thủy Tinh">Sơn Tinh and Thủy Tinh</a>) which are referred to as a mountain and water spirit respectively and many other folklore tales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeodThi_Dieu20018-458">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETranLe20175-476">[464]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Music of Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ca_tr%C3%B9_performance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Three musicians are performing on a stage." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ca_tr%C3%B9_performance.jpg/220px-Ca_tr%C3%B9_performance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1135"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ca_tr%C3%B9_performance.jpg/220px-Ca_tr%C3%B9_performance.jpg" data-alt="Three musicians are performing on a stage." data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ca_tr%C3%B9_performance.jpg/330px-Ca_tr%C3%B9_performance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ca_tr%C3%B9_performance.jpg/440px-Ca_tr%C3%B9_performance.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9" title="Ca trù">Ca trù</a> trio performance in northern Vietnam</figcaption></figure> Traditional Vietnamese music varies between the country's northern and southern regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETr%E1%BA%A7n1972-477">[465]</a> Northern classical music is Vietnam's oldest musical form and is traditionally more formal. The origins of Vietnamese classical opera (<a href="/wiki/Tu%E1%BB%93ng" title="Tuồng">tuồng</a>) can be traced to the Mongol invasions in the 13th century when the Vietnamese captured a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a> troupe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiettinen1992163-478">[466]</a> Throughout its history, Vietnam has been the most heavily impacted by the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Chinese musical tradition</a> along with those of Japan, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETr%E1%BA%A7n1985-479">[467]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Nhã nhạc</a> is the most popular form of imperial court music, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A8o" title="Chèo">Chèo</a> is a form of generally satirical <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a>, while <a href="/wiki/X%E1%BA%A9m" title="Xẩm">Xẩm</a> or hát xẩm (xẩm singing) is a type of Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D" title="Quan họ">Quan họ</a> (alternate singing) is popular in the former <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_B%E1%BA%AFc_province" title="Hà Bắc province">Hà Bắc province</a> (which is now divided into <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh_province" title="Bắc Ninh province">Bắc Ninh</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Giang_province" title="Bắc Giang province">Bắc Giang</a> provinces) and across Vietnam. Another form of music called <a href="/wiki/Hat_chau_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat chau van">Hát chầu văn</a> or hát văn is used to invoke spirits during ceremonies. <a href="/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%A1c_d%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%99c_c%E1%BA%A3i_bi%C3%AAn" title="Nhạc dân tộc cải biên">Nhạc dân tộc cải biên</a> is a modern form of Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> which arose in the 1950s, while <a href="/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9" title="Ca trù">ca trù</a> (also known as hát ả đào) is a popular folk music. Hò can be thought of as the southern style of Quan họ. There is a range of traditional instruments, including the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_b%E1%BA%A7u" title="Đàn bầu">đàn bầu</a> (a monochord <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a>), the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_g%C3%A1o" title="Đàn gáo">đàn gáo</a> (a two-stringed <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a> with coconut body), and the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_nguy%E1%BB%87t" title="Đàn nguyệt">đàn nguyệt</a> (a two-stringed fretted moon <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>). In recent times, there have been some efforts at mixing Vietnamese traditional music—especially folk music—with modern music to revive and promote national music in the modern context and educate the younger generations about Vietnam's traditional musical instruments and singing styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoice_of_Vietnam2018d-480">[468]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolero#Vietnam" title="Bolero">Bolero</a> music has gained popularity in the country since the 1930s, albeit with a different style—a combination of traditional Vietnamese music with Western elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuy2016-481">[469]</a> In the 21st century, the modern Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> industry known as <a href="/wiki/V-pop" title="V-pop">V-pop</a> incorporates elements of many popular genres worldwide, such as <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">R&B</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPh%C6%B0%C6%A1ng2018-482">[470]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2018194-483">[471]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Vietnam">Media of Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Television_logo_from_2013.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Shown is the logo of the state broadcaster Vietnam Television." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Vietnam_Television_logo_from_2013.svg/220px-Vietnam_Television_logo_from_2013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="273"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 91px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Vietnam_Television_logo_from_2013.svg/220px-Vietnam_Television_logo_from_2013.svg.png" data-alt="Shown is the logo of the state broadcaster Vietnam Television." data-width="220" data-height="91" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Vietnam_Television_logo_from_2013.svg/330px-Vietnam_Television_logo_from_2013.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Vietnam_Television_logo_from_2013.svg/440px-Vietnam_Television_logo_from_2013.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Television" title="Vietnam Television">Vietnam Television</a> (VTV), the main <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">state television</a> station</figcaption></figure> Vietnam's media sector is regulated by the government under the 2004 Law on Publication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Justice''2004a-484">[472]</a> It is generally perceived that the country's media sector is controlled by the government and follows the official communist party line, though some newspapers are relatively outspoken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXuan_Dinh2000-485">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDattaMendizabal2018-486">[474]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Vietnam" title="Voice of Vietnam">Voice of Vietnam</a> (VOV) is the official state-run national radio broadcasting service, broadcasting internationally via shortwave using rented transmitters in other countries and providing broadcasts from its website, while <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Television" title="Vietnam Television">Vietnam Television</a> (VTV) is the national television broadcasting company. Since 1997, Vietnam has regulated public <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> access extensively using both legal and technical means. The resulting lockdown is widely referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Vietnam" title="Internet censorship in Vietnam">Bamboo Firewall</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkey2002-487">[475]</a> The collaborative project <a href="/wiki/OpenNet_Initiative" title="OpenNet Initiative">OpenNet Initiative</a> classifies Vietnam's level of online political censorship to be "pervasive",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpenNet_Initiative2012-488">[476]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> (RWB) considers Vietnam to be one of 15 global "internet enemies".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReporters_Without_Borders-489">[477]</a> Though the government of Vietnam maintains that such censorship is necessary to safeguard the country against obscene or sexually explicit content, many political and religious websites that are deemed to be undermining state authority are also blocked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkman_Klein_Center2006-490">[478]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuisine_of_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photographs of a phở noodle dish, a chè thái fruit dessert, a chả giò spring roll and a bánh mì sandwich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuisine_of_Vietnam.jpg/220px-Cuisine_of_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuisine_of_Vietnam.jpg/220px-Cuisine_of_Vietnam.jpg" data-alt="Photographs of a phở noodle dish, a chè thái fruit dessert, a chả giò spring roll and a bánh mì sandwich" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuisine_of_Vietnam.jpg/330px-Cuisine_of_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuisine_of_Vietnam.jpg/440px-Cuisine_of_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Some of the notable Vietnamese cuisine, clockwise from top-right: <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Phở">phở</a> noodle, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A8" title="Chè">chè</a> fruit dessert, <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A3_gi%C3%B2" title="Chả giò">chả giò</a> spring roll, and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_m%C3%AC" title="Bánh mì">bánh mì</a> sandwich</figcaption></figure> Traditionally, Vietnamese cuisine is based around five fundamental taste "elements" (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: ngũ vị): spicy (metal), sour (wood), salty (water), bitter (fire) and sweet (earth).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_Culture_Information_Network''2014-491">[479]</a> Common ingredients include <a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">fish sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">shrimp paste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>, rice, fresh herbs, fruits and vegetables. Vietnamese recipes use: <a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" title="Cymbopogon">lemongrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_mint" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese mint">Vietnamese mint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum" title="Eryngium foetidum">long coriander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saigon_cinnamon" title="Saigon cinnamon">Saigon cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird's eye chilli">bird's eye chilli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">lime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a> leaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Special_Broadcasting_Service''2013-492">[480]</a> Traditional Vietnamese cooking is known for its fresh ingredients, minimal use of oil and reliance on herbs and vegetables; it is considered one of the healthiest cuisines worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorapi2010-493">[481]</a> The use of meats such as pork, beef and chicken was relatively limited in the past. Instead freshwater fish, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> became widely used. Fish sauce, soy sauce, prawn sauce and limes are among the main flavouring ingredients. Vietnam has a strong <a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">street food</a> culture, with 40 popular dishes commonly found throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkMiller2017-494">[482]</a> Many notable Vietnamese dishes such as <a href="/wiki/G%E1%BB%8Fi_cu%E1%BB%91n" title="Gỏi cuốn">gỏi cuốn</a> (salad roll), <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_cu%E1%BB%91n" title="Bánh cuốn">bánh cuốn</a> (rice noodle roll), <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAn_ri%C3%AAu" title="Bún riêu">bún riêu</a> (rice vermicelli soup) and <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Phở">phở</a> noodles originated in the north and were introduced to central and southern Vietnam by northern migrants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen2011-495">[483]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThakerBarton2012170-496">[484]</a> Local foods in the north are often less spicy than southern dishes, as the colder northern climate limits the production and availability of spices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2017-497">[485]</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a> is frequently used in place of <a href="/wiki/Chilli_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilli pepper">chillis</a> to produce spicy flavours. Vietnamese drinks in the south also are usually served cold with <a href="/wiki/Ice_cube" title="Ice cube">ice cubes</a>, especially during the annual hot seasons; in contrast, in the north hot drinks are more preferable in a colder climate. Some examples of basic Vietnamese drinks include <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_iced_coffee" title="Vietnamese iced coffee">cà phê đá</a> (Vietnamese iced coffee), <a href="/wiki/Egg_coffee" title="Egg coffee">cà phê trứng</a> (egg coffee), <a href="/wiki/Chanh_mu%E1%BB%91i" title="Chanh muối">chanh muối</a> (salted pickled lime juice), <a href="/wiki/C%C6%A1m_r%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u" title="Cơm rượu">cơm rượu</a> (glutinous rice wine), <a href="/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_m%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nước mía">nước mía</a> (sugarcane juice) and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_lotus_tea" title="Vietnamese lotus tea">trà sen</a> (Vietnamese lotus tea).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatruny2014-498">[486]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays_and_festivals">Holidays and festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vietnam" title="Public holidays in Vietnam">Public holidays in Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_festivals_in_Vietnam" title="List of traditional festivals in Vietnam">List of traditional festivals in Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%90%C3%A8n_k%C3%A9o_qu%C3%A2n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A large round white fabric band decorated with red figures and images for Tết" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%C4%90%C3%A8n_k%C3%A9o_qu%C3%A2n.jpg/220px-%C4%90%C3%A8n_k%C3%A9o_qu%C3%A2n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%C4%90%C3%A8n_k%C3%A9o_qu%C3%A2n.jpg/220px-%C4%90%C3%A8n_k%C3%A9o_qu%C3%A2n.jpg" data-alt="A large round white fabric band decorated with red figures and images for Tết" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%C4%90%C3%A8n_k%C3%A9o_qu%C3%A2n.jpg/330px-%C4%90%C3%A8n_k%C3%A9o_qu%C3%A2n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%C4%90%C3%A8n_k%C3%A9o_qu%C3%A2n.jpg/440px-%C4%90%C3%A8n_k%C3%A9o_qu%C3%A2n.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Special <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tết">Tết</a> decoration in the country seen during the holiday</figcaption></figure> The country has eleven national recognised holidays. These include: <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> on 1 January; Vietnamese New Year (<a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt_Nguy%C3%AAn_%C4%90%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Tết Nguyên Đán">Tết Nguyên Đán</a>) from the last day of the last lunar month to fifth day of the first <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar month</a>; <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B9ng_Kings%27_Festival" title="Hùng Kings' Festival">Hùng Kings' Festival</a> on the 10th day of the third lunar month; <a href="/wiki/Reunification_Day" title="Reunification Day">Reunification Day</a> on 30 April; <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> on 1 May; and <a href="/wiki/National_Day_(Vietnam)" title="National Day (Vietnam)">National Day</a> on 2 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Justice''2012-499">[487]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETravel201737-500">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoan2018-501">[489]</a> During Tết, many Vietnamese from the major cities will return to their villages for family reunions and to pray for dead ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnh2016b-502">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrieu_Dan201792-503">[491]</a> Older people will usually give the young a <a href="/wiki/Red_envelope" title="Red envelope">lì xì</a> (red envelope) while special holiday food, such as <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_ch%C6%B0ng" title="Bánh chưng">bánh chưng</a> (rice cake) in a square shape together with variety of <a href="/wiki/Dried_fruit" title="Dried fruit">dried fruits</a>, are presented in the house for visitors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2018-504">[492]</a> Many other festivals are celebrated throughout the seasons, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BA%BFt_Nguy%C3%AAn_Ti%C3%AAu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tết Nguyên Tiêu (page does not exist)">Tết Nguyên Tiêu</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt_Trung_Thu" title="Tết Trung Thu">Tết Trung Thu</a> and various temple and nature festivals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETravel201734-505">[493]</a> In the highlands, <a href="/wiki/Elephant_racing" title="Elephant racing">Elephant Race Festivals</a> are held annually during the spring; riders will ride their elephants for about 1.6 km (0.99 mi) and the winning elephant will be given sugarcane.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglar200623-506">[494]</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_wedding" title="Traditional Vietnamese wedding">Traditional Vietnamese weddings</a> remain widely popular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonLee2005217-507">[495]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Vietnam" title="Sport in Vietnam">Sport in Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_traditional_games" title="List of Vietnamese traditional games">List of Vietnamese traditional games</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kh%C3%A1n_%C4%91%C3%A0i_B_-_S%C3%A2n_v%E1%BA%ADn_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kh%C3%A1n_%C4%91%C3%A0i_B_-_S%C3%A2n_v%E1%BA%ADn_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh.jpg/220px-Kh%C3%A1n_%C4%91%C3%A0i_B_-_S%C3%A2n_v%E1%BA%ADn_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kh%C3%A1n_%C4%91%C3%A0i_B_-_S%C3%A2n_v%E1%BA%ADn_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh.jpg/220px-Kh%C3%A1n_%C4%91%C3%A0i_B_-_S%C3%A2n_v%E1%BA%ADn_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kh%C3%A1n_%C4%91%C3%A0i_B_-_S%C3%A2n_v%E1%BA%ADn_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh.jpg/330px-Kh%C3%A1n_%C4%91%C3%A0i_B_-_S%C3%A2n_v%E1%BA%ADn_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kh%C3%A1n_%C4%91%C3%A0i_B_-_S%C3%A2n_v%E1%BA%ADn_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh.jpg/440px-Kh%C3%A1n_%C4%91%C3%A0i_B_-_S%C3%A2n_v%E1%BA%ADn_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_National_Stadium" title="Mỹ Đình National Stadium">Mỹ Đình National Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a>, Kim Kê and <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5_B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Võ Bình Định (page does not exist)">Võ Bình Định</a> are widespread in Vietnam,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2001548-508">[496]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENghiaLuan2017-509">[497]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> is the country's most popular sport.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''FourFourTwo''2017-510">[498]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_national_football_team" title="Vietnam national football team">national team</a> won the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Football_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN Football Championship">ASEAN Football Championship</a> twice in <a href="/wiki/2008_AFF_Championship" title="2008 AFF Championship">2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018_AFF_Championship" title="2018 AFF Championship">2018</a> and reached the <a href="/wiki/2007_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2007 AFC Asian Cup">2007 AFC Asian Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_AFC_Asian_Cup_knockout_stage#Vietnam_vs_Japan" title="2019 AFC Asian Cup knockout stage">quarter-finals</a> of <a href="/wiki/2019_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2019 AFC Asian Cup">2019 AFC Asian Cup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''China_Daily''2008-511">[499]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Saigon_Times_Daily''2018-512">[500]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomes2019-513">[501]</a> its junior team of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_national_under-23_football_team" title="Vietnam national under-23 football team">under-23</a> became the runners-up of <a href="/wiki/2018_AFC_U-23_Championship" title="2018 AFC U-23 Championship">2018 AFC U-23 Championship</a> and reached fourth place in <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_2018_Asian_Games" title="Football at the 2018 Asian Games">2018 Asian Games</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_national_under-20_football_team" title="Vietnam national under-20 football team">under-20</a> managed to qualify the <a href="/wiki/2017_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup" title="2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup">2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup</a> for the first time in their football history. And the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_national_under-17_football_team" title="Vietnam national under-17 football team">under-17</a> achieved the fourth place per 10 Teams of the <a href="/wiki/2000_AFC_U-16_Championship" title="2000 AFC U-16 Championship">2000 AFC U-16 Championship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERick2018-514">[502]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanJunLong2018-515">[503]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Vietnam women's national football team">women's national football team</a> had first appearance at the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="FIFA Women's World Cup">FIFA Women's World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2023 FIFA Women's World Cup">2023</a>, became the first 11-a-side national football team to participate in a World Cup tournament, and also traditionally dominates the <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_Southeast_Asian_Games#Women's_tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Football at the Southeast Asian Games">Southeast Asian Games</a>, along with its chief rival, <a href="/wiki/Thailand_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Thailand women's national football team">Thailand</a>. Other Western sports such as <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ping-pong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ping-pong">ping-pong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> are also widely popular. Vietnam has participated in the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> since <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Vietnam at the 1952 Summer Olympics">1952</a>. After the partition of the country in 1954, only South Vietnam competed in the games, sending athletes to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Vietnam at the 1956 Summer Olympics">1956</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="Vietnam at the 1972 Summer Olympics">1972</a> Olympics. Since the reunification of Vietnam in 1976, it has competed as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, attending every Summer Olympics from <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988</a> onwards. The present Vietnam Olympic Committee was formed in 1976 and recognised by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Olympic_Committee2018-516">[504]</a> Vietnam has never participated in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympic Games</a>. In 2016, Vietnam won their first <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold medal</a> at the Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims2016-517">[505]</a> Basketball has become an increasingly popular sport in Vietnam, especially in <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3c_Tr%C4%83ng" title="Sóc Trăng">Sóc Trăng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-518">[506]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vietnam-related_articles" title="Index of Vietnam-related articles">Index of Vietnam-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vietnam" title="Outline of Vietnam">Outline of Vietnam</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The census data was also cited in the United States Department of State's 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom regarding Vietnam. However, the report indicated that this figure did not include the potentially significant number of individuals who engage in Buddhist practices to a certain extent without being formally participated in a Buddhist religious group.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> An earlier United States Department of State report from 2019 revealed that 26.4 percent of the population identified with an organized religion. This breakdown included 14.9 percent identifying as Buddhist, 7.4 percent as Roman Catholic, 1.5 percent as Hòa Hảo Buddhist, 1.2 percent as Cao Đài, and 1.1 percent as Protestant. The remainder did not identify with any religious group or observed beliefs such as animism or the reverence of ancestors, tutelary and protective saints, national heroes, or esteemed local figures.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The most powerful political position is <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam</a>, not <a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">President</a>. The general secretary controls the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Politburo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Secretariat</a>, Vietnam's top decision-making bodies, making the officeholder the de facto leader of Vietnam. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> In effect since 1 January 2014<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News''2014-8">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> The area of Vietnam mentioned here is based on the land area statistics provided by the Vietnamese government. However, alternative figures exist. According to the CIA World Factbook, Vietnam's total area is 331,210 square kilometers,<a href="#cite_note-Vietnam-11">[8]</a> while the BBC cites a slightly different measurement of 331,699 square kilometers.<a href="#cite_note-Vietnam_country_profile-12">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Việt Nam <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[vîət nāːm]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cb\/Vietnam.ogg\/Vietnam.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Vietnam.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Vietnam.ogg/Vietnam.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam.ogg" title="File:Vietnam.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The spelling "Viet Nam" or the full Vietnamese form "Việt Nam" is sometimes used in English by local and government-operated media. "Viet Nam" is, in fact, formally designated and recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vietnam" title="Government of Vietnam">Government of Vietnam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> as the standardized country name. See also <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam#Other_spellings" title="Names of Vietnam">other spellings</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Alternatively the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam with a different spelling </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> The other one being <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymology-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etymology_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymology_32-1">b</a> At first, <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> requested the name "Nam Việt", but the <a href="/wiki/Jiaqing_Emperor" title="Jiaqing Emperor">Jiaqing Emperor</a> refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods200238-24">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaofeiGuoqing2016-31">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravel1971134-127">[118]</a> that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravel1971119-128">[119]</a> The United States, with the support of <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> and the United Kingdom, countered with the "American Plan",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravel1971140-129">[120]</a> which provided for <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> and other communist delegations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKort201796-130">[121]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/">"Vietnam"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Fisheries+Development+Center&rft.atitle=Fisheries+Country+Profile%3A+Vietnam&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seafdec.org%2Ffisheries-country-profile-viet-nam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDigInfo2007-325">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDigInfo2007_325-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDigInfo2007_325-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDigInfo2007">DigInfo 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorel2010-326">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorel2010_326-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorel2010_326-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorel2010">Borel 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Việt_Nam_News''2010-327"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News''2010_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News2010">Việt Nam News 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoblitz2009198-328"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoblitz2009198_328-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoblitz2009">Koblitz 2009</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECNRS2010-329"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECNRS2010_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCNRS2010">CNRS 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoppes2010-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoppes2010_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoppes2010">Koppes 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVietnam_National_Space_Centre2016-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVietnam_National_Space_Centre2016_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVietnam_National_Space_Centre2016">Vietnam National Space Centre 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVietnam_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology2017-332"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVietnam_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology2017_332-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVietnam_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology2017">Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaslan2017-333"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaslan2017_333-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaslan2017">Raslan 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO_Media_Services2016-334"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUNESCO_Media_Services2016_334-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUNESCO_Media_Services2016">UNESCO Media Services 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/assets/67729/2000%20Global%20Innovation%20Index%202024_WEB2.pdf">Global Innovation Index 2024. 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyenBinh_MinhPhamBurmistrova2016-362"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENguyenBinh_MinhPhamBurmistrova2016_362-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNguyenBinh_MinhPhamBurmistrova2016">Nguyen et al. 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Nikkei_Asian_Review''-363"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Nikkei_Asian_Review''_363-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNikkei_Asian_Review">Nikkei Asian Review</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViet_TrungQuoc_VietVan_Chat201670-364"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViet_TrungQuoc_VietVan_Chat201670_364-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViet_TrungQuoc_VietVan_Chat2016">Viet Trung, Quoc Viet & Van Chat 2016</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViet_TrungQuoc_VietVan_Chat201664-365"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViet_TrungQuoc_VietVan_Chat201664_365-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViet_TrungQuoc_VietVan_Chat2016">Viet Trung, Quoc Viet & Van Chat 2016</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham20156-366">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham20156_366-0">a</a> <a 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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnh2018-375"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnh2018_375-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnh2018">Anh 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNICEF2015-376"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUNICEF2015_376-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUNICEF2015">UNICEF 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Việt_Nam_News''2018c-377"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News''2018c_377-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News2018c">Việt Nam News 2018c</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Việt_Nam_News''2018d-378"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News''2018d_378-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News2018d">Việt Nam News 2018d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones199821-379">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones199821_379-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones199821_379-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones199821_379-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1998">Jones 1998</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs-380"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs_380-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnited_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1980-381"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1980_381-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1980">Fraser 1980</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Citizenship_and_Immigration''20131-382"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Citizenship_and_Immigration''20131_382-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Citizenship_and_Immigration2013">Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration 2013</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Government_of_Vietnam_(I)''-383"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Government_of_Vietnam_(I)''_383-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGovernment_of_Vietnam_(I)">Government of Vietnam (I)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECultural_Orientation_Resource_Centre7-384"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECultural_Orientation_Resource_Centre7_384-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCultural_Orientation_Resource_Centre">Cultural Orientation Resource Centre</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontagnard_Human_Rights_Organisation-385"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontagnard_Human_Rights_Organisation_385-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMontagnard_Human_Rights_Organisation">Montagnard Human Rights Organisation</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoskoff20081316-386"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoskoff20081316_386-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoskoff2008">Koskoff 2008</a>, p. 1316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoddLewis2003531-387"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoddLewis2003531_387-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoddLewis2003">Dodd & Lewis 2003</a>, p. 531. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmer1996-388"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmer1996_388-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmer1996">Amer 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeinberg2016-389"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeinberg2016_389-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeinberg2016">Feinberg 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''United_Nations_Population_Fund''2009117-390"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''United_Nations_Population_Fund''2009117_390-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnited_Nations_Population_Fund2009">United Nations Population Fund 2009</a>, p. 117. sfn error: no target: CITEREFUnited_Nations_Population_Fund2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2002-391"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2002_391-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorld_Bank2002">World Bank 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''United_Nations_Population_Fund''2009102-392"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''United_Nations_Population_Fund''2009102_392-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnited_Nations_Population_Fund2009">United Nations Population Fund 2009</a>, p. 102. sfn error: no target: CITEREFUnited_Nations_Population_Fund2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECiraDasturKilroyLozano2011194-393">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECiraDasturKilroyLozano2011194_393-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECiraDasturKilroyLozano2011194_393-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECiraDasturKilroyLozano2011194_393-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECiraDasturKilroyLozano2011194_393-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCiraDasturKilroyLozano2011">Cira et al. 2011</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETiezzi2016-394"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiezzi2016_394-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTiezzi2016">Tiezzi 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrương201819-395"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng201819_395-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng2018">Trương 2018</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-census-396"><a href="#cite_ref-census_396-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral_Statistics_Office2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/General_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam" title="General Statistics Office of Vietnam">General Statistics Office</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110045640/https://www.gso.gov.vn/du-lieu-va-so-lieu-thong-ke/2020/11/ket-qua-toan-bo-tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-nam-2019/">Kết quả Toàn bộ Tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở năm 2019 (Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census)</a>. Statistical Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-604-75-1532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-604-75-1532-5"><bdi>978-604-75-1532-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ket-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%E1%BA%BFt+qu%E1%BA%A3+To%C3%A0n+b%E1%BB%99+T%E1%BB%95ng+%C4%91i%E1%BB%81u+tra+d%C3%A2n+s%E1%BB%91+v%C3%A0+nh%C3%A0+%E1%BB%9F+n%C4%83m+2019+%28Completed+Results+of+the+2019+Viet+Nam+Population+and+Housing+Census%29&rft.pub=Statistical+Publishing+House&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-604-75-1532-5&rft.au=General+Statistics+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gso.gov.vn%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F12%2FKet-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECultural_Orientation_Resource_Centre10-399"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECultural_Orientation_Resource_Centre10_399-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCultural_Orientation_Resource_Centre">Cultural Orientation Resource Centre</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrickLiddicoat2019" class="citation book cs1">Kirkpatrick, Andy; Liddicoat, Anthony J. (17 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQuWDwAAQBAJ">The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia</a>. Routledge. pp. 187, 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-35449-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-35449-9"><bdi>978-1-317-35449-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+International+Handbook+of+Language+Education+Policy+in+Asia&rft.pages=187%2C+192&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-04-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-35449-9&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft.au=Liddicoat%2C+Anthony+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZQuWDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''French_Senate''1997-401"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''French_Senate''1997_401-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench_Senate1997">French Senate 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Van8-402"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Van8_402-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Van">Van Van</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Van9-403"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Van9_403-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Van">Van Van</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Government_of_the_United_Kingdom''2018-404"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Government_of_the_United_Kingdom''2018_404-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGovernment_of_the_United_Kingdom2018">Government of the United Kingdom 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWai-ming20023-405"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWai-ming20023_405-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWai-ming2002">Wai-ming 2002</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnh_Dinh201663-406"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnh_Dinh201663_406-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnh_Dinh2016">Anh Dinh 2016</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirano2016-407"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirano2016_407-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHirano2016">Hirano 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThống_Nhất" class="citation news cs1">Thống Nhất. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanoimoi.com.vn/ban-in/Giao-duc/992650/nha-truong-chon-1-trong-7-thu-tieng-lam-ngoai-ngu-1">"Nhà trường chọn 1 trong 7 thứ tiếng làm ngoại ngữ 1"</a>. Hànộimới. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621032914/http://www.hanoimoi.com.vn/ban-in/Giao-duc/992650/nha-truong-chon-1-trong-7-thu-tieng-lam-ngoai-ngu-1">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%A0n%E1%BB%99im%E1%BB%9Bi&rft.atitle=Nh%C3%A0+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+ch%E1%BB%8Dn+1+trong+7+th%E1%BB%A9+ti%E1%BA%BFng+l%C3%A0m+ngo%E1%BA%A1i+ng%E1%BB%AF+1&rft.au=Th%E1%BB%91ng+Nh%E1%BA%A5t&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hanoimoi.com.vn%2Fban-in%2FGiao-duc%2F992650%2Fnha-truong-chon-1-trong-7-thu-tieng-lam-ngoai-ngu-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2021" class="citation news cs1">Nguyễn, Tuệ (8 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thanhnien.vn/vi-sao-tieng-han-tieng-duc-la-ngoai-ngu-1-trong-truong-pho-thong-post1043764.html">"Vì sao tiếng Hàn, tiếng Đức là ngoại ngữ 1 trong trường phổ thông?"</a>. Thanh Niên. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621032913/https://thanhnien.vn/vi-sao-tieng-han-tieng-duc-la-ngoai-ngu-1-trong-truong-pho-thong-post1043764.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thanh+Ni%C3%AAn&rft.atitle=V%C3%AC+sao+ti%E1%BA%BFng+H%C3%A0n%2C+ti%E1%BA%BFng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c+l%C3%A0+ngo%E1%BA%A1i+ng%E1%BB%AF+1+trong+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+ph%E1%BB%95+th%C3%B4ng%3F&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Tu%E1%BB%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthanhnien.vn%2Fvi-sao-tieng-han-tieng-duc-la-ngoai-ngu-1-trong-truong-pho-thong-post1043764.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgọc_Diệp2021" class="citation news cs1">Ngọc Diệp (4 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tuoitre.vn/tieng-han-tieng-duc-duoc-dua-vao-chuong-trinh-pho-thong-hoc-sinh-duoc-tu-chon-20210304094821994.htm">"Tiếng Hàn, tiếng Đức được đưa vào chương trình phổ thông, học sinh được tự chọn"</a>. Tuổi Trẻ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621032925/https://tuoitre.vn/tieng-han-tieng-duc-duoc-dua-vao-chuong-trinh-pho-thong-hoc-sinh-duoc-tu-chon-20210304094821994.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tu%E1%BB%95i+Tr%E1%BA%BB&rft.atitle=Ti%E1%BA%BFng+H%C3%A0n%2C+ti%E1%BA%BFng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c+%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c+%C4%91%C6%B0a+v%C3%A0o+ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+tr%C3%ACnh+ph%E1%BB%95+th%C3%B4ng%2C+h%E1%BB%8Dc+sinh+%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c+t%E1%BB%B1+ch%E1%BB%8Dn&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft.au=Ng%E1%BB%8Dc+Di%E1%BB%87p&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftuoitre.vn%2Ftieng-han-tieng-duc-duoc-dua-vao-chuong-trinh-pho-thong-hoc-sinh-duoc-tu-chon-20210304094821994.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhạm2022" class="citation news cs1">Phạm, Mai (20 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vietnamplus.vn/cac-truong-hop-duoc-mien-thi-ngoai-ngu-ky-thi-tot-nghiep-thpt-2022/784750.vnp">"Các trường hợp được miễn thi ngoại ngữ kỳ thi tốt nghiệp THPT 2022"</a> [Exemption from the foreign language test in the high school graduation exam]. VietnamPlus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621025024/https://www.vietnamplus.vn/cac-truong-hop-duoc-mien-thi-ngoai-ngu-ky-thi-tot-nghiep-thpt-2022/784750.vnp">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHa_Tr%C3%A2n2014_428-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHa_Tr%C3%A2n2014">Ha Trân 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2013-429"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2013_429-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorld_Bank2013">World Bank 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2015-430"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2015_430-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorld_Bank2015">World Bank 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham2012-431"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham2012_431-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPham2012">Pham 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapmanLiu2013-432"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapmanLiu2013_432-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapmanLiu2013">Chapman & Liu 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_MoraWood201455-433"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_MoraWood201455_433-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_MoraWood2014">de Mora & Wood 2014</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_Net''2016b-434"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_Net''2016b_434-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVietnam_Net2016b">Vietnam Net 2016b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndex_Mundi2016-435"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndex_Mundi2016_435-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIndex_Mundi2016">Index Mundi 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2016a-436"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2016a_436-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorld_Bank2016a">World Bank 2016a</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWorld_Bank2016a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2016b-437"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2016b_437-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorld_Bank2016b">World Bank 2016b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2017-438"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2017_438-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorld_Bank2017">World Bank 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Harvard_Crimson''1972-439"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Harvard_Crimson''1972_439-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Harvard_Crimson1972">The Harvard Crimson 1972</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrung_Chien200665-440"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrung_Chien200665_440-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrung_Chien2006">Trung Chien 2006</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News2005-441"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News2005_441-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBBC_News2005">BBC News 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaberman2014-442"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaberman2014_442-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaberman2014">Haberman 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGustafsson2010125-443"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGustafsson2010125_443-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGustafsson2010">Gustafsson 2010</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Namde_VriesVan_ToiNagelkerke2005-444"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Namde_VriesVan_ToiNagelkerke2005_444-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Namde_VriesVan_ToiNagelkerke2005">Van Nam et al. 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrinhNguyenDoNguyen2016-445"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrinhNguyenDoNguyen2016_445-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrinhNguyenDoNguyen2016">Trinh et al. 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNeil2016-446">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNeil2016_446-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNeil2016_446-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcNeil2016">McNeil 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebermanWagstaff200940-447"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiebermanWagstaff200940_447-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiebermanWagstaff2009">Lieberman & Wagstaff 2009</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManyin20054-448"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManyin20054_448-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManyin2005">Manyin 2005</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVietnam_Women's_Union2005-449"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVietnam_Women's_Union2005_449-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVietnam_Women's_Union2005">Vietnam Women's Union 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2018a-450"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2018a_450-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorld_Bank2018a">World Bank 2018a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News2018-451"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News2018_451-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBBC_News2018">BBC News 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETung_Hieu201571-452"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETung_Hieu201571_452-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTung_Hieu2015">Tung Hieu 2015</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENhu_Nguyen201632-453">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENhu_Nguyen201632_453-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENhu_Nguyen201632_453-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENhu_Nguyen201632_453-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNhu_Nguyen2016">Nhu Nguyen 2016</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndres2001-454"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEndres2001_454-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEndres2001">Endres 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigoreva20144-455">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigoreva20144_455-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigoreva20144_455-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrigoreva2014">Grigoreva 2014</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage2012-456"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage2012_456-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage2012">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhuRenCollinsWarner2017142-457">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhuRenCollinsWarner2017142_457-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhuRenCollinsWarner2017142_457-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhuRenCollinsWarner2017">Zhu et al. 2017</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeodThi_Dieu20018-458">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeodThi_Dieu20018_458-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeodThi_Dieu20018_458-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLeodThi_Dieu2001">McLeod & Thi Dieu 2001</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomoki199636-459"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomoki199636_459-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomoki1996">Momoki 1996</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKỳ_PhươngLockhart201184-460"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK%E1%BB%B3_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ngLockhart201184_460-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFK%E1%BB%B3_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ngLockhart2011">Kỳ Phương & Lockhart 2011</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVo201296-461"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVo201296_461-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVo2012">Vo 2012</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallop2017-462"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallop2017_462-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGallop2017">Gallop 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVietnamese-American_Association-463"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVietnamese-American_Association_463-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVietnamese-American_Association">Vietnamese-American Association</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChonchirdsin2016-464"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChonchirdsin2016_464-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChonchirdsin2016">Chonchirdsin 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaitemata_District_Health_Board20152-465"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaitemata_District_Health_Board20152_465-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaitemata_District_Health_Board2015">Waitemata District Health Board 2015</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhuong2012-466"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhuong2012_466-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhuong2012">Phuong 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewandowski201112-467"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewandowski201112_467-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewandowski2011">Lewandowski 2011</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward201690-468">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward201690_468-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward201690_468-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChico2013354-469"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChico2013354_469-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChico2013">Chico 2013</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPha_Le2014-470"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPha_Le2014_470-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPha_Le2014">Pha Le 2014</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPha_Le2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_Net''2017a-471"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_Net''2017a_471-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVietnam_Net2017a">Vietnam Net 2017a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHương2010-472"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH%C6%B0%C6%A1ng2010_472-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFH%C6%B0%C6%A1ng2010">Hương 2010</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHương2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton2015-473"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton2015_473-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorton2015">Norton 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe2008-474"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe2008_474-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLe2008">Le 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVo20124-475"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVo20124_475-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVo2012">Vo 2012</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETranLe20175-476"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETranLe20175_476-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTranLe2017">Tran & Le 2017</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrần1972-477"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETr%E1%BA%A7n1972_477-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTr%E1%BA%A7n1972">Trần 1972</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiettinen1992163-478"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiettinen1992163_478-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiettinen1992">Miettinen 1992</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrần1985-479"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETr%E1%BA%A7n1985_479-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTr%E1%BA%A7n1985">Trần 1985</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoice_of_Vietnam2018d-480"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoice_of_Vietnam2018d_480-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVoice_of_Vietnam2018d">Voice of Vietnam 2018d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuy2016-481"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuy2016_481-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuy2016">Duy 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhương2018-482"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPh%C6%B0%C6%A1ng2018_482-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPh%C6%B0%C6%A1ng2018">Phương 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2018194-483"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2018194_483-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen2018">Chen 2018</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Justice''2004a-484"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Justice''2004a_484-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Justice2004a">Ministry of Justice 2004a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXuan_Dinh2000-485"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXuan_Dinh2000_485-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFXuan_Dinh2000">Xuan Dinh 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDattaMendizabal2018-486"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDattaMendizabal2018_486-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDattaMendizabal2018">Datta & Mendizabal 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkey2002-487"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkey2002_487-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkey2002">Wilkey 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpenNet_Initiative2012-488"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpenNet_Initiative2012_488-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOpenNet_Initiative2012">OpenNet Initiative 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReporters_Without_Borders-489"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReporters_Without_Borders_489-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReporters_Without_Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkman_Klein_Center2006-490"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkman_Klein_Center2006_490-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerkman_Klein_Center2006">Berkman Klein Center 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_Culture_Information_Network''2014-491"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Vietnam_Culture_Information_Network''2014_491-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVietnam_Culture_Information_Network2014">Vietnam Culture Information Network 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Special_Broadcasting_Service''2013-492"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Special_Broadcasting_Service''2013_492-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpecial_Broadcasting_Service2013">Special Broadcasting Service 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorapi2010-493"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorapi2010_493-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorapi2010">Corapi 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkMiller2017-494"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkMiller2017_494-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarkMiller2017">Clark & Miller 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen2011-495"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENguyen2011_495-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNguyen2011">Nguyen 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThakerBarton2012170-496"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThakerBarton2012170_496-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThakerBarton2012">Thaker & Barton 2012</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2017-497"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2017_497-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2017">Williams 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatruny2014-498"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatruny2014_498-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBatruny2014">Batruny 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Justice''2012-499"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Ministry_of_Justice''2012_499-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Justice2012">Ministry of Justice 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETravel201737-500"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravel201737_500-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTravel2017">Travel 2017</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoan2018-501"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoan2018_501-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoan2018">Loan 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnh2016b-502"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnh2016b_502-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnh2016b">Anh 2016b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrieu_Dan201792-503"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrieu_Dan201792_503-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrieu_Dan2017">Trieu Dan 2017</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2018-504"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2018_504-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPike2018">Pike 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETravel201734-505"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravel201734_505-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTravel2017">Travel 2017</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglar200623-506"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglar200623_506-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglar2006">Englar 2006</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonLee2005217-507"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonLee2005217_507-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonLee2005">Anderson & Lee 2005</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2001548-508"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2001548_508-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2001">Green 2001</a>, p. 548. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENghiaLuan2017-509"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENghiaLuan2017_509-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNghiaLuan2017">Nghia & Luan 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''FourFourTwo''2017-510"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''FourFourTwo''2017_510-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFourFourTwo2017">FourFourTwo 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''China_Daily''2008-511"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''China_Daily''2008_511-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChina_Daily2008">China Daily 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Saigon_Times_Daily''2018-512"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Saigon_Times_Daily''2018_512-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Saigon_Times_Daily2018">The Saigon Times Daily 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomes2019-513"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGomes2019_513-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGomes2019">Gomes 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERick2018-514"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERick2018_514-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRick2018">Rick 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanJunLong2018-515"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanJunLong2018_515-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYanJunLong2018">Yan, Jun & Long 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Olympic_Committee2018-516"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Olympic_Committee2018_516-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInternational_Olympic_Committee2018">International Olympic Committee 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESims2016-517"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims2016_517-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSims2016">Sims 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-518"><a href="#cite_ref-518">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vietnamonline.com/az/basketball.html">Vietnam basketball</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225081641/https://www.vietnamonline.com/az/basketball.html">Archived</a> 25 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Vietnam Online. Accessed 19 February 2020. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print">Print</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDror2018" class="citation book cs1">Dror, Olga (2018). Making Two Vietnams: War and Youth Identities, 1965–1975. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47012-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47012-4"><bdi>978-1-108-47012-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Two+Vietnams%3A+War+and+Youth+Identities%2C+1965%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47012-4&rft.aulast=Dror&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoscha2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Goscha" title="Christopher Goscha">Goscha, Christopher</a> (2016). Vietnam: A New History. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09436-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09436-3"><bdi>978-0-465-09436-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-465-09436-3&rft.aulast=Goscha&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolcombe2020" class="citation book cs1">Holcombe, Alec (2020). Mass Mobilization in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1945–1960. 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Current Book Distributors.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnamese+Nations%3A+Contribution+to+a+History&rft.pub=Current+Book+Distributors&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Chesneaux&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrVpuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dearly%2Bly%2Bdynasty%2Bvan%2Bxuan%2Bindependent%2Bchina%2B544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeneghan1969" class="citation book cs1">Heneghan, George Martin (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tuVCAAAAIAAJ&q=diem+detain+communist+reeducation">Nationalism, Communism and the National Liberation Front of Vietnam: Dilemma for American Foreign Policy</a>. Department of Political Science, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%2C+Communism+and+the+National+Liberation+Front+of+Vietnam%3A+Dilemma+for+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Department+of+Political+Science%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Heneghan&rft.aufirst=George+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtuVCAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Ddiem%2Bdetain%2Bcommunist%2Breeducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravel1971" class="citation book cs1">Gravel, Mike (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7yMQtQEACAAJ&q=the+pentagon+papers+beacon+press+volume+3">The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United States Decision-making on Vietnam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0526-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0526-2"><bdi>978-0-8070-0526-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentagon+Papers%3A+The+Defense+Department+History+of+United+States+Decision-making+on+Vietnam&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-0526-2&rft.aulast=Gravel&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7yMQtQEACAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bpentagon%2Bpapers%2Bbeacon%2Bpress%2Bvolume%2B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0wNAQAAIAAJ&q=early+ly+dynasty+van+xuan+independent+china+544">Peasant and Labour</a>. 1972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasant+and+Labour&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0wNAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dearly%2Bly%2Bdynasty%2Bvan%2Bxuan%2Bindependent%2Bchina%2B544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYue_Hashimoto1972" class="citation book cs1">Yue Hashimoto, Oi-kan (1972). Phonology of Cantonese. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08442-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08442-0"><bdi>978-0-521-08442-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonology+of+Cantonese&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08442-0&rft.aulast=Yue+Hashimoto&rft.aufirst=Oi-kan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJukes1973" class="citation book cs1">Jukes, Geoffrey (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietunioninasi00geof">The Soviet Union in Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02393-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02393-2"><bdi>978-0-520-02393-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Union+in+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02393-2&rft.aulast=Jukes&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsovietunioninasi00geof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1975" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Robert F. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RclmAAAAMAAJ&q=100,000+execution+north+vietnam+land+reform">Vietnamese communism, its origins and development</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institution Press">Hoover Institution Press</a>, Stanford University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-6431-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-6431-3"><bdi>978-0-8179-6431-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnamese+communism%2C+its+origins+and+development&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-6431-3&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRclmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D100%2C000%2Bexecution%2Bnorth%2Bvietnam%2Bland%2Breform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhan1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Phan, Khoang (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5BsaAAAAMAAJ&q=vietnam+1558+bao+lam">Việt sử: xứ đàng trong, 1558–1777. Cuộc nam-tié̂n của dân-tộc Việt-Nam</a>. Nhà Sách Khai Trí (in Vietnamese). Xuân thu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104061400/https://books.google.com/books?id=5BsaAAAAMAAJ&q=vietnam+1558+bao+lam">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+s%E1%BB%AD%3A+x%E1%BB%A9+%C4%91%C3%A0ng+trong%2C+1558%E2%80%931777.+Cu%E1%BB%99c+nam-ti%C3%A9%CC%82n+c%E1%BB%A7a+d%C3%A2n-t%E1%BB%99c+Vi%E1%BB%87t-Nam&rft.series=Nh%C3%A0+S%C3%A1ch+Khai+Tr%C3%AD&rft.pub=Xu%C3%A2n+thu&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Phan&rft.aufirst=Khoang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5BsaAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dvietnam%2B1558%2Bbao%2Blam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVu1979" class="citation book cs1">Vu, Tu Lap (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-oWGAAAAIAAJ&q=vietnam+climate">Vietnam: Geographical Data</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (Vietnam)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+Geographical+Data&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Vu&rft.aufirst=Tu+Lap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-oWGAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dvietnam%2Bclimate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewy1980" class="citation book cs1">Lewy, Guenter (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americainvietnam00lewy">America in Vietnam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991352-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991352-7"><bdi>978-0-19-991352-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+in+Vietnam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-19-991352-7&rft.aulast=Lewy&rft.aufirst=Guenter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericainvietnam00lewy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmgren1980" class="citation book cs1">Holmgren, Jennifer (1980). Chinese colonisation of northern Vietnam: administrative geography and political development in the Tongking Delta, first to sixth centuries A.D. Australian National University, Faculty of Asian Studies: distributed by Australian University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-909879-12-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-909879-12-9"><bdi>978-0-909879-12-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+colonisation+of+northern+Vietnam%3A+administrative+geography+and+political+development+in+the+Tongking+Delta%2C+first+to+sixth+centuries+A.D.&rft.pub=Australian+National+University%2C+Faculty+of+Asian+Studies%3A+distributed+by+Australian+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-909879-12-9&rft.aulast=Holmgren&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1983" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Keith Weller (1983). The Birth of Vietnam. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04428-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04428-9"><bdi>978-0-520-04428-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Vietnam&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04428-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Keith+Weller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard1984" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Jane Kate (1984). 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Marr">David G. Marr</a> (ed.). The Red Earth: A Vietnamese Memoir of Life on a Colonial Rubber Plantation. Southeast Asia Series. Translated by John Spragens, Jr. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-896-80119-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-896-80119-6"><bdi>978-0-896-80119-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Earth%3A+A+Vietnamese+Memoir+of+Life+on+a+Colonial+Rubber+Plantation&rft.place=Athens%2C+Ohio&rft.series=Southeast+Asia+Series&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-896-80119-6&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Tu+Binh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhánh_Huỳnh1986" class="citation book cs1">Khánh Huỳnh, Kim (1986). Vietnamese Communism, 1925–1945. Cornell University Pres]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9397-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9397-3"><bdi>978-0-8014-9397-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnamese+Communism%2C+1925%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Pres%5D&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9397-3&rft.aulast=Kh%C3%A1nh+Hu%E1%BB%B3nh&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1990" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Robert Hopkins (1990). United States and Vietnam 1787–1941. DIANE Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-0810-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-0810-5"><bdi>978-0-7881-0810-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+and+Vietnam+1787%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-0810-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Robert+Hopkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod1991" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, Mark W. (1991). The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention, 1862–1874. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93562-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93562-7"><bdi>978-0-275-93562-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnamese+Response+to+French+Intervention%2C+1862%E2%80%931874&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-275-93562-7&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoes1992" class="citation book cs1">Joes, Anthony James (1992). Modern Guerrilla Insurgency. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94263-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94263-2"><bdi>978-0-275-94263-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Guerrilla+Insurgency&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94263-2&rft.aulast=Joes&rft.aufirst=Anthony+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiettinen1992" class="citation book cs1">Miettinen, Jukka O. (1992). Classical Dance and Theatre in South-East Asia. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-588595-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-588595-8"><bdi>978-0-19-588595-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Dance+and+Theatre+in+South-East+Asia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-588595-8&rft.aulast=Miettinen&rft.aufirst=Jukka+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdhikariKirkpatrickWeiss1992" class="citation book cs1">Adhikari, Ramesh; Kirkpatrick, Colin H.; Weiss, John (1992). Industrial and Trade Policy Reform in Developing Countries. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3553-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3553-1"><bdi>978-0-7190-3553-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+and+Trade+Policy+Reform+in+Developing+Countries&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3553-1&rft.aulast=Adhikari&rft.aufirst=Ramesh&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+Colin+H.&rft.au=Weiss%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkazawaAokiKimura1992" class="citation book cs1">Akazawa, Takeru; Aoki, Kenichi; Kimura, Tasuku (1992). The evolution and dispersal of modern humans in Asia. <a href="/wiki/Hakusensha" title="Hakusensha">Hokusen-sha</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-938424-41-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-938424-41-1"><bdi>978-4-938424-41-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evolution+and+dispersal+of+modern+humans+in+Asia&rft.pub=Hokusen-sha&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-4-938424-41-1&rft.aulast=Akazawa&rft.aufirst=Takeru&rft.au=Aoki%2C+Kenichi&rft.au=Kimura%2C+Tasuku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortada1994" class="citation book cs1">Cortada, James W. (1994). Spain in the Nineteenth-century World: Essays on Spanish Diplomacy, 1789–1898. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27655-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27655-2"><bdi>978-0-313-27655-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+in+the+Nineteenth-century+World%3A+Essays+on+Spanish+Diplomacy%2C+1789%E2%80%931898&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-313-27655-2&rft.aulast=Cortada&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyes1995" class="citation book cs1">Keyes, Charles F. (1995). The Golden Peninsula: Culture and Adaptation in Mainland Southeast Asia. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1696-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1696-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-1696-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Peninsula%3A+Culture+and+Adaptation+in+Mainland+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1696-4&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGettlemanFranklinYoungFranklin1995" class="citation book cs1">Gettleman, Marvin E.; Franklin, Jane; Young, Marilyn B.; Franklin, H. Bruce (1995). Vietnam and America: A Documented History. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3362-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3362-5"><bdi>978-0-8021-3362-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+and+America%3A+A+Documented+History&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3362-5&rft.aulast=Gettleman&rft.aufirst=Marvin+E.&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Jane&rft.au=Young%2C+Marilyn+B.&rft.au=Franklin%2C+H.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yfaOAAAAIAAJ&q=vietnam+tropical+forest+25%25">Proceedings of the Regional Dialogue on Biodiversity and Natural Resources Management in Mainland Southeast Asian Economies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Yunnan, China, 21–24 February 1995</a>. Natural Resources and Environment Program, Thailand Development Research Institute Foundation. 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Regional+Dialogue+on+Biodiversity+and+Natural+Resources+Management+in+Mainland+Southeast+Asian+Economies%2C+Kunming+Institute+of+Botany%2C+Yunnan%2C+China%2C+21%E2%80%9324+February+1995&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+and+Environment+Program%2C+Thailand+Development+Research+Institute+Foundation&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyfaOAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dvietnam%2Btropical%2Bforest%2B25%2525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampson1996" class="citation book cs1">Hampson, Fen Osler (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nurturingpeacewh0000hamp">Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed Or Fail</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_Institute_of_Peace_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="US Institute of Peace Press">US Institute of Peace Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878379-55-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878379-55-9"><bdi>978-1-878379-55-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nurturing+Peace%3A+Why+Peace+Settlements+Succeed+Or+Fail&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-878379-55-9&rft.aulast=Hampson&rft.aufirst=Fen+Osler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnurturingpeacewh0000hamp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_LaetHerrmann1996" class="citation book cs1">de Laet, Sigfried J.; Herrmann, Joachim (1996). History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102812-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102812-0"><bdi>978-92-3-102812-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Humanity%3A+From+the+seventh+century+B.C.+to+the+seventh+century+A.D.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102812-0&rft.aulast=de+Laet&rft.aufirst=Sigfried+J.&rft.au=Herrmann%2C+Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonnessonAntlov1996" class="citation book cs1">Tonnesson, Stein; Antlov, Hans (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asianformsofnati0000unse">Asian Forms of the Nation</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0442-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0442-2"><bdi>978-0-7007-0442-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Forms+of+the+Nation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0442-2&rft.aulast=Tonnesson&rft.aufirst=Stein&rft.au=Antlov%2C+Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasianformsofnati0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1997" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Geoffrey (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vietnamdawnofnew00murr">Vietnam Dawn of a New Market</a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-17392-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-17392-0"><bdi>978-0-312-17392-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+Dawn+of+a+New+Market&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-312-17392-0&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvietnamdawnofnew00murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1998" class="citation book cs1">Jones, John R. (1998). Guide to Vietnam. Bradt Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898323-67-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898323-67-9"><bdi>978-1-898323-67-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Vietnam&rft.pub=Bradt+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-898323-67-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrigham1998" class="citation book cs1">Brigham, Robert Kendall (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guerrilladiploma00brig">Guerrilla Diplomacy: The NLF's Foreign Relations and the Viet Nam War</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3317-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3317-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-3317-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerrilla+Diplomacy%3A+The+NLF%27s+Foreign+Relations+and+the+Viet+Nam+War&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3317-7&rft.aulast=Brigham&rft.aufirst=Robert+Kendall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguerrilladiploma00brig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi1998" class="citation book cs1">Li, Tana (1998). 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Market Reform in Vietnam: Building Institutions for Development. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-288-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-288-5"><bdi>978-1-56720-288-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Market+Reform+in+Vietnam%3A+Building+Institutions+for+Development&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56720-288-5&rft.aulast=Litvack&rft.aufirst=Jennie&rft.au=Litvack%2C+Jennie+Ilene&rft.au=Rondinelli%2C+Dennis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐức_TrầnThư_Hà2000" class="citation book cs1">Đức Trần, Hồng; Thư Hà, Anh (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Th%E1%BB%A5c+Ph%C3%A1n+257+bc">A Brief Chronology of Vietnam's History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_Publishers" title="Thế Giới Publishers">Thế Giới Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Chronology+of+Vietnam%27s+History&rft.pub=Th%E1%BA%BF+Gi%E1%BB%9Bi+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c+Tr%E1%BA%A7n&rft.aufirst=H%E1%BB%93ng&rft.au=Th%C6%B0+H%C3%A0%2C+Anh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYZuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DTh%25E1%25BB%25A5c%2BPh%25C3%25A1n%2B257%2Bbc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2001" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Bernard A. 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Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3354-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3354-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-3354-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+L%C3%BC+Buwei&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3354-0&rft.aulast=Knoblock&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Riegel%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5sUuAQAAIAAJ&q=pakistan+embassy+hanoi+2000">Selections from Regional Press</a>. 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ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-150-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-150-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-150-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martial+Arts+of+the+World%3A+A-Q&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-150-2&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlströmKällén2002" class="citation conference cs1">Karlström, Anna; Källén, Anna (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0nFuAAAAMAAJ&q=lang+gao+tooth+vietnam">Southeast Asian Archaeology</a>. Östasiatiska Samlingarna (Stockholm, Sweden), European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists. International Conference. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Far_Eastern_Antiquities,_Stockholm" title="Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm">Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-970616-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-970616-0-5"><bdi>978-91-970616-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asian+Archaeology&rft.pub=Museum+of+Far+Eastern+Antiquities%2C+Stockholm&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-91-970616-0-5&rft.aulast=Karlstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=K%C3%A4ll%C3%A9n%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0nFuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dlang%2Bgao%2Btooth%2Bvietnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinsonChristensen2002" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, David; Christensen, Karen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo00davi">Encyclopedia of Modern Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31247-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31247-7"><bdi>978-0-684-31247-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Asia&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31247-7&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Christensen%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofmo00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelley2002" class="citation book cs1">Pelley, Patricia M. 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Nova Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-368-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-368-6"><bdi>978-1-59033-368-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+Current+Issues+and+Historical+Background&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-59033-368-6&rft.aulast=Largo&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPageSonnenburg2003" class="citation book cs1">Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia. 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Vietnam. <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-095-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-095-4"><bdi>978-1-84353-095-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-095-4&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiẻ̂n_Lê2003" class="citation book cs1">Hiẻ̂n Lê, Năng (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bXduAAAAMAAJ&q=kh%C3%BAc+autonomy">Three victories on the Bach Dang river</a>. 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Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+Parallels%3A+Integration+of+the+Mainland+Southeast+Asia+in+Global+Context%2C+c.+800%E2%80%931830%2C+Vol+1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProtected_Areas_and_Development_Partnership2003" class="citation book cs1">Protected Areas and Development Partnership (2003). Review of Protected Areas and Development in the Four Countries of the Lower Mekong River Region. ICEM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9750332-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9750332-4-1"><bdi>978-0-9750332-4-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+Protected+Areas+and+Development+in+the+Four+Countries+of+the+Lower+Mekong+River+Region&rft.pub=ICEM&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9750332-4-1&rft.au=Protected+Areas+and+Development+Partnership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeggle2004" class="citation book cs1">Meggle, Georg (2004). Ethics of Humanitarian Interventions. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-032773-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-032773-1"><bdi>978-3-11-032773-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+of+Humanitarian+Interventions&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-11-032773-1&rft.aulast=Meggle&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. 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Victoria University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86473-519-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86473-519-5"><bdi>978-0-86473-519-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+and+New+Zealand%3A+A+History+of+Regional+and+Bilateral+Relations&rft.pub=Victoria+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-86473-519-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Anthony+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlterman2005" class="citation book cs1">Alterman, Eric (2005). When Presidents Lie: A History of Official Deception and Its Consequences. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303604-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303604-3"><bdi>978-0-14-303604-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Presidents+Lie%3A+A+History+of+Official+Deception+and+Its+Consequences&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303604-3&rft.aulast=Alterman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonLee2005" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Wanni Wibulswasdi; Lee, Robert G. (2005). Displacements and Diasporas: Asians in the Americas. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3611-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3611-8"><bdi>978-0-8135-3611-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Displacements+and+Diasporas%3A+Asians+in+the+Americas&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3611-8&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Wanni+Wibulswasdi&rft.au=Lee%2C+Robert+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissi2006" class="citation book cs1">Kissi, Edward (2006). Revolution and Genocide in Ethiopia and Cambodia. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1263-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1263-2"><bdi>978-0-7391-1263-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+Genocide+in+Ethiopia+and+Cambodia&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1263-2&rft.aulast=Kissi&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxenhamTayles2006" class="citation book cs1">Oxenham, Marc; Tayles, Nancy (2006). Bioarchaeology of Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82580-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82580-1"><bdi>978-0-521-82580-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioarchaeology+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82580-1&rft.aulast=Oxenham&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Tayles%2C+Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglar2006" class="citation book cs1">Englar, Mary (2006). Vietnam: A Question and Answer Book. Capstone Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7368-6414-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7368-6414-5"><bdi>978-0-7368-6414-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+Question+and+Answer+Book&rft.pub=Capstone+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7368-6414-5&rft.aulast=Englar&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranReid2006" class="citation book cs1">Tran, Nhung Tuyet; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Reid_(academic)" title="Anthony Reid (academic)">Reid, Anthony</a>, eds. (2006). Viet Nam: Borderless Histories. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-21773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-21773-0"><bdi>978-0-299-21773-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viet+Nam%3A+Borderless+Histories&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-299-21773-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoàng2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoàng, Anh Tuấn (2007). Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Relations, 1637–1700. Brill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15601-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15601-2"><bdi>978-90-04-15601-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silk+for+Silver%3A+Dutch-Vietnamese+Relations%2C+1637%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15601-2&rft.aulast=Ho%C3%A0ng&rft.aufirst=Anh+Tu%E1%BA%A5n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffries2007" class="citation book cs1">Jeffries, Ian (2007). Vietnam: A Guide to Economic and Political Developments. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-16454-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-16454-7"><bdi>978-1-134-16454-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+Guide+to+Economic+and+Political+Developments&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-16454-7&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen2007" class="citation book cs1">Olsen, Mari (2007). Soviet-Vietnam Relations and the Role of China 1949–64: Changing Alliances. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-17413-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-17413-3"><bdi>978-1-134-17413-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet-Vietnam+Relations+and+the+Role+of+China+1949%E2%80%9364%3A+Changing+Alliances&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-17413-3&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Mari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeville2007" class="citation book cs1">Neville, Peter (2007). Britain in Vietnam: Prelude to Disaster, 1945–46. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-24476-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-24476-8"><bdi>978-1-134-24476-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+in+Vietnam%3A+Prelude+to+Disaster%2C+1945%E2%80%9346&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-24476-8&rft.aulast=Neville&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, T. (2007). Britain and the Origins of the Vietnam War: UK Policy in Indo-China, 1943–50. Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59166-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59166-0"><bdi>978-0-230-59166-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Origins+of+the+Vietnam+War%3A+UK+Policy+in+Indo-China%2C+1943%E2%80%9350&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-230-59166-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoskoff2008" class="citation book cs1">Koskoff, Ellen (2008). The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99404-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99404-0"><bdi>978-0-415-99404-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+The+Middle+East%2C+South+Asia%2C+East+Asia%2C+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-99404-0&rft.aulast=Koskoff&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsay2008" class="citation book cs1">Ramsay, Jacob (2008). Mandarins and Martyrs: The Church and the Nguyen Dynasty in Early Nineteenth-century Vietnam. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7954-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7954-8"><bdi>978-0-8047-7954-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandarins+and+Martyrs%3A+The+Church+and+the+Nguyen+Dynasty+in+Early+Nineteenth-century+Vietnam&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7954-8&rft.aulast=Ramsay&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalò2009" class="citation book cs1">Calò, Ambra (2009). Trails of Bronze Drums Across Early Southeast Asia: Exchange Routes and Connected Cultural Spheres. <a href="/wiki/Archaeopress" title="Archaeopress">Archaeopress</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0396-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0396-3"><bdi>978-1-4073-0396-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trails+of+Bronze+Drums+Across+Early+Southeast+Asia%3A+Exchange+Routes+and+Connected+Cultural+Spheres&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4073-0396-3&rft.aulast=Cal%C3%B2&rft.aufirst=Ambra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2009" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Gitesh (2009). Traces of Indian Culture in Vietnam. <a href="/wiki/Rajkamal_Prakashan" title="Rajkamal Prakashan">Rajkamal Prakashan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-905401-4-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-905401-4-8"><bdi>978-81-905401-4-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traces+of+Indian+Culture+in+Vietnam&rft.pub=Rajkamal+Prakashan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-905401-4-8&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Gitesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssermanBowman2009" class="citation book cs1">Isserman, Maurice; Bowman, John Stewart (2009). Vietnam War. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0015-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0015-9"><bdi>978-1-4381-0015-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+War&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0015-9&rft.aulast=Isserman&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Bowman%2C+John+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoblitz2009" class="citation book cs1">Koblitz, Neal (2009). Random Curves: Journeys of a Mathematician. Springer Science + Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-74078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-74078-0"><bdi>978-3-540-74078-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Random+Curves%3A+Journeys+of+a+Mathematician&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%2B+Business+Media&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-540-74078-0&rft.aulast=Koblitz&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottrell2009" class="citation book cs1">Cottrell, Robert C. (2009). Vietnam. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2147-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2147-5"><bdi>978-1-4381-2147-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2147-5&rft.aulast=Cottrell&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsian_Development_Bank2010" class="citation book cs1">Asian Development Bank (2010). Asian Development Outlook 2010 Update. <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9092-181-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9092-181-3"><bdi>978-92-9092-181-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Development+Outlook+2010+Update&rft.pub=Asian+Development+Bank&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-92-9092-181-3&rft.au=Asian+Development+Bank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockard2010" class="citation book cs1">Lockard, Craig A. (2010). Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume 2: Since 1450. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4390-8536-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4390-8536-3"><bdi>978-1-4390-8536-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Societies%2C+Networks%2C+and+Transitions%2C+Volume+2%3A+Since+1450&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4390-8536-3&rft.aulast=Lockard&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2010" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Mai (2010). RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era. <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4915-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4915-5"><bdi>978-0-8330-4915-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RAND+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+A+History+of+the+Vietnam+War+Era&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-4915-5&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Mai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustafsson2010" class="citation book cs1">Gustafsson, Mai Lan (2010). War and Shadows: The Haunting of Vietnam. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5745-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5745-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-5745-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Shadows%3A+The+Haunting+of+Vietnam&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-5745-6&rft.aulast=Gustafsson&rft.aufirst=Mai+Lan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Daniel (2011). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76575-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76575-6"><bdi>978-0-521-76575-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76575-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewandowski2011" class="citation book cs1">Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. (2011). The Complete Costume Dictionary. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4004-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4004-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-4004-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Costume+Dictionary&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4004-1&rft.aulast=Lewandowski&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike2011" class="citation book cs1">Pike, Francis (2011). Empires at War: A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-029-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-029-9"><bdi>978-0-85773-029-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+at+War%3A+A+Short+History+of+Modern+Asia+Since+World+War+II&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-029-9&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVierraVierra2011" class="citation book cs1">Vierra, Kimberly; Vierra, Brian (2011). Vietnam Business Guide: Getting Started in Tomorrow's Market Today. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-17881-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-17881-2"><bdi>978-1-118-17881-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+Business+Guide%3A+Getting+Started+in+Tomorrow%27s+Market+Today&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-118-17881-2&rft.aulast=Vierra&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft.au=Vierra%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVo2011" class="citation book cs1">Vo, Nghia M. (2011). Saigon: A History. McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8634-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8634-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-8634-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saigon%3A+A+History&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8634-2&rft.aulast=Vo&rft.aufirst=Nghia+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoo2011" class="citation book cs1">Khoo, Nicholas (2011). Collateral Damage: Sino-Soviet Rivalry and the Termination of the Sino-Vietnamese Alliance. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15078-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15078-1"><bdi>978-0-231-15078-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collateral+Damage%3A+Sino-Soviet+Rivalry+and+the+Termination+of+the+Sino-Vietnamese+Alliance&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15078-1&rft.aulast=Khoo&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookeLiAnderson2011" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana; Anderson, James (2011). The Tongking Gulf Through History. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4336-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4336-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-4336-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tongking+Gulf+Through+History&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4336-9&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Nola&rft.au=Li%2C+Tana&rft.au=Anderson%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwartjes2011" class="citation book cs1">Zwartjes, Otto (2011). Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550–1800. John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4608-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4608-0"><bdi>978-90-272-4608-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Missionary+Grammars+in+Asia%2C+Africa+and+Brazil%2C+1550%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4608-0&rft.aulast=Zwartjes&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankum2011" class="citation book cs1">Frankum, Ronald B. Jr. (2011). Historical Dictionary of the War in Vietnam. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7956-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7956-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-7956-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+War+in+Vietnam&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7956-0&rft.aulast=Frankum&rft.aufirst=Ronald+B.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2011" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 2nd Edition [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-961-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-961-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-961-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Vietnam+War%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History%2C+2nd+Edition+%5B4+volumes%5D%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-961-0&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonnesson2011" class="citation book cs1">Tonnesson, Stein (2011). Vietnam 1946: How the War Began. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26993-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26993-4"><bdi>978-0-520-26993-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+1946%3A+How+the+War+Began&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26993-4&rft.aulast=Tonnesson&rft.aufirst=Stein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKỳ_PhươngLockhart2011" class="citation book cs1">Kỳ Phương, Trần; Lockhart, Bruce M. (2011). The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art. NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-459-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-459-3"><bdi>978-9971-69-459-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cham+of+Vietnam%3A+History%2C+Society+and+Art&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-459-3&rft.aulast=K%E1%BB%B3+Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&rft.aufirst=Tr%E1%BA%A7n&rft.au=Lockhart%2C+Bruce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThakerBarton2012" class="citation book cs1">Thaker, Aruna; Barton, Arlene (2012). Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-35046-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-35046-1"><bdi>978-1-118-35046-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+Handbook+of+Food%2C+Nutrition+and+Dietetics&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-35046-1&rft.aulast=Thaker&rft.aufirst=Aruna&rft.au=Barton%2C+Arlene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2012" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Charles (2012). Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95382-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95382-6"><bdi>978-0-520-95382-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+Vietnam%3A+A+Church+from+Empire+to+Nation&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95382-6&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2012" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Gregory A. (2012). Mansfield and Vietnam: A Study in Rhetorical Adaptation. MSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-941-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-941-3"><bdi>978-0-87013-941-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mansfield+and+Vietnam%3A+A+Study+in+Rhetorical+Adaptation&rft.pub=MSU+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-87013-941-3&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Gregory+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaite2012" class="citation book cs1">Waite, James (2012). The End of the First Indochina War: A Global History. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-27334-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-27334-6"><bdi>978-1-136-27334-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+First+Indochina+War%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-27334-6&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVo2012" class="citation book cs1">Vo, Nghia M. (2012). Legends of Vietnam: An Analysis and Retelling of 88 Tales. McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9060-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9060-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-9060-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+of+Vietnam%3A+An+Analysis+and+Retelling+of+88+Tales&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9060-8&rft.aulast=Vo&rft.aufirst=Nghia+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuehlenbeckMuehlenbeck2012" class="citation book cs1">Muehlenbeck, Philip Emil; Muehlenbeck, Philip (2012). Religion and the Cold War: A Global Perspective. Vanderbilt University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1852-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1852-1"><bdi>978-0-8265-1852-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Cold+War%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8265-1852-1&rft.aulast=Muehlenbeck&rft.aufirst=Philip+Emil&rft.au=Muehlenbeck%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabett2012" class="citation book cs1">Rabett, Ryan J. (2012). Human Adaptation in the Asian Palaeolithic: Hominin Dispersal and Behaviour During the Late Quaternary. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01829-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01829-7"><bdi>978-1-107-01829-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Adaptation+in+the+Asian+Palaeolithic%3A+Hominin+Dispersal+and+Behaviour+During+the+Late+Quaternary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01829-7&rft.aulast=Rabett&rft.aufirst=Ryan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2012" class="citation book cs1">Li, Xiaobing (2012). China at War: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-415-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-415-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-415-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+at+War%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-415-3&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xiaobing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2013" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Adrian (2013). Encyclopedia of Warfare: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95697-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95697-4"><bdi>978-1-135-95697-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Warfare%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-95697-4&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChico2013" class="citation book cs1">Chico, Beverly (2013). Hats and Headwear around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia: A Cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-063-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-063-8"><bdi>978-1-61069-063-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hats+and+Headwear+around+the+World%3A+A+Cultural+Encyclopedia%3A+A+Cultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-063-8&rft.aulast=Chico&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoobbyerSpooner2013" class="citation book cs1">Boobbyer, Claire; Spooner, Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vietnamcambodial0000boob">Vietnam, Cambodia & Laos Footprint Handbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Footprint_Travel_Guides" title="Footprint Travel Guides">Footprint Travel Guides</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907263-64-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907263-64-4"><bdi>978-1-907263-64-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%2C+Cambodia+%26+Laos+Footprint+Handbook&rft.pub=Footprint+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-907263-64-4&rft.aulast=Boobbyer&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Spooner%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvietnamcambodial0000boob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFröhlichSchreinemachersStahrClemens2013" class="citation book cs1">Fröhlich, Holger L.; Schreinemachers, Pepijn; Stahr, Karl; Clemens, Gerhard (2013). Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Southeast Asia: Innovations and Policies for Mountainous Areas. Springer Science + Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-33377-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-33377-4"><bdi>978-3-642-33377-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Land+Use+and+Rural+Development+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Innovations+and+Policies+for+Mountainous+Areas&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%2B+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-642-33377-4&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%B6hlich&rft.aufirst=Holger+L.&rft.au=Schreinemachers%2C+Pepijn&rft.au=Stahr%2C+Karl&rft.au=Clemens%2C+Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillbanks2013" class="citation book cs1">Willbanks, James H. (2013). Vietnam War Almanac: An In-Depth Guide to the Most Controversial Conflict in American History. <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Publishing" title="Skyhorse Publishing">Skyhorse Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62636-528-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62636-528-5"><bdi>978-1-62636-528-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+War+Almanac%3A+An+In-Depth+Guide+to+the+Most+Controversial+Conflict+in+American+History&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62636-528-5&rft.aulast=Willbanks&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoy2013" class="citation book cs1">Choy, Lee Khoon (2013). Golden Dragon And Purple Phoenix: The Chinese And Their Multi-ethnic Descendants In Southeast Asia. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4518-49-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4518-49-9"><bdi>978-981-4518-49-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golden+Dragon+And+Purple+Phoenix%3A+The+Chinese+And+Their+Multi-ethnic+Descendants+In+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-981-4518-49-9&rft.aulast=Choy&rft.aufirst=Lee+Khoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_DijkGraySavranskayaSuri2013" class="citation book cs1">van Dijk, Ruud; Gray, William Glenn; Savranskaya, Svetlana; Suri, Jeremi; et al. (2013). Encyclopedia of the Cold War. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-92311-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-92311-2"><bdi>978-1-135-92311-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-92311-2&rft.aulast=van+Dijk&rft.aufirst=Ruud&rft.au=Gray%2C+William+Glenn&rft.au=Savranskaya%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Suri%2C+Jeremi&rft.au=Zhai%2C+Qiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosslettCosslett2013" class="citation book cs1">Cosslett, Tuyet L.; Cosslett, Patrick D. (2013). Water Resources and Food Security in the Vietnam Mekong Delta. Springer Science + Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-02198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-02198-0"><bdi>978-3-319-02198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+Resources+and+Food+Security+in+the+Vietnam+Mekong+Delta&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%2B+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-319-02198-0&rft.aulast=Cosslett&rft.aufirst=Tuyet+L.&rft.au=Cosslett%2C+Patrick+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2014" class="citation book cs1">Lim, David (2014). Economic Growth and Employment in Vietnam. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81859-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81859-5"><bdi>978-1-317-81859-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Growth+and+Employment+in+Vietnam&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-81859-5&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunn2014" class="citation book cs1">Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2014). Rice Wars in Colonial Vietnam: The Great Famine and the Viet Minh Road to Power. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2303-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2303-5"><bdi>978-1-4422-2303-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rice+Wars+in+Colonial+Vietnam%3A+The+Great+Famine+and+the+Viet+Minh+Road+to+Power&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-2303-5&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonWhitmore2014" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (2014). China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia. Brill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28248-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28248-3"><bdi>978-90-04-28248-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Encounters+on+the+South+and+Southwest%3A+Reforging+the+Fiery+Frontier+Over+Two+Millennia&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28248-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.au=Whitmore%2C+John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_MoraWood2014" class="citation book cs1">de Mora, Javier Calvo; Wood, Keith (2014). Practical Knowledge in Teacher Education: Approaches to teacher internship programmes. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-80333-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-80333-1"><bdi>978-1-317-80333-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Knowledge+in+Teacher+Education%3A+Approaches+to+teacher+internship+programmes&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-80333-1&rft.aulast=de+Mora&rft.aufirst=Javier+Calvo&rft.au=Wood%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggleston2014" class="citation book cs1">Eggleston, Michael A. (2014). Exiting Vietnam: The Era of Vietnamization and American Withdrawal Revealed in First-Person Accounts. McFarland Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7772-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7772-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-7772-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exiting+Vietnam%3A+The+Era+of+Vietnamization+and+American+Withdrawal+Revealed+in+First-Person+Accounts&rft.pub=McFarland+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7772-2&rft.aulast=Eggleston&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennellPorr2014" class="citation book cs1">Dennell, Robin; Porr, Martin (2014). Southern Asia, Australia, and the Search for Human Origins. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-72913-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-72913-1"><bdi>978-1-107-72913-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Asia%2C+Australia%2C+and+the+Search+for+Human+Origins&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-72913-1&rft.aulast=Dennell&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Porr%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong_LienSharrock2014" class="citation book cs1">Hong Lien, Vu; Sharrock, Peter (2014). Descending Dragon, Rising Tiger: A History of Vietnam. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-388-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-388-8"><bdi>978-1-78023-388-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descending+Dragon%2C+Rising+Tiger%3A+A+History+of+Vietnam&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-388-8&rft.aulast=Hong+Lien&rft.aufirst=Vu&rft.au=Sharrock%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2014" class="citation book cs1">Gibbons, William Conrad (2014). The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War: Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships, Part III: 1965–1966. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6153-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-6153-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Government+and+the+Vietnam+War%3A+Executive+and+Legislative+Roles+and+Relationships%2C+Part+III%3A+1965%E2%80%931966&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6153-8&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=William+Conrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoiAnh_Tuan2015" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin; Anh Tuan, Hoang (2015). Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1350–1800. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-55919-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-55919-1"><bdi>978-1-317-55919-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+Southeast+Asia%2C+1350%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-55919-1&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rft.au=Anh+Tuan%2C+Hoang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxenhamBuckley2015" class="citation book cs1">Oxenham, Marc; Buckley, Hallie (2015). The Routledge Handbook of Bioarchaeology in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-53401-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-53401-3"><bdi>978-1-317-53401-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Bioarchaeology+in+Southeast+Asia+and+the+Pacific+Islands&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-53401-3&rft.aulast=Oxenham&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Buckley%2C+Hallie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuy_HinhDinh_Tho2015" class="citation book cs1">Duy Hinh, Nguyen; Dinh Tho, Tran (2015). The South Vietnamese Society. Normanby Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78625-513-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78625-513-6"><bdi>978-1-78625-513-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Vietnamese+Society&rft.pub=Normanby+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78625-513-6&rft.aulast=Duy+Hinh&rft.aufirst=Nguyen&rft.au=Dinh+Tho%2C+Tran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYao2016" class="citation book cs1">Yao, Alice (2016). The Ancient Highlands of Southwest China: From the Bronze Age to the Han Empire. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936734-4"><bdi>978-0-19-936734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Highlands+of+Southwest+China%3A+From+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Han+Empire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-936734-4&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2016" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Brendan M. (2016). Post-Conflict Development in East Asia. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-07740-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-07740-4"><bdi>978-1-317-07740-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Conflict+Development+in+East+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-07740-4&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Brendan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThanh_Hai2016" class="citation book cs1">Thanh Hai, Do (2016). Vietnam and the South China Sea: Politics, Security and Legality. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39820-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39820-2"><bdi>978-1-317-39820-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+and+the+South+China+Sea%3A+Politics%2C+Security+and+Legality&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-39820-2&rft.aulast=Thanh+Hai&rft.aufirst=Do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhuong_Linh2016" class="citation book cs1">Phuong Linh, Huynh Thi (2016). State-Society Interaction in Vietnam. <a href="/wiki/LIT_Verlag" title="LIT Verlag">LIT Verlag</a> Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90719-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90719-6"><bdi>978-3-643-90719-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State-Society+Interaction+in+Vietnam&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90719-6&rft.aulast=Phuong+Linh&rft.aufirst=Huynh+Thi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzolinš2016" class="citation book cs1">Ozolinš, Janis Talivaldis (2016). Religion and Culture in Dialogue: East and West Perspectives. Springer Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-25724-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-25724-2"><bdi>978-3-319-25724-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Culture+in+Dialogue%3A+East+and+West+Perspectives&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-25724-2&rft.aulast=Ozolin%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Janis+Talivaldis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2016" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Michael C. (2016). Textiles and Clothing of Việt Nam: A History. McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2440-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2440-2"><bdi>978-1-4766-2440-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textiles+and+Clothing+of+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3A+A+History&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2440-2&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2017" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (2017). Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516076-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516076-5"><bdi>978-0-19-516076-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3A+A+History+from+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516076-5&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDK2017" class="citation book cs1">DK (2017). The Vietnam War: The Definitive Illustrated History. Dorling Kindersley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-30868-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-30868-4"><bdi>978-0-241-30868-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+War%3A+The+Definitive+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-241-30868-4&rft.au=DK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravel2017" class="citation book cs1">Travel, DK (2017). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Vietnam and Angkor Wat. Dorling Kindersley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-30136-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-30136-4"><bdi>978-0-241-30136-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DK+Eyewitness+Travel+Guide+Vietnam+and+Angkor+Wat&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-241-30136-4&rft.aulast=Travel&rft.aufirst=DK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoïse2017" class="citation book cs1">Moïse, Edwin E. (2017). Land Reform in China and North Vietnam: Consolidating the Revolution at the Village Level. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7445-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7445-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-7445-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Reform+in+China+and+North+Vietnam%3A+Consolidating+the+Revolution+at+the+Village+Level&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-7445-5&rft.aulast=Mo%C3%AFse&rft.aufirst=Edwin+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinchey2017" class="citation book cs1">Hinchey, Jane (2017). Vietnam: Discover the Country, Culture and People. Redback Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925630-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925630-02-2"><bdi>978-1-925630-02-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+Discover+the+Country%2C+Culture+and+People&rft.pub=Redback+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-925630-02-2&rft.aulast=Hinchey&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKort2017" class="citation book cs1">Kort, Michael (2017). The Vietnam War Re-Examined. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04640-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04640-5"><bdi>978-1-107-04640-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+War+Re-Examined&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04640-5&rft.aulast=Kort&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrieu_Dan2017" class="citation book cs1">Trieu Dan, Nguyen (2017). A Vietnamese Family Chronicle: Twelve Generations on the Banks of the Hat River. McFarland Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8779-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8779-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-8779-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vietnamese+Family+Chronicle%3A+Twelve+Generations+on+the+Banks+of+the+Hat+River&rft.pub=McFarland+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8779-0&rft.aulast=Trieu+Dan&rft.aufirst=Nguyen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranLe2017" class="citation book cs1">Tran, Tri C.; Le, Tram (2017). Vietnamese Stories for Language Learners: Traditional Folktales in Vietnamese and English Text (MP3 Downloadable Audio Included). Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1956-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1956-7"><bdi>978-1-4629-1956-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnamese+Stories+for+Language+Learners%3A+Traditional+Folktales+in+Vietnamese+and+English+Text+%28MP3+Downloadable+Audio+Included%29&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-1956-7&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Tri+C.&rft.au=Le%2C+Tram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran2017" class="citation book cs1">Tran, Anh Q. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780190677602.001.0001/oso-9780190677602">Gods, Heroes, and Ancestors: An Interreligious Encounter in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-067760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-067760-2"><bdi>978-0-19-067760-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926040550/https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780190677602.001.0001/oso-9780190677602">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Heroes%2C+and+Ancestors%3A+An+Interreligious+Encounter+in+Eighteenth-Century+Vietnam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-067760-2&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Anh+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190677602.001.0001%2Foso-9780190677602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosslettCosslett2017" class="citation book cs1">Cosslett, Tuyet L.; Cosslett, Patrick D. (2017). Sustainable Development of Rice and Water Resources in Mainland Southeast Asia and Mekong River Basin. Springer Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-5613-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-5613-0"><bdi>978-981-10-5613-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Development+of+Rice+and+Water+Resources+in+Mainland+Southeast+Asia+and+Mekong+River+Basin&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-981-10-5613-0&rft.aulast=Cosslett&rft.aufirst=Tuyet+L.&rft.au=Cosslett%2C+Patrick+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhuRenCollinsWarner2017" class="citation book cs1">Zhu, Ying; Ren, Shuang; Collins, Ngan; Warner, Malcolm (2017). Business Leaders and Leadership in Asia. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-56749-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-56749-3"><bdi>978-1-317-56749-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+Leaders+and+Leadership+in+Asia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-317-56749-3&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=Ying&rft.au=Ren%2C+Shuang&rft.au=Collins%2C+Ngan&rft.au=Warner%2C+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDohrenwendTurseWallYager2018" class="citation book cs1">Dohrenwend, Bruce P.; Turse, Nick; <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Wall" title="Melanie Wall">Wall, Melanie M.</a>; Yager, Thomas J. (2018). Surviving Vietnam: Psychological Consequences of the War for US Veterans. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-090444-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-090444-9"><bdi>978-0-19-090444-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surviving+Vietnam%3A+Psychological+Consequences+of+the+War+for+US+Veterans&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-090444-9&rft.aulast=Dohrenwend&rft.aufirst=Bruce+P.&rft.au=Turse%2C+Nick&rft.au=Wall%2C+Melanie+M.&rft.au=Yager%2C+Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamport2018" class="citation book cs1">Lamport, Mark A. (2018). Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7157-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7157-9"><bdi>978-1-4422-7157-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christianity+in+the+Global+South&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-7157-9&rft.aulast=Lamport&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinh_Tham2018" class="citation book cs1">Dinh Tham, Nguyen (2018). Studies on Vietnamese Language and Literature: A Preliminary Bibliography. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-1882-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-1882-3"><bdi>978-1-5017-1882-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Vietnamese+Language+and+Literature%3A+A+Preliminary+Bibliography&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-1882-3&rft.aulast=Dinh+Tham&rft.aufirst=Nguyen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayley2018" class="citation book cs1">Dayley, Robert (2018). Southeast Asia in the New International Era. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97424-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97424-3"><bdi>978-0-429-97424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+in+the+New+International+Era&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-97424-3&rft.aulast=Dayley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2018" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Steven (2018). The Design Imperative: The Art and Science of Design Management. Springer Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78568-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78568-4"><bdi>978-3-319-78568-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Design+Imperative%3A+The+Art+and+Science+of+Design+Management&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-78568-4&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox2010" class="citation book cs1">Wilcox, Wynn, ed. (2010). Vietnam and the West: New Approaches. Ithaca, New York: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Southeast_Asia_Program#SEAP_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell Southeast Asia Program">SEAP Publications</a>, Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-782-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-782-8"><bdi>978-0-87727-782-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+and+the+West%3A+New+Approaches&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications%2C+Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-782-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation_and_government_source">Legislation and government source</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Justice1992" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013071327/http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/lists/vn%20bn%20php%20lut/view_detail.aspx?itemid=10450">"Chapter Five: Fundamental Rights and Duties of the Citizen"</a>. Constitution of Vietnam. 1992. 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Retrieved 25 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=French+Senate&rft.atitle=Annexe+au+proc%C3%A8s-verbal+de+la+s%C3%A9ance+du+1er+octobre+1997&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.fr%2Frap%2Fr97-001%2Fr97-001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Justice1999" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002004440/http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/_layouts/printeng.aspx?id=610">"Penal Code (No. 15/1999/QH10)"</a>. Ministry of Justice. Vietnam. 1999. 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Government of the United Kingdom. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026025824/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/uk-trade-with-vietnam-looking-to-the-next-45-years">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.atitle=UK+trade+with+Vietnam+%E2%80%93+looking+to+the+next+45+years&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fspeeches%2Fuk-trade-with-vietnam-looking-to-the-next-45-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnh2018" class="citation web cs1">Anh, Van (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190116032046/https://www.vir.com.vn/vietnam-and-netherlands-reaffirm-economic-relations-56240.html">"Vietnam and Netherlands reaffirm economic relations"</a>. Vietnam Investment Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vir.com.vn/vietnam-and-netherlands-reaffirm-economic-relations-56240.html">the original</a> on 16 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vietnam+Investment+Review&rft.atitle=Vietnam+and+Netherlands+reaffirm+economic+relations&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Anh&rft.aufirst=Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vir.com.vn%2Fvietnam-and-netherlands-reaffirm-economic-relations-56240.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVietnam_Investment_Review2018" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007041513/https://www.vir.com.vn/contract-signed-for-feasibility-study-for-long-thanh-airport-59845.html">"Contract signed for feasibility study for Long Thanh airport"</a>. Vietnam Investment Review. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vir.com.vn/contract-signed-for-feasibility-study-for-long-thanh-airport-59845.html">the original</a> on 7 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vietnam+Investment+Review&rft.atitle=Contract+signed+for+feasibility+study+for+Long+Thanh+airport&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vir.com.vn%2Fcontract-signed-for-feasibility-study-for-long-thanh-airport-59845.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs2018" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/ctc_quocte">"Vietnam and International Organizations"</a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Vietnam. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726035213/http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/ctc_quocte/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Vietnam+and+International+Organizations&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.gov.vn%2Fen%2Fctc_quocte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVietnam_National_Administration_of_Tourism2018" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108061659/http://vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/index.php/items/12453">"International visitors to Viet Nam in December and 12 months of 2017"</a>. Vietnam National Administration of Tourism. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/index.php/items/12453">the original</a> on 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vietnam+National+Administration+of+Tourism&rft.atitle=International+visitors+to+Viet+Nam+in+December+and+12+months+of+2017&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvietnamtourism.gov.vn%2Fenglish%2Findex.php%2Fitems%2F12453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Vietnam_(I)" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202012/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English/TheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam/AboutVietnam/AboutVietnamDetail?categoryId=10000103&articleId=10000505">"Overview on Vietnam geography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vietnam" title="Government of Vietnam">Government of Vietnam</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English/TheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam/AboutVietnam/AboutVietnamDetail?categoryId=10000103&articleId=10000505">the original</a> on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Vietnam&rft.atitle=Overview+on+Vietnam+geography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinhphu.vn%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fportal%2FEnglish%2FTheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam%2FAboutVietnam%2FAboutVietnamDetail%3FcategoryId%3D10000103%26articleId%3D10000505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Vietnam_(II)" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053849/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English/TheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam/AboutVietnam/AboutVietnamDetail?categoryId=10000103&articleId=10001578">"About Vietnam (Political System)"</a>. Government of Vietnam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English/TheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam/AboutVietnam/AboutVietnamDetail?categoryId=10000103&articleId=10001578">the original</a> on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Vietnam&rft.atitle=About+Vietnam+%28Political+System%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinhphu.vn%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fportal%2FEnglish%2FTheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam%2FAboutVietnam%2FAboutVietnamDetail%3FcategoryId%3D10000103%26articleId%3D10001578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJapan_Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlit.go.jp/kokudokeikaku/international/spw/general/vietnam/index_e.html">"An Overview of Spatial Policy in Asian and European Countries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism" title="Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism">Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism</a>. Japan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418133454/http://www.mlit.go.jp/kokudokeikaku/international/spw/general/vietnam/index_e.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Land%2C+Infrastructure%2C+Transport+and+Tourism&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+Spatial+Policy+in+Asian+and+European+Countries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlit.go.jp%2Fkokudokeikaku%2Finternational%2Fspw%2Fgeneral%2Fvietnam%2Findex_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Agency_for_International_Development" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/vietnam/environmental-remediation">"Environmental Remediation [Agent Orange]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a>. 3 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020140548/https://www.usaid.gov/vietnam/environmental-remediation">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Agency+for+International+Development&rft.atitle=Environmental+Remediation+%5BAgent+Orange%5D&rft.date=2018-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fvietnam%2Fenvironmental-remediation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/en/mofa/cn_vakv/ca_tbd/nr040819104054/ns150602164120">"Tài Liệu Cơ Bản Nước Cộng Hoà Hồi Giáo Pa-kít-xtan"</a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Vietnamese). Vietnam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016170445/http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/en/mofa/cn_vakv/ca_tbd/nr040819104054/ns150602164120">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=T%C3%A0i+Li%E1%BB%87u+C%C6%A1+B%E1%BA%A3n+N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc+C%E1%BB%99ng+Ho%C3%A0+H%E1%BB%93i+Gi%C3%A1o+Pa-k%C3%ADt-xtan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofahcm.gov.vn%2Fen%2Fmofa%2Fcn_vakv%2Fca_tbd%2Fnr040819104054%2Fns150602164120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223065322/http://www.nea.gov.vn/HTMT_ddsh05.htm">"Báo cáo Hiện trạng môi trường quốc gia 2005 Chuyên đề Đa dạng sinh học"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam)">Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment</a> (in Vietnamese). Vietnam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nea.gov.vn/HTMT_ddsh05.htm">the original</a> on 23 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Natural+Resources+and+Environment&rft.atitle=B%C3%A1o+c%C3%A1o+Hi%E1%BB%87n+tr%E1%BA%A1ng+m%C3%B4i+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+qu%E1%BB%91c+gia+2005+Chuy%C3%AAn+%C4%91%E1%BB%81+%C4%90a+d%E1%BA%A1ng+sinh+h%E1%BB%8Dc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nea.gov.vn%2FHTMT_ddsh05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/General_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam" title="General Statistics Office of Vietnam">General Statistics Office of Vietnam</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ket-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf">"Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census"</a> (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-604-75-1532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-604-75-1532-5"><bdi>978-604-75-1532-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110045640/https://www.gso.gov.vn/du-lieu-va-so-lieu-thong-ke/2020/11/ket-qua-toan-bo-tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-nam-2019/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Completed+Results+of+the+2019+Viet+Nam+Population+and+Housing+Census%22&rft.pub=Statistical+Publishing+House+%28Vietnam%29&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-604-75-1532-5&rft.au=General+Statistics+Office+of+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gso.gov.vn%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F12%2FKet-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_publications">Academic publications</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrozier1955" class="citation journal cs1">Crozier, Brian (1955). "The Diem Regime in Southern Vietnam". Far Eastern Survey. 24 (4): 49–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3023970">10.2307/3023970</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023970">3023970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Far+Eastern+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Diem+Regime+in+Southern+Vietnam&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=49-56&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3023970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3023970%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crozier&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGittinger1959" class="citation journal cs1">Gittinger, J. Price (1959). "Communist Land Policy in North Viet Nam". Far Eastern Survey. 28 (8): 113–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3024603">10.2307/3024603</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3024603">3024603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Far+Eastern+Survey&rft.atitle=Communist+Land+Policy+in+North+Viet+Nam&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=113-126&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3024603&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3024603%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gittinger&rft.aufirst=J.+Price&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrần1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%AA" title="Trần Văn Khê">Trần, Văn Khê</a> (1972). "Means of Preservation and Diffusion of Traditional Music in Vietnam". Asian Music. 3 (1): 40–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F834104">10.2307/834104</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/834104">834104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Music&rft.atitle=Means+of+Preservation+and+Diffusion+of+Traditional+Music+in+Vietnam&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-44&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F834104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F834104%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tr%E1%BA%A7n&rft.aufirst=V%C4%83n+Kh%C3%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiehlAugstein1973" class="citation journal cs1">Riehl, Herbert; Augstein, Ernst (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3402%2Ftellusa.v25i5.9694">"Surface interaction calculations over the Gulf of Tonkin"</a>. Tellus. 25 (5): 424–434. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Tell...25..424R">1973Tell...25..424R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3402%2Ftellusa.v25i5.9694">10.3402/tellusa.v25i5.9694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tellus&rft.atitle=Surface+interaction+calculations+over+the+Gulf+of+Tonkin&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=424-434&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3402%2Ftellusa.v25i5.9694&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973Tell...25..424R&rft.aulast=Riehl&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Augstein%2C+Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3402%252Ftellusa.v25i5.9694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormanMei1976" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Norman, Jerry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mei_Tsu-lin" title="Mei Tsu-lin">Mei, Tsu-lin</a> (1976). "The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence". 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CESifo Working Paper Series. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3036319">3036319</a> – via Social Science Research Network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CESifo+Working+Paper+Series&rft.atitle=Globalization+and+State+Capitalism%3A+Assessing+Vietnam%27s+Accession+to+the+WTO&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3036319%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Baccini&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft.au=Impullitti%2C+Giammario&rft.au=Malesky%2C+Edmund+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong_TruongYeStive2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hong Truong, Son; Ye, Qinghua; Stive, Marcel J. F. (2017). "Estuarine Mangrove Squeeze in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Coastal_Research" title="Journal of Coastal Research">Journal of Coastal Research</a>. 33 (4): 747–763. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2112%2FJCOASTRES-D-16-00087.1">10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-16-00087.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131892649">131892649</a> – via <a href="/wiki/BioOne" title="BioOne">BioOne</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Coastal+Research&rft.atitle=Estuarine+Mangrove+Squeeze+in+the+Mekong+Delta%2C+Vietnam&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=747-763&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2112%2FJCOASTRES-D-16-00087.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131892649%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hong+Truong&rft.aufirst=Son&rft.au=Ye%2C+Qinghua&rft.au=Stive%2C+Marcel+J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNang_ChungGiang_Hai2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nang Chung, Trinh; Giang Hai, Nguyen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181018032546/http://www.vjol.info/index.php/VSS/article/viewFile/30440/25877">"Dong Son Culture in First Ten Centuries AD"</a>. Institute of Archaeology, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vjol.info/index.php/VSS/article/viewFile/30440/25877">the original</a> on 18 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Archaeology%2C+Vietnam+Academy+of+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Dong+Son+Culture+in+First+Ten+Centuries+AD&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Nang+Chung&rft.aufirst=Trinh&rft.au=Giang+Hai%2C+Nguyen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vjol.info%2Findex.php%2FVSS%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F30440%2F25877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDang_VuNielsen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dang Vu, Hoai Nam; Nielsen, Martin Reinhardt (2018). "Understanding utilitarian and hedonic values determining the demand for rhino horn in Vietnam". Human Dimensions of Wildlife. 23 (5): 417–432. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HDW....23..417D">2018HDW....23..417D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10871209.2018.1449038">10.1080/10871209.2018.1449038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46933047">46933047</a> – via Taylor & Francis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Dimensions+of+Wildlife&rft.atitle=Understanding+utilitarian+and+hedonic+values+determining+the+demand+for+rhino+horn+in+Vietnam&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=417-432&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46933047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10871209.2018.1449038&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018HDW....23..417D&rft.aulast=Dang+Vu&rft.aufirst=Hoai+Nam&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Martin+Reinhardt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrương2018" class="citation journal cs1">Trương, Ngân (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108081019/http://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/147214/Truong_Ngan.pdf">"Solid Waste Management in Vietnam"</a> (PDF). Degree Programme in Environmental Engineering. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/147214/Truong_Ngan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Degree+Programme+in+Environmental+Engineering&rft.atitle=Solid+Waste+Management+in+Vietnam&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&rft.aufirst=Ng%C3%A2n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theseus.fi%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10024%2F147214%2FTruong_Ngan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruongVoNguyen2018" class="citation book cs1">Truong, Nhu; Vo, Dang H.; Nguyen, Dzung (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006021518/https://mrlg.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Mekong-State-of-Land-DISCUSSION-DRAFT-single-layout.pdf">Mekong State of Land</a> (PDF). University of Bern. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mrlg.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Mekong-State-of-Land-DISCUSSION-DRAFT-single-layout.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mekong+State+of+Land&rft.pub=University+of+Bern&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Truong&rft.aufirst=Nhu&rft.au=Vo%2C+Dang+H.&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Dzung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmrlg.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F05%2FMekong-State-of-Land-DISCUSSION-DRAFT-single-layout.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuang_Vinh" class="citation web cs1">Quang Vinh, Bui. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017030816/https://www2.gwu.edu/~iiep/assets/docs/Bai%20trinh%20bay%20VN2035%20tai%20DC-ENG.pdf">"Vietnam 2035: Toward Prosperity, Creativity, Equity, and Democracy"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gwu.edu/~iiep/assets/docs/Bai%20trinh%20bay%20VN2035%20tai%20DC-ENG.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Washington+University&rft.atitle=Vietnam+2035%3A+Toward+Prosperity%2C+Creativity%2C+Equity%2C+and+Democracy&rft.aulast=Quang+Vinh&rft.aufirst=Bui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gwu.edu%2F~iiep%2Fassets%2Fdocs%2FBai%2520trinh%2520bay%2520VN2035%2520tai%2520DC-ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell_University2023" class="citation journal cs1">Cornell University (25 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seap.einaudi.cornell.edu/rice-vietnamese-culture-and-economy">"Rice in Vietnamese Culture and Economy"</a>. Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies – Southeast Asia Program. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016125940/https://seap.einaudi.cornell.edu/rice-vietnamese-culture-and-economy">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mario+Einaudi+Center+for+International+Studies+%E2%80%93+Southeast+Asia+Program&rft.atitle=Rice+in+Vietnamese+Culture+and+Economy&rft.date=2023-09-25&rft.au=Cornell+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseap.einaudi.cornell.edu%2Frice-vietnamese-culture-and-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Van" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Van Van, Hoang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012055826/http://r-cube.ritsumei.ac.jp/repo/repository/rcube/4129/LCS_22_1pp7-18_HOANG.pdf">"The Current Situation and Issues of the Teaching of English in Vietnam"</a> (PDF). <bdi lang="ja">立命館言語文化研究</bdi>. 22 (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://r-cube.ritsumei.ac.jp/repo/repository/rcube/4129/LCS_22_1pp7-18_HOANG.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Current+Situation+and+Issues+of+the+Teaching+of+English+in+Vietnam&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Van+Van&rft.aufirst=Hoang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fr-cube.ritsumei.ac.jp%2Frepo%2Frepository%2Frcube%2F4129%2FLCS_22_1pp7-18_HOANG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_and_magazines">News and magazines</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Harvard_Crimson1972" class="citation news cs1">The Harvard Crimson (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1972/12/13/med-school-professor-praises-north-vietnams/">"Med School Professor Praises North Vietnam's Medical Care"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119100836/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1972/12/13/med-school-professor-praises-north-vietnams/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=Med+School+Professor+Praises+North+Vietnam%27s+Medical+Care&rft.date=1972&rft.au=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F1972%2F12%2F13%2Fmed-school-professor-praises-north-vietnams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times1976" class="citation web cs1">The New York Times (3 July 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/03/archives/2-parts-of-vietnam-officially-reunited-leadership-chosen-north-and.html">"2 Parts of Vietnam Officially Reunited; Leadership Chosen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216185031/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/03/archives/2-parts-of-vietnam-officially-reunited-leadership-chosen-north-and.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=2+Parts+of+Vietnam+Officially+Reunited%3B+Leadership+Chosen&rft.date=1976-07-03&rft.au=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F07%2F03%2Farchives%2F2-parts-of-vietnam-officially-reunited-leadership-chosen-north-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpokesman-Review1977" class="citation news cs1">Spokesman-Review (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19770628&id=XjxOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6918,5104561">"Vietnam outlines collectivization goals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Spokesman-Review" title="The Spokesman-Review">The Spokesman-Review</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309024017/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19770628&id=XjxOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6918,5104561">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Vietnam+outlines+collectivization+goals&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Spokesman-Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1314%26dat%3D19770628%26id%3DXjxOAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6918%2C5104561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson1978" class="citation news cs1">Swanson, Susan (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/03/16/vietnamese-celebrate-womens-day-in-old-and-new-ways/d3502136-2573-4dc0-8ddf-22485acc6765/">"Vietnamese Celebrate 'Women's Day' in Old and New Ways"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016130045/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/03/16/vietnamese-celebrate-womens-day-in-old-and-new-ways/d3502136-2573-4dc0-8ddf-22485acc6765/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Vietnamese+Celebrate+%27Women%27s+Day%27+in+Old+and+New+Ways&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F1978%2F03%2F16%2Fvietnamese-celebrate-womens-day-in-old-and-new-ways%2Fd3502136-2573-4dc0-8ddf-22485acc6765%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockburn1994" class="citation news cs1">Cockburn, Patrick (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/us-finally-ends-vietnam-embargo-1391770.html">"US finally ends Vietnam embargo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220054022/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/us-finally-ends-vietnam-embargo-1391770.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=US+finally+ends+Vietnam+embargo&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fus-finally-ends-vietnam-embargo-1391770.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenon1995" class="citation web cs1">Shenon, Philip (23 April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html">"20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629064549/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=20+Years+After+Victory%2C+Vietnamese+Communists+Ponder+How+to+Celebrate&rft.date=1995-04-23&rft.aulast=Shenon&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F04%2F23%2Fworld%2F20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1995" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Alison (12 July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/12/world/opening-vietnam-overview-us-grants-vietnam-full-ties-time-for-healing-clinton.html">"Opening to Vietnam: The Overview; U.S. Grants Vietnam Full Ties; Time for Healing, Clinton Says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016164904/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/12/world/opening-vietnam-overview-us-grants-vietnam-full-ties-time-for-healing-clinton.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2018. 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Retrieved 19 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Travel+%2B+Leisure&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Top+15+Cities&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Terzian&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelandleisure.com%2Fworlds-best%2Fcities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChin2018" class="citation web cs1">Chin, Stephen (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theaseanpost.com/article/vietnam-plays-catch-high-speed-rail">"Vietnam plays catch up with high speed rail"</a>. The ASEAN Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016125940/https://theaseanpost.com/article/vietnam-plays-catch-high-speed-rail">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam+plays+catch+up+with+high+speed+rail&rft.pub=The+ASEAN+Post&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheaseanpost.com%2Farticle%2Fvietnam-plays-catch-high-speed-rail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2018" class="citation news cs1">Stewart, Phil (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vietnam-usa-mattis/u-s-prepares-for-biggest-ever-agent-orange-cleanup-in-vietnam-idUSKCN1MR1U4">"U.S. prepares for biggest-ever Agent Orange cleanup in Vietnam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020095220/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vietnam-usa-mattis/u-s-prepares-for-biggest-ever-agent-orange-cleanup-in-vietnam-idUSKCN1MR1U4">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+prepares+for+biggest-ever+Agent+Orange+cleanup+in+Vietnam&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-vietnam-usa-mattis%2Fu-s-prepares-for-biggest-ever-agent-orange-cleanup-in-vietnam-idUSKCN1MR1U4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Economic_Times2018" class="citation news cs1">The Economic Times (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-vietnamese-armies-hold-first-military-exercise/articleshow/62699234.cms">"Indian, Vietnamese armies hold first military exercise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016130031/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-vietnamese-armies-hold-first-military-exercise/articleshow/62699234.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Indian%2C+Vietnamese+armies+hold+first+military+exercise&rft.date=2018&rft.au=The+Economic+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fdefence%2Findian-vietnamese-armies-hold-first-military-exercise%2Farticleshow%2F62699234.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times2018" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/06/business/worldbusiness/06iht-vietrail.4489612.html">"Major Vietnam high speed railway to be elevated, tunnelled: draft report"</a>. The New York Times. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701101417/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/06/business/worldbusiness/06iht-vietrail.4489612.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Major+Vietnam+high+speed+railway+to+be+elevated%2C+tunnelled%3A+draft+report&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F02%2F06%2Fbusiness%2Fworldbusiness%2F06iht-vietrail.4489612.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Saigon_Times_Daily2018" class="citation web cs1">The Saigon Times Daily (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107104153/https://en.thesaigontimes.vn/tinbaichitiet/64904/">"Wild celebrations in Hanoi as Vietnam win regional title"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Saigon_Times_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="The Saigon Times Daily">The Saigon Times Daily</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.thesaigontimes.vn/tinbaichitiet/64904/">the original</a> on 7 January 2019. 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Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.com.au&rft.atitle=Dark+side+of+Vietnam+reveals+cost+of+war&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Flifestyle%2Freal-life%2Ftrue-stories%2Fdark-side-of-vietnam-reveals-cost-of-war%2Fnews-story%2F3448ad53dc083a3f761f113199f89c99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViệt_Nam_News2018a" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vietnamnews.vn/society/464566/monsanto-court-ruling-bolsters-the-hope-for-millions-of-vietnamese-agent-orange-victims.html">"Monsanto court ruling bolsters the hope for millions of Vietnamese Agent Orange victims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News" title="Việt Nam News">Việt Nam News</a>. 2018a. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005035829/https://vietnamnews.vn/society/464566/monsanto-court-ruling-bolsters-the-hope-for-millions-of-vietnamese-agent-orange-victims.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+News&rft.atitle=Monsanto+court+ruling+bolsters+the+hope+for+millions+of+Vietnamese+Agent+Orange+victims&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnamnews.vn%2Fsociety%2F464566%2Fmonsanto-court-ruling-bolsters-the-hope-for-millions-of-vietnamese-agent-orange-victims.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViệt_Nam_News2018b" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vietnamnews.vn/economy/462600/us-continues-to-be-key-export-market-for-viet-nam.html">"US continues to be key export market for Việt Nam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News" title="Việt Nam News">Việt Nam News</a>. 2018b. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005072337/https://vietnamnews.vn/economy/462600/us-continues-to-be-key-export-market-for-viet-nam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+News&rft.atitle=US+continues+to+be+key+export+market+for+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnamnews.vn%2Feconomy%2F462600%2Fus-continues-to-be-key-export-market-for-viet-nam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViệt_Nam_News2018c" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vietnamnews.vn/economy/469484/water-industry-needs-smart-tech.html">"Water industry needs smart tech"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News" title="Việt Nam News">Việt Nam News</a>. 2018c. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190116025007/https://vietnamnews.vn/economy/469484/water-industry-needs-smart-tech.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+News&rft.atitle=Water+industry+needs+smart+tech&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnamnews.vn%2Feconomy%2F469484%2Fwater-industry-needs-smart-tech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViệt_Nam_News2018d" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vietnamnews.vn/environment/482987/water-quality-inspections-to-be-held-nationwide.html">"Water quality inspections to be held nationwide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_News" title="Việt Nam News">Việt Nam News</a>. 2018d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190116025100/https://vietnamnews.vn/environment/482987/water-quality-inspections-to-be-held-nationwide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+News&rft.atitle=Water+quality+inspections+to+be+held+nationwide&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnamnews.vn%2Fenvironment%2F482987%2Fwater-quality-inspections-to-be-held-nationwide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVietnam_Net2018a" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016131407/https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/193728/northern-mountain-frozen-as-temperatures-drop.html">"Northern mountain frozen as temperatures drop"</a>. Vietnam Net. Dân Trí News. 2018a. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/193728/northern-mountain-frozen-as-temperatures-drop.html">the original</a> on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vietnam+Net&rft.atitle=Northern+mountain+frozen+as+temperatures+drop&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.vietnamnet.vn%2Ffms%2Fsociety%2F193728%2Fnorthern-mountain-frozen-as-temperatures-drop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVietnam_Net2018b" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016125852/https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/207750/-58b-for-north-south-high-speed-train--consultants.html">"$58b for North–South high speed train: consultants"</a>. Vietnam Net. VNS. 2018b. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/207750/-58b-for-north-south-high-speed-train--consultants.html">the original</a> on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vietnam+Net&rft.atitle=%2458b+for+North%E2%80%93South+high+speed+train%3A+consultants&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.vietnamnet.vn%2Ffms%2Fsociety%2F207750%2F-58b-for-north-south-high-speed-train--consultants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoice_of_Vietnam2018a" class="citation web cs1">Voice of Vietnam (2018a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.vov.vn/society/vietnam-celebrates-international-womens-day-369998.vov">"Vietnam celebrates International Women's Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Vietnam" title="Voice of Vietnam">Voice of Vietnam</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190303182225/https://english.vov.vn/society/vietnam-celebrates-international-womens-day-369998.vov">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam+celebrates+International+Women%27s+Day&rft.pub=Voice+of+Vietnam&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Voice+of+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.vov.vn%2Fsociety%2Fvietnam-celebrates-international-womens-day-369998.vov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoice_of_Vietnam2018b" class="citation web cs1">Voice of Vietnam (2018b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190303182224/https://english.vov.vn/diplomacy/chief-of-general-staff-of-lao-peoples-army-visits-vietnam-374620.vov">"Chief of General Staff of Lao People's Army visits Vietnam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Vietnam" title="Voice of Vietnam">Voice of Vietnam</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.vov.vn/diplomacy/chief-of-general-staff-of-lao-peoples-army-visits-vietnam-374620.vov">the original</a> on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chief+of+General+Staff+of+Lao+People%27s+Army+visits+Vietnam&rft.pub=Voice+of+Vietnam&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Voice+of+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.vov.vn%2Fdiplomacy%2Fchief-of-general-staff-of-lao-peoples-army-visits-vietnam-374620.vov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoice_of_Vietnam2018c" class="citation web cs1">Voice of Vietnam (2018c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.vov.vn/economy/vietnams-pepper-industry-about-to-burst-368980.vov">"Vietnam's pepper industry about to burst"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Vietnam" title="Voice of Vietnam">Voice of Vietnam</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005075208/https://english.vov.vn/economy/vietnams-pepper-industry-about-to-burst-368980.vov">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam%27s+pepper+industry+about+to+burst&rft.pub=Voice+of+Vietnam&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Voice+of+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.vov.vn%2Feconomy%2Fvietnams-pepper-industry-about-to-burst-368980.vov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoice_of_Vietnam2018d" class="citation web cs1">Voice of Vietnam (2018d). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109074452/https://english.vov.vn/your-vietnam/vietnams-folk-music-treasure-promoted-366657.vov">"Vietnam's folk music treasure promoted"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Vietnam" title="Voice of Vietnam">Voice of Vietnam</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.vov.vn/your-vietnam/vietnams-folk-music-treasure-promoted-366657.vov">the original</a> on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam%27s+folk+music+treasure+promoted&rft.pub=Voice+of+Vietnam&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Voice+of+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.vov.vn%2Fyour-vietnam%2Fvietnams-folk-music-treasure-promoted-366657.vov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanJunLong2018" class="citation web cs1">Yan; Jun, Tao; Long, Bui (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180830180751/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-08/30/c_137431651.htm">"Feature: Football mania spreads after Vietnam makes history at Asiad"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-08/30/c_137431651.htm">the original</a> on 30 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feature%3A+Football+mania+spreads+after+Vietnam+makes+history+at+Asiad&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Yan&rft.au=Jun%2C+Tao&rft.au=Long%2C+Bui&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2018-08%2F30%2Fc_137431651.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomes2019" class="citation news cs1">Gomes, Alaric (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/sport/uae-sport/asian-cup-vietnam-continue-to-chase-their-dream-with-quarters-berth-1.61560526">"Asian Cup: Vietnam continue to chase their dream with quarters berth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gulf_News" title="Gulf News">Gulf News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190206034757/https://gulfnews.com/sport/uae-sport/asian-cup-vietnam-continue-to-chase-their-dream-with-quarters-berth-1.61560526">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulf+News&rft.atitle=Asian+Cup%3A+Vietnam+continue+to+chase+their+dream+with+quarters+berth&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Alaric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fsport%2Fuae-sport%2Fasian-cup-vietnam-continue-to-chase-their-dream-with-quarters-berth-1.61560526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikkei_Asian_Review" class="citation news cs1">Nikkei Asian Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Companies/Petrovietnam-Gas-JSC">"Petrovietnam Gas JSC"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_Asian_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikkei Asian Review">Nikkei Asian Review</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016072338/https://asia.nikkei.com/Companies/Petrovietnam-Gas-JSC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asian+Review&rft.atitle=Petrovietnam+Gas+JSC&rft.au=Nikkei+Asian+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FCompanies%2FPetrovietnam-Gas-JSC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Telegraph" class="citation news cs1">The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/earth/10914205/In-pictures-Inside-Hang-Son-Doong-the-worlds-largest-caves-in-Vietnam.html">"In pictures: Inside Hang Son Doong, the world's largest caves in Vietnam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115084536/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/earth/10914205/In-pictures-Inside-Hang-Son-Doong-the-worlds-largest-caves-in-Vietnam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=In+pictures%3A+Inside+Hang+Son+Doong%2C+the+world%27s+largest+caves+in+Vietnam&rft.au=The+Telegraph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpicturegalleries%2Fearth%2F10914205%2FIn-pictures-Inside-Hang-Son-Doong-the-worlds-largest-caves-in-Vietnam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Dinh_TinhHoang_Long2019" class="citation web cs1">Le Dinh Tinh; Hoang Long (31 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/08/middle-powers-joining-together-the-case-of-vietnam-and-australia/">"Middle Powers, Joining Together: The Case of Vietnam and Australia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200530224314/https://thediplomat.com/2019/08/middle-powers-joining-together-the-case-of-vietnam-and-australia/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+Powers%2C+Joining+Together%3A+The+Case+of+Vietnam+and+Australia&rft.pub=The+Diplomat&rft.date=2019-08-31&rft.au=Le+Dinh+Tinh&rft.au=Hoang+Long&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2019%2F08%2Fmiddle-powers-joining-together-the-case-of-vietnam-and-australia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutt2020" class="citation web cs1">Hutt, David (13 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiatimes.com/2020/07/us-vietnam-ties-have-never-been-better/">"US, Vietnam ties have never been better"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418211310/https://asiatimes.com/2020/07/us-vietnam-ties-have-never-been-better/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US%2C+Vietnam+ties+have+never+been+better&rft.pub=Asia+Times&rft.date=2020-07-13&rft.aulast=Hutt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiatimes.com%2F2020%2F07%2Fus-vietnam-ties-have-never-been-better%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorr2019" class="citation web cs1">Corr, Anders (7 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/feature/can-vietnam-be-america%E2%80%99s-new-ally-against-china-94901">"Can Vietnam Be America's New Ally Against China?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312170802/https://nationalinterest.org/feature/can-vietnam-be-america%E2%80%99s-new-ally-against-china-94901">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=Can+Vietnam+Be+America%27s+New+Ally+Against+China%3F&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft.aulast=Corr&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Ffeature%2Fcan-vietnam-be-america%25E2%2580%2599s-new-ally-against-china-94901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran2020" class="citation web cs1">Tran, Bich T. (15 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/will-we-see-a-us-vietnam-strategic-partnership/">"Will We See a US-Vietnam Strategic Partnership?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418183812/https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/will-we-see-a-us-vietnam-strategic-partnership/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Will+We+See+a+US-Vietnam+Strategic+Partnership%3F&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Bich+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2020%2F07%2Fwill-we-see-a-us-vietnam-strategic-partnership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran2018" class="citation web cs1">Tran, Anh Q. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/jesuit-historiography-online/the-historiography-of-the-jesuits-in-vietnam-16151773-and-19572007-COM_210470">"The Historiography of the Jesuits in Vietnam: 1615–1773 and 1957–2007"</a>. Brill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231092552/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/jesuit-historiography-online/the-historiography-of-the-jesuits-in-vietnam-16151773-and-19572007-COM_210470">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2019. 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World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016170357/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=VN">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2018. 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Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+and+economic+transition+in+Vietnam+and+its+impact+on+think+tank+traditions&rft.pub=Medium&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Ajoy&rft.au=Mendizabal%2C+Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40info_92670%2Fpolitical-and-economic-transition-in-vietnam-and-its-impact-on-think-tank-traditions-381ffd8ef303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommunist_Party_of_Vietnam_Online_Newspaper2018" class="citation web cs1">Communist Party of Vietnam Online Newspaper (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.dangcongsan.vn/overseas-vietnamese/vietnamese-women-in-romania-mark-international-women-s-day-476761.html">"Vietnamese women in Romania mark International Women's Day"</a>. Communist Party of Vietnam Online Newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016130000/http://en.dangcongsan.vn/overseas-vietnamese/vietnamese-women-in-romania-mark-international-women-s-day-476761.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnamese+women+in+Romania+mark+International+Women%27s+Day&rft.pub=Communist+Party+of+Vietnam+Online+Newspaper&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Communist+Party+of+Vietnam+Online+Newspaper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.dangcongsan.vn%2Foverseas-vietnamese%2Fvietnamese-women-in-romania-mark-international-women-s-day-476761.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormula_One2018" class="citation web cs1">Formula One (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.vietnam-to-host-formula-1-grand-prix-from-2020.5GwYlGbr56A0GCycMuUM0G.html">"Vietnam to host Formula 1 Grand Prix from 2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107145107/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.vietnam-to-host-formula-1-grand-prix-from-2020.5GwYlGbr56A0GCycMuUM0G.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2018. 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Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the United States of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408205827/http://vietnamembassy-usa.org/vietnam/politics/government-structure">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2018. 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Retrieved 30 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2023&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.au=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FApril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Olympic_Committee2018" class="citation web cs1">International Olympic Committee (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympic.org/vietnam">"Vietnam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181029051426/https://www.olympic.org/vietnam">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2018. 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Retrieved 15 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catches+by+Taxon+in+the+waters+of+Viet+Nam&rft.pub=Sea+Around+Us&rft.au=Vietnamese+Waters+Zone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaaroundus.org%2Fdata%2F%23%2Feez%2F704%3Fchart%3Dcatch-chart%26dimension%3Dtaxon%26measure%3Dtonnage%26limit%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowy_Institute2020" class="citation web cs1">Lowy Institute (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/vietnam/">"Asia Power Index 2020 Edition | Vietnam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lowy_Institute" title="Lowy Institute">Lowy Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418193600/https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/vietnam/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asia+Power+Index+2020+Edition+%7C+Vietnam&rft.pub=Lowy+Institute&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Lowy+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpower.lowyinstitute.org%2Fcountries%2Fvietnam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_content">Free content</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" class="extiw" title="c:Việt Nam">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Vietnam" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Vietnam">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Vietnam" class="extiw" title="q:Vietnam">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vietnam" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Vietnam">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vietnam" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Vietnam">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vietnam" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Vietnam">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Vietnam" class="extiw" title="voy:Vietnam">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm">Vietnam profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/">Vietnam</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. (CIA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003000923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm">Vietnam</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs (archived 3 October 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam">Vietnam</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Vietnam" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Vietnam">Wikimedia Atlas of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VN">Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English">Portal of the Government of Vietnam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200520095711/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English">Archived</a> 20 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpv.org.vn/">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> – official website (in Vietnamese)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quochoi.vn/en-US/Pages/default.aspx">National Assembly</a> – the Vietnamese legislative body</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gso.gov.vn/Default_en.aspx?tabid=491">General Statistics Office</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005015634/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/VM.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a> (archived 5 October 2013)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_censorship">Media and censorship</h3></div> <ul><li>Robert N. Wilkey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190536/http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html">"Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?"</a> The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_2">Tourism</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/">Official tourism website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/21px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/21px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/42px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vietnam&params=16_N_108_E_">16°N 108°E / 16°N 108°E / 16; 108</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam&oldid=1259291399">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam&oldid=1259291399</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnam&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 November 2024, at 10:44 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tunong" title="Wat Tunong – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Wat Tunong" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Виетнам – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Виетнам" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%ABtnam" title="Viëtnam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Viëtnam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AC%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%93%E1%88%9D" title="ቬት ናም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቬት ናም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="वियतनाम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="वियतनाम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fietnam" title="Fietnam – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fietnam" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Виетнам – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Виетнам" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="فيتنام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيتنام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%A8tname" title="Viètname – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Viètname" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ভিয়েটনাম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভিয়েটনাম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="भियतनाम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भियतनाम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vien%C3%A3" title="Vienã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vienã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyetnam" title="Vyetnam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vyetnam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ویئتنام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویئتنام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%A9tnam" title="Viétnam – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Viétnam" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ভিয়েতনাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিয়েতনাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oa%CC%8Dt-l%C3%A2m" title="Oa̍t-lâm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oa̍t-lâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="В’етнам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="В’етнам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Віетнам – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Віетнам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="वियतनाम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वियतनाम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bietnam" title="Bietnam – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bietnam" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Виетнам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виетнам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཝི་ཏི་ནམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཝི་ཏི་ནམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijetnam" title="Vijetnam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vijetnam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Sokialour_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam" title="Republik Sokialour Viêt Nam – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Sokialour Viêt Nam" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyetnam" title="Biyetnam – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Biyetnam" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fietnam" title="Fietnam – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fietnam" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ڤييطنام – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤييطنام" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%93%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ވިއެޓުނާމު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވިއެޓުނާމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1b%C4%85%C4%85h_Bin%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%A1daa%C5%82ts%CA%BC%C3%B3z%C3%AD_Doot%C5%82%CA%BCizh%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tábąąh Binááʼádaałtsʼózí Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tábąąh Binááʼádaałtsʼózí Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="भियतनाम – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भियतनाम" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%98" title="ཝི་ཡཏ་ནམ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཝི་ཡཏ་ནམ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BC" title="Βιετνάμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιετνάμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Вьетнам Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Вьетнам Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetnamio" title="Vjetnamio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vjetnamio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ویتنام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویتنام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetnam" title="Vjetnam – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vjetnam" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%AAt_Nam" title="Viêt Nam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viêt Nam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjetnam" title="Fjetnam – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fjetnam" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiyetnam" title="Wiyetnam – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Wiyetnam" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADtneam" title="Vítneam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vítneam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vietnam" title="Yn Vietnam – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyetnam" title="Vyetnam – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Vyetnam" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhiet-Nam" title="Bhiet-Nam – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bhiet-Nam" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="越南" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE" title="વિયેતનામ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિયેતનામ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="व्हिएतनाम – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="व्हिएतनाम" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%CC%8Dt-n%C3%A0m" title="Ye̍t-nàm – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ye̍t-nàm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%A8" title="베트남 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베트남" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiekanama" title="Wiekanama – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Wiekanama" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Վիետնամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիետնամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="वियतनाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वियतनाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijetnam" title="Vijetnam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vijetnam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bietnam" title="Bietnam – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bietnam" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ভিয়েতনাম – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ভিয়েতনাম" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%95%E1%90%8A%E1%91%A6_%E1%93%88%E1%92%BB" title="ᕕᐊᑦ ᓈᒻ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕕᐊᑦ ᓈᒻ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piatnak" title="Piatnak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Piatnak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IViyetnami" title="IViyetnami – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IViyetnami" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADetnam" title="Víetnam – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Víetnam" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9D" title="וייטנאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וייטנאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%A8tnam" title="Viètnam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Viètnam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%A9y%C9%9Bt%C9%A9naam" title="Fɩyɛtɩnaam – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fɩyɛtɩnaam" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ವಿಯೆಟ್ನಾಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಯೆಟ್ನಾಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bietnam" title="Bietnam – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bietnam" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვიეტნამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიეტნამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wietnam" title="Wietnam – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wietnam" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viyetinamu" title="Viyetinamu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Viyetinamu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyetnam" title="Vyetnam – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vyetnam" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%AAt_Nam" title="Viêt Nam – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Viêt Nam" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viyetnam" title="Viyetnam – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Viyetnam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1" title="ປະເທດຫວຽດນາມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຫວຽດນາມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetnams" title="Vjetnams – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Vjetnams" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamia" title="Vietnamia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vietnamia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetnama" title="Vjetnama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vjetnama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamas" title="Vietnamas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vietnamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnami" title="Vietnami – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Vietnami" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamu" title="Vietnamu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vietnamu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/vietnam" title="vietnam – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="vietnam" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietn%C3%A1m" title="Vietnám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vietnám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%A8tnam" title="Viètnam – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Viètnam" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="भियतनाम – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भियतनाम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Виетнам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Виетнам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamy" title="Vietnamy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vietnamy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="വിയറ്റ്നാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിയറ്റ്നാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetnam" title="Vjetnam – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Vjetnam" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitin%C4%81mu" title="Whitināmu – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Whitināmu" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="व्हियेतनाम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हियेतनाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვიეტნამი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვიეტნამი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="فييتنام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فييتنام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ویتنام – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویتنام" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯚꯤꯌꯦꯠꯅꯥꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯚꯤꯌꯦꯠꯅꯥꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%8Fk-n%C3%A0ng" title="Uŏk-nàng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Uŏk-nàng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bietname" title="Bietname – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bietname" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Виетнам – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Виетнам" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဗီယက်နမ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗီယက်နမ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="भियतनाम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भियतनाम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="भियतनाम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भियतनाम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0" title="ベトナム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベトナム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9D%DF%AD%DF%8B%DF%95%DF%8C%DF%A3%DF%8A%DF%A1" title="ߝ߭ߋߕߌߣߊߡ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߝ߭ߋߕߌߣߊߡ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wjetnam" title="Wjetnam – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wjetnam" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiyetnaam" title="Wiyetnaam – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Wiyetnaam" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyitename" title="Vyitename – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Vyitename" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE" title="ଭିଏତନାମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭିଏତନାମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veetinaam" title="Veetinaam – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Veetinaam" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyetnam" title="Vyetnam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vyetnam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="वियेतनाम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="वियेतनाम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ویتنام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویتنام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ဗီယက်နမ်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဗီယက်နမ်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ويتنام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ويتنام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98" title="វៀតណាម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វៀតណាម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wietnam" title="Wietnam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wietnam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BC" title="Βιετνάμ – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Βιετνάμ" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietn%C3%A3" title="Vietnã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vietnã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyetnam" title="Vyetnam – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Vyetnam" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyetnam" title="Vyetnam – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Vyetnam" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietu_Namu" title="Vietu Namu – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Vietu Namu" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witnam" title="Witnam – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Witnam" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%94%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вєтнам – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вєтнам" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viatename" title="Viatename – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Viatename" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="चम्पादेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चम्पादेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnami" title="Vietnami – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vietnami" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="වියට්නාමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වියට්නාමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ويٽنام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ويٽنام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IViyethina" title="IViyethina – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IViyethina" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%A5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8A" title="Виѥтнамъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Виѥтнамъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wjetnam" title="Wjetnam – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wjetnam" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiyetnam" title="Fiyetnam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fiyetnam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%DB%8E%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ڤیێتنام – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیێتنام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi-etnam" title="Vi-etnam – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Vi-etnam" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вијетнам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вијетнам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijetnam" title="Vijetnam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vijetnam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%A9tnam" title="Viétnam – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Viétnam" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyetnam" title="Biyetnam – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biyetnam" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வியட்நாம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வியட்நாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyitnam" title="Fyitnam – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Fyitnam" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%82%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%81%BC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဝႅတ်ႉၼမ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဝႅတ်ႉၼမ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82" title="వియత్నాం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వియత్నాం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietname" title="Vietname – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Vietname" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="ประเทศเวียดนาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเวียดนาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вйетнам – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вйетнам" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietin%C4%81mi" title="Vietināmi – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Vietināmi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%AB%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%98%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%BB%E1%8F%B1" title="ᏫᎡᏘᎾᎻᏱ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏫᎡᏘᎾᎻᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%ABtnam" title="Viëtnam – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Viëtnam" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BDetnam" title="Wýetnam – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wýetnam" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viyetnam" title="Viyetnam – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Viyetnam" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%93%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%86" title="ᨓᨗᨕᨙᨈᨊᨆ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨓᨗᨕᨙᨈᨊᨆ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%27%D1%94%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="В'єтнам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="В'єтнам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ویت نام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویت نام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%8A%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ۋيېتنام – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋيېتنام" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiednamz" title="Yiednamz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yiednamz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetnam" title="Vjetnam – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vjetnam" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" title="Việt Nam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Việt Nam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%C3%A4n" title="Vietnamän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Vietnamän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="越南" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiyetnaam" title="Wiyetnaam – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Wiyetnaam" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="越南" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9D" title="וויעטנאם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויעטנאם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%E1%BA%B9tn%C3%A1m" title="Fiẹtnám – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fiẹtnám" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="越南" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnams" title="Vietnams – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vietnams" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="越南" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietnam" title="Pietnam – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Pietnam" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%A8tnam" title="Piètnam – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Piètnam" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetnam" title="Vjetnam – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Vjetnam" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 10:44 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rbglq","wgBackendResponseTime":373,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"6.216","walltime":"6.749","ppvisitednodes":{"value":71308,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1485537,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":129730,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":90,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1536753,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 5732.438 1 -total"," 25.88% 1483.469 546 Template:Sfn"," 16.03% 918.921 195 Template:Cite_web"," 11.52% 660.195 154 Template:Cite_book"," 11.31% 648.387 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 7.82% 448.002 3 Template:Reflist"," 7.27% 416.614 79 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.60% 321.133 62 Template:Cite_news"," 4.97% 284.666 1 Template:Vunblist"," 2.00% 114.755 1 Template:Vietnam_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"4.121","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22997612,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdhikariKirkpatrickWeiss1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgent_Orange_Record\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgroViet_Newsletter2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkazawaAokiKimura1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlterman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmer1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAn_Chi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonLee2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonWhitmore2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnh2016a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnh2016b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnh_Dinh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsian_Development_Bank2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacciniImpullittiMalesky2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanoutUrbanMusilSzakova2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatruny2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergStengelPhamPham2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerkman_Klein_Center2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBich_Loan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBielefeldt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirdLife_International2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoobbyerSpooner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrigham1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrindley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritish_Business_Group_Vietnam2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuiterRahbari2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuleen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCNRS2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalò2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCerre2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCham2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapmanLiu2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChesneaux1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChico2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChina_Daily2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChonchirdsin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiraDasturKilroyLozano2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkMiller2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCockburn1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommunist_Party_of_Vietnam2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommunist_Party_of_Vietnam_Online_Newspaper2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCookeLiAnderson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorapi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornell_University2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorr2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCortada1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosslettCosslett2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosslettCosslett2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCottrell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoxLe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrook2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrozier1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCultural_Orientation_Resource_Centre\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuong_LeKuboFujinoMinh_Pham2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDK2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDall2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallek2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDam-young2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDang_VuNielsen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDattaMendizabal2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDayley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennellPorr2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDereviankoKandybaNguyenGladyshev2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDigInfo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinh_Tham2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoddLewis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDohrenwendTurseWallYager2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDror2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuy_HinhDinh_Tho2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEggleston2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElectricity_of_Vietnam2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmbassy_of_Vietnam_in_USA\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmmers2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndres2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFong-Sam2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFormula_One2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFourFourTwo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankum2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench_Senate1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFröhlichSchreinemachersStahrClemens2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallop2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallup2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaramone2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGettlemanFranklinYoungFranklin1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiap2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbons2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillet2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGittinger1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodkind1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoscha2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGough1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Vietnam_(I)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Vietnam_(II)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_the_Netherlands2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_the_Netherlands2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_the_United_Kingdom2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_the_United_Kingdom2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGravel1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenfield1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrigoreva2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGustafsson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuttman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._DangGlewwe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaGiangDenslow2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHa_Trân2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaberman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHampson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeneghan1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigham1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinchey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirano2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirschmanPrestonManh_Loi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistory2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiẻ̂n_Lê2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoang_Vuong2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoang_VuongDung_Tran2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolcombe2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmgren1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHong_LienSharrock2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHong_Phuong2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHong_TruongYeStive2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoàng2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuman_Development_Report2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuong2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutt2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuu_Chiem1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuu_DucMai_HoaThien_HuongNgoc_Bao2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndex_Mundi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndex_Mundi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIntellasia2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Monetary_Fund\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Olympic_Committee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIssermanBowman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacques1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJapan_Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffries2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoes1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJukes1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarlströmKällén2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarmel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeyes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhánh_Huỳnh1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim_Phuong2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimura1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinver2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkpatrickLiddicoat2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKissi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnoblockRiegel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoblitz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoppes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKort2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoskoff2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKỳ_PhươngLockhart2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLM_Report2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamport2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLargo2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Dinh_TinhHoang_Long2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevinsonChristensen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewandowski2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewy1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieberman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiebermanWagstaff2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinh_LeAnh_Trinh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitvackLitvackRondinelli1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowy_Institute2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyimo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLeod2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMai2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManyin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarwickPhamBrewerWang2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsumuraLan_CuongKim_ThuyAnezaki2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsumuraYonedaYukioOxenham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCaigPavcnik2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinney2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLeod1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLeodThi_Dieu2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeil2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeacham1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeggle2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerolaHienQuyenVengosh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiettinen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiguelRoland2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinh_Do2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinh_Hoangvan_LapKim_OanhJiro2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Citizenship_and_Immigration2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Defence_Russia2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Justice1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Justice1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Justice2004a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Justice2004b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Justice2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoise1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMojarro2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMomoki1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontagnard_Human_Rights_Organisation\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoïse2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuehlenbeckMuehlenbeck2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMydans2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMạnh_CườngNgọc_Lin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNHK_World-Japan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNam_DangNielsen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNang_ChungGiang_Hai2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasuchon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeville2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNghiaLuan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNgo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNgoYang2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyenBinh_MinhPhamBurmistrova2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyễn2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNgọc_Diệp2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNhu_Nguyen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNhân_Dân2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikkei_Asian_Review\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikkei_Asian_Review2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNormanMei1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObermeyerMurrayGakidou2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdellCastillo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoiAnh_Tuan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpenNet_Initiative2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverland2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxenhamBuckley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxenhamTayles2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxford_Business_Group2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOzolinš2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPWC2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPageSonnenburg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPham2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPham2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhan1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhuong2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhuong_Linh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhương2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhạm2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPike2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPike2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPincus2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProtected_Areas_and_Development_Partnership2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuach_Langlet1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuang_Vinh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuốc_Hoàng2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabett2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsay2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaslan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReporters_Without_Borders\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRick2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiehlAugstein1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRóżycka-TranAnh_Tran2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSM_Entertainment_Group2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaganDenny1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaofeiGuoqing2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenon1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSims2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSohrBrockfeldSauerländerMelde2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouth_East_Asia_Iron_and_Steel_Institute2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpecial_Broadcasting_Service2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpokesman-Review1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSummers2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanson1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTao2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatarski2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorRutherford2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerzian2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThakerBarton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThanh_Hai2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThanh_Niên2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThanh_Niên2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThayer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Economic_Times2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Economist2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Harvard_Crimson1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Japan_Times2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Japan_Times2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_New_York_Times1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_New_York_Times2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Saigon_Times_Daily2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Telegraph\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Telegraph2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThi_Anh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThái_NguyênMừng_Nguyẽ̂n1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThống_Nhất\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiezzi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTonnesson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTonnessonAntlov1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTran1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTran2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTran2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTran2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTranLe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTranReid2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTravel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrieu_Dan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrinhNguyenDoNguyen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrung_Chien2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruongVoNguyen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrương2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrần1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrần1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsang2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTung_Hieu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuổi_Trẻ_News2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO_Media_Services2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO_Publishing\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Convention1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Convention2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNICEF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNICEF2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUPI.com2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Development_Programme2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Treaty_Collection\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Agency_for_International_Development\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_State2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_State2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Technology_Sydney2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_DeDouglasMcMorrowLindley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Hoang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Namde_VriesVan_ToiNagelkerke2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Thanh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Tho2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Van\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVandemoortele2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVandemoorteleBird2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVierraVierra2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViet_TrungQuoc_VietVan_Chat2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnam+2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnam_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnam_Culture_Information_Network2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnam_Investment_Review2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnam_National_Administration_of_Tourism2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnam_National_Administration_of_Tourism2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnam_National_Space_Centre2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnam_Net2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnam_Net2016a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnam_Net2016b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnam_Net2017a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnam_Net2017b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnam_Net2018a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnam_Net2018b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnam_News_Agency2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnam_Women\u0026#039;s_Union2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnamese-American_Association\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVietnamese_Waters_Zone\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViệt_Nam_News2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViệt_Nam_News2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViệt_Nam_News2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViệt_Nam_News2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViệt_Nam_News2018a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViệt_Nam_News2018b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViệt_Nam_News2018c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViệt_Nam_News2018d\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoice_of_Vietnam2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoice_of_Vietnam2018a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoice_of_Vietnam2018b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoice_of_Vietnam2018c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoice_of_Vietnam2018d\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVu1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVuFear2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVăn_Phúc2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagstaffvan_DoorslaerWatanabe2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWai-ming2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaite2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaitemata_District_Health_Board2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilcox2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkey2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillbanks2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2016b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2016c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2018a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2018b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2018c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXuan_Dinh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanJunLong2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYan_News2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYao2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYue_Hashimoto1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhuRenCollinsWarner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZinoman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuckerman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZwartjes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_LaetHerrmann1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_MoraWood2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_DijkGraySavranskayaSuri2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĐức_TrầnThư_Hà2000\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CJKV\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite act\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 153,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 79,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 62,\n [\"Cite periodical\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 197,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 28,\n [\"Coord\"] = 3,\n [\"Countries and territories of Southeast Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 11,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 2,\n [\"Free access\"] = 3,\n [\"Free-content attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 101,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Largest cities of Vietnam\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 8,\n [\"Main\"] = 30,\n [\"Map caption\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Provinces of Vietnam\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 6,\n [\"Refend\"] = 6,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Replace\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 546,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 50,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"UN Population\"] = 2,\n [\"US DOS Background Notes\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vi-nom\"] = 3,\n [\"Vietnam topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Vunblist\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","820","19.0"],["?","460","10.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","460","10.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","240","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","240","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","220","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","220","5.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","4.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","3.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","2.3"],["[others]","1220","28.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-zkvvf","timestamp":"20241124110018","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Vietnam","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q881","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q881","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-03-27T05:11:56Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T10:44:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/21\/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg","headline":"country in Southeast Asia"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>