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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_properties_of_the_shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_properties_of_the_shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure and properties of the shell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_properties_of_the_shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases_and_pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases_and_pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diseases and pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases_and_pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Human use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Farming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sport harvesting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Channel_Islands,_Brittany_and_Normandy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Channel_Islands,_Brittany_and_Normandy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Channel Islands, Brittany and Normandy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Channel_Islands,_Brittany_and_Normandy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorative_items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorative_items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Decorative items</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorative_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Indigenous use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threat_of_extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threat_of_extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Threat of extinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threat_of_extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Synonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau-h%C3%AE" title="Pau-hî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pau-hî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourmel" title="Ourmel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ourmel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeohren" title="Seeohren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seeohren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ابلونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابلونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Abalone" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰალიოტისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰალიოტისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%89" title="حلزون بحرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حلزون بحرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeoren" title="Zeeoren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zeeoren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AF%E3%83%93#人間との関わり" title="アワビ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アワビ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%8D%E9%B1%BC" title="鲍鱼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鲍鱼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AE%91%E9%AD%9A" title="鮑魚 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鮑魚" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AE%91%E9%AD%9A" title="鮑魚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鮑魚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Abalone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Abalone (disambiguation)">Abalone (disambiguation)</a>. For the Abelone grape, see <a href="/wiki/Chasselas" title="Chasselas">Chasselas</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Merge_from plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis" title="Haliotis">Haliotis</a></i> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Abalone" title="Talk:Abalone">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since March 2025.</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ormer" redirects here. For the restaurant, see <a href="/wiki/Ormer_(restaurant)" title="Ormer (restaurant)">Ormer (restaurant)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LivingAbalone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/LivingAbalone.JPG/250px-LivingAbalone.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/LivingAbalone.JPG/330px-LivingAbalone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/LivingAbalone.JPG/500px-LivingAbalone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Living abalone in tank showing epipodium and tentacles, anterior end to the right.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Abalone</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e4\/En-us-abalone.ogg\/En-us-abalone.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-abalone.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-abalone.ogg/En-us-abalone.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-abalone.ogg" title="File:En-us-abalone.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; via Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">abulón</i></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Rumsen_language" title="Rumsen language">Rumsen</a> <i>aulón</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> for any small to very large <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine</a> <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">mollusc</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Haliotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Haliotidae">Haliotidae</a>, which once contained six <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> but now contains only one genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis" title="Haliotis">Haliotis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-WoRMS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoRMS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common names</a> are <b>ear shells</b>, <b>sea ears</b>, and, now rarely, <b>muttonfish</b> or <b>muttonshells</b> in parts of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <b>ormer</b> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <b>perlemoen</b> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and <b>pāua</b> in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MtSS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MtSS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of abalone species recognized worldwide ranges between 30<sup id="cite_ref-DCMD_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCMD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 130<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with over 230 species-level taxa described. The most comprehensive treatment of the family considers 56 species valid, with 18 additional <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GO_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">shells</a> of abalone have a low, open spiral structure, and are characterized by several open respiratory pores in a row near the shell's outer edge. The thick inner layer of the shell is composed of <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacre</a>, which in many species is highly <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a>, giving rise to a range of strong, changeable colors which make the shells attractive to humans as <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornaments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">jewelry</a>, and as a source of colorful <a href="/wiki/Mother-of-pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-of-pearl">mother-of-pearl</a>. </p><p>The flesh of abalone is widely considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">delicacy</a>, and is consumed raw or cooked by a variety of <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisines</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AbaloneInside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AbaloneInside.jpg/250px-AbaloneInside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AbaloneInside.jpg/330px-AbaloneInside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AbaloneInside.jpg/500px-AbaloneInside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a> surface inside a <a href="/wiki/Red_abalone" class="mw-redirect" title="Red abalone">red abalone</a> shell from <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)" title="Quarter (United States coin)">The US coin (quarter)</a> is 24.3 mm or 0.955 in in diameter</figcaption></figure> <p>Most abalone vary in size from 20 mm (0.8 in) (<i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_pulcherrima" title="Haliotis pulcherrima">Haliotis pulcherrima</a></i>) to 200 mm (8 in). The largest species, <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_rufescens" title="Haliotis rufescens">Haliotis rufescens</a></i>, reaches 300 mm (12 in).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shell of abalone is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convex" class="extiw" title="wikt:convex">convex</a>, rounded to oval in shape, and may be highly arched or very flattened. The shell of the majority of species has a small, flat <a href="/wiki/Spire_(mollusc)" title="Spire (mollusc)">spire</a> and two to three <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(mollusc)" title="Whorl (mollusc)">whorls</a>. The last whorl, known as the <a href="/wiki/Body_whorl" title="Body whorl">body whorl</a>, is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auriform" class="extiw" title="wikt:auriform">auriform</a>, meaning that the shell resembles an ear, giving rise to the common name "ear shell". <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_asinina" title="Haliotis asinina">Haliotis asinina</a></i> has a somewhat different shape, as it is more elongated and distended. The shell of <i>Haliotis cracherodii cracherodii</i> is also unusual as it has an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ovate" class="extiw" title="wikt:ovate">ovate</a> form, is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/imperforate" class="extiw" title="wikt:imperforate">imperforate</a>, shows an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exsert" class="extiw" title="wikt:exsert">exserted</a> spire, and has prickly ribs. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">mantle</a> cleft in the shell impresses a groove in the shell, in which are the row of holes characteristic of the genus. These holes are respiratory apertures for venting water from the gills and for releasing sperm and eggs into the water column.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They make up what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Selenizone" title="Selenizone">selenizone</a>, which forms as the shell grows. This series of eight to 38 holes is near the anterior margin. Only a small number is generally open. The older holes are gradually sealed up as the shell grows and new holes form. Each species has a typical number of open holes, between four and 10, in the selenizone. An abalone has no <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">operculum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Aperture_(mollusc)" title="Aperture (mollusc)">aperture</a> of the shell is very wide and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nacreous" class="extiw" title="wikt:nacreous">nacreous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exterior of the shell is striated and dull. The color of the shell is very variable from species to species, which may reflect the animal's diet.<sup id="cite_ref-MtSS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MtSS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iridescent <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacre</a> that lines the inside of the shell varies in color from silvery white, to pink, red and green-red to deep blue, green to purple. </p><p>The animal has <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fimbriated" class="extiw" title="wikt:fimbriated">fimbriated</a> head lobes and side lobes that are fimbriated and <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_(biology)" title="Cirrus (biology)">cirrated</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">radula</a> has small median teeth, and the lateral teeth are single and beam-like. They have about 70 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uncini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uncini (page does not exist)">uncini</a>, with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/denticulated" class="extiw" title="wikt:denticulated">denticulated</a> hooks, the first four very large. The rounded foot is very large in comparison to most molluscs. The soft body is coiled around the <a href="/wiki/Columella_(gastropod)" title="Columella (gastropod)">columellar muscle</a>, and its insertion, instead of being on the columella, is on the middle of the inner wall of the shell. The <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a> are symmetrical and both well developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Tryon_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tryon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These snails cling solidly with their broad, muscular foot to rocky surfaces at <a href="/wiki/Sublittoral_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublittoral zone">sublittoral</a> depths, although some species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_cracherodii" title="Haliotis cracherodii">Haliotis cracherodii</a></i> used to be common in the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a>. Abalone reach maturity at a relatively small size. Their <a href="/wiki/Fecundity" title="Fecundity">fecundity</a> is high and increases with their size, laying from 10,000 to 11 million eggs at a time. The <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatozoa">spermatozoa</a> are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filiform" class="extiw" title="wikt:filiform">filiform</a> and pointed at one end, and the anterior end is a rounded head.<sup id="cite_ref-Tryon1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tryon1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abalone_Santo_Andre_Povoa_de_Varzim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abalone_Santo_Andre_Povoa_de_Varzim.jpg/220px-Abalone_Santo_Andre_Povoa_de_Varzim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abalone_Santo_Andre_Povoa_de_Varzim.jpg/330px-Abalone_Santo_Andre_Povoa_de_Varzim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abalone_Santo_Andre_Povoa_de_Varzim.jpg/440px-Abalone_Santo_Andre_Povoa_de_Varzim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Abalone with a live sponge on its shell in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim" title="Póvoa de Varzim">Póvoa de Varzim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The haliotid family has a worldwide distribution, along the coastal waters of every continent, except the Pacific coast of South America, the Atlantic coast of North America, the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of abalone species are found in cold waters, such as off the coasts of New Zealand, South Africa, Australia, Western North America, and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_properties_of_the_shell">Structure and properties of the shell</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure and properties of the shell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shell of the abalone is exceptionally strong and is composed of a tightly packed <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> matrix. Layered among the matrix is an endogenous protein further strengthening the shell. Due to the unique structure of the shell, a force applied directly to the shell matrix will more likely cause the shedding of layers as opposed to cracking or shattering. <a href="/wiki/Material_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Material science">Material scientists</a> are currently studying this structure for insight into stronger <a href="/wiki/Ablative_armor" title="Ablative armor">ablative</a> protective tools such as <a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">body armor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dust created by grinding and cutting abalone shell is dangerous; appropriate safeguards must be taken to protect people from inhaling these particles.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diseases_and_pests">Diseases and pests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diseases and pests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abalone are subject to various infectious diseases. The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Primary_Industries_(Victoria)" title="Department of Primary Industries (Victoria)">Victorian Department of Primary Industries</a> said in 2007 that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone_viral_ganglioneuritis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abalone viral ganglioneuritis (page does not exist)">ganglioneuritis</a> killed up to 90% of stock in affected regions. Abalone possess very little clotting factor, meaning even a mild to moderate skin-piercing injury can result in death from fluid loss. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Spionidae" title="Spionidae">Spionidae</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polychaeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychaeta">polychaetes</a> are known as pests of abalone.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_use">Human use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abalone have been harvested as a source of food and esthetics since prehistory. Abalone shells and associated materials, like their claw-like <a href="/wiki/Pearls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearls">pearls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of pearl">nacre</a>, have been used as jewelry and for buttons, buckles, and inlay.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Colliers_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colliers-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These shells have been found in archaeological sites around the world, ranging from 100,000-year-old deposits at Blombos Cave in South Africa to historic Chinese abalone middens on California's Northern Channel Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For at least 12,000 years, abalone were harvested to such an extent around the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_(California)" title="Channel Islands (California)">Channel Islands</a> that shells in the area decreased in size four thousand years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farming">Farming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Farming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abalone-farm1web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Abalone-farm1web.jpg/220px-Abalone-farm1web.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Abalone-farm1web.jpg/330px-Abalone-farm1web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Abalone-farm1web.jpg/440px-Abalone-farm1web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>An abalone farm</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture#Molluscs" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">Mariculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaminosjf384.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Alaminosjf384.JPG/250px-Alaminosjf384.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Abalone hatchery</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaminosjf385.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Alaminosjf385.JPG/250px-Alaminosjf385.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Part of the <a href="/wiki/File:Alaminosjf403.JPG" title="File:Alaminosjf403.JPG">Multi-Species Fish and Invertebrate Breeding and Hatchery</a>, (Oceanographic Marine Laboratory, Lucap, <a href="/wiki/Alaminos,_Pangasinan" title="Alaminos, Pangasinan">Alaminos, Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, 2011)</figcaption></figure> <p>Farming of abalone began in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Japan and China.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the mid-1990s, there have been many increasingly successful endeavors to commercially farm abalone for the purpose of consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overfishing and poaching have reduced wild populations to such an extent that farmed abalone now supplies most of the abalone meat consumed. The principal abalone farming regions are China, Taiwan,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan, and Korea. Abalone is also farmed in Australia, Canada, Chile, France,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, Ireland, Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-ElPais_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElPais-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thailand, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After trials in 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-oceangrown.com.au-2013_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oceangrown.com.au-2013-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a commercial "sea ranch" was set up in <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Bay" title="Flinders Bay">Flinders Bay</a>, Western Australia to raise abalone. The ranch is based on an artificial reef made up of 5,000 separate concrete abalone habitat units, which can host 400 abalone each. The reef is seeded with young abalone from an onshore hatchery. </p><p>The abalone feed on seaweed that grows naturally on the habitats; the ecosystem enrichment of the bay also results in growing numbers of <a href="/wiki/Dhufish" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhufish">dhufish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_snapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Pink snapper">pink snapper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrasse" title="Wrasse">wrasse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samson_fish" title="Samson fish">Samson fish</a> among other species.<sup id="cite_ref-abc.net.au-2014-08-15_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-2014-08-15-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abc.net.au-2016-04-23_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-2016-04-23-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumption">Consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abalone have long been a valuable food source for humans in every area of the world where a species is abundant. The meat of this mollusc is considered a <a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">delicacy</a> in certain parts of Latin America (particularly Chile), France, New Zealand, East Asia and Southeast Asia. In the Greater China region and among Overseas Chinese communities, abalone is commonly known as <i>bao yu</i>, and sometimes forms part of a Chinese banquet. In the same way as <a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">shark fin soup</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_nest_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird's nest soup">bird's nest soup</a>, abalone is considered a <a href="/wiki/Luxury_item" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury item">luxury item</a>, and is traditionally reserved for celebrations. </p><p>As abalone became more popular and less common, the prices adjusted accordingly. In the 1920s, a restaurant-served portion of abalone, about 4 ounces, would cost (in inflation adjusted dollars) about US$7; by 2004, the price had risen to US$75.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, prior to this time, abalone was predominantly eaten, gathered, and prepared by Chinese immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before that, abalone were collected to be eaten, and used for other purposes by Native American tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1900, laws were passed in California to outlaw the taking of abalone above the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a>. This forced the Chinese out of the market and the Japanese perfected diving, with or without gear, to enter the market. Abalone started to become popular in the US after the <a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Pacific_International_Exposition" title="Panama–Pacific International Exposition">Panama–Pacific International Exposition</a> in 1915, which exhibited 365 varieties of fish with cooking demonstrations, and a 1,300-seat dining hall.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, live and raw abalone are used in awabi sushi, or served steamed, salted, boiled, chopped, or simmered in <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>. Salted, fermented abalone entrails are the main component of <i>tottsuru</i>, a local dish from Honshū. <i>Tottsuru</i> is mainly enjoyed with sake.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In South Korea, abalone is called <i>Jeonbok</i> (/juhn-bok/) and used in various recipes. <i>Jeonbok</i> porridge and pan-fried abalone steak with butter are popular but also commonly used in soups or ramyeon. </p><p>In California, abalone meat can be found on pizza, sautéed with caramelized mango, or in steak form dusted with cracker meal and flour.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_harvesting">Sport harvesting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sport harvesting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> supplies about 25% of the yearly world abalone harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 12,500 Tasmanians recreationally fish for <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_rubra" title="Haliotis rubra">blacklip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_laevigata" title="Haliotis laevigata">greenlip</a> abalone. For blacklip abalone, the size limit varies between 138 mm (5.4 in) for the southern end of the state and 127 mm (5.0 in) for the northern end of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greenlip abalone have a minimum size of 145 mm (5.7 in), except for an area around <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkins_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkins Bay (page does not exist)">Perkins Bay</a> in the north of the state where the minimum size is 132 millimetres (5.2 in). With a recreational abalone licence, the bag limit is 10 per day, with a total possession limit of 20. <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a> for abalone is allowed, and has a rich history in Australia. (Scuba diving for abalone in the states of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> is illegal; a <a href="/wiki/Free-diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-diving">free-diving</a> catch limit of two is allowed).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> has had an active abalone fishery since the late 1950s. The state is sectioned into three fishing zones, Eastern, Central and Western, with each fisher required a zone-allocated licence. Harvesting is performed by divers using surface-supplied air "hookah" systems operating from runabout-style, outboard-powered boats. While the diver seeks out colonies of abalone amongst the reef beds, the deckhand operates the boat, known as working "live" and stays above where the diver is working. Bags of abalone pried from the rocks are brought to the surface by the diver or by way of "shot line", where the deckhand drops a weighted rope for the catch bag to be connected then retrieved. Divers measure each abalone before removing from the reef and the deckhand remeasures each abalone and removes excess weed growth from the shell. Since 2002, the Victorian industry has seen a significant decline in catches, with the total allowable catch reduced from 1440 to 787 tonnes for the 2011/12 <a href="/wiki/Fishing_year" title="Fishing year">fishing year</a>, due to dwindling stocks and most notably the abalone virus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganglioneuritis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganglioneuritis (page does not exist)">ganglioneuritis</a>, which is fast-spreading and lethal to abalone stocks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Workers_drying_abalone_shells_in_the_sun_in_southern_California_(CHS-1399).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Workers_drying_abalone_shells_in_the_sun_in_southern_California_%28CHS-1399%29.jpg/250px-Workers_drying_abalone_shells_in_the_sun_in_southern_California_%28CHS-1399%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Workers_drying_abalone_shells_in_the_sun_in_southern_California_%28CHS-1399%29.jpg/330px-Workers_drying_abalone_shells_in_the_sun_in_southern_California_%28CHS-1399%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Workers_drying_abalone_shells_in_the_sun_in_southern_California_%28CHS-1399%29.jpg/500px-Workers_drying_abalone_shells_in_the_sun_in_southern_California_%28CHS-1399%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5159" data-file-height="3949" /></a><figcaption>Workers drying abalone shells in the sun in southern California, <i>circa</i> 1900</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Abalone_Diver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Japanese_Abalone_Diver.jpg/250px-Japanese_Abalone_Diver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Japanese_Abalone_Diver.jpg/330px-Japanese_Abalone_Diver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Japanese_Abalone_Diver.jpg/500px-Japanese_Abalone_Diver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>A young Japanese abalone diver in California in 1905</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_abalone_Haliotis_sorenseni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/White_abalone_Haliotis_sorenseni.jpg/250px-White_abalone_Haliotis_sorenseni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/White_abalone_Haliotis_sorenseni.jpg/330px-White_abalone_Haliotis_sorenseni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/White_abalone_Haliotis_sorenseni.jpg/500px-White_abalone_Haliotis_sorenseni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Two highly endangered white abalone: Prohibitions on commercial and recreational harvest of this species have been in place since 1996.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sport harvesting of <a href="/wiki/Red_abalone" class="mw-redirect" title="Red abalone">red abalone</a> is permitted with a California fishing license and an abalone stamp card. In 2008, the abalone card also came with a set of 24 tags. This was reduced to 18 abalone per year in 2014, and as of 2017 the limit has been reduced to 12, only nine of which may be taken south of <a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County,_California" title="Mendocino County, California">Mendocino County</a>. Legal-size abalone must be tagged immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abalone may only be taken using breath-hold techniques or shorepicking; scuba diving for abalone is strictly prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking of abalone is not permitted south of the mouth of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A size minimum of 7 in (180 mm) measured across the shell is in place. A person may be in possession of only three abalone at any given time.<sup id="cite_ref-cal15c_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cal15c-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2017, abalone season is May to October, excluding July. Transportation of abalone may only legally occur while the abalone is still attached in the shell. Sale of sport-obtained abalone is illegal, including the shell. Only red abalone may be taken, as <a href="/wiki/Black_abalone" class="mw-redirect" title="Black abalone">black</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_abalone" class="mw-redirect" title="White abalone">white</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_corrugata" title="Haliotis corrugata">pink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_walallensis" title="Haliotis walallensis">flat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_abalone" class="mw-redirect" title="Green abalone">green</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_abalone" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern abalone">pinto</a> abalone are protected by law.<sup id="cite_ref-cal15c_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cal15c-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/California_Fish_and_Game_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="California Fish and Game Commission">California Fish and Game Commission</a> closed recreational abalone season due to dramatically declining populations. That year, they extended the moratorium to last through April 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, they extended the ban for another 5 years until April 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An abalone diver is normally equipped with a thick <a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">wetsuit</a>, including a hood, <a href="/wiki/Wetsuit_boots" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetsuit boots">bootees</a>, and gloves, and usually also a mask, <a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">snorkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diving_weighting_system#Weight_belt" title="Diving weighting system">weight belt</a>, abalone iron, and abalone gauge. Alternatively, the rock picker can feel underneath rocks at low tides for abalone. Abalone are mostly taken in depths from a few inches up to 10 m (33 ft); less common are freedivers who can work deeper than 10 m (33 ft). Abalone are normally found on rocks near food sources such as <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a>. An abalone iron is used to pry the abalone from the rock before it has time to fully clamp down. Divers dive from boats, kayaks, tube floats, or directly off the shore.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest abalone recorded in California is 12.34 in (31.3 cm), caught by John Pepper somewhere off the coast of <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California" title="San Mateo County, California">San Mateo County</a> in September 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Smookler2005p76_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smookler2005p76-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mollusc <i><a href="/wiki/Concholepas_concholepas" title="Concholepas concholepas">Concholepas concholepas</a></i> is often sold in the United States under the name "Chilean abalone", though it is not an abalone, but a <a href="/wiki/Muricidae" title="Muricidae">muricid</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ua" title="Pāua">Pāua</a></div> <p>In New Zealand, abalone is called <i>pāua</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, from the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_iris" title="Haliotis iris">Haliotis iris</a></i> (or blackfoot pāua) is the ubiquitous New Zealand pāua, the highly polished nacre of which is extremely popular as souvenirs with its striking blue, green, and purple iridescence. <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_australis" title="Haliotis australis">Haliotis australis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_virginea" title="Haliotis virginea">Haliotis virginea</a></i> are also found in New Zealand waters, but are less popular than <i>H. iris</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_pirimoana" title="Haliotis pirimoana">Haliotis pirimoana</a></i> is a small species endemic to <a href="/wiki/Manawat%C4%81whi_/_Three_Kings_Islands" title="Manawatāwhi / Three Kings Islands">Manawatāwhi / the Three Kings Islands</a> that superficially resembles <i>H. virginea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walton-2024_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walton-2024-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheConversation1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheConversation1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like all New Zealand shellfish, recreational harvesting of <i>pāua</i> does not require a permit provided catch limits, size restrictions, and seasonal and local restrictions set by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Primary_Industries_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry for Primary Industries (New Zealand)">Ministry for Primary Industries</a> (MPI) are followed. The legal recreational daily limit is 10 per diver, with a minimum shell length of 125 mm (4.9 in) for <i>H. iris</i> and 80 mm (3.1 in) for <i>H. australis</i>. In addition, no person may be in possession, even on land, of more than 20 pāua or more than 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) of pāua meat at any one time. Pāua can only be caught by free-diving; it is illegal to catch them using scuba gear. </p><p>An extensive global black market exists in collecting and exporting abalone meat. This can be a particularly awkward problem where the right to harvest pāua can be granted legally under <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> customary rights. When such permits to harvest are abused, it is frequently difficult to police. The limit is strictly enforced by roving <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Primary_Industries_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry for Primary Industries (New Zealand)">Ministry for Primary Industries</a> fishery officers with the backing of the New Zealand Police. <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a> is a major industry in New Zealand with many thousands being taken illegally, often undersized. Convictions have resulted in seizure of diving gear, boats, and motor vehicles and fines and in rare cases, imprisonment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are five species endemic to South Africa, namely <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_parva" title="Haliotis parva">H. parva</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_spadicea" title="Haliotis spadicea">H. spadicea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_queketti" title="Haliotis queketti">H. queketti</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_speciosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Haliotis speciosa">H. speciosa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest abalone in South Africa, <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_midae" title="Haliotis midae">Haliotis midae</a></i>, occurs along roughly two-thirds of the country's coastline. Abalone-diving has been a recreational activity for many years, but stocks are currently being threatened by <a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing_in_Africa" title="Illegal fishing in Africa">illegal commercial harvesting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Africa, all persons harvesting this shellfish need permits that are issued annually, and no abalone may be harvested using scuba gear. </p><p>For the last few years, however, no permits have been issued for collecting abalone, but commercial harvesting still continues as does illegal collection by <a href="/wiki/Criminal_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal organization">syndicates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, because of widespread <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> of abalone, the South African government listed abalone as an endangered species according to the <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> section III appendix, which requests member governments to monitor the trade in this species. This listing was removed from CITES in June 2010 by the South African government and South African abalone is no longer subject to CITES trade controls. Export permits are still required, however. The abalone meat from South Africa is prohibited for sale in the country to help reduce poaching; however, much of the illegally harvested meat is sold in Asian countries. As of early 2008, the wholesale price for abalone meat was approximately US$40.00 per kilogram. There is an active trade in the shells, which sell for more than US$1,400 per <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Channel_Islands,_Brittany_and_Normandy"><span id="Channel_Islands.2C_Brittany_and_Normandy"></span>Channel Islands, Brittany and Normandy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Channel Islands, Brittany and Normandy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ormers (<i><a href="/wiki/Green_ormer" title="Green ormer">Haliotis tuberculata</a></i>) are considered a delicacy in the British <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> as well as in adjacent areas of France, and are pursued with great alacrity by the locals. This, and a recent lethal bacterial disease,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has led to a dramatic depletion in numbers since the latter half of the 19th century, and "ormering" is now strictly regulated to preserve stocks. The gathering of ormers is now restricted to a number of 'ormering tides', from 1 January to 30 April, which occur on the full or new moon and two days following. No ormers may be taken from the beach that are under 80 millimetres (3.1 in) in shell length. Gatherers are not allowed to wear wetsuits or even put their heads underwater. Any breach of these laws is a criminal offence and can lead to a fine of up to £5,000 or six months in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demand for ormers is such that they led to the world's first underwater arrest, when Mr. Kempthorne-Leigh of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> was arrested by a police officer in full diving gear when illegally diving for ormers.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AbaloneMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The raw meat of abalone"><img alt="The raw meat of abalone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/AbaloneMeat.jpg/120px-AbaloneMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/AbaloneMeat.jpg/180px-AbaloneMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/AbaloneMeat.jpg/240px-AbaloneMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The raw meat of abalone</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seeohr-Sashimi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abalone sashimi"><img alt="Abalone sashimi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seeohr-Sashimi.jpg/120px-Seeohr-Sashimi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seeohr-Sashimi.jpg/180px-Seeohr-Sashimi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seeohr-Sashimi.jpg/240px-Seeohr-Sashimi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abalone sashimi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chineseabalonecuisine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Braised abalone"><img alt="Braised abalone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chineseabalonecuisine.jpg/120px-Chineseabalonecuisine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chineseabalonecuisine.jpg/250px-Chineseabalonecuisine.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Braised abalone</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abalone_%26_Asparagus,_Stir-Fried_with_Black_Bean_Sauce_(207804042).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abalone with asparagus"><img alt="Abalone with asparagus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Abalone_%26_Asparagus%2C_Stir-Fried_with_Black_Bean_Sauce_%28207804042%29.jpg/120px-Abalone_%26_Asparagus%2C_Stir-Fried_with_Black_Bean_Sauce_%28207804042%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Abalone_%26_Asparagus%2C_Stir-Fried_with_Black_Bean_Sauce_%28207804042%29.jpg/250px-Abalone_%26_Asparagus%2C_Stir-Fried_with_Black_Bean_Sauce_%28207804042%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abalone with <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantoneseabalone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abalone bao yu"><img alt="Abalone bao yu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cantoneseabalone.jpg/120px-Cantoneseabalone.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cantoneseabalone.jpg/180px-Cantoneseabalone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cantoneseabalone.jpg/240px-Cantoneseabalone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="281" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abalone <i>bao yu</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_grilled_abalone-Jeonbok_gui-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grilled abalone"><img alt="Grilled abalone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Korean_grilled_abalone-Jeonbok_gui-01.jpg/120px-Korean_grilled_abalone-Jeonbok_gui-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Korean_grilled_abalone-Jeonbok_gui-01.jpg/250px-Korean_grilled_abalone-Jeonbok_gui-01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grilled abalone</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_cuisine-Jeju_Island-Obunjagi_ttukbaegi-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Korean abalone stew"><img alt="A Korean abalone stew" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Korean_cuisine-Jeju_Island-Obunjagi_ttukbaegi-01.jpg/120px-Korean_cuisine-Jeju_Island-Obunjagi_ttukbaegi-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Korean_cuisine-Jeju_Island-Obunjagi_ttukbaegi-01.jpg/180px-Korean_cuisine-Jeju_Island-Obunjagi_ttukbaegi-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Korean_cuisine-Jeju_Island-Obunjagi_ttukbaegi-01.jpg/240px-Korean_cuisine-Jeju_Island-Obunjagi_ttukbaegi-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="671" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Korean abalone stew</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_cuisine-Jeonbok_hoe-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abalone Hoe"><img alt="Abalone Hoe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Korean_cuisine-Jeonbok_hoe-01.jpg/120px-Korean_cuisine-Jeonbok_hoe-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Korean_cuisine-Jeonbok_hoe-01.jpg/250px-Korean_cuisine-Jeonbok_hoe-01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abalone <i><a href="/wiki/Hoe_(dish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoe (dish)">Hoe</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Food_Chinese_Seafood_Dinner_%E9%AE%91%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%94_Steamed_Abalone_with_Mandarin_orange_peels.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Abalone with mandarin orange peels."><img alt="Abalone with mandarin orange peels." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/HK_Food_Chinese_Seafood_Dinner_%E9%AE%91%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%94_Steamed_Abalone_with_Mandarin_orange_peels.JPG/120px-HK_Food_Chinese_Seafood_Dinner_%E9%AE%91%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%94_Steamed_Abalone_with_Mandarin_orange_peels.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/HK_Food_Chinese_Seafood_Dinner_%E9%AE%91%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%94_Steamed_Abalone_with_Mandarin_orange_peels.JPG/250px-HK_Food_Chinese_Seafood_Dinner_%E9%AE%91%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%94_Steamed_Abalone_with_Mandarin_orange_peels.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abalone with <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_orange" title="Mandarin orange">mandarin orange</a> peels.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abalone_(dish)_-_in_Macau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abalone (dish) - in Macau"><img alt="Abalone (dish) - in Macau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abalone_%28dish%29_-_in_Macau.jpg/120px-Abalone_%28dish%29_-_in_Macau.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abalone_%28dish%29_-_in_Macau.jpg/250px-Abalone_%28dish%29_-_in_Macau.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abalone (dish) - in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decorative_items">Decorative items</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Decorative items"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carving_of_chief_(detail),_Haida,_c._1890,_wood,_paint,_abalone_shell_-_Fairbanks_Museum_and_Planetarium_-_DSC04327.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Carving_of_chief_%28detail%29%2C_Haida%2C_c._1890%2C_wood%2C_paint%2C_abalone_shell_-_Fairbanks_Museum_and_Planetarium_-_DSC04327.JPG/250px-Carving_of_chief_%28detail%29%2C_Haida%2C_c._1890%2C_wood%2C_paint%2C_abalone_shell_-_Fairbanks_Museum_and_Planetarium_-_DSC04327.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Carving_of_chief_%28detail%29%2C_Haida%2C_c._1890%2C_wood%2C_paint%2C_abalone_shell_-_Fairbanks_Museum_and_Planetarium_-_DSC04327.JPG/330px-Carving_of_chief_%28detail%29%2C_Haida%2C_c._1890%2C_wood%2C_paint%2C_abalone_shell_-_Fairbanks_Museum_and_Planetarium_-_DSC04327.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Carving_of_chief_%28detail%29%2C_Haida%2C_c._1890%2C_wood%2C_paint%2C_abalone_shell_-_Fairbanks_Museum_and_Planetarium_-_DSC04327.JPG/500px-Carving_of_chief_%28detail%29%2C_Haida%2C_c._1890%2C_wood%2C_paint%2C_abalone_shell_-_Fairbanks_Museum_and_Planetarium_-_DSC04327.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a> carving with rectangular abalone shell accents</figcaption></figure> <p>The highly iridescent inner nacre layer of the shell of abalone has traditionally been used as a decorative item, in jewelry,<sup id="cite_ref-MtSS_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MtSS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> buttons, and as inlay in furniture and musical instruments, such as on <a href="/wiki/Fret_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Fret board">fret boards</a> and binding of guitars.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See article <a href="/wiki/Najeonchilgi" title="Najeonchilgi">Najeonchilgi</a> regarding Korean handicraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_use">Indigenous use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indigenous use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abalone has been an important staple in a number of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a> cultures around the world, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">Africa</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Northwest American coast</a>. The meat is a traditional food, and the shell is used to make ornaments; historically, the shells were also used as currency in some communities.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threat_of_extinction">Threat of extinction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Threat of extinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abalone are critically threatened due to overfishing and the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification of oceans</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as lower pH erodes the calcium carbonate in their shells. In the 21st century, white, pink, and green abalone are on the United States federal endangered species list. Possible restoration sites have been proposed for the San Clemente Island and Santa Barbara Island areas.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reintroduction of farming abalone to the wild has been proposed, with these abalone having special tags to help track the population.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haliotis" title="Haliotis">Haliotis</a></div> <p>The number of species that are recognized within the genus <i>Haliotis</i> has fluctuated over time, and depends on the source that is consulted. The number of recognized species range from 30<sup id="cite_ref-DCMD_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCMD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 130.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This list finds a compromise using the WoRMS database, plus some species that have been added, for a total of 57.<sup id="cite_ref-WoRMS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoRMS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of abalone have not been rated for conservation status. Those that have been reviewed tend to show that the abalone in general is an animal that is declining in numbers, and will need protection throughout the globe. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ass%E2%80%99s_ear_abalone_(Haliotis_asinina)_S01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A dorsal view of a live ass's ear abalone, Haliotis asinina"><img alt="A dorsal view of a live ass's ear abalone, Haliotis asinina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ass%E2%80%99s_ear_abalone_%28Haliotis_asinina%29_S01.jpg/120px-Ass%E2%80%99s_ear_abalone_%28Haliotis_asinina%29_S01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ass%E2%80%99s_ear_abalone_%28Haliotis_asinina%29_S01.jpg/250px-Ass%E2%80%99s_ear_abalone_%28Haliotis_asinina%29_S01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A dorsal view of a live ass's ear abalone, <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_asinina" title="Haliotis asinina">Haliotis asinina</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinkabalone_300.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The pink abalone, Haliotis corrugata"><img alt="The pink abalone, Haliotis corrugata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pinkabalone_300.jpg/120px-Pinkabalone_300.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pinkabalone_300.jpg/250px-Pinkabalone_300.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="819" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The pink abalone, <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_corrugata" title="Haliotis corrugata">Haliotis corrugata</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haliotis_cracherodii.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii"><img alt="The black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Haliotis_cracherodii.JPG/120px-Haliotis_cracherodii.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Haliotis_cracherodii.JPG/250px-Haliotis_cracherodii.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The black abalone, <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_cracherodii" title="Haliotis cracherodii">Haliotis cracherodii</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blacklip_abalone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra"><img alt="Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Blacklip_abalone.jpg/120px-Blacklip_abalone.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Blacklip_abalone.jpg/250px-Blacklip_abalone.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the blacklip abalone, <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_rubra" title="Haliotis rubra">Haliotis rubra</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whiteabalone_300.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The white abalone, Haliotis sorenseni"><img alt="The white abalone, Haliotis sorenseni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Whiteabalone_300.jpg/120px-Whiteabalone_300.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Whiteabalone_300.jpg/250px-Whiteabalone_300.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/White_abalone" class="mw-redirect" title="White abalone">white abalone</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_sorenseni" title="Haliotis sorenseni">Haliotis sorenseni</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haliotis_varia_f._dohrniana_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A shell of Haliotis varia form dohrniana"><img alt="A shell of Haliotis varia form dohrniana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Haliotis_varia_f._dohrniana_001.jpg/120px-Haliotis_varia_f._dohrniana_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Haliotis_varia_f._dohrniana_001.jpg/250px-Haliotis_varia_f._dohrniana_001.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A shell of <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_varia" title="Haliotis varia">Haliotis varia</a></i> form <i>dohrniana</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Synonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_abalone_synonyms" title="List of abalone synonyms">List of abalone synonyms</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/60px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/120px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">Delicacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abalone_shriveling_syndrome-associated_virus" title="Abalone shriveling syndrome-associated virus">Abalone shriveling syndrome-associated virus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WoRMS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WoRMS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WoRMS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGofasTranBouchet2014">Gofas, Tran & Bouchet 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MtSS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MtSS_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MtSS_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MtSS_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeesleyRossWells1998">Beesley, Ross & Wells 1998</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCMD-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCMD_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCMD_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDauphinCuifMutveiDenis1989">Dauphin et al. 1989</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCox1962">Cox 1962</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GO-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GO_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeigerOwen2012">Geiger & Owen 2012</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoiberg1993">Hoiberg 1993</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Jenny2003" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Jenny (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/06future/abintro.htm">"Abalone Introduction"</a>. <i>Marine Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Abalone+Introduction&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Jenny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinebio.net%2Fmarinescience%2F06future%2Fabintro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tryon-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tryon_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTryon1880">Tryon 1880</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tryon1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tryon1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTryon1880">Tryon 1880</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2014g">Anon 2014g</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeatherman2012" class="citation book cs1">Leatherman, Stephen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CrjwoUa9YBEC&q=National%20Geographic%20Field%20Guide%20to%20the%20Water's%20Edge&pg=PP1"><i>National Geographic Field Guide to the Water's Edge</i></a>. National Geographic Field Guides. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gbif.org&rft.atitle=Haliotis+Linnaeus%2C+1758&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbif.org%2Fspecies%2F113517568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2012">Anon 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaggart2002">Taggart 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestawayNorriss1997">Westaway & Norriss 1997</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimons2010">Simons 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElPais-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ElPais_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2016/07/27/actualidad/1469637381_879215.html">"El marisco más exclusivo del mundo se cría en Galicia"</a>. <i>El Pais</i>. 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Odyssey Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Compendium_of_Seashells_by_S._Peter_Dance/page/n29">19</a>–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9661720-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9661720-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9661720-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Seashells&rft.pages=19-23&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Odyssey+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9661720-0-3&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=R.+Tucker&rft.au=Dance%2C+S.+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCompendium_of_Seashells_by_S._Peter_Dance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAkimichi1999" class="citation web cs1">Akimichi, Tomoya (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140818214320/http://www.kikkoman.com/foodforum/thejapanesetablebackissues/10.shtml">"The Enduring Appeal of Abalone"</a>. <i>Kikkoman Food Forum</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kikkoman+Food+Forum&rft.atitle=The+Enduring+Appeal+of+Abalone&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Akimichi&rft.aufirst=Tomoya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kikkoman.com%2Ffoodforum%2Fthejapanesetablebackissues%2F10.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2014" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/SCAN-75F423?open">"Abalone Viral Ganglioneuritis"</a>. <i>Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment</i>. Tasmanian Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140823161219/http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/sea-fishing-aquaculture/commercial-fishing/abalone-fishery/abalone-disease-and-biosecurity/abalone-viral-ganglioneuritis">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Primary+Industries%2C+Parks%2C+Water+and+Environment&rft.atitle=Abalone+Viral+Ganglioneuritis&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpiw.tas.gov.au%2Finter.nsf%2FWebPages%2FSCAN-75F423%3Fopen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2014a" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2014a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/ALIR-4YNVZ7?open#GreenlipAbaloneSizeL">"Abalone Fishing"</a>. <i>Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment</i>. Tasmanian Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140726193648/http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/sea-fishing-aquaculture/recreational-fishing/abalone-fishing">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Primary+Industries%2C+Parks%2C+Water+and+Environment&rft.atitle=Abalone+Fishing&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpiw.tas.gov.au%2Finter.nsf%2FWebPages%2FALIR-4YNVZ7%3Fopen%23GreenlipAbaloneSizeL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2014b" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2014b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitguernsey.com/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=85634&p=0">"Ormering Tides 2014"</a>. <i>visitguernsey.com</i>. State of Guernsey Commerce and Employment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082514/http://www.visitguernsey.com/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=85634&p=0">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visitguernsey.com&rft.atitle=Ormering+Tides+2014&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitguernsey.com%2FCHttpHandler.ashx%3Fid%3D85634%26p%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2014c" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2014c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120301/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=113951&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467">"<i>Haliotis kamtschatkana</i> – Jonas, 1845"</a>. <i>NatureServe Explorer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=113951&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467">the original</a> on 26 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NatureServe+Explorer&rft.atitle=Haliotis+kamtschatkana+%E2%80%93+Jonas%2C+1845&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplorer.natureserve.org%2Fservlet%2FNatureServe%3FsourceTemplate%3Dtabular_report.wmt%26loadTemplate%3Dspecies_RptComprehensive.wmt%26selectedReport%3DRptComprehensive.wmt%26summaryView%3Dtabular_report.wmt%26elKey%3D113951%26paging%3Dhome%26save%3Dtrue%26startIndex%3D1%26nextStartIndex%3D1%26reset%3Dfalse%26offPageSelectedElKey%3D814921%26offPageSelectedElType%3Dspecies%26offPageYesNo%3Dtrue%26post_processes%3D%26radiobutton%3Dradiobutton%26selectedIndexes%3D814921%26selectedIndexes%3D120086%26selectedIndexes%3D814920%26selectedIndexes%3D113951%26selectedIndexes%3D107385%26selectedIndexes%3D116467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2014d" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2014d). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160903/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=107385&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467">"<i>Haliotis refescens</i> – Swainson, 1822"</a>. <i>NatureServe Explorer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=107385&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467">the original</a> on 26 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NatureServe+Explorer&rft.atitle=Haliotis+refescens+%E2%80%93+Swainson%2C+1822&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplorer.natureserve.org%2Fservlet%2FNatureServe%3FsourceTemplate%3Dtabular_report.wmt%26loadTemplate%3Dspecies_RptComprehensive.wmt%26selectedReport%3DRptComprehensive.wmt%26summaryView%3Dtabular_report.wmt%26elKey%3D107385%26paging%3Dhome%26save%3Dtrue%26startIndex%3D1%26nextStartIndex%3D1%26reset%3Dfalse%26offPageSelectedElKey%3D814921%26offPageSelectedElType%3Dspecies%26offPageYesNo%3Dtrue%26post_processes%3D%26radiobutton%3Dradiobutton%26selectedIndexes%3D814921%26selectedIndexes%3D120086%26selectedIndexes%3D814920%26selectedIndexes%3D113951%26selectedIndexes%3D107385%26selectedIndexes%3D116467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2014e" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2014e). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115417/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=116467&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467">"<i>Haliotis sorenseni</i> – Bartsch, 1940"</a>. <i>NatureServe Explorer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=116467&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467">the original</a> on 26 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NatureServe+Explorer&rft.atitle=Haliotis+sorenseni+%E2%80%93+Bartsch%2C+1940&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplorer.natureserve.org%2Fservlet%2FNatureServe%3FsourceTemplate%3Dtabular_report.wmt%26loadTemplate%3Dspecies_RptComprehensive.wmt%26selectedReport%3DRptComprehensive.wmt%26summaryView%3Dtabular_report.wmt%26elKey%3D116467%26paging%3Dhome%26save%3Dtrue%26startIndex%3D1%26nextStartIndex%3D1%26reset%3Dfalse%26offPageSelectedElKey%3D814921%26offPageSelectedElType%3Dspecies%26offPageYesNo%3Dtrue%26post_processes%3D%26radiobutton%3Dradiobutton%26selectedIndexes%3D814921%26selectedIndexes%3D120086%26selectedIndexes%3D814920%26selectedIndexes%3D113951%26selectedIndexes%3D107385%26selectedIndexes%3D116467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2014f" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2014f). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120205/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=120086&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467">"<i>Haliotis cracherodii</i> – Leach, 1814"</a>. <i>NatureServe Explorer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=120086&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467">the original</a> on 26 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NatureServe+Explorer&rft.atitle=Haliotis+cracherodii+%E2%80%93+Leach%2C+1814&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplorer.natureserve.org%2Fservlet%2FNatureServe%3FsourceTemplate%3Dtabular_report.wmt%26loadTemplate%3Dspecies_RptComprehensive.wmt%26selectedReport%3DRptComprehensive.wmt%26summaryView%3Dtabular_report.wmt%26elKey%3D120086%26paging%3Dhome%26save%3Dtrue%26startIndex%3D1%26nextStartIndex%3D1%26reset%3Dfalse%26offPageSelectedElKey%3D814921%26offPageSelectedElType%3Dspecies%26offPageYesNo%3Dtrue%26post_processes%3D%26radiobutton%3Dradiobutton%26selectedIndexes%3D814921%26selectedIndexes%3D120086%26selectedIndexes%3D814920%26selectedIndexes%3D113951%26selectedIndexes%3D107385%26selectedIndexes%3D116467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2014g" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2014g). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iobis.org/mapper/?taxon=Haliotis">"Distribution Map: Haliotis"</a>. <i>Ocean Biogeographic Information System</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ocean+Biogeographic+Information+System&rft.atitle=Distribution+Map%3A+Haliotis&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiobis.org%2Fmapper%2F%3Ftaxon%3DHaliotis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2012" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113063321/http://www.fishtech.com/abaloneinfo.html">"Abalone Information: Introduction"</a>. <i>Fishtech</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishtech.com/abaloneinfo.html">the original</a> on 13 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fishtech&rft.atitle=Abalone+Information%3A+Introduction&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishtech.com%2Fabaloneinfo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2007" class="citation web cs1">Anon (11 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mg.co.za/article/2007-04-11-six-arrested-in-massive-perlemoen-bust">"Six Arrested in Massive Abalone Bust"</a>. <i>Mail & Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819092014/http://mg.co.za/article/2007-04-11-six-arrested-in-massive-perlemoen-bust">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mail+%26+Guardian&rft.atitle=Six+Arrested+in+Massive+Abalone+Bust&rft.date=2007-04-11&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2007-04-11-six-arrested-in-massive-perlemoen-bust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2009" class="citation web cs1">Anon (14 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2009/01/14/E9-635/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-endangered-status-for-black-abalone">"Endangered and Threatened Species; Endangered Status for Black Abalone"</a>. <i>Federal Register: The Daily Journal of the United States</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114139/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2009/01/14/E9-635/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-endangered-status-for-black-abalone">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register%3A+The+Daily+Journal+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Endangered+and+Threatened+Species%3B+Endangered+Status+for+Black+Abalone&rft.date=2009-01-14&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Farticles%2F2009%2F01%2F14%2FE9-635%2Fendangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-endangered-status-for-black-abalone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2004" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fish.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/8B2D7A7F-ED9D-41B5-810E-DD5CD404D7A7/0/pau2industryassociation.pdf?&MSHiC=65001&L=10&W=paua+output+plan%20&Pre=%3Cspan%20class%3d%27SearchHighlight%27%3E&Post=%3C/span%3E">"Submission on Consultation Document on Fisheries Research Services Proposed for 2004/2005 and 2004/08 Statement of Intent Including Output Plan for 2004/5"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060638/http://www.fish.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/8B2D7A7F-ED9D-41B5-810E-DD5CD404D7A7/0/pau2industryassociation.pdf?&MSHiC=65001&L=10&W=paua+output+plan%20&Pre=%3Cspan%20class%3D%27SearchHighlight%27%3E&Post=%3C%2Fspan%3E">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Submission+on+Consultation+Document+on+Fisheries+Research+Services+Proposed+for+2004%2F2005+and+2004%2F08+Statement+of+Intent+Including+Output+Plan+for+2004%2F5&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Ministry+for+Primary+Industries&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fish.govt.nz%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F8B2D7A7F-ED9D-41B5-810E-DD5CD404D7A7%2F0%2Fpau2industryassociation.pdf%3F%26MSHiC%3D65001%26L%3D10%26W%3Dpaua%2Boutput%2Bplan%2520%26Pre%3D%253Cspan%2520class%253d%2527SearchHighlight%2527%253E%26Post%3D%253C%2Fspan%253E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon2001" class="citation web cs1">Anon (29 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2001/05/29/01-13430/endangered-and-threatened-species-endangered-status-for-white-abalone">"Endangered and Threatened Species; Endangered Status for White Abalone"</a>. <i>Federal Register: The Daily Journal of the United States</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729124601/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2001/05/29/01-13430/endangered-and-threatened-species-endangered-status-for-white-abalone">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register%3A+The+Daily+Journal+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Endangered+and+Threatened+Species%3B+Endangered+Status+for+White+Abalone&rft.date=2001-05-29&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Farticles%2F2001%2F05%2F29%2F01-13430%2Fendangered-and-threatened-species-endangered-status-for-white-abalone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnon1969" class="citation news cs1">Anon (15 January 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1696&dat=19690115&id=YNIdAAAAIBAJ&pg=5024,1908518">"Illegal Ormering Brings First Underwater Arrest"</a>. <i>Park City Daily News</i>. 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(1962). "California abalone, family Haliotidae". <i>The Resources Agency of California Department of Fish and Game: Fish Bulletin</i>. <b>118</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/6306-2593">6306-2593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Resources+Agency+of+California+Department+of+Fish+and+Game%3A+Fish+Bulletin&rft.atitle=California+abalone%2C+family+Haliotidae&rft.volume=118&rft.date=1962&rft.issn=6306-2593&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Keith+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDauphinCuifMutveiDenis1989" class="citation journal cs1">Dauphin, Y.; Cuif, J. P.; Mutvei, H.; Denis, A. (1989). 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North Beach, WA, Australia: Department of Fisheries. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7309-8456-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7309-8456-6"><bdi>978-0-7309-8456-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1035-4549">1035-4549</a>. 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"Review of Fossil Abalone (Gastropoda, Vetigastropoda, Haliotidae) with Comparison to Recent Species". <i>Journal of Paleontology</i>. <b>73</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">872–</span>885. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JPal...73..872G">1999JPal...73..872G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022336000040713">10.1017/S0022336000040713</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3360">0022-3360</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87537607">87537607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Paleontology&rft.atitle=Review+of+Fossil+Abalone+%28Gastropoda%2C+Vetigastropoda%2C+Haliotidae%29+with+Comparison+to+Recent+Species&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E872-%3C%2Fspan%3E885&rft.date=1999-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022336000040713&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A87537607%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-3360&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JPal...73..872G&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rft.au=Groves%2C+Lindsey+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeigerOwen2012" class="citation book cs1">Geiger, Daniel L.; Owen, Buzz (2012). <i>Abalone: Worldwide Haliotidae</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA%3A+National+Marine+Fisheries+Service&rft.atitle=Species+of+Concern%3A+Pinto+Abalone+Haliotis+Kamtschatkana&rft.date=2007-11-01&rft.aulast=Gustafson&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft.au=Rumsey%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmfs.noaa.gov%2Fpr%2Fpdfs%2Fspecies%2Fpintoabalone_detailed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (1993). "The New Encyclopaedia Britannica". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. 1: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-961-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-961-6"><bdi>978-0-85229-961-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002113989">2002113989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+New+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002113989&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-961-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2008" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Glenn A. (2008). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Quite the Choicest Protein Dish": The Costs of Consuming Seafood in American Restaurants, 1850–2006". In Starkey, David J.; Holm, Poul; Barnard, Michaela (eds.). <i>Oceans Past: Management Insights from the History of Marine Animal Populations</i>. London, UK: Earthscan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84407-527-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84407-527-0"><bdi>978-1-84407-527-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Quite+the+Choicest+Protein+Dish%22%3A+The+Costs+of+Consuming+Seafood+in+American+Restaurants%2C+1850%E2%80%932006&rft.btitle=Oceans+Past%3A+Management+Insights+from+the+History+of+Marine+Animal+Populations&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Earthscan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84407-527-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Glenn+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinMeyers2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Albert; Meyers, Marc André (15 January 2005). "Growth and Structure in Abalone Shell". <i>Materials Science and Engineering: A</i>. <b>390</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.msea.2004.06.072">10.1016/j.msea.2004.06.072</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-5093">0921-5093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Science+and+Engineering%3A+A&rft.atitle=Growth+and+Structure+in+Abalone+Shell&rft.volume=390&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2005-01-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.msea.2004.06.072&rft.issn=0921-5093&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Meyers%2C+Marc+Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277#page/5/mode/1up"><i>Systema Naturæ per Regna Tria Naturæ, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis</i></a> [<i>The System of Nature Through the Three Kingdoms of Nature, According to Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, With the Characteristics, Differences, Synonyms, and Locations</i>] (in Latin). 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Vol. I: A to Ameland (1st ed.). New York, NY: P. F. Collier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abalone&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=P.+F.+Collier&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Loosanoff&rft.aufirst=Victor+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDougall,_P.T.Ploss,_J.Tuthill,_J.2006" class="citation journal cs1">McDougall, P.T.; Ploss, J.; Tuthill, J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61743/12552981">"<i>Haliotis kamtschatkana</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2006</b>: e.T61743A12552981. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T61743A12552981.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T61743A12552981.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5733%2Fafin.052.0104">"Polydora and Dipolydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) Associated With Molluscs on the South Coast of South Africa, With Descriptions of Two New Species"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/African_Invertebrates" title="African Invertebrates">African Invertebrates</a></i>. <b>52</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AfrIn..52...39S">2011AfrIn..52...39S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5733%2Fafin.052.0104">10.5733/afin.052.0104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1681-5556">1681-5556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Invertebrates&rft.atitle=Polydora+and+Dipolydora+%28Polychaeta%3A+Spionidae%29+Associated+With+Molluscs+on+the+South+Coast+of+South+Africa%2C+With+Descriptions+of+Two+New+Species&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1681-5556&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5733%2Fafin.052.0104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011AfrIn..52...39S&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Carol+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5733%252Fafin.052.0104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimons2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Simons, Stefan (14 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/reise/europa/0,1518,688155,00.html">"Abalone-Zucht in der Bretagne: Sylvains Meerestrüffel"</a> [Abalone Farming in Brittany: Sylvain Sea Truffles]. <i>Spiegel Online</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140204012756/http://www.spiegel.de/reise/europa/abalone-zucht-in-der-bretagne-sylvains-meerestrueffel-a-688155.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(McGill University) (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41880/10566196">"<i>Haliotis cracherodii</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2003</b>: e.T41880A10566196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41880A10566196.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41880A10566196.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Haliotis+cracherodii&rft.volume=2003&rft.pages=e.T41880A10566196&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41880A10566196.en&rft.au=Smith%2C+G.&rft.au=Stamm%2C+C.&rft.au=Petrovic%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F41880%2F10566196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmookler2005" class="citation book cs1">Smookler, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWtomVo9nekC"><i>San Mateo County Coast</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-3061-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-3061-1"><bdi>978-0-7385-3061-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=San+Mateo+County+Coast&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-3061-1&rft.aulast=Smookler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWtomVo9nekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFState_of_California2014" class="citation web cs1">State of California (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://govt.westlaw.com/calregs/Document/I1F5125905A1D11E39E99E44D51D26567?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default)">"Title 14, Division 1, Subdivision 1, Chapter 4, Article 1, §29.15 Abalone"</a>. <i>Westlaw</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055236/https://govt.westlaw.com/calregs/Document/I1F5125905A1D11E39E99E44D51D26567?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default)">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westlaw&rft.atitle=Title+14%2C+Division+1%2C+Subdivision+1%2C+Chapter+4%2C+Article+1%2C+%C2%A729.15+Abalone&rft.date=2014&rft.au=State+of+California&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgovt.westlaw.com%2Fcalregs%2FDocument%2FI1F5125905A1D11E39E99E44D51D26567%3FviewType%3DFullText%26originationContext%3Ddocumenttoc%26transitionType%3DCategoryPageItem%26contextData%3D%28sc.Default%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFState_of_California2011" class="citation web cs1">State of California (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140124164328/http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cnddb/pdfs/spanimals.pdf">"Special Animals (898 Taxa)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>State of California: Division of Fish and Game</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cnddb/pdfs/spanimals.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+of+California%3A+Division+of+Fish+and+Game&rft.atitle=Special+Animals+%28898+Taxa%29&rft.date=2011-01&rft.au=State+of+California&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfg.ca.gov%2Fbiogeodata%2Fcnddb%2Fpdfs%2Fspanimals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFState_of_California2008" class="citation web cs1">State of California (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://govt.westlaw.com/calregs/Document/I07609D1057DC11E29076D3281F28AB91?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=StatuteNavigator&contextData=(sc.Default)">"Title 14, Division 1, Subdivision 1, Chapter 4, Article 1, §29.16 Abalone Report Card and Tagging Requirements (FG 2915, See Section 701)"</a>. <i>Westlaw</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225013830/https://govt.westlaw.com/calregs/Document/I07609D1057DC11E29076D3281F28AB91?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default)">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westlaw&rft.atitle=Title+14%2C+Division+1%2C+Subdivision+1%2C+Chapter+4%2C+Article+1%2C+%C2%A729.16+Abalone+Report+Card+and+Tagging+Requirements+%28FG+2915%2C+See+Section+701%29&rft.date=2008&rft.au=State+of+California&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgovt.westlaw.com%2Fcalregs%2FDocument%2FI07609D1057DC11E29076D3281F28AB91%3FviewType%3DFullText%26originationContext%3Ddocumenttoc%26transitionType%3DStatuteNavigator%26contextData%3D%28sc.Default%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaggart2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Taggart, Stewart (25 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,49847,00.html">"Abalone Farming on a Boat"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220612200225/http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2002/01/49847">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Abalone+Farming+on+a+Boat&rft.date=2002-01-25&rft.aulast=Taggart&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2F0%2C1282%2C49847%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTranBouchet2009" class="citation web cs1">Tran, Bastien; Bouchet, Phillippe (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=445309">"WoRMS Taxon Details: <i>Haliotis corrugata oweni</i> Talmadge, 1966"</a>. <i>WoRMS: World Register of Marine Species</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017054534/http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=445309">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WoRMS%3A+World+Register+of+Marine+Species&rft.atitle=WoRMS+Taxon+Details%3A+Haliotis+corrugata+oweni+Talmadge%2C+1966&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Bastien&rft.au=Bouchet%2C+Phillippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinespecies.org%2Faphia.php%3Fp%3Dtaxdetails%26id%3D445309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTryon1880" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Tryon" title="George Washington Tryon">Tryon, George W. Jr.</a> (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualofconcholo2tryo"><i>Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic With Illustrations of the Species</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. II: Muricinæ, Purpurinæ. Philadelphia, PA: Academy of Natural Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Conchology%3B+Structural+and+Systematic+With+Illustrations+of+the+Species&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Academy+of+Natural+Sciences&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Tryon&rft.aufirst=George+W.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualofconcholo2tryo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestawayNorriss1997" class="citation journal cs1">Westaway, Cameron; Norriss, Jeff (October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084356/http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/Documents/management_papers/fmp109.pdf">"Abalone Aquaculture in Western Australia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fisheries Management Paper</i>. <b>109</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0819-4327">0819-4327</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/Documents/management_papers/fmp109.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fisheries+Management+Paper&rft.atitle=Abalone+Aquaculture+in+Western+Australia&rft.volume=109&rft.date=1997-10&rft.issn=0819-4327&rft.aulast=Westaway&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft.au=Norriss%2C+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fish.wa.gov.au%2FDocuments%2Fmanagement_papers%2Ffmp109.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFField2008" class="citation book cs1">Field, Les (2008). <a href="/wiki/K._Tsianina_Lomawaima" title="K. Tsianina Lomawaima">Lomawaima, K. Tsianina</a> (ed.). <i>Abalone Tales: Collaborative Explorations of Sovereignty and Identity in Native California</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4233-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4233-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-4233-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abalone+Tales%3A+Collaborative+Explorations+of+Sovereignty+and+Identity+in+Native+California&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4233-5&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Les&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeigerPoppe2000" class="citation book cs1">Geiger, Daniel L.; Poppe, G. T. (2000). <i>A Conchological Iconography: The family Haliotidae</i>. Hackenheim Germany: Conchbooks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Conchological+Iconography%3A+The+family+Haliotidae&rft.place=Hackenheim+Germany&rft.pub=Conchbooks&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rft.au=Poppe%2C+G.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollard2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Pollard, Graham (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085734/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/7735/SPUMS_V31N3_7.pdf?sequence=1">"Abalone Fishing in South Australia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal</i>. <b>31</b> (3). Archived from the original on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Pacific+Underwater+Medicine+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Abalone+Fishing+in+South+Australia&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.rubicon-foundation.org%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F7735%2FSPUMS_V31N3_7.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/60px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/120px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Haliotis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Haliotis">Haliotis</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abalones" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Abalones">Abalones</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abalone"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abalone">"Abalone" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abalone&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005124250/http://www.biosbcc.net/ocean/marinesci/06future/abspdiv.htm">Abalone: Species Diversity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vetigastropoda.com/ABMAP/text/index.html">ABMAP: The Abalone Mapping Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924102441/http://www.underwateraudio.com/blog/facts-about-the-abalone/">Abalone biology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conchology.be/en/availableshells/searchresultsgallery.php?family=HALIOTIDAE">Conchology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630065302/http://www.gastropods.com/Taxon_pages/Group_Abalone.html">Hardy's Internet Guide to Marine Gastropods : Shell Catalog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pauamana.com">book on crafting with Abalone Shell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309181433/http://www.pauamana.com/">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423151728/http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/Documents/recreational_fishing/fact_sheets/fact_sheet_abalone.pdf">Fisheries Western Australia – Abalone Fact Sheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060315181535/http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/zoology/abnet/species.html">Imagemap of worldwide abalone distribution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412044614/http://www.omanholiday.co.uk/Abalone-in-Dhofar-by-Tony-Walsh-for-Emirates-Open-Skies-Magazine.pdf">Oman’s Abalone Harvest </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717004848/http://www.thejohnharding.com/archives/00001521.htm">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot/Usurpations" title="Wikipedia:Link rot/Usurpations"><span title="The original domain has been hijacked for the purposes of spam, advertising, or or other fraudulent activity. The archive URL is encased in a usurped template to mitigate accidentally re-activating the underlying usurped URL, such as by converting to a CS1 or CS2 template. See template documentation.">usurped</span></a></i>]</sup> Pro abalone diver, Mallacoota, Victoria (1967)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120222458/http://www.thejohnharding.com/archives/00000954.htm">[2]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot/Usurpations" title="Wikipedia:Link rot/Usurpations"><span title="The original domain has been hijacked for the purposes of spam, advertising, or or other fraudulent activity. The archive URL is encased in a usurped template to mitigate accidentally re-activating the underlying usurped URL, such as by converting to a CS1 or CS2 template. See template documentation.">usurped</span></a></i>]</sup> Tathra NSW(1961), Abalone (1963)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fathom4a.blogspot.com.au/2016/05/fathom-four-pages-38-to-48-ablalone.html">Fathom magazine "The Abalone Divers" Pages 43,44,45 (1972)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gemexi.com/gemstones/abalone">Abalone Healing Properties</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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title="Common periwinkle">Periwinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whelk" title="Whelk">Whelk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buccinum_undatum" title="Buccinum undatum">Buccinum undatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bullacta_exarata" title="Bullacta exarata">Bullacta exarata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelletia_kelletii" title="Kelletia kelletii">Kelletia kelletii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelletia_lischkei" title="Kelletia lischkei">Kelletia lischkei</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snails-Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Snails-Italy.jpg/250px-Snails-Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Snails-Italy.jpg/330px-Snails-Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land and freshwater gastropods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Helix_pomatia" title="Helix pomatia">Helix pomatia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cornu_aspersum" title="Cornu aspersum">Cornu aspersum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helix_aperta" class="mw-redirect" title="Helix aperta">Helix aperta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cepaea_nemoralis" title="Cepaea nemoralis">Cepaea nemoralis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otala_lactea" title="Otala lactea">Otala lactea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escargot" class="mw-redirect" title="Escargot">Escargot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-swimming marine <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_scallop" title="Queen scallop">Queen scallop</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_maximus" title="Pecten maximus">Pecten maximus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_jacobaeus" title="Pecten jacobaeus">Pecten jacobaeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argopecten_irradians" title="Argopecten irradians">Argopecten irradians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placopecten_magellanicus" title="Placopecten magellanicus">Placopecten magellanicus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infaunal bivalves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_surf_clam" title="Atlantic surf clam">Atlantic surf clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-shell_clam" title="Soft-shell clam">Soft-shell clam</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mercenaria_mercenaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaria mercenaria">Mercenaria mercenaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrovenus_stutchburyi" title="Austrovenus stutchburyi">Austrovenus stutchburyi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saxidomus_nuttalli" title="Saxidomus nuttalli">Saxidomus nuttalli</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arctica_islandica" title="Arctica islandica">Arctica islandica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck" title="Geoduck">Geoduck</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spisula_solidissima" class="mw-redirect" title="Spisula solidissima">Spisula solidissima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paphies_ventricosa" title="Paphies ventricosa">Paphies ventricosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paphies_australis" title="Paphies australis">Paphies australis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatua" title="Tuatua">Tuatua</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruditapes_largillierti" title="Ruditapes largillierti">Ruditapes largillierti</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_carpet_shell" title="Grooved carpet shell">Grooved carpet shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessile bivalves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl oyster">Pearl oyster</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Pinctada maxima</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freshwater bivalves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_pearl_mussel" title="Freshwater pearl mussel">Freshwater pearl mussel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cephalopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalopods">Cephalopods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">Cuttlefish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heliciculture" title="Heliciculture">Heliciculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam_digging" title="Clam digging">Clam digging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_dredge" class="mw-redirect" title="Scallop dredge">Dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oyster farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugeye_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugeye (boat)">Oyster boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl#Pearl_farming" title="Pearl">Pearl farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl diving">Pearl diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ama_divers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ama divers">Ama divers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">List of fishing topics by subject</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template talk:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups293" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Principal commercial <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> species groups</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Large pelagic fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">Capelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">Menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">Sprat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_sprat" title="European sprat">european</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastes" title="Sebastes">Rockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">Smelt-whitings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothfish">Toothfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">Other wild fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_fish" title="Category:Commercial fish">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">Prawns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_crustaceans" title="Category:Commercial crustaceans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_molluscs" title="Category:Commercial molluscs">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">Sea cucumbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_echinoderms" title="Category:Commercial echinoderms">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlantic cod"><img alt="Atlantic cod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobster_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobster"><img alt="Lobster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/100px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/150px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/200px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pacific oysters"><img alt="Pacific oysters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/120px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/250px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-head_bream" title="Gilt-head bream">Gilt-head bream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">salmon trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commercial species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">Fishing topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries glossary">Fisheries glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edible_mollusks135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edible_molluscs" title="Template:Edible molluscs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edible_molluscs" title="Template talk:Edible molluscs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edible_molluscs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edible molluscs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edible_mollusks135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Edible mollusks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_jackknife_clam" title="Atlantic jackknife clam">Atlantic jackknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_surf_clam" title="Atlantic surf clam">Atlantic surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck" title="Geoduck">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_carpet_shell" title="Grooved carpet shell">Grooved carpet shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_clam" title="Hard clam">Hard clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_clam" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse clam">Horse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mactra_stultorum" title="Mactra stultorum">Mactra stultorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mya_truncata" title="Mya truncata">Blunt gaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctica_islandica" title="Arctica islandica">Ocean quahog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_razor_clam" title="Pacific razor clam">Pacific razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruditapes_largillierti" title="Ruditapes largillierti">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxidomus_nuttalli" title="Saxidomus nuttalli">California butterclam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senilia_senilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Senilia senilis">Senilia senilis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_clam" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth clam">Smooth clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-shell_clam" title="Soft-shell clam">Soft-shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassula_aequilatera" title="Crassula aequilatera">Triangle shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatua" title="Tuatua">Tuatua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venerupis_philippinarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerupis philippinarum">Japanese littleneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razor_shell" title="Razor shell">Razor clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pod_razor" title="Pod razor">Pod razor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ensis" title="Ensis">Ensis</a></i> (razor genus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paphies" title="Paphies">Paphies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_cockle" title="Common cockle">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegillarca_granosa" title="Tegillarca granosa">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebidonax_deltoides" title="Plebidonax deltoides">Goolwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrovenus_stutchburyi" title="Austrovenus stutchburyi">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_cockle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney cockle">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinocardium" title="Dinocardium">Giant Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_mussel" title="Blue mussel">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_mussel" title="Mediterranean mussel">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perna_canaliculus" title="Perna canaliculus">New Zealand green-lipped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_mussel" title="California mussel">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perna_perna" title="Perna perna">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perna_viridis" title="Perna viridis">Asian/Philippine green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithophaga_lithophaga" title="Lithophaga lithophaga"> Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytilidae" title="Mytilidae">Mytilidae</a> (mussel family)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_oyster" title="Eastern oyster">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrea_lurida" title="Ostrea lurida">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrea_angasi" title="Ostrea angasi">Southern mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrea_edulis" title="Ostrea edulis">Colchester native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_oyster" title="Pacific oyster">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_oyster" title="Portuguese oyster">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windowpane_oyster" title="Windowpane oyster">Windowpane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_oyster" title="Rock oyster">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_rock_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney rock oyster">Sydney rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiostrea_chilensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiostrea chilensis"><i>Ostra chilena</i>/Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillardeau_oysters" title="Gillardeau oysters">Gillardeau oysters</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crassostrea" title="Crassostrea">Crassostrea</a></i> ("true oyster" genus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argopecten_irradians" title="Argopecten irradians">Atlantic bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecten_maximus" title="Pecten maximus">Great/king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecten_novaezelandiae" title="Pecten novaezelandiae">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_jacobaeus" title="Pecten jacobaeus">Pecten jacobaeus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argopecten_purpuratus" title="Argopecten purpuratus">Peruvian calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuhopecten_yessoensis" title="Mizuhopecten yessoensis">Yesso</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placopecten_magellanicus" title="Placopecten magellanicus">Placopecten magellanicus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abalone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_sorenseni" title="Haliotis sorenseni">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_rufescens" title="Haliotis rufescens">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_cracherodii" title="Haliotis cracherodii">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_fulgens" title="Haliotis fulgens">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_corrugata" title="Haliotis corrugata">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_rubra" title="Haliotis rubra">Blacklip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_laevigata" title="Haliotis laevigata">Greenlip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ormer" title="Green ormer">Green ormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ua" title="Pāua">Pāua</a> (group of four species)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_midae" title="Haliotis midae">South African abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concholepas_concholepas" title="Concholepas concholepas">Chilean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">Conches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobatus_gigas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobatus gigas">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentigo_pipus" title="Lentigo pipus">Elegant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laevistrombus_canarium" title="Laevistrombus canarium">Dog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">Limpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellana_exarata" title="Cellana exarata">Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellana_talcosa" title="Cellana talcosa">Turtle/talc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellana_sandwicensis" title="Cellana sandwicensis">Yellow-foot opihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_ulyssiponensis" title="Patella ulyssiponensis">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_vulgata" title="Patella vulgata">Common European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_caerulea" title="Patella caerulea">Rayed Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_ferruginea" title="Patella ferruginea">Ribbed Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_rustica" title="Patella rustica">Rustic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Littorinidae" title="Littorinidae">Periwinkles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_periwinkle" title="Common periwinkle">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrolittorina_antipodum" title="Austrolittorina antipodum">Banded</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Littorina_sitkana" title="Littorina sitkana">Littorina sitkana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Whelk" title="Whelk">Whelks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busycotypus_canaliculatus" title="Busycotypus canaliculatus">Channeled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccinum_undatum" title="Buccinum undatum">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelletia_kelletii" title="Kelletia kelletii">Kellet's</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelletia_lischkei" title="Kelletia lischkei">Kelletia lischkei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knobbed_whelk" title="Knobbed whelk">Knobbed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulguropsis_spirata" title="Fulguropsis spirata">Pear whelk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinistrofulgur_perversum" title="Sinistrofulgur perversum">Lightning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">Other snails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_snail" title="Sea snail">Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibola_crenata" title="Amphibola crenata">Mud-flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullacta_exarata" title="Bullacta exarata">Korean mud</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chorus_giganteus" title="Chorus giganteus">Chorus giganteus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melo_melo" title="Melo melo">Bailer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_snail" title="Land snail">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cornu_aspersum" title="Cornu aspersum">Cornu aspersum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helix_lucorum" title="Helix lucorum">Helix lucorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helix_pomatia" title="Helix pomatia">Helix pomatia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_snail" title="Freshwater snail">Freshwater</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_snail" title="Apple snail">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritidae" title="Neritidae">Nerites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inkfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkfish">Inkfish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">Cuttlefish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sepiella_inermis" title="Sepiella inermis">Spineless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepiadarium_kochi" title="Sepiadarium kochi">Bottletail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_octopus" title="Common octopus">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callistoctopus_macropus" title="Callistoctopus macropus">Atlantic white-spotted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_cyanea" title="Octopus cyanea">Big blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroctopus_dofleini" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroctopus dofleini">Pacific giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroctopus_megalocyathus" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroctopus megalocyathus">Southern red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimic_octopus" title="Mimic octopus">Mimic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphioctopus_fangsiao" title="Amphioctopus fangsiao">Amphioctopus fangsiao</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nototodarus_sloanii" title="Nototodarus sloanii">New Zealand arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_flying_squid" title="Japanese flying squid">Japanese flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_squid" title="Humboldt squid">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_flying_squid" title="Neon flying squid">Neon flying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chitons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiton_magnificus" title="Chiton magnificus">Chiton magnificus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthopleura_echinata" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthopleura echinata">Acanthopleura echinata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthopleura_granulata" title="Acanthopleura granulata">Acanthopleura granulata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oyster farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliciculture" title="Heliciculture">Land snail farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda#Anatomy" title="Gastropoda">Gastropod anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia#Anatomy" title="Bivalvia">Bivalve anatomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_molluscs" title="Category:Edible molluscs">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_chain" title="Jewellery chain">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewelry_model" title="Jewelry model">Jewelry model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrine_(quartz)" title="Citrine (quartz)">Citrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox564" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4857439#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="אוזן הים"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007292975305171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-fcdc855dc-sljc6","wgBackendResponseTime":194,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.079","walltime":"1.339","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7048,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":317536,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4615,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":280822,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1108.719 1 -total"," 25.81% 286.187 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.43% 193.247 39 Template:Cite_web"," 8.38% 92.943 11 Template:Navbox"," 7.25% 80.369 1 Template:Lang"," 6.48% 71.813 35 Template:Harvnb"," 6.25% 69.326 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.11% 67.710 13 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.91% 65.553 1 Template:Commercial_molluscs"," 5.18% 57.434 14 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.686","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19487134,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbbottDance2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkimichi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson,_Jenny2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon2014a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon2014b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon2014c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon2014d\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon2014e\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon2014f\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon2014g\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeesleyRossWells1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackwell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraje,_Erlandson_\u0026amp;_Rick2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrneHoWongSoars2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDauphinCuifMutveiDenis1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuggan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEoL2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFField2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFitzgerald2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGayot2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeigerGroves1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeigerOwen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeigerPoppe2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGofasTranBouchet2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGustafsonRumsey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenshilwood2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoiberg1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeatherman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinMeyers2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinnaeus1758\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinnaeus1767\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoosanoff1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDougall,_P.T.Ploss,_J.Tuthill,_J.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlagányiButterworthBurgener2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollard2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers-BennettHaakerKarpovKushner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith,_G.Stamm,_C.Petrovic,_F.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmookler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_of_California2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_of_California2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_of_California2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaggart2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTranBouchet2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTryon1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaltonMarshallRawlenceSpencer2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaltonSpencerRawlence2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestawayNorriss1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 39,\n [\"Commercial fish topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Commercial molluscs\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 15,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Edible molluscs\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 35,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 3,\n [\"Jewellery\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Mergefrom\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikispecies\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-fcdc855dc-4slq2","timestamp":"20250408001613","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Abalone","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abalone","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4857439","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4857439","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-10T04:46:53Z","dateModified":"2025-03-19T01:11:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/33\/LivingAbalone.JPG","headline":"common name for a group of sea snails"}</script> </body> </html>