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id="toc-Process_and_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bruner's_model_of_the_perceptual_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bruner's_model_of_the_perceptual_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bruner's model of the perceptual process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bruner's_model_of_the_perceptual_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saks_and_John's_three_components_to_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saks_and_John's_three_components_to_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Saks and John's three components to perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saks_and_John's_three_components_to_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multistable_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multistable_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Multistable perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multistable_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of perception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_perception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of perception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Touch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Touch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Touch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Touch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Taste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Smell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Social</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Faces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_touch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_touch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Social touch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_touch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-modal_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-modal_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Multi-modal perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-modal_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Time_(chronoception)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_(chronoception)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Time (chronoception)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_(chronoception)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Agency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Familiarity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Familiarity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.3</span> <span>Familiarity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Familiarity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_stimulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_stimulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.4</span> <span>Sexual stimulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_stimulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Other senses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Constancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grouping_(Gestalt)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grouping_(Gestalt)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Grouping (Gestalt)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grouping_(Gestalt)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contrast_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrast_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Contrast effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrast_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perception_as_direct_perception_(Gibson)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception_as_direct_perception_(Gibson)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Perception as direct perception (Gibson)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perception_as_direct_perception_(Gibson)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perception-in-action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception-in-action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Perception-in-action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perception-in-action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Evolutionary psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closed-loop_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closed-loop_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Closed-loop perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closed-loop_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feature_integration_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feature_integration_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Feature integration theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feature_integration_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shared_Intentionality_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_Intentionality_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Shared Intentionality theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shared_Intentionality_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_theories_of_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_theories_of_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Other theories of perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_theories_of_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Effects on perception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_on_perception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects on perception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_of_experience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_experience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Effect of experience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_experience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_motivation_and_expectation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_motivation_and_expectation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Effect of motivation and expectation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_motivation_and_expectation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Perception</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahrnehmung" title="Wahrnehmung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wahrnehmung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="إدراك حسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدراك حسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceici%C3%B3n" title="Perceición – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Perceición" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qavray%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Qavrayış – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qavrayış" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ایدراک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایدراک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="প্রত্যক্ষণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রত্যক্ষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Успрыманне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Успрыманне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Възприятие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Възприятие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percepcija" title="Percepcija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Percepcija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percepci%C3%B3" title="Percepció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Percepció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%C4%95%D0%BC-%D0%B8%D0%BB%C4%95%D0%BC" title="Сисĕм-илĕм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сисĕм-илĕм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vn%C3%ADm%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Vnímání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vnímání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canfyddiad" title="Canfyddiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Canfyddiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Perception" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahrnehmung" title="Wahrnehmung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wahrnehmung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taju" title="Taju – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taju" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%88%CE%B7" title="Αντίληψη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντίληψη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percepci%C3%B3n" title="Percepción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Percepción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percepto" title="Percepto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Percepto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertzepzio" title="Pertzepzio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pertzepzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ادراک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادراک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception_humaine" title="Perception humaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Perception humaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B0%81_(%EC%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" title="지각 (심리학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지각 (심리학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ընկալում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ընկալում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE" title="अवगम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अवगम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percepcija" title="Percepcija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Percepcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepsi" title="Persepsi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Persepsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Perception" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intshwayo" title="Intshwayo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Intshwayo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percezione" title="Percezione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Percezione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94" title="תפיסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תפיסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="აღქმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აღქმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Түйсіну – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түйсіну" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptio" title="Perceptio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Perceptio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uztvere" title="Uztvere – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Uztvere" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvokimas" title="Suvokimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Suvokimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89szlel%C3%A9s" title="Észlelés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Észlelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Восприемање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Восприемање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="بنمارش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بنمارش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepsi" title="Persepsi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persepsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%B6%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD" title="ခံစားသိရှိ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခံစားသိရှိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waarneming_(perceptie)" title="Waarneming (perceptie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waarneming (perceptie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%A6%9A" title="知覚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="知覚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepsjon" title="Persepsjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Persepsjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepsjon" title="Persepsjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Persepsjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%CA%BCikos" title="Inʼikos – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Inʼikos" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A7" title="ਬੋਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੋਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="درک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="درک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spostrzeganie" title="Spostrzeganie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spostrzeganie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percep%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Percepção – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Percepção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percep%C8%9Bie" title="Percepție – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Percepție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percepziun" title="Percepziun – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Percepziun" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sut%27i_musyay" title="Sut'i musyay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sut'i musyay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Восприятие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восприятие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Perception" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABrceptimi" title="Përceptimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Përceptimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="සංජානනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංජානනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Perception" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percept%C3%ADvnos%C5%A5" title="Perceptívnosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Perceptívnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پێزانین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێزانین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Опажање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опажање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opa%C5%BEanje" title="Opažanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Opažanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaitseminen" title="Havaitseminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Havaitseminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Perception" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உள்ளுணர்தல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உள்ளுணர்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89" title="การรับรู้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การรับรู้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Идрок – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Идрок" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C4%B1" title="Algı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Algı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Сприйняття – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Interpretation of sensory information</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Perception_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Perception (disambiguation)">Perception (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Percept" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Percept_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Percept (disambiguation)">Percept (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multistability.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Multistability.svg/220px-Multistability.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Multistability.svg/330px-Multistability.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Multistability.svg/440px-Multistability.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Necker_cube" title="Necker cube">Necker cube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubin_vase" title="Rubin vase">Rubin vase</a> can be perceived in more than one way.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synthesizing_3D_Shapes_via_Modeling_Multi-View_Depth_Maps_and_Silhouettes_With_Deep_Generative_Networks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Synthesizing_3D_Shapes_via_Modeling_Multi-View_Depth_Maps_and_Silhouettes_With_Deep_Generative_Networks.png/220px-Synthesizing_3D_Shapes_via_Modeling_Multi-View_Depth_Maps_and_Silhouettes_With_Deep_Generative_Networks.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Synthesizing_3D_Shapes_via_Modeling_Multi-View_Depth_Maps_and_Silhouettes_With_Deep_Generative_Networks.png/330px-Synthesizing_3D_Shapes_via_Modeling_Multi-View_Depth_Maps_and_Silhouettes_With_Deep_Generative_Networks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Synthesizing_3D_Shapes_via_Modeling_Multi-View_Depth_Maps_and_Silhouettes_With_Deep_Generative_Networks.png/440px-Synthesizing_3D_Shapes_via_Modeling_Multi-View_Depth_Maps_and_Silhouettes_With_Deep_Generative_Networks.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Humans are able to make a very good guess on the underlying 3D shape category/identity/geometry given a silhouette of that shape. <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a> researchers have been able to build computational models for perception that exhibit a similar behavior and are capable of generating and <a href="/wiki/3D_reconstruction" title="3D reconstruction">reconstructing 3D shapes</a> from single or multi-view depth maps or silhouettes.<sup id="cite_ref-3DVAE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3DVAE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0;padding:0.8em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/100px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/150px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/200px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subfields_of_psychology" title="Subfields of psychology">Subfields</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" title="Basic science (psychology)">Basic psychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">Affective science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li>Perception</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_psychology" title="Theoretical psychology">Theoretical</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied psychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_psychology" title="Coaching psychology">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Research methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" title="List of psychological schools">Schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" title="Timeline of psychology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" title="Index of psychology articles">Topics</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Philosophy_and_thinking" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Philosophy and thinking">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy" title="Outline of philosophy">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy" title="Index of philosophy">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_philosophy" title="Glossary of philosophy">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy" title="Category:Philosophy">Categories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophical_schools_and_traditions" title="Category:Philosophical schools and traditions">Philosophies</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_by_period" title="Category:Philosophy by period">By period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Philosophic_traditions_by_region" title="Outline of philosophy">By region</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Indigenous American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" title="Middle Eastern philosophy">Middle Eastern philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British</a></li> <li><a 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philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Women in philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_sidebar" title="Template:Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobes_of_the_brain_NL.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The lobes of the brain, viewed laterally"><img alt="The lobes of the brain, viewed laterally" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lobes_of_the_brain_NL.svg/130px-Lobes_of_the_brain_NL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lobes_of_the_brain_NL.svg/195px-Lobes_of_the_brain_NL.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Dementia">Dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Human brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychological_assessment" title="Neuropsychological assessment">Neuropsychological assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(neuropsychology)" title="Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)">Neuropsychological rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">Traumatic brain injury</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">Brain functions</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">Executive functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Natural language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">Motor coordination</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%">People</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Baddeley" title="Alan Baddeley">Alan Baddeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lester_Benton" title="Arthur Lester Benton">Arthur L. Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Damasio" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Gage" title="Phineas Gage">Phineas Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Geschwind" title="Norman Geschwind">Norman Geschwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkhonon_Goldberg" title="Elkhonon Goldberg">Elkhonon Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Goldman-Rakic" title="Patricia Goldman-Rakic">Patricia Goldman-Rakic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Heilman" title="Kenneth Heilman">Kenneth Heilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Kaplan" title="Edith Kaplan">Edith Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Lezak" title="Muriel Lezak">Muriel Lezak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Libet" title="Benjamin Libet">Benjamin Libet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Llin%C3%A1s" title="Rodolfo Llinás">Rodolfo Llinás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Luria" title="Alexander Luria">Alexander Luria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner">Brenda Milner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl H. Pribram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasko_Rakic" title="Pasko Rakic">Pasko Rakic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Oliver Sacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rosenzweig_(psychologist)" title="Mark Rosenzweig (psychologist)">Mark Rosenzweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger W. Sperry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Lukas_Teuber" title="Hans-Lukas Teuber">Hans-Lukas Teuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Molaison" title="Henry Molaison">Henry Molaison <span style="font-size:85%;">("H.M.", patient)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Cochrane" title="Kent Cochrane">K.C. <span style="font-size:85%;">(patient)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychological_test" title="Neuropsychological test">Tests</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benton_Visual_Retention_Test" title="Benton Visual Retention Test">Benton Visual Retention Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_performance_task" title="Continuous performance task">Continuous Performance Task</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halstead-Reitan_Neuropsychological_Battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery">Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayling_and_Brixton_tests" title="Hayling and Brixton tests">Hayling and Brixton tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_decision_task" title="Lexical decision task">Lexical Decision Task</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luria-Nebraska_neuropsychological_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery">Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini%E2%80%93mental_state_examination" title="Mini–mental state examination">Mini–mental state examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rey%E2%80%93Osterrieth_complex_figure" title="Rey–Osterrieth complex figure">Rey–Osterrieth complex figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroop_effect" title="Stroop effect">Stroop Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wechsler_Adult_Intelligence_Scale" title="Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale">Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wechsler_Memory_Scale" title="Wechsler Memory Scale">Wechsler Memory Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Card_Sorting_Test" title="Wisconsin Card Sorting Test">Wisconsin Card Sorting Task</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.4em 0 0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neuropsychology_sidebar" title="Template:Neuropsychology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neuropsychology_sidebar" title="Template talk:Neuropsychology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropsychology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropsychology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Perception</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perceptio#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:perceptio">perceptio</a></i></i> 'gathering, receiving') is the organization, identification, and interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory</a> information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All perception involves signals that go through the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the <a href="/wiki/Sensory_nervous_system" title="Sensory nervous system">sensory system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein52_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Vision</a> involves <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> striking the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">smell</a> is mediated by <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system#Peripheral" title="Olfactory system">odor molecules</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a> involves <a href="/wiki/Sound_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound wave">pressure waves</a>. </p><p>Perception is not only the passive receipt of these <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signals</a>, but it is also shaped by the recipient's <a href="/wiki/Perceptual_learning" title="Perceptual learning">learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expectation_(epistemic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expectation (epistemic)">expectation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mind_perception2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mind_perception2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein20102_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein20102-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sensory input is a process that transforms this low-level information to higher-level information (e.g., extracts shapes for <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience_of_visual_object_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition">object recognition</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein20102_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein20102-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following process connects a person's concepts and expectations (or <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>) with restorative and selective mechanisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a>, that influence perception. </p><p>Perception depends on complex functions of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">conscious</a> <a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">awareness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein52_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the rise of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">experimental psychology</a> in the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Perceptual_psychology" title="Perceptual psychology">psychology's understanding of perception</a> has progressed by combining a variety of techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-mind_perception2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mind_perception2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a> <a href="/wiki/Quantitatively" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitatively">quantitatively</a> describes the relationships between the physical qualities of the sensory input and perception.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuroscience" title="Sensory neuroscience">Sensory neuroscience</a> studies the neural mechanisms underlying perception. Perceptual systems can also be studied <a href="/wiki/Computation" title="Computation">computationally</a>, in terms of the information they process. <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Perceptual issues in philosophy</a> include the extent to which sensory qualities such as <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a>, smell or <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> exist in objective reality rather than in the mind of the perceiver.<sup id="cite_ref-mind_perception2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mind_perception2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although people traditionally viewed the senses as passive receptors, the study of <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambiguous_image" title="Ambiguous image">ambiguous images</a> has demonstrated that the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>'s perceptual systems actively and pre-consciously attempt to make sense of their input.<sup id="cite_ref-mind_perception2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mind_perception2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is still active debate about the extent to which perception is an active process of <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> testing, analogous to <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, or whether realistic sensory information is rich enough to make this process unnecessary.<sup id="cite_ref-mind_perception2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mind_perception2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Perceptual_system" title="Perceptual system">perceptual systems</a> of the brain enable individuals to see the world around them as stable, even though the sensory information is typically incomplete and rapidly varying. Human and other animal brains are structured in a <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_module" title="Cognitive module">modular way</a>, with different areas processing different kinds of sensory information. Some of these modules take the form of <a href="/wiki/Sensory_Maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory Maps">sensory maps</a>, mapping some aspect of the world across part of the brain's surface. These different modules are interconnected and influence each other. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">taste</a> is strongly influenced by smell.<sup id="cite_ref-DeVereCalvert2010_332_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeVereCalvert2010_332-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process_and_terminology">Process and terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Process and terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of perception begins with an object in the real world, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Distal" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal">distal</a> stimulus</i> or <i>distal object</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein52_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By means of light, sound, or another physical process, the object stimulates the body's sensory organs. These sensory organs transform the input energy into neural activity—a process called <i><a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">transduction</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein52_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pomerantz_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pomerantz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This raw pattern of neural activity is called the <i>proximal stimulus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein52_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These neural signals are then transmitted to the brain and processed.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein52_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting mental re-creation of the distal stimulus is the <i>percept</i>. </p><p>To explain the process of perception, an example could be an ordinary shoe. The shoe itself is the distal stimulus. When light from the shoe enters a person's eye and stimulates the retina, that stimulation is the proximal stimulus.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image of the shoe reconstructed by the brain of the person is the percept. Another example could be a ringing telephone. The ringing of the phone is the distal stimulus. The sound stimulating a person's auditory receptors is the proximal stimulus. The brain's interpretation of this as the "ringing of a telephone" is the percept. </p><p>The different kinds of sensation (such as warmth, sound, and taste) are called <i><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_modality" title="Stimulus modality">sensory modalities</a></i> or <i>stimulus modalities</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pomerantz_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pomerantz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WillisCoggeshall2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WillisCoggeshall2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bruner's_model_of_the_perceptual_process"><span id="Bruner.27s_model_of_the_perceptual_process"></span>Bruner's model of the perceptual process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bruner's model of the perceptual process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_identity_theory" title="Social identity theory">Social identity theory</a></div> <p>Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a> developed a model of perception, in which people put "together the information contained in" a target and a situation to form "perceptions of ourselves and others based on social categories."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alan_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model is composed of three states: </p> <ol><li>When people encounter an unfamiliar target, they are very open to the informational <a href="/wiki/Sensory_cue" title="Sensory cue">cues</a> contained in the target and the situation surrounding it.</li> <li>The first stage does not give people enough information on which to base perceptions of the target, so they will actively seek out cues to resolve this ambiguity. Gradually, people collect some familiar cues that enable them to make a rough categorization of the target.</li> <li>The cues become less open and selective. People try to search for more cues that confirm the categorization of the target. They actively ignore and distort cues that violate their initial perceptions. Their perception becomes more selective and they finally paint a consistent picture of the target.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saks_and_John's_three_components_to_perception"><span id="Saks_and_John.27s_three_components_to_perception"></span>Saks and John's three components to perception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Saks and John's three components to perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Alan Saks and Gary Johns, there are three components to perception:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (March 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ol><li><b>The Perceiver</b>: a person whose awareness is focused on the stimulus, and thus begins to perceive it. There are many factors that may influence the perceptions of the perceiver, while the three major ones include (1) <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivational state</a>, (2) <a href="/wiki/Emotional_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional state">emotional state</a>, and (3) <a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experience</a>. All of these factors, especially the first two, greatly contribute to how the person perceives a situation. Oftentimes, the perceiver may employ what is called a "perceptual defense", where the person will only see what they want to see.</li> <li><b>The Target</b>: the <i>object</i> of perception; something or someone who is being perceived. The amount of information gathered by the sensory organs of the perceiver affects the interpretation and understanding about the target.</li> <li><b>The Situation</b>: the <i>environmental</i> factors, timing, and degree of stimulation that affect the process of perception. These factors may render a single stimulus to be left as merely a stimulus, not a percept that is subject for brain interpretation.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multistable_perception">Multistable perception</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Multistable perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stimuli are not necessarily translated into a percept and rarely does a single stimulus translate into a percept. An ambiguous stimulus may sometimes be transduced into one or more percepts, experienced randomly, one at a time, in a process termed <i><a href="/wiki/Multistable_perception" title="Multistable perception">multistable perception</a></i>. The same stimuli, or absence of them, may result in different percepts depending on subject's culture and previous experiences. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ambiguous figures demonstrate that a single stimulus can result in more than one percept. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Rubin_vase" title="Rubin vase">Rubin vase</a> can be interpreted either as a vase or as two faces. The percept can bind sensations from multiple senses into a whole. A picture of a talking person on a television screen, for example, is bound to the sound of speech from speakers to form a percept of a talking person. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_perception">Types of perception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types of perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerebrum_lobes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cerebrum_lobes.png/400px-Cerebrum_lobes.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cerebrum_lobes.png/600px-Cerebrum_lobes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cerebrum_lobes.png/800px-Cerebrum_lobes.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>Cerebrum lobes</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision">Vision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></div> <p>In many ways, vision is the primary human sense. Light is taken in through each eye and focused in a way which sorts it on the retina according to direction of origin. A dense surface of photosensitive cells, including rods, cones, and <a href="/wiki/Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells">intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells</a> captures information about the intensity, color, and position of incoming light. Some processing of texture and movement occurs within the neurons on the retina before the information is sent to the brain. In total, about 15 differing types of information are then forwarded to the brain proper via the optic nerve.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The timing of perception of a visual event, at points along the visual circuit, have been measured. A sudden alteration of light at a spot in the environment first alters photoreceptor cells in the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>, which send a signal to the <a href="/wiki/Retina_bipolar_cell" title="Retina bipolar cell">retina bipolar cell</a> layer which, in turn, can activate a retinal ganglion neuron cell. A retinal ganglion cell is a bridging neuron that connects visual retinal input to the visual processing centers within the central nervous system.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34093409_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34093409-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Light-altered neuron activation occurs within about 5–20 milliseconds in a rabbit retinal ganglion,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9144251_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9144251-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in a mouse retinal ganglion cell the initial spike takes between 40 and 240 milliseconds before the initial activation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31641196_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31641196-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial activation can be detected by an <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a> spike, a sudden spike in neuron membrane electric voltage. </p><p>A perceptual visual event measured in humans was the presentation to individuals of an anomalous word. If these individuals are shown a sentence, presented as a sequence of single words on a computer screen, with a puzzling word out of place in the sequence, the perception of the puzzling word can register on an electroencephalogram (EEG). In an experiment, human readers wore an elastic cap with 64 embedded electrodes distributed over their scalp surface.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23515395_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23515395-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within 230 milliseconds of encountering the anomalous word, the human readers generated an event-related electrical potential alteration of their EEG at the left occipital-temporal channel, over the left occipital lobe and temporal lobe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound">Sound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg/220px-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg/330px-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg/440px-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Anatomy of the human ear. (The length of the auditory canal is exaggerated in this image.)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:burlywood; color:black;"> </span> Brown is <a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">outer ear</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:salmon; color:black;"> </span> Red is <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkorchid; color:white;"> </span> Purple is <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a>.</div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a> (or <i>audition</i>) is the ability to perceive <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> by detecting <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibrations</a> (i.e., <i>sonic</i> detection). Frequencies capable of being heard by humans are called <a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency"><i>audio</i> or <i>audible</i> <i>frequencies</i></a>, the range of which is typically considered to be between 20 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> and 20,000 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequencies higher than audio are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound"><i>ultrasonic</i></a>, while frequencies below audio are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound"><i>infrasonic</i></a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">auditory system</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">outer ears</a>, which collect and filter sound waves; the <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">middle ear</a>, which transforms the sound pressure (<a href="/wiki/Impedance_matching" title="Impedance matching">impedance matching</a>); and the <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">inner ear</a>, which produces neural signals in response to the sound. By the ascending <a href="/wiki/Auditory_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory pathway">auditory pathway</a> these are led to the <a href="/wiki/Primary_auditory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary auditory cortex">primary auditory cortex</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a> of the human brain, from where the auditory information then goes to the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> for further processing. </p><p>Sound does not usually come from a single source: in real situations, sounds from multiple sources and directions are <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/superimpose" class="extiw" title="mwod:superimpose">superimposed</a> as they arrive at the ears. Hearing involves the computationally complex task of separating out sources of interest, identifying them and often estimating their distance and direction.<sup id="cite_ref-eop_constancy_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eop_constancy-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Touch">Touch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Touch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haptic_perception" title="Haptic perception">Haptic perception</a></div><p>The process of recognizing objects through touch is known as <i>haptic perception</i>. It involves a combination of <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory">somatosensory</a> perception of patterns on the skin surface (e.g., edges, curvature, and texture) and <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a> of hand position and conformation. People can rapidly and accurately identify three-dimensional objects by touch.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This involves exploratory procedures, such as moving the fingers over the outer surface of the object or holding the entire object in the hand.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haptic perception relies on the forces experienced during touch.<sup id="cite_ref-Robles-de-la-torre2001_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robles-de-la-torre2001-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professor <a href="/wiki/James_J._Gibson" title="James J. Gibson">Gibson</a> defined the haptic system as "the sensibility of the individual to the world adjacent to his body by use of his body."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gibson and others emphasized the close link between body movement and haptic perception, where the latter is <i>active exploration</i>. </p><p>The concept of haptic perception is related to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Extended_physiological_proprioception" title="Extended physiological proprioception">extended physiological proprioception</a> according to which, when using a tool such as a stick, perceptual experience is transparently transferred to the end of the tool. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taste">Taste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Taste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">Taste</a></div><p>Taste (formally known as <i>gustation</i>) is the ability to perceive the <a href="/wiki/Flavor_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavor (taste)">flavor</a> of substances, including, but not limited to, <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>. Humans receive tastes through sensory organs concentrated on the upper surface of the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>, called <i><a href="/wiki/Taste_bud" title="Taste bud">taste buds</a></i> or <i>gustatory calyculi</i><u>.</u><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human tongue has 100 to 150 taste receptor cells on each of its roughly-ten thousand taste buds.<sup id="cite_ref-DeVereCalvert2010_39_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeVereCalvert2010_39-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, there have been four primary tastes: <a href="/wiki/Sweetness" title="Sweetness">sweetness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitter_(taste)#Bitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter (taste)">bitterness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sourness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sourness">sourness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saltiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltiness">saltiness</a>. The recognition and awareness of <a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">umami</a>, which is considered the fifth primary taste, is a relatively recent development in <a href="/wiki/Western_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Western cuisine">Western cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other tastes can be mimicked by combining these basic tastes,<sup id="cite_ref-DeVereCalvert2010_39_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeVereCalvert2010_39-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SiegelAlbers2006_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiegelAlbers2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of which contribute only partially to the sensation and <a href="/wiki/Flavor_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavor (taste)">flavor</a> of food in the mouth. Other factors include <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">smell</a>, which is detected by the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_epithelium" title="Olfactory epithelium">olfactory epithelium</a> of the nose;<sup id="cite_ref-DeVereCalvert2010_332_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeVereCalvert2010_332-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Texture_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texture (food)">texture</a>, which is detected through a variety of <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">mechanoreceptors</a>, muscle nerves, etc.;<sup id="cite_ref-SiegelAlbers2006_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiegelAlbers2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and temperature, which is detected by <a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">thermoreceptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SiegelAlbers2006_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiegelAlbers2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All basic tastes are classified as either <i><a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">appetitive</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Aversives" title="Aversives">aversive</a></i>, depending upon whether the things they sense are harmful or beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-aa_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smell">Smell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Smell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">Olfaction</a></div> <p>Smell is the process of absorbing molecules through <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">olfactory organs</a>, which are absorbed by humans through the <a href="/wiki/Nose" title="Nose">nose</a>. These molecules diffuse through a thick layer of <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a>; come into contact with one of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">cilia</a> that are projected from sensory neurons; and are then absorbed into a receptor (one of 347 or so).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is this process that causes humans to understand the concept of smell from a physical standpoint. </p><p>Smell is also a very interactive sense as scientists have begun to observe that olfaction comes into contact with the other sense in unexpected ways.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the most primal of the senses, as it is known to be the first indicator of safety or danger, therefore being the sense that drives the most basic of human survival skills. As such, it can be a catalyst for human behavior on a <a href="/wiki/Subconscious" title="Subconscious">subconscious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">instinctive</a> level.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Social"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_perception" title="Social perception">Social perception</a></div><p><a href="/wiki/Social_perception" title="Social perception">Social perception</a> is the part of perception that allows people to understand the individuals and groups of their social world. Thus, it is an element of <a href="/wiki/Social_cognition" title="Social cognition">social cognition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectrogram_of_I_owe_you.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Spectrogram_of_I_owe_you.png/220px-Spectrogram_of_I_owe_you.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Spectrogram_of_I_owe_you.png/330px-Spectrogram_of_I_owe_you.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Spectrogram_of_I_owe_you.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Though the phrase "I owe you" can be heard as three distinct words, a <a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">spectrogram</a> reveals no clear boundaries.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speech">Speech</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Speech_perception" title="Speech perception">Speech perception</a></div> <p><i>Speech perception</i> is the process by which <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a> is heard, interpreted and understood. Research in this field seeks to understand how human listeners recognize the sound of speech (or <i><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a></i>) and use such information to understand spoken language. </p><p>Listeners manage to perceive words across a wide range of conditions, as the sound of a word can vary widely according to words that surround it and the <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a> of the speech, as well as the physical characteristics, <a href="/wiki/Accent_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent (dialect)">accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a>, and mood of the speaker. <a href="/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation">Reverberation</a>, signifying the persistence of sound after the sound is produced, can also have a considerable impact on perception. Experiments have shown that people automatically compensate for this effect when hearing speech.<sup id="cite_ref-eop_constancy_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eop_constancy-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Watkins2010_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watkins2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of perceiving speech begins at the level of the sound within the auditory signal and the process of <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">audition</a>. The initial auditory signal is compared with visual information—primarily lip movement—to extract acoustic cues and phonetic information. It is possible other sensory modalities are integrated at this stage as well.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This speech information can then be used for higher-level language processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Word_recognition" title="Word recognition">word recognition</a>. </p><p>Speech perception is not necessarily uni-directional. Higher-level language processes connected with <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> may also interact with basic speech perception processes to aid in recognition of speech sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be the case that it is not necessary (maybe not even possible) for a listener to recognize <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> before recognizing higher units, such as words. In an experiment, professor Richard M. Warren replaced one phoneme of a word with a cough-like sound. His subjects restored the missing speech sound perceptually without any difficulty. Moreover, they were not able to accurately identify which phoneme had even been disturbed.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Faces">Faces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Faces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Face_perception" title="Face perception">Face perception</a></div><p><i>Facial perception</i> refers to cognitive processes specialized in handling <a href="/wiki/Human_faces" class="mw-redirect" title="Human faces">human faces</a> (including perceiving the identity of an individual) and facial expressions (such as emotional cues.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_touch">Social touch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Social touch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system#Neural_processing_of_social_touch" title="Somatosensory system">Somatosensory system § Neural processing of social touch</a></div><p>The <i>somatosensory cortex</i> is a part of the brain that receives and encodes sensory information from receptors of the entire body.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Affective" class="mw-redirect" title="Affective">Affective touch</a> is a type of sensory information that elicits an emotional reaction and is usually social in nature. Such information is actually coded differently than other sensory information. Though the intensity of affective touch is still encoded in the primary somatosensory cortex, the feeling of pleasantness associated with affective touch is activated more in the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex" title="Anterior cingulate cortex">anterior cingulate cortex</a>. Increased <a href="/wiki/Blood-oxygen-level-dependent_imaging" title="Blood-oxygen-level-dependent imaging">blood oxygen level-dependent</a> (BOLD) contrast imaging, identified during <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional magnetic resonance imaging</a> (fMRI), shows that signals in the anterior cingulate cortex, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a>, are highly correlated with pleasantness scores of affective touch. Inhibitory <a href="/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation" title="Transcranial magnetic stimulation">transcranial magnetic stimulation</a> (TMS) of the primary somatosensory cortex inhibits the perception of affective touch intensity, but not affective touch pleasantness. Therefore, the S1 is not directly involved in processing socially affective touch pleasantness, but still plays a role in discriminating touch location and intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-modal_perception">Multi-modal perception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Multi-modal perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Multi-modal_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-modal perception">Multi-modal perception</a> refers to concurrent stimulation in more than one sensory modality and the effect such has on the perception of events and objects in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Time_(chronoception)"><span id="Time_.28chronoception.29"></span>Time (chronoception)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Time (chronoception)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">time perception</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Chronoception</a> refers to how the passage of <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> is perceived and experienced. Although the <a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">sense of time</a> is not associated with a specific <a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">sensory system</a>, the work of <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuroscientist" title="Neuroscientist">neuroscientists</a> indicates that human brains do have a system governing the perception of time,<sup id="cite_ref-Rao_2001_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao_2001-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> composed of a highly distributed system involving the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a>. One particular component of the brain, the <a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">suprachiasmatic nucleus</a>, is responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a> (commonly known as one's "internal clock"), while other cell clusters appear to be capable of shorter-range timekeeping, known as an <i><a href="/wiki/Ultradian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultradian">ultradian</a> rhythm</i>. </p><p>One or more <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic_pathways" title="Dopaminergic pathways">dopaminergic pathways</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> appear to have a strong modulatory influence on <a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">mental chronometry</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Interval_(time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interval (time)">interval timing.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Amph-DA_reaction_time_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amph-DA_reaction_time-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agency">Agency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Agency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_agency" title="Sense of agency">Sense of agency</a></div> <p><i>Sense of agency</i> refers to the subjective feeling of having chosen a particular action. Some conditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, can cause a loss of this sense, which may lead a person into delusions, such as feeling like a machine or like an outside source is controlling them. An opposite extreme can also occur, where people experience everything in their environment as though they had decided that it would happen.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even in non-<a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathological</a> cases, there is a measurable difference between the making of a decision and the feeling of agency. Through methods such as <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_free_will#Libet_experiment" title="Neuroscience of free will">the Libet experiment</a>, a gap of half a second or more can be detected from the time when there are detectable neurological signs of a decision having been made to the time when the subject actually becomes conscious of the decision. </p><p>There are also experiments in which an illusion of agency is induced in psychologically normal subjects. In 1999, psychologists <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Wegner" title="Daniel Wegner">Wegner</a> and Wheatley gave subjects instructions to move a mouse around a scene and point to an image about once every thirty seconds. However, a second person—acting as a test subject but actually a confederate—had their hand on the mouse at the same time, and controlled some of the movement. Experimenters were able to arrange for subjects to perceive certain "forced stops" as if they were their own choice.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Familiarity">Familiarity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Familiarity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Recognition_memory" title="Recognition memory">Recognition memory</a> is sometimes divided into two functions by neuroscientists: <i>familiarity</i> and <i>recollection</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A strong sense of familiarity can occur without any recollection, for example in cases of <a href="/wiki/Deja_vu" class="mw-redirect" title="Deja vu">deja vu</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a> (specifically the <a href="/wiki/Perirhinal_cortex" title="Perirhinal cortex">perirhinal cortex</a>) responds differently to stimuli that feel novel compared to stimuli that feel familiar. <a href="/wiki/Firing_rate_(cells)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing rate (cells)">Firing rates</a> in the perirhinal cortex are connected with the sense of familiarity in humans and other mammals. In tests, stimulating this area at 10–15 Hz caused animals to treat even novel images as familiar, and stimulation at 30–40 Hz caused novel images to be partially treated as familiar.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, stimulation at 30–40 Hz led to animals looking at a familiar image for longer periods, as they would for an unfamiliar one, though it did not lead to the same exploration behavior normally associated with novelty. </p><p>Recent studies on <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesions</a> in the area concluded that rats with a damaged perirhinal cortex were still more interested in exploring when novel objects were present, but seemed unable to tell novel objects from familiar ones—they examined both equally. Thus, other brain regions are involved with noticing unfamiliarity, while the perirhinal cortex is needed to associate the feeling with a specific source.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexual_stimulation">Sexual stimulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sexual stimulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a> is any <a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">stimulus</a> (including bodily contact) that leads to, enhances, and maintains <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual arousal</a>, possibly even leading to <a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">orgasm</a>. Distinct from the general sense of <a href="#Touch">touch</a>, sexual stimulation is strongly tied to <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormonal activity</a> and chemical triggers in the body. Although sexual arousal may arise without <a href="/wiki/Physical_stimulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical stimulation">physical stimulation</a>, achieving orgasm usually requires physical sexual stimulation (stimulation of the Krause-Finger <a href="/wiki/Bulboid_corpuscle" title="Bulboid corpuscle">corpuscles</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found in erogenous zones of the body.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_senses">Other senses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other senses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Sense</a></div><p>Other senses enable perception of <a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">body balance</a> (vestibular sense<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>; <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">position of body parts</a> (proprioception sense<sup id="cite_ref-3DVAE_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3DVAE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). They can also enable perception of internal senses (interoception sense<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), such as temperature, pain, <a href="/wiki/Suffocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffocation">suffocation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gag_Reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Gag Reflex">gag reflex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_distension" title="Abdominal distension">abdominal distension</a>, fullness of <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">urinary bladder</a>, and sensations felt in the <a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">throat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reality">Reality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of visual perception, some people can see the percept shift in their <a href="/wiki/Mind%27s_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind's eye">mind's eye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wettlaufer2003_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wettlaufer2003-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, who are not <a href="/wiki/Picture_thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture thinking">picture thinkers</a>, may not necessarily perceive the 'shape-shifting' as their world changes. This <a href="/wiki/Esemplastic" title="Esemplastic">esemplastic</a> nature has been demonstrated by an experiment that showed that <a href="/wiki/Ambiguous_image" title="Ambiguous image">ambiguous images</a> have multiple interpretations on the perceptual level. </p><p>The confusing ambiguity of perception is exploited in human technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> and biological <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a>. For example, the wings of <a href="/wiki/European_peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="European peacock">European peacock butterflies</a> bear <a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">eyespots</a> that birds respond to as though they were the eyes of a dangerous predator. </p><p>There is also evidence that the brain in some ways operates on a slight "delay" in order to allow nerve impulses from distant parts of the body to be integrated into simultaneous signals.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perception is one of the oldest fields in psychology. The oldest <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">quantitative</a> laws in psychology are <a href="/wiki/Weber-Fechner_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Weber-Fechner law">Weber's law</a>, which states that the smallest noticeable difference in stimulus intensity is proportional to the intensity of the reference; and <a href="/wiki/Weber-Fechner_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Weber-Fechner law">Fechner's law</a>, which quantifies the relationship between the intensity of the physical stimulus and its perceptual counterpart (e.g., testing how much darker a computer screen can get before the viewer actually notices). The study of perception gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt School of Psychology</a>, with an emphasis on a <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holistic</a> approach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a></div><p>A <i>sensory system</i> is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory</a> information. A sensory system consists of <a href="/wiki/Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">sensory receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neural_pathway" title="Neural pathway">neural pathways</a>, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception. Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for <a href="/wiki/Vision_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision (sense)">vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">hearing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somatic_sensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatic sensation">somatic sensation</a> (touch), <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">taste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">olfaction</a> (smell), as listed above. It has been suggested that the immune system is an overlooked sensory modality.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In short, senses are <a href="/wiki/Transducers" class="mw-redirect" title="Transducers">transducers</a> from the physical world to the realm of the mind. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Receptive_field" title="Receptive field">receptive field</a> is the specific part of the world to which a receptor organ and receptor cells respond. For instance, the part of the world an eye can see, is its receptive field; the light that each <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone</a> can see, is its receptive field.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Receptive fields have been identified for the <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">auditory system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">somatosensory system</a>, so far. Research attention is currently focused not only on external perception processes, but also to "<a href="/wiki/Interoception" title="Interoception">interoception</a>", considered as the process of receiving, accessing and appraising internal bodily signals. Maintaining desired physiological states is critical for an organism's well-being and survival. Interoception is an iterative process, requiring the interplay between perception of body states and awareness of these states to generate proper self-regulation. Afferent sensory signals continuously interact with higher order cognitive representations of goals, history, and environment, shaping emotional experience and motivating regulatory behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constancy">Constancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Constancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subjective_constancy" title="Subjective constancy">Subjective constancy</a></div><p><i>Perceptual constancy</i> is the ability of perceptual systems to recognize the same object from widely varying sensory inputs.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein20102_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein20102-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 118–120">: 118–120 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AtkinsonAtkinson1990_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AtkinsonAtkinson1990-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, individual people can be recognized from views, such as frontal and profile, which form very different shapes on the retina. A coin looked at face-on makes a circular image on the retina, but when held at angle it makes an elliptical image.<sup id="cite_ref-eop_constancy_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eop_constancy-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In normal perception these are recognized as a single three-dimensional object. Without this correction process, an animal approaching from the distance would appear to gain in size.<sup id="cite_ref-Sonderegger1998_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonderegger1998-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enc_constancy_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_constancy-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One kind of perceptual constancy is <i><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">color constancy</a></i>: for example, a white piece of paper can be recognized as such under different colors and intensities of light.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_constancy_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_constancy-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is <i>roughness constancy</i>: when a hand is drawn quickly across a surface, the touch nerves are stimulated more intensely. The brain compensates for this, so the speed of contact does not affect the perceived roughness.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_constancy_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_constancy-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other constancies include melody, odor, brightness and words.<sup id="cite_ref-Roeckelein2006_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roeckelein2006-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These constancies are not always total, but the variation in the percept is much less than the variation in the physical stimulus.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_constancy_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc_constancy-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perceptual systems of the brain achieve perceptual constancy in a variety of ways, each specialized for the kind of information being processed,<sup id="cite_ref-Yantis2001_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yantis2001-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_restoration_effect" title="Phonemic restoration effect">phonemic restoration</a> as a notable example from hearing.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gestalt_closure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gestalt_closure.svg/220px-Gestalt_closure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gestalt_closure.svg/330px-Gestalt_closure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gestalt_closure.svg/440px-Gestalt_closure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Law of Closure. The human brain tends to perceive complete shapes even if those forms are incomplete.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grouping_(Gestalt)"><span id="Grouping_.28Gestalt.29"></span>Grouping (Gestalt)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Grouping (Gestalt)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_grouping" title="Principles of grouping">Principles of grouping</a></div> <p>The <i>principles of grouping</i> (or <i>Gestalt laws of grouping</i>) are a set of principles in <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt psychologists</a>, to explain how humans naturally perceive objects with patterns and objects. Gestalt psychologists argued that these principles exist because the mind has an innate disposition to <a href="/wiki/Perceive" class="mw-redirect" title="Perceive">perceive</a> patterns in the stimulus based on certain rules. These principles are <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_grouping" title="Principles of grouping">organized into six categories</a>: </p> <ol><li><b>Proximity</b>: the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Proximity_principle" title="Proximity principle">proximity</a></i> states that, <a href="/wiki/Ceteris_paribus" title="Ceteris paribus">all else being equal</a>, perception tends to group stimuli that are close together as part of the same object, and <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(psychology)" title="Stimulus (psychology)">stimuli</a> that are far apart as two separate objects.</li> <li><b>Similarity</b>: the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Similarity_(psychology)" title="Similarity (psychology)">similarity</a></i> states that, all else being equal, perception lends itself to seeing stimuli that physically resemble each other as part of the same object and that are different as part of a separate object. This allows for people to distinguish between adjacent and overlapping objects based on their <a href="/wiki/Texture_(visual_arts)#Visual_texture" title="Texture (visual arts)">visual texture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">resemblance</a>.</li> <li><b>Closure</b>: the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Closure_(psychology)" title="Closure (psychology)">closure</a></i> refers to the mind's tendency to see complete figures or forms even if a picture is incomplete, partially hidden by other objects, or if part of the information needed to make a complete picture in our minds is missing. For example, if part of a shape's border is missing people still tend to see the shape as completely enclosed by the border and ignore the gaps.</li> <li><b>Good Continuation:</b> the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_grouping#Good_continuation" title="Principles of grouping">good continuation</a></i> makes sense of stimuli that overlap: when there is an intersection between two or more objects, people tend to perceive each as a single uninterrupted object.</li> <li><b>Common Fate</b>: the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_grouping#Common_fate" title="Principles of grouping">common fate</a></i> groups stimuli together on the basis of their movement. When visual elements are seen moving in the same direction at the same rate, perception associates the movement as part of the same stimulus. This allows people to make out moving objects even when other details, such as color or outline, are obscured.</li> <li>The principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_grouping#Good_form" title="Principles of grouping">good form</a></i> refers to the tendency to group together forms of similar shape, pattern, <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Later research has identified additional grouping principles.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contrast_effects">Contrast effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Contrast effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Contrast_effect" title="Contrast effect">Contrast effect</a></div><p>A common finding across many different kinds of perception is that the perceived qualities of an object can be affected by the qualities of context. If one object is extreme on some dimension, then neighboring objects are perceived as further away from that extreme. </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Contrast_effect#Types" title="Contrast effect">Simultaneous contrast effect</a>" is the term used when stimuli are presented at the same time, whereas <i><a href="/wiki/Successive_contrast" class="mw-redirect" title="Successive contrast">successive contrast</a></i> applies when stimuli are presented one after another.<sup id="cite_ref-Corsini2002_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corsini2002-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contrast effect was noted by the 17th Century philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, who observed that lukewarm water can feel hot or cold depending on whether the hand touching it was previously in hot or cold water.<sup id="cite_ref-Kushner2008_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushner2008-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th Century, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a> identified contrast as a fundamental principle of perception, and since then the effect has been confirmed in many different areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Kushner2008_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushner2008-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These effects shape not only visual qualities like color and brightness, but other kinds of perception, including how heavy an object feels.<sup id="cite_ref-Plous1993_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plous1993-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One experiment found that thinking of the name "Hitler" led to subjects rating a person as more hostile.<sup id="cite_ref-Moskowitz2005_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moskowitz2005-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether a piece of music is perceived as good or bad can depend on whether the music heard before it was pleasant or unpleasant.<sup id="cite_ref-Popper2010_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popper2010-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the effect to work, the objects being compared need to be similar to each other: a television reporter can seem smaller when interviewing a tall basketball player, but not when standing next to a tall building.<sup id="cite_ref-Plous1993_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plous1993-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the brain, brightness contrast exerts effects on both neuronal <a href="/wiki/Firing_rate_(cells)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing rate (cells)">firing rates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuronal_synchronization" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuronal synchronization">neuronal synchrony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perception_as_direct_perception_(Gibson)"><span id="Perception_as_direct_perception_.28Gibson.29"></span>Perception as direct perception (Gibson)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Perception as direct perception (Gibson)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitive theories</a> of perception assume there is a <a href="/wiki/Poverty_of_the_stimulus" title="Poverty of the stimulus">poverty of the stimulus</a>. This is the claim that <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sensation" class="extiw" title="wikt:sensation">sensations</a>, by themselves, are unable to provide a unique description of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sensations require 'enriching', which is the role of the <a href="/wiki/Mental_model" title="Mental model">mental model</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">perceptual ecology</a> approach was introduced by professor <a href="/wiki/James_J._Gibson" title="James J. Gibson">James J. Gibson</a>, who rejected the assumption of a <a href="/wiki/Poverty_of_stimulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty of stimulus">poverty of stimulus</a> and the idea that perception is based upon sensations. Instead, Gibson investigated what information is actually presented to the perceptual systems. His theory "assumes the existence of stable, unbounded, and permanent stimulus-information in the <a href="/wiki/Ambient_optic_array" title="Ambient optic array">ambient optic array</a>. And it supposes that the visual system can explore and detect this information. The theory is information-based, not sensation-based."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and the psychologists who work within this <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> detailed how the world could be specified to a mobile, exploring organism via the lawful projection of information about the world into energy arrays.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Specification" would be a 1:1 mapping of some aspect of the world into a perceptual array. Given such a mapping, no enrichment is required and perception is <a href="/wiki/Direct_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct perception">direct</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perception-in-action">Perception-in-action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Perception-in-action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From Gibson's early work derived an ecological understanding of perception known as <i>perception-in-action,</i> which argues that perception is a requisite property of animate action. It posits that, without perception, action would be unguided, and without action, perception would serve no purpose. Animate actions require both perception and motion, which can be described as "two sides of the same coin, the coin is action." Gibson works from the assumption that singular entities, which he calls <i>invariants,</i> already exist in the real world and that all that the perception process does is home in upon them. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Constructive_perception" title="Constructive perception">constructivist view</a>, held by such philosophers as <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Glasersfeld" title="Ernst von Glasersfeld">Ernst von Glasersfeld</a>, regards the continual adjustment of perception and action to the external input as precisely what constitutes the "entity," which is therefore far from being invariant.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glasersfeld considers an <i>invariant</i> as a target to be homed in upon, and a pragmatic necessity to allow an initial measure of understanding to be established prior to the updating that a statement aims to achieve. The invariant does not, and need not, represent an actuality. Glasersfeld describes it as extremely unlikely that what is desired or <a href="/wiki/Fear_processing_in_the_brain" title="Fear processing in the brain">feared</a> by an organism will never suffer change as time goes on. This <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social constructionist">social constructionist</a> theory thus allows for a needful evolutionary adjustment.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mathematical theory of perception-in-action has been devised and investigated in many forms of controlled movement, and has been described in many different species of organism using the <a href="/wiki/General_Tau_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="General Tau Theory">General Tau Theory</a>. According to this theory, "tau information", or time-to-goal information is the fundamental <i>percept</i> in perception. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_psychology">Evolutionary psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Evolutionary psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many philosophers, such as <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Jerry Fodor</a>, write that the purpose of perception is knowledge. However, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychologists</a> hold that the primary purpose of perception is to guide action.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They give the example of <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth perception</a>, which seems to have evolved not to aid in knowing the distances to other objects but rather to aid movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evolutionary psychologists argue that animals ranging from <a href="/wiki/Fiddler_crab" title="Fiddler crab">fiddler crabs</a> to humans use eyesight for <a href="/wiki/Collision_avoidance_in_transportation" title="Collision avoidance in transportation">collision avoidance</a>, suggesting that vision is basically for directing action, not providing knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychologists</a> showed that perception systems evolved along the specifics of animals' activities. This explains why bats and worms can perceive different frequency of auditory and visual systems than, for example, humans. </p><p>Building and maintaining sense organs is <a href="/wiki/Metabolically" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolically">metabolically</a> expensive. More than half the brain is devoted to processing sensory information, and the brain itself consumes roughly one-fourth of one's metabolic resources. Thus, such organs evolve only when they provide exceptional benefits to an organism's fitness.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientists who study perception and sensation have long understood the human senses as adaptations.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depth perception consists of processing over half a dozen visual cues, each of which is based on a regularity of the physical world.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vision evolved to respond to the narrow range of electromagnetic energy that is plentiful and that does not pass through objects.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sound waves provide useful information about the sources of and distances to objects, with larger animals making and hearing lower-frequency sounds and smaller animals making and hearing higher-frequency sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taste and smell respond to chemicals in the environment that were significant for fitness in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sense of touch is actually many senses, including pressure, heat, cold, tickle, and pain.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pain, while unpleasant, is adaptive.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important adaptation for senses is range shifting, by which the organism becomes temporarily more or less sensitive to sensation.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, one's eyes automatically adjust to dim or bright ambient light.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sensory abilities of different organisms often co-evolve, as is the case with the hearing of echolocating bats and that of the moths that have evolved to respond to the sounds that the bats make.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evolutionary psychologists claim that perception demonstrates the principle of modularity, with specialized mechanisms handling particular perception tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, people with damage to a particular part of the brain are not able to recognize faces (<i><a href="/wiki/Prosopagnosia" title="Prosopagnosia">prosopagnosia</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evolutionary psychology suggests that this indicates a so-called face-reading module.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaulin_4_83-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_4-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closed-loop_perception">Closed-loop perception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Closed-loop perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theory of <a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_transfer_function" title="Closed-loop transfer function">closed-loop perception</a> proposes dynamic motor-sensory closed-loop process in which information flows through the environment and the brain in continuous loops.<sup id="cite_ref-Dewey1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dewey1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friston1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friston1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tishby1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tishby1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AhiAssa1_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhiAssa1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closed-loop perception appears consistent with anatomy and with the fact that perception is typically an incremental process. Repeated encounters with an object, whether conscious or not, enable an animal to refine its impressions of that object. This can be achieved more easily with a circular closed-loop system than with a linear open-loop one. Closed-loop perception can explain many of the phenomena that open-loop perception struggles to account for. This is largely because closed-loop perception considers motion to be an integral part of perception, and not an interfering component that must be corrected for. Furthermore, an environment perceived via sensor motion, and not despite sensor motion, need not be further stabilized by internal processes.<sup id="cite_ref-AhiAssa1_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhiAssa1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feature_integration_theory">Feature integration theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Feature integration theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feature_integration_theory" title="Feature integration theory">Feature integration theory</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anne_Treisman" title="Anne Treisman">Anne Treisman</a>'s feature integration theory (FIT) attempts to explain how characteristics of a stimulus such as physical location in space, motion, color, and shape are merged to form one percept despite each of these characteristics activating separate areas of the cortex. FIT explains this through a two part system of perception involving the preattentive and focused attention stages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preattentive stage of perception is largely unconscious, and analyzes an object by breaking it down into its basic features, such as the specific color, geometric shape, motion, depth, individual lines, and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that, when small groups of objects with different features (e.g., red triangle, blue circle) are briefly flashed in front of human participants, many individuals later report seeing shapes made up of the combined features of two different stimuli, thereby referred to as <a href="/wiki/Illusory_conjunctions" title="Illusory conjunctions">illusory conjunctions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unconnected features described in the preattentive stage are combined into the objects one normally sees during the focused attention stage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focused attention stage is based heavily around the idea of attention in perception and 'binds' the features together onto specific objects at specific spatial locations (see the <a href="/wiki/Binding_problem" title="Binding problem">binding problem</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shared_Intentionality_theory">Shared Intentionality theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Shared Intentionality theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shared_intentionality" title="Shared intentionality">Shared intentionality</a></div> <p>A fundamentally different approach to understanding the perception of objects relies upon the essential role of <a href="/wiki/Shared_intentionality" title="Shared intentionality">Shared intentionality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cognitive psychologist professor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Michael Tomasello</a> hypothesized that social bonds between children and caregivers would gradually increase through the essential motive force of shared intentionality beginning from birth.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notion of shared intentionality, introduced by Michael Tomasello, was developed by later researchers, who tended to explain this collaborative interaction from different perspectives, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">psychophysiology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and neurobiology.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shared_intentionality" title="Shared intentionality">Shared intentionality</a> approach considers perception occurrence at an earlier stage of organisms' development than other theories, even before the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">Intentionality</a>. Because many theories build their knowledge about perception based on its main features of the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information to represent the holistic picture of the environment, <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">Intentionality</a> is the central issue in perception development. Nowadays, only one hypothesis attempts to explain <a href="/wiki/Shared_intentionality" title="Shared intentionality">Shared intentionality</a> in all its integral complexity from the level of interpersonal dynamics to interaction at the neuronal level. Introduced by Latvian professor Igor Val Danilov, the hypothesis of neurobiological processes occurring during Shared intentionality<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> highlights that, at the beginning of cognition, very young organisms cannot distinguish relevant sensory stimuli independently. Because the environment is the cacophony of stimuli (electromagnetic waves, chemical interactions, and pressure fluctuations), their sensation is too limited by the noise to solve the cue problem. The relevant stimulus cannot overcome the noise magnitude if it passes through the senses. Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">Intentionality</a> is a difficult problem for them since it needs the representation of the environment already categorized into objects (see also <a href="/wiki/Binding_problem" title="Binding problem">binding problem</a>). The perception of objects is also problematic since it cannot appear without Intentionality. From the perspective of this hypothesis, <a href="/wiki/Shared_intentionality" title="Shared intentionality">Shared intentionality</a> is collaborative interactions in which participants share the essential sensory stimulus of the actual cognitive problem. This social bond enables ecological training of the young immature organism, starting at the reflexes stage of development, for processing the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in developing perception.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this account perception emerges due to <a href="/wiki/Shared_intentionality" title="Shared intentionality">Shared intentionality</a> in the embryonic stage of development, i.e., even before birth.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_theories_of_perception">Other theories of perception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Other theories of perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism" title="Enactivism">Enactivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_activation_and_competition_networks" title="Interactive activation and competition networks">The Interactive Activation and Competition Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition-by-components_theory" title="Recognition-by-components theory">Recognition-By-Components Theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irving_Biederman" title="Irving Biederman">Irving Biederman</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_perception">Effects on perception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Effects on perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_experience">Effect of experience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Effect of experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perceptual_learning" title="Perceptual learning">Perceptual learning</a></div><p>With experience, <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> can learn to make finer perceptual distinctions, and learn new kinds of categorization. Wine-tasting, the reading of X-ray images and music appreciation are applications of this process in the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> sphere. <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">Research</a> has focused on the relation of this to other kinds of <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a>, and whether it takes place in peripheral <a href="/wiki/Sensory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory perception">sensory</a> systems or in the brain's processing of sense information.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">Empirical</a> <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> show that specific practices (such as <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindfulness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai Chi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, Daoshi and other mind-body disciplines) can modify human perceptual modality. Specifically, these practices enable perception skills to switch from the external (exteroceptive field) towards a higher ability to focus on internal signals (<i><a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a></i>). Also, when asked to provide verticality judgments, highly self-transcendent <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> practitioners were significantly less influenced by a misleading visual context. Increasing self-transcendence may enable yoga practitioners to optimize verticality judgment tasks by relying more on internal (vestibular and proprioceptive) signals coming from their own body, rather than on exteroceptive, visual cues.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Past actions and events that transpire right before an encounter or any form of stimulation have a strong degree of influence on how sensory stimuli are processed and perceived. On a basic level, the information our senses receive is often ambiguous and incomplete. However, they are grouped together in order for us to be able to understand the physical world around us. But it is these various forms of stimulation, combined with our previous knowledge and experience that allows us to create our overall perception. For example, when engaging in conversation, we attempt to understand their message and words by not only paying attention to what we hear through our ears but also from the previous shapes we have seen our mouths make. Another example would be if we had a similar topic come up in another conversation, we would use our previous knowledge to guess the direction the conversation is headed in.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_motivation_and_expectation">Effect of motivation and expectation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Effect of motivation and expectation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Set_(psychology)" title="Set (psychology)">Set (psychology)</a></div><p>A <i>perceptual set</i> (also called <i>perceptual expectancy</i> or simply <i>set</i>) is a predisposition to perceive things in a certain way.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiten2008_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiten2008-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an example of how perception can be shaped by "top-down" processes such as drives and expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-CoonMitterer2008_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoonMitterer2008-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perceptual sets occur in all the different senses.<sup id="cite_ref-Sonderegger1998_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonderegger1998-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be long term, such as a special sensitivity to hearing one's own name in a crowded room, or short-term, as in the ease with which hungry people notice the smell of food.<sup id="cite_ref-HardyHeyes1999_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HardyHeyes1999-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A simple demonstration of the effect involved very brief presentations of non-words such as "sael". Subjects who were told to expect words about animals read it as "seal", but others who were expecting boat-related words read it as "sail".<sup id="cite_ref-HardyHeyes1999_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HardyHeyes1999-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sets can be created by <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a> and so can result in people interpreting ambiguous figures so that they see what they want to see.<sup id="cite_ref-CoonMitterer2008_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoonMitterer2008-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, how someone perceives what unfolds during a sports game can be biased if they strongly support one of the teams.<sup id="cite_ref-BlockYuker2002_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlockYuker2002-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one experiment, students were allocated to pleasant or unpleasant tasks by a computer. They were told that either a number or a letter would flash on the screen to say whether they were going to taste an orange juice drink or an unpleasant-tasting health drink. In fact, an ambiguous figure was flashed on screen, which could either be read as the letter B or the number 13. When the letters were associated with the pleasant task, subjects were more likely to perceive a letter B, and when letters were associated with the unpleasant task they tended to perceive a number 13.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiten2008_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiten2008-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perceptual set has been demonstrated in many social contexts. When someone has a reputation for being funny, an audience is more likely to find them amusing.<sup id="cite_ref-HardyHeyes1999_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HardyHeyes1999-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual's perceptual sets reflect their own personality traits. For example, people with an aggressive personality are quicker to correctly identify aggressive words or situations.<sup id="cite_ref-HardyHeyes1999_107-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HardyHeyes1999-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, perceptual speed as a mental ability is positively correlated with personality traits such as conscientiousness, emotional stability, and agreeableness suggesting its evolutionary role in preserving homeostasis.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One classic psychological experiment showed slower reaction times and less accurate answers when a deck of <a href="/wiki/Playing_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing cards">playing cards</a> reversed the color of the <a href="/wiki/Suit_(cards)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suit (cards)">suit</a> symbol for some cards (e.g. red spades and black hearts).<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Andy_Clark" title="Andy Clark">Andy Clark</a> explains that perception, although it occurs quickly, is not simply a bottom-up process (where minute details are put together to form larger wholes). Instead, our brains use what he calls <i><a href="/wiki/Predictive_coding" title="Predictive coding">predictive coding</a></i>. It starts with very broad constraints and expectations for the state of the world, and as expectations are met, it makes more detailed predictions (errors lead to new predictions, or <i><a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a> processes)</i>. Clark says this research has various implications; not only can there be no completely "unbiased, unfiltered" perception, but this means that there is a great deal of feedback between perception and expectation (perceptual experiences often shape our beliefs, but those perceptions were based on existing beliefs).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, predictive coding provides an account where this type of feedback assists in stabilizing our inference-making process about the physical world, such as with perceptual constancy examples. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a> challenges the idea of perception as internal representations resulting from a passive reception of (incomplete) sensory inputs coming from the outside world. According to O'Regan (1992), the major issue with this perspective is that it leaves the subjective character of perception unexplained.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, perception is understood as an active process conducted by perceiving and engaged agents (perceivers). Furthermore, perception is influenced by agents' motives and expectations, their bodily states, and the interaction between the agent's body and the environment around it.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></div> <p>Perception is an important part of the theories of many philosophers it has been famously addressed by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Rene Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> to name a few. In his work The Meditations Descartes begins by doubting all of his perceptions proving his existence with the famous phrase "I think therefore I am", and then works to the conclusion that perceptions are God-given.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George Berkely took the stance that all things that we see have a reality to them and that our perceptions were sufficient to know and understand that thing because our perceptions are capable of responding to a true reality.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kant almost meets the rationalists and the empiricists half way. His theory utilizes the reality of a noumenon, the actual objects that cannot be understood, and then a phenomenon which is human understanding through the mind lens interpreting that noumenon.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/19px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/29px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/38px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action-specific_perception" title="Action-specific perception">Action-specific perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome" title="Alice in Wonderland syndrome">Alice in Wonderland syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophenia" title="Apophenia">Apophenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_problem" title="Binding problem">Binding Problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_blindness" title="Change blindness">Change blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience_model" title="Experience model">Experience model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_views" title="Generic views">Generic views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideasthesia" title="Ideasthesia">Ideasthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">Introspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-dependent_realism" title="Model-dependent realism">Model-dependent realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multisensory_integration" title="Multisensory integration">Multisensory integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_sets" title="Near sets">Near sets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_correlates_of_consciousness" title="Neural correlates of consciousness">Neural correlates of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">Pareidolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptual_paradox" title="Perceptual paradox">Perceptual paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">Proprioception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recept" title="Recept">Recept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samj%C3%B1%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Samjñā">Samjñā</a>, the Buddhist concept of perception</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_intentionality" title="Shared intentionality">Shared intentionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsaccadic_memory" title="Transsaccadic memory">Transsaccadic memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_routine" title="Visual routine">Visual routine</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3DVAE-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3DVAE_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-3DVAE_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sensoryhealth.org/basic/your-8-senses">"Your 8 Senses"</a>. <i>sensoryhealth.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sensoryhealth.org&rft.atitle=Your+8+Senses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsensoryhealth.org%2Fbasic%2Fyour-8-senses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacter2011" class="citation book cs1">Schacter D (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha"><i>Psychology</i></a></span>. Worth Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-3719-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-3719-2"><bdi>978-1-4292-3719-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology&rft.pub=Worth+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4292-3719-2&rft.aulast=Schacter&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychology0000scha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein52-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein52_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein52_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein52_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein52_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein52_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein52_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein (2009) pp. 5–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mind_perception2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mind_perception2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mind_perception2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mind_perception2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mind_perception2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mind_perception2_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gregory" title="Richard Gregory">Gregory, Richard</a>. "Perception" in Gregory, Zangwill (1987) pp. 598–601.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernstein20102-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein20102_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein20102_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein20102_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2010" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein DA (5 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rd77N0KsLVkC&pg=PA123"><i>Essentials of Psychology</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 123–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-90693-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-90693-3"><bdi>978-0-495-90693-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102091148/https://books.google.com/books?id=rd77N0KsLVkC&pg=PA123">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Psychology&rft.pages=123-124&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010-03-05&rft.isbn=978-0-495-90693-3&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drd77N0KsLVkC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fechner" title="Gustav Fechner">Gustav Theodor Fechner</a>. Elemente der Psychophysik. 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Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 33–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932603-96-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932603-96-5"><bdi>978-1-932603-96-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109163210/http://books.google.com/books?id=m6WOtX2QAtwC&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Chiras. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeVereCalvert2010_39-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeVereCalvert2010_39_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeVereCalvert2010_39_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVereCalvert2010" class="citation book cs1">DeVere R, Calvert M (31 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m6WOtX2QAtwC&pg=PA39"><i>Navigating Smell and Taste Disorders</i></a>. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932603-96-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932603-96-5"><bdi>978-1-932603-96-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109163210/http://books.google.com/books?id=m6WOtX2QAtwC&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Academic Press. p. 825. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088397-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088397-4"><bdi>978-0-12-088397-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109162711/http://books.google.com/books?id=Af0IyHtGCMUC&pg=PA825">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Rosenthal. Springer, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aa-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aa_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=two-great-tastes-not-great-together">Why do two great tastes sometimes not taste great together?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128175618/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=two-great-tastes-not-great-together">Archived</a> 28 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> scientificamerican.com. 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4460802">"Interoception, contemplative practice, and health"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>6</b>: 763. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2015.00763">10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00763</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4460802">4460802</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26106345">26106345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Interoception%2C+contemplative+practice%2C+and+health&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=763&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4460802%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26106345&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2015.00763&rft.au=Farb+N.&rft.au=Daubenmier+J.&rft.au=Price+C.+J.&rft.au=Gard+T.&rft.au=Kerr+C.&rft.au=Dunn+B.+D.&rft.au=Mehling+W.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4460802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AtkinsonAtkinson1990-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AtkinsonAtkinson1990_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsonAtkinsonSmith1990" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson RL, Atkinson RC, Smith EE (March 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw54PwAACAAJ"><i>Introduction to psychology</i></a>. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 177–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-543689-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-543689-3"><bdi>978-0-15-543689-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109162907/http://books.google.com/books?id=Nw54PwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+psychology&rft.pages=177-183&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1990-03&rft.isbn=978-0-15-543689-3&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Rita+L.&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Richard+C.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Edward+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNw54PwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sonderegger1998-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sonderegger1998_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sonderegger1998_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonderegger1998" class="citation book cs1">Sonderegger T (16 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUrCHiSb_QsC&pg=PA45"><i>Psychology</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 43–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8220-5327-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8220-5327-9"><bdi>978-0-8220-5327-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109162741/http://books.google.com/books?id=UUrCHiSb_QsC&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology&rft.pages=43-46&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1998-10-16&rft.isbn=978-0-8220-5327-9&rft.aulast=Sonderegger&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUUrCHiSb_QsC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enc_constancy-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enc_constancy_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_constancy_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_constancy_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_constancy_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein EB (15 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4TOEN4f5ZMC&pg=PA309">"Constancy"</a>. In Goldstein EB (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Perception</i>. Sage. pp. 309–313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-4081-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-4081-8"><bdi>978-1-4129-4081-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109162834/http://books.google.com/books?id=Y4TOEN4f5ZMC&pg=PA309">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constancy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Perception&rft.pages=309-313&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2009-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-4081-8&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=E.+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY4TOEN4f5ZMC%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roeckelein2006-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roeckelein2006_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeckelein2006" class="citation book cs1">Roeckelein JE (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Yn6NZgxvssC&pg=PA126"><i>Elsevier's dictionary of psychological theories</i></a>. Elsevier. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-51750-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-51750-0"><bdi>978-0-444-51750-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109162549/http://books.google.com/books?id=1Yn6NZgxvssC&pg=PA126">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elsevier%27s+dictionary+of+psychological+theories&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-444-51750-0&rft.aulast=Roeckelein&rft.aufirst=Jon+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Yn6NZgxvssC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yantis2001-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yantis2001_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYantis2001" class="citation book cs1">Yantis S (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GpGvYSTk9gYC&pg=PA7"><i>Visual perception: essential readings</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86377-598-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86377-598-7"><bdi>978-0-86377-598-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109162254/http://books.google.com/books?id=GpGvYSTk9gYC&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visual+perception%3A+essential+readings&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-86377-598-7&rft.aulast=Yantis&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGpGvYSTk9gYC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray, Peter O. (2006): <i>Psychology</i>, 5th ed., New York: Worth, p. 281. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0617-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0617-5">978-0-7167-0617-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfeKluenderLeviBartoshuk2008" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe JM, Kluender KR, Levi DM, Bartoshuk LM, Herz RS, Klatzky RL, Lederman SJ (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723150836/http://www.sinauer.com/wolfe/chap4/gestaltF.htm">"Gestalt Grouping Principles"</a>. <i>Sensation and Perception</i> (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 78, 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-938-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-938-1"><bdi>978-0-87893-938-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinauer.com./wolfe/chap4/gestaltF.htm">the original</a> on 23 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gestalt+Grouping+Principles&rft.btitle=Sensation+and+Perception&rft.pages=78%2C+80&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-938-1&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+M.&rft.au=Kluender%2C+Keith+R.&rft.au=Levi%2C+Dennis+M.&rft.au=Bartoshuk%2C+Linda+M.&rft.au=Herz%2C+Rachel+S.&rft.au=Klatzky%2C+Roberta+L.&rft.au=Lederman%2C+Susan+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinauer.com.%2Fwolfe%2Fchap4%2FgestaltF.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein (2009). pp. 105–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Banerjee JC (1994). "Gestalt Theory of Perception". <i>Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychological Terms</i>. M.D. Publications Pvt. 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Co. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-34014-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-34014-8"><bdi>978-0-534-34014-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology%3A+themes+and+variations&rft.pages=144&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Brooks%2FCole+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-534-34014-8&rft.aulast=Weiten&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corsini2002-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corsini2002_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorsini2002" class="citation book cs1">Corsini RJ (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0uxnglHzYaoC&pg=PA219"><i>The dictionary of psychology</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58391-328-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58391-328-4"><bdi>978-1-58391-328-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109162655/http://books.google.com/books?id=0uxnglHzYaoC&pg=PA219">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dictionary+of+psychology&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58391-328-4&rft.aulast=Corsini&rft.aufirst=Raymond+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0uxnglHzYaoC%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kushner2008-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kushner2008_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kushner2008_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushner2008" class="citation book cs1">Kushner LH (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYn5VHp9jioC&pg=PA1"><i>Contrast in judgments of mental health</i></a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-91314-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-91314-6"><bdi>978-0-549-91314-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109163219/http://books.google.com/books?id=TYn5VHp9jioC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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McGraw-Hill. pp. 38–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-050477-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-050477-6"><bdi>978-0-07-050477-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109162735/http://books.google.com/books?id=xvWOQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Effect+of+Experience+on+the+Perception+and+Representation+of+Dialect+Variants&rft.pub=Elsevier+Inc.%2C+2009&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Meghan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2F~sumner%2FPublications%2F2009_Sumner_JML.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166896">4166896</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25278866">25278866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Human+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Processing+of+proprioceptive+and+vestibular+body+signals+and+self-transcendence+in+Ashtanga+yoga+practitioners&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=734&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4166896%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25278866&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnhum.2014.00734&rft.aulast=Fiori&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft.au=David%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Aglioti%2C+Salvatore+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4166896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2015" class="citation journal cs1">Snyder J (31 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4628108">"How previous experience shapes perception in different sensory modalities"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</i>. <b>9</b>: 594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnhum.2015.00594">10.3389/fnhum.2015.00594</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4628108">4628108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26582982">26582982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Human+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=How+previous+experience+shapes+perception+in+different+sensory+modalities&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=594&rft.date=2015-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4628108%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26582982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnhum.2015.00594&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4628108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiten2008-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weiten2008_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiten2008_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiten2008" class="citation book cs1">Weiten W (17 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sILajOhJpOsC&pg=PT193"><i>Psychology: Themes and Variations</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-60197-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-60197-5"><bdi>978-0-495-60197-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109163032/http://books.google.com/books?id=sILajOhJpOsC&pg=PT193">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology%3A+Themes+and+Variations&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008-12-17&rft.isbn=978-0-495-60197-5&rft.aulast=Weiten&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsILajOhJpOsC%26pg%3DPT193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoonMitterer2008-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CoonMitterer2008_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CoonMitterer2008_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoonMitterer2008" class="citation book cs1">Coon D, Mitterer JO (29 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vw20LEaJe10C&pg=PA171"><i>Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 171–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-59911-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-59911-1"><bdi>978-0-495-59911-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109162432/http://books.google.com/books?id=vw20LEaJe10C&pg=PA171">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Psychology%3A+Gateways+to+Mind+and+Behavior&rft.pages=171-172&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008-12-29&rft.isbn=978-0-495-59911-1&rft.aulast=Coon&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Mitterer%2C+John+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvw20LEaJe10C%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HardyHeyes1999-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HardyHeyes1999_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HardyHeyes1999_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HardyHeyes1999_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HardyHeyes1999_107-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardyHeyes1999" class="citation book cs1">Hardy M, Heyes S (2 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fjPWqXi9WQsC&pg=PA24"><i>Beginning Psychology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 24–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-832821-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-832821-6"><bdi>978-0-19-832821-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109163023/http://books.google.com/books?id=fjPWqXi9WQsC&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+Psychology&rft.pages=24-27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999-12-02&rft.isbn=978-0-19-832821-6&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Heyes%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfjPWqXi9WQsC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlockYuker2002-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BlockYuker2002_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlockYuker2002" class="citation book cs1">Block JR, Yuker HE (1 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNMFiMQu8BMC&pg=PA173"><i>Can You Believe Your Eyes?: Over 250 Illusions and Other Visual Oddities</i></a>. Robson. pp. 173–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86105-586-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86105-586-6"><bdi>978-1-86105-586-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109162334/http://books.google.com/books?id=uNMFiMQu8BMC&pg=PA173">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+You+Believe+Your+Eyes%3F%3A+Over+250+Illusions+and+Other+Visual+Oddities&rft.pages=173-174&rft.pub=Robson&rft.date=2002-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-86105-586-6&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Yuker%2C+Harold+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuNMFiMQu8BMC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanekOnes2023" class="citation book cs1">Stanek K, Ones D (20 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umnlibraries.manifoldapp.org/projects/of-anchors-and-sails"><i>Of Anchors & Sails: Personality-Ability Trait Constellations</i></a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Solving+the+%22real%22+mysteries+of+visual+perception%3A+The+world+as+an+outside+memory.&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=461-488&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0008-4255&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1486554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0084327&rft.aulast=O%27Regan&rft.aufirst=J.+Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.apa.org%2Fgetdoi.cfm%3Fdoi%3D10.1037%2Fh0084327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ReganNoë2001" class="citation journal cs1">O'Regan JK, Noë A (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0140525X01000115/type/journal_article">"A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness"</a>. <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>. <b>24</b> (5): 939–973. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X01000115">10.1017/S0140525X01000115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-525X">0140-525X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12239892">12239892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+sensorimotor+account+of+vision+and+visual+consciousness&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=939-973&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0140-525X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12239892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X01000115&rft.aulast=O%27Regan&rft.aufirst=J.+Kevin&rft.au=No%C3%AB%2C+Alva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0140525X01000115%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatfield2023" class="citation cs2">Hatfield G (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2023/entries/descartes/">"René Descartes"</a>, in Zalta EN, Nodelman U (eds.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Winter 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ren%C3%A9+Descartes&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Winter+2023&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Hatfield&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2023%2Fentries%2Fdescartes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowning2021" class="citation cs2">Downing L (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/berkeley/">"George Berkeley"</a>, in Zalta EN (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Fall 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+Berkeley&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Fall+2021&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Downing&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2021%2Fentries%2Fberkeley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohlf2023" class="citation cs2">Rohlf M (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2023/entries/kant/">"Immanuel Kant"</a>, in Zalta EN, Nodelman U (eds.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Fall 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Immanuel+Kant&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Fall+2023&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Rohlf&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2023%2Fentries%2Fkant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerception" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arnheim, R. (1969). <i>Visual Thinking</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24226-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24226-5">978-0-520-24226-5</a>.</li> <li>Flanagan, J. R., & <a href="/wiki/Susan_Lederman" title="Susan Lederman">Lederman, S. J.</a> (2001). "'Neurobiology: Feeling bumps and holes. News and Views", <i>Nature</i>, 412(6845):389–91. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brain.phgy.queensu.ca/flanagan/papers/FlaLed_NAT_01.pdf">PDF</a>)</li> <li>Gibson, J. J. (1966). <i>The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems</i>, Houghton Mifflin.</li> <li>Gibson, J. J. (1987). <i>The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception</i>. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89859-959-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89859-959-8">0-89859-959-8</a></li> <li>Robles-De-La-Torre, G. (2006). "The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments". IEEE MultiMedia,13(3), Special issue on Haptic User Interfaces for Multimedia Systems, pp. 24–30. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140124073640/http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/GR-IEEE-MM-2006.pdf">PDF</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Perception" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Perception">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Perception" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Perception">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061223231555/http://www.simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/perception-theories.html">Theories of Perception</a> Several different aspects on perception</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardgregory.org/">Richard L Gregory</a> Theories of Richard. L. Gregory.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michaelbach.de/ot/">Comprehensive set of optical illusions</a>, presented by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bach_(vision_scientist)" title="Michael Bach (vision scientist)">Michael Bach</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illusions.org/">Optical Illusions</a> Examples of well-known optical illusions.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/epis-per/">The Epistemology of Perception</a> Article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/cognitive-penetrability-of-perception-and-epistemic-justification/">Cognitive Penetrability of Perception and Epistemic Justification</a> Article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metaphysics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_object_theory" title="Abstract object theory">Abstract object theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism" title="Enactivism">Enactivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(philosophy)" title="Spiritualism (philosophy)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">Truthmaker theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">Category of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_closure" title="Causal closure">Causal closure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_matter" title="Philosophy of matter">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">Pattern</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_object" title="Physical object">Physical object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations (philosophy)">Relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">Substantial form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_metaphysics_articles" title="Index of metaphysics articles">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Lotze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 200 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 80 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 50)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 270)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daneshnameh-ye_Alai" class="mw-redirect" title="Daneshnameh-ye Alai">Daneshnameh-ye Alai</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1000)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1641)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1677)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Human_Knowledge" title="A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge">A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1710)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monadology" title="Monadology">Monadology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1714)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1781)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prolegomena_to_Any_Future_Metaphysics" title="Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics">Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1783)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" title="The Phenomenology of Spirit">The Phenomenology of Spirit</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1807)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1818)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1846)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simulacra_and_Simulation" title="Simulacra and Simulation">Simulacra and Simulation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Feminist metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_(prefix)" title="Meta (prefix)">Meta-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy of psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">Philosophy of self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epistemology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_BonJour" title="Laurence BonJour">Laurence BonJour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_DeRose" title="Keith DeRose">Keith DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Alvin Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Gupta_(philosopher)" title="Anil Gupta (philosopher)">Anil Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Susan Haack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Klein" title="Peter D. Klein">Peter Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Kornblith" title="Hilary Kornblith">Hilary Kornblith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Pritchard" title="Duncan Pritchard">Duncan Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pryor" title="James Pryor">James Pryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Siegel" title="Susanna Siegel">Susanna Siegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemological_theories" title="Category:Epistemological theories">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Feminist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitism" title="Infinitism">Infinitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">Innatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Reliabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism" title="Direct and indirect realism">Representational realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_epistemology" title="Category:Concepts in epistemology">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A priori</i> knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A posteriori</i> knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive knowledge">Descriptive knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_thought" title="Exploratory thought">Exploratory thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_injustice" title="Epistemic injustice">Epistemic injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettier_problem" title="Gettier problem">Gettier problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" title="Justification (epistemology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Privileged access">Privileged access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_knowledge" title="Procedural knowledge">Procedural knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regress_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Regress argument">Regress argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity" title="Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_epistemology_articles" title="Index of epistemology articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">Outline of epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_epistemology" title="Formal epistemology">Formal epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaepistemology" title="Metaepistemology">Metaepistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_epistemology" title="Virtue epistemology">Virtue epistemology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemology" title="Category:Epistemology">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Epistemology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Epistemology">Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_stubs" title="Category:Philosophy stubs">Stubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aesthetics" title="Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aesthetics" title="Template talk:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_aesthetic" title="Internet aesthetic">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_processes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_processes" title="Template:Mental processes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mental_processes" title="Template talk:Mental processes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental_processes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mental processes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mental_processes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mental processes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#efefef;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_(psychology)" title="Association (psychology)">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_flexibility" title="Cognitive flexibility">Cognitive flexibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">Forecasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">affective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">Comprehension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">Imagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving#Problem-solving_methods" title="Problem solving">methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving#Problem-solving_strategies" title="Problem solving">strategies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospection" title="Prospection">Prospection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#efefef;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amodal_perception" title="Amodal perception">Amodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_perception" title="Form perception">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_perception" title="Haptic perception">Haptic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">Touch</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Perception as interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vision" title="Peripheral vision">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_perception" title="Social perception">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Sound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">Harmonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_perception" title="Speech perception">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#efefef;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_consolidation" title="Memory consolidation">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encoding_(memory)" title="Encoding (memory)">Encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_(memory)" title="Storage (memory)">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_(memory)" title="Recall (memory)">Recall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#efefef;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_avoidance" title="Experiential avoidance">Experiential avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Higher_Nervous_Activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Higher Nervous Activity">Higher nervous activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironic_process_theory" title="Ironic process theory">Ironic process theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatigue#Mental" title="Fatigue">Mental fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_frame_theory" title="Relational frame theory">Relational frame theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(psychology)" title="Set (psychology)">Mental set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_suppression" title="Thought suppression">Thought suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volition_(psychology)" title="Volition (psychology)">Volition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sensation_and_perception" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sensation_and_perception" title="Template:Sensation and perception"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sensation_and_perception" title="Template talk:Sensation and perception"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sensation_and_perception" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sensation and perception"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sensation_and_perception" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Sensation</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">perception</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive process">Processes <br />and <br />concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Sensation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">Stimulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">Sensory receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">Transduction (physiology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing" title="Sensory processing">Sensory processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Active sensory system">Active sensory system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimodal integration">Multimodal integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_perception" title="Motion perception">Motion perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exteroception" class="mw-redirect" title="Exteroception">External</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory organ">Sensory organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">Inner ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Visual system (sense of vision)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">Auditory system (sense of hearing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">Vestibular system (sense of balance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">Olfactory system (sense of smell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustatory system">Gustatory system (sense of taste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">Somatosensory system (sense of touch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal nerves">spinal nerves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">Vestibulocochlear (VIII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">Olfactory (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">Facial (VII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">Glossopharyngeal (IX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">Trigeminal (V)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">Spinal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_cortex" title="Sensory cortex">Cerebral cortices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">Visual cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_cortex" title="Auditory cortex">Auditory cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_cortex" title="Vestibular cortex">Vestibular cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory cortex">Olfactory cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_cortex" title="Gustatory cortex">Gustatory cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory cortex">Somatosensory cortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perceptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception (vision)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory perception">Auditory perception (hearing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrioception" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrioception">Equilibrioception (balance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">Olfaction (smell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">Gustation (taste or flavor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">Touch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanoreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanoreception">mechanoreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">nociception (pain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoception" title="Thermoception">thermoception</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interoception" title="Interoception">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">Proprioception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_(physiology)" title="Hunger (physiology)">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirst" title="Thirst">Thirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffocation">Suffocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_pain" title="Visceral pain">Visceral pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonhuman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonhuman">Nonhuman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreception">Electroreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">Magnetoreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">Echolocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_vampire_bats" title="Infrared sensing in vampire bats">Infrared sensing in vampire bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Infrared sensing in snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_wave_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface wave detection">Surface wave detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_hearing_and_communication" title="Frog hearing and communication">Frog hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_toads" title="Vision in toads">Toad vision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(physiology)" title="Plant perception (physiology)">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photomorphogenesis" title="Photomorphogenesis">Photomorphogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitropism" title="Gravitropism">Gravitropism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_perception" title="Machine perception">Artificial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_sensing" title="Robotic sensing">Robotic sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine hearing">Machine hearing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <br /><a href="/wiki/Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">sensory receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">Mechanoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroreceptor" title="Baroreceptor">Baroreceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanotransduction" title="Mechanotransduction">Mechanotransduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_corpuscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellar corpuscle">Lamellar corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_corpuscle" title="Tactile corpuscle">Tactile corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkel_nerve_ending" title="Merkel nerve ending">Merkel nerve ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbous_corpuscle" title="Bulbous corpuscle">Bulbous corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaniform_sensilla" title="Campaniform sensilla">Campaniform sensilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit_sensilla" title="Slit sensilla">Slit sensilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_receptor" title="Stretch receptor">Stretch receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photoreceptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptor cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">Cone cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">Rod cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IpRGC" class="mw-redirect" title="IpRGC">ipRGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photopigment" title="Photopigment">Photopigment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureochromes" title="Aureochromes">Aureochrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">Chemoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">Olfactory receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmoreceptor" title="Osmoreceptor">Osmoreceptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">Thermoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilium#Sensing_the_extracellular_environment" title="Cilium">Cilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRP_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="TRP channels">TRP channels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">Nociceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor#Pain_circuitry" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juxtacapillary_receptors" title="Juxtacapillary receptors">Juxtacapillary receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vision_disorder" title="Vision disorder">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">Visual impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome" title="Alice in Wonderland syndrome">Alice in Wonderland syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaurosis" title="Amaurosis">Amaurosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anopsia" title="Anopsia">Anopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplopia" title="Diplopia">Diplopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemeralopia" title="Hemeralopia">Hemeralopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyctalopia" title="Nyctalopia">Nyctalopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_neuropathy" title="Optic neuropathy">Optic neuropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscillopsia" title="Oscillopsia">Oscillopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palinopsia" title="Palinopsia">Palinopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilledema" title="Papilledema">Papilledema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophobia" title="Photophobia">Photophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photopsia" title="Photopsia">Photopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_polyopia" title="Cerebral polyopia">Polyopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotoma" title="Scotoma">Scotoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoblindness" title="Stereoblindness">Stereoblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_snow" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual snow">Visual snow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder" title="Auditory processing disorder">Auditory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amblyaudia" title="Amblyaudia">Amblyaudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_agnosia" title="Auditory agnosia">Auditory agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_hallucination" title="Auditory hallucination">Auditory hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_verbal_agnosia" title="Auditory verbal agnosia">Auditory verbal agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortical_deafness" title="Cortical deafness">Cortical deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_auditory_effect" title="Microwave auditory effect">Microwave auditory effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Music-specific disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palinopsia" title="Palinopsia">Palinopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_hearing_loss" title="Spatial hearing loss">Spatial hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balance_disorder" title="Balance disorder">Vestibular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">Vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPPV" class="mw-redirect" title="BPPV">BPPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinthine_fistula" title="Labyrinthine fistula">Labyrinthine fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinthitis" title="Labyrinthitis">Labyrinthitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Olfaction#Disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">Olfactory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anosmia" title="Anosmia">Anosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysosmia" title="Dysosmia">Dysosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperosmia" title="Hyperosmia">Hyperosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyposmia" title="Hyposmia">Hyposmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_reference_syndrome" title="Olfactory reference syndrome">Olfactory reference syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parosmia" title="Parosmia">Parosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantosmia" title="Phantosmia">Phantosmia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taste_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste disorder">Gustatory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageusia" title="Ageusia">Ageusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergeusia" title="Hypergeusia">Hypergeusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogeusia" title="Hypogeusia">Hypogeusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parageusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parageusia">Parageusia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_disorder" title="Somatosensory disorder">Tactile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astereognosis" title="Astereognosis">Astereognosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease" title="Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease">CMT disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formication" title="Formication">Formication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperesthesia" title="Hyperesthesia">Hyperesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoesthesia" title="Hypoesthesia">Hypoesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">Paresthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_hallucination" title="Tactile hallucination">Tactile hallucination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nociception (pain)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">Hyperalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoalgesia" title="Hypoalgesia">Hypoalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_dissociation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain dissociation">Pain dissociation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_pain" title="Phantom pain">Phantom pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprioception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomatognosia" title="Asomatognosia">Asomatognosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb" title="Phantom limb">Phantom limb syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatoparaphrenia" title="Somatoparaphrenia">Somatoparaphrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernumerary_phantom_limb" title="Supernumerary phantom limb">Supernumerary phantom limb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimodal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(symptom)" title="Aura (symptom)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosia" title="Agnosia">Agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allochiria" title="Allochiria">Allochiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derealization" title="Derealization">Derealization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSAN" class="mw-redirect" title="HSAN">HSAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing_disorder" title="Sensory processing disorder">Sensory processing disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">Synesthesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biases and errors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusion</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">Pareidolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4064317-7">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Perception"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85099708">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="知覚"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573001">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Percepción"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526218">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536098605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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