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<span>Cloud seeding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cloud_seeding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cloud seeding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cloud_seeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Societal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Societal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Human</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storm_prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storm_prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Storm prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storm_prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hurricane_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurricane_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hurricane modification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hurricane_modification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hurricane modification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hurricane_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pumping_up_deep_ocean_waters_to_cool_the_surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pumping_up_deep_ocean_waters_to_cool_the_surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pumping up deep ocean waters to cool the surface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pumping_up_deep_ocean_waters_to_cool_the_surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-US_and_Canada_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_and_Canada_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>US and Canada agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_and_Canada_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1977_UN_Environmental_Modification_Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1977_UN_Environmental_Modification_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>1977 UN Environmental Modification Convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1977_UN_Environmental_Modification_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_US_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_US_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Proposed US legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_US_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passed_Tennessee_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passed_Tennessee_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Passed Tennessee legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passed_Tennessee_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religion_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In religion and mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religion_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Conspiracy theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%B3" title="تعديل الطقس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعديل الطقس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="আবহাওয়া নিয়ন্ত্রণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আবহাওয়া নিয়ন্ত্রণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovliv%C5%88ov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_po%C4%8Das%C3%AD" title="Ovlivňování počasí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ovlivňování počasí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejrmanipulation" title="Vejrmanipulation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vejrmanipulation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetterbeeinflussung" title="Wetterbeeinflussung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wetterbeeinflussung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulaci%C3%B3n_del_clima" title="Manipulación del clima – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manipulación del clima" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دستکاری هواشناختی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دستکاری هواشناختی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modification_du_temps" title="Modification du temps – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modification du temps" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modifikacija_vremenskih_prilika" title="Modifikacija vremenskih prilika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Modifikacija vremenskih prilika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modifikasi_cuaca" title="Modifikasi cuaca – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Modifikasi cuaca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modificazione_del_meteo" title="Modificazione del meteo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modificazione del meteo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%92_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8" title="שינוי מזג אוויר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שינוי מזג אוויר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C5%B3_valdymas" title="Orų valdymas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Orų valdymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B7_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Активно влијание врз хидрометеоролошките процеси – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Активно влијание врз хидрометеоролошките процеси" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weerbe%C3%AFnvloeding" title="Weerbeïnvloeding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Weerbeïnvloeding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%97%E8%B1%A1%E5%88%B6%E5%BE%A1" title="気象制御 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="気象制御" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modyfikacja_pogody" title="Modyfikacja pogody – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Modyfikacja pogody" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipula%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_clima" title="Manipulação do clima – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manipulação do clima" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modificarea_climei" title="Modificarea climei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Modificarea climei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Активное воздействие на гидрометеорологические процессы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Активное воздействие на гидрометеорологические процессы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4dermodifikation" title="Vädermodifikation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vädermodifikation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dszpics1.jpg/290px-Dszpics1.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dszpics1.jpg/435px-Dszpics1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dszpics1.jpg/580px-Dszpics1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a> near <a href="/wiki/Anadarko,_Oklahoma" title="Anadarko, Oklahoma">Anadarko, Oklahoma</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1999_Oklahoma_tornado_outbreak" title="1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak">1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak</a>. Weather researchers may aspire to eliminate or control dangerous types of weather such as this.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">Temperate and polar seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Tropical seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">Dry season</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">Harmattan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">Wet season</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">Storms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">Cumulonimbus cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_cloud" title="Arcus cloud">Arcus cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">Downburst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Microburst">Microburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_burst" title="Heat burst">Heat 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href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">Severe weather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_severe_weather_phenomena" title="List of severe weather phenomena">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme</a></li> <li>Severe weather terminology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Canada)" title="Severe weather terminology (Canada)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Japan)" title="Severe weather terminology (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather forecasting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weather modification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tornado_terms" title="Glossary of tornado terms">Tornado terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tropical_cyclone_terms" title="Glossary of tropical cyclone terms">Tropical cyclone terms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid; border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/16px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/24px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weather" title="Template:Weather"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weather" title="Template talk:Weather"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weather" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weather"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Weather modification</b> is the act of intentionally manipulating or altering the <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a>. The most common form of weather modification is <a href="/wiki/Cloud_seeding" title="Cloud seeding">cloud seeding</a>, which increases rainfall or snowfall, usually for the purpose of increasing the local <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-azwater_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azwater-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather modification can also have the goal of preventing <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">damaging weather</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hurricanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricanes">hurricanes</a>, from occurring; or of provoking damaging weather against an enemy, as a tactic of military or <a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">economic warfare</a> like <a href="/wiki/Operation_Popeye" title="Operation Popeye">Operation Popeye</a>, where clouds were <a href="/wiki/Cloud_seeding" title="Cloud seeding">seeded</a> to prolong the monsoon in Vietnam. Weather modification in warfare has been banned by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Modification_Convention" title="Environmental Modification Convention">Environmental Modification Convention</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A popular belief in Northern Europe was that shooting prevents hail, which thus caused many agricultural towns to fire cannons without ammunition. Veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> reported that rain fell after every large battle. After their stories were collected in <i>War and Weather</i>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">United States Department of War</a> in the late 19th century purchased $9,000 of gunpowder and explosives to detonate them in Texas, in hopes of condensing <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> into <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>. The results of the test, supervised by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dyrenforth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Dyrenforth">Robert Dyrenforth</a>, were inconclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-ley196102_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ley196102-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a> performed <a href="/wiki/Cloudbuster" title="Cloudbuster">cloudbusting</a> experiments in the 1950s, the results of which are controversial and were not widely accepted by mainstream science. </p><p>In November 1954 the Thailand Royal Rainmaking Project (Thai: โครงการฝนหลวง) was initiated by King <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a>. He discovered that many areas faced the problem of drought. Over 82 percent of Thai agricultural land relied on rainfall. Thai farmers were not able to grow crops for lack of water. The royal rainmaking project debuted on 20 July 1969 at his behest, when the first rainmaking attempt was made at Khao Yai National Park. Dry ice flakes were scattered over clouds. Reportedly, some rainfall resulted. In 1971, the government established the Artificial Rainmaking Research and Development Project within the Thai Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (August 2019)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In January 2011, several newspapers and magazines, including the UK's <i>Sunday Times</i> and <i>Arabian Business</i>, reported that scientists backed by the government of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, had created over 50 artificial rainstorms between July and August 2010 near <a href="/wiki/Al_Ain" title="Al Ain">Al Ain</a>, a city which lies close to the country's border with <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and is the second-largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dhabi Emirate">Abu Dhabi Emirate</a>. The artificial rainstorms were said to have sometimes caused hail, gales and thunderstorms, baffling local residents.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the run up to the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Beijing Olympic Games</a>, the Chinese Government said they could control precipitation to some extent and that the Games would not be hampered by bad weather conditions. For this purpose they established a government office called the Beijing Weather Modification Office, which is under the national weather control office.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cloud_seeding">Cloud seeding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cloud seeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cloud_seeding" title="Cloud seeding">Cloud seeding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cloud_Seeding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cloud_Seeding.svg/290px-Cloud_Seeding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cloud_Seeding.svg/435px-Cloud_Seeding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cloud_Seeding.svg/580px-Cloud_Seeding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Cloud seeding can be done by ground generators (left) or planes</figcaption></figure> <p>Cloud seeding is a common technique to enhance precipitation. Cloud seeding entails spraying small particles, such as <a href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">silver iodide</a>, onto clouds to attempt to affect their development, usually with the goal of increasing precipitation. Cloud seeding only works to the extent that there is already water vapor present in the air. Critics generally contend that claimed successes occur in conditions which were going to lead to rain anyway. It is used in a variety of drought-prone countries, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, there is a perceived dependency upon it in dry regions, and there is a strong suspicion it is used to "wash the air" in dry and heavily polluted places, such as Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mountainous areas of the United States such as the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cloud seeding has been employed since the 1950s. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Project_Stormfury#Project_Cirrus" title="Project Stormfury">Project Cirrus</a> was an attempt by <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> to modify the weather which ran from 1947-1952. During that time, under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>, attempts were made to create snowstorms and seed hurricanes by using <a href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">silver iodide</a>. While General Electric reported positive results, they also acknowledged that their experiments were controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> has been cloud seeding since the 2000s and aims to increase rainfall by 15-30% per year. The materials used are potassium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium, and other materials.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequences">Consequences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Societal">Societal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Societal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not having adequate systems to handle weather modification may have disastrous consequences. "In the city of Jeddah in Western Saudi Arabia was damaged by floods in 2009 that reportedly killed more than 100 people; igniting questions of why the country doesn't have effective drainage systems in place."<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Human">Human</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The U.S. National Library of Medicine notes that the silver iodide has no known "ill effects" on people, although people's "hands may have remained yellowed for weeks" after being exposed to it.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storm_prevention">Storm prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Storm prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Project_stormfury_hypothesis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Project_stormfury_hypothesis.png/250px-Project_stormfury_hypothesis.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Project_stormfury_hypothesis.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Project_Stormfury" title="Project Stormfury">Project Stormfury</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Project_Stormfury" title="Project Stormfury">Project Stormfury</a> was an attempt to weaken <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> by flying aircraft into storms and seeding the <a href="/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)" title="Eye (cyclone)">eyewall</a> with silver iodide. The project was run by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States Government</a> from 1962 to 1983. A similar project using soot was run in 1958, with inconclusive results.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various methods have been proposed to reduce the harmful effects of hurricanes. Moshe Alamaro of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed using barges with upward-pointing jet engines to trigger smaller storms to disrupt the progress of an incoming hurricane; critics doubt the jets would be powerful enough to make any noticeable difference.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexandre Chorin the 3rd of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, proposed dropping large amounts of environmentally friendly oils on the sea surface to prevent droplet formation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experiments by Kerry Emanuel<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of MIT in 2002 suggested that hurricane-force winds would disrupt the oil slick, making it ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scientists disputed the factual basis of the theoretical mechanism assumed by this approach.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Florida company Dyn-O-Mat and its CEO, Peter Cordani, proposed the use of a patented product it developed, called Dyn-O-Gel, to reduce the strength of hurricanes. The substance is a <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> in powder form (a <a href="/wiki/Polyacrylic_acid" title="Polyacrylic acid">polyacrylic acid</a> derivative) which reportedly has the ability to absorb 1,500 times its own weight in water. The theory is that the polymer is dropped into clouds to remove their moisture and force the storm to use more energy to move the heavier water drops, thus helping to dissipate the storm. When the gel reaches the ocean surface, it is reportedly dissolved. Peter Cordani teamed up with Mark Daniels and Victor Miller, the owners of a government contracting aviation firm <a href="/wiki/AeroGroup" title="AeroGroup">AeroGroup</a> which operated ex-military aircraft commercially. Using a high altitude B-57 Bomber, <a href="/wiki/AeroGroup" title="AeroGroup">AeroGroup</a> tested the substance dropping 9,000 pounds from the <a href="/wiki/Martin_B-57_Canberra" title="Martin B-57 Canberra">B-57</a> aircraft's large bomb bay and dispersing it into a large thunderstorm cell just off the east coast of Florida. The tests were documented on film and made international news showing the storms were successfully removed on monitored Doppler radar. In 2003, the program was shut down because of political pressure through <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerical simulations performed by <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> showed however that it would not be a practical solution for large systems like a tropical cyclone.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_congress_on_hail_shooting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/International_congress_on_hail_shooting.jpg/250px-International_congress_on_hail_shooting.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/International_congress_on_hail_shooting.jpg/375px-International_congress_on_hail_shooting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/International_congress_on_hail_shooting.jpg/500px-International_congress_on_hail_shooting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hail_cannon" title="Hail cannon">Hail cannons</a> at an international congress on hail shooting held in 1901</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hail_cannon" title="Hail cannon">Hail cannons</a> have been used by some farmers since the 19th century in an attempt to ward off <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>, but there is no reliable scientific evidence to confirm their effectiveness. Another new anti-hurricane technology<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a method for the reduction of tropical cyclones' destructive force – pumping sea water into and diffusing it in the wind at the bottom of such tropical cyclones in its eye wall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hurricane_modification">Hurricane modification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hurricane modification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">Wind shear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_ocean_water" title="Deep ocean water">Deep ocean water</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saharan_Air_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Saharan Air Layer">Saharan Air Layer</a></div> <p>NOAA published a page addressing various ideas in regard to tropical cyclone manipulation. </p><p>In 2007, "How to stop a hurricane"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explored various ideas such as: </p> <ul><li>Using lasers to discharge <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> in storms which are likely to become hurricanes</li> <li>Pouring <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a> onto the sea to deprive the hurricane of <a href="/wiki/Internal_energy" title="Internal energy">heat energy</a>.</li> <li>Creating <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a> to absorb sunlight and change <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">air temperature</a> and create <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection currents</a> in the outer wall.</li></ul> <p>Researchers from NOAA's hurricane research division addressed hurricane control based ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later ideas (2017) include laser inversion along the same lines as laser cooling (normally used at cryogenic temperatures) but intended to cool the top 1mm of water. If enough power were to be used then it may be enough, combined with computer modelling, to form an interference pattern able to inhibit a hurricane or significantly reduce its strength by depriving it of heat energy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other proposals for hurricane modification include the construction of a large array of offshore wind turbines along the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a>. Such turbines would have the dual purpose of generating plentiful energy whilst also reducing the power of oncoming hurricanes before they make <a href="/wiki/Landfall" title="Landfall">landfall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pumping_up_deep_ocean_waters_to_cool_the_surface">Pumping up deep ocean waters to cool the surface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pumping up deep ocean waters to cool the surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">Thermocline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></div> <p>Pumping up colder <a href="/wiki/Deep_ocean_water" title="Deep ocean water">deep ocean water</a> in front of a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical storm">tropical storm</a> to cool the <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_skin_temperature" title="Sea surface skin temperature">sea surface skin temperature</a> could be a technique used to fight hurricanes in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> before they develop into <a href="/wiki/Major_hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Major hurricane">major hurricanes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is purely speculative and difficult to realize since placing such pumps in the path of a hurricane would be difficult. Furthermore, any such project would need a large number of them to upwell enough water to cool a large enough sea surface area to have any effectiveness. That is without counting the ridiculous amount of energy needed to power those pumps and its effects on marine life.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_military">In military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weather_warfare" title="Weather warfare">Weather warfare</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Popeye" title="Operation Popeye">Operation Popeye</a> was a highly classified operation run by the US military from 1967-1972.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose was to prolong the monsoon in Southeast Asia. The overwhelming precipitation successfully disrupted the tactical logistics of the Vietnamese army. Operation Popeye is believed as the first successful practice of weather modification technology in warfare. After it was unveiled, weather modification in warfare was banned by the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Modification_Convention" title="Environmental Modification Convention">Environmental Modification Convention</a> (ENMOD).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In "Benign Weather Modification" published in March 1997, Air Force Major Barry B. Coble superficially documents the existence of weather modification science where he traces the developments that have occurred, notably, in the hands of the Pentagon and CIA's staunchest ideological enemies. </p> <ul><li>The first scientifically controlled and monitored effort generally recognized by the meteorological community as constituting weather modification occurred in 1948. When Dr. Irving Langmuir first experimented with artificially seeding clouds to produce rain in New Mexico, his experiments showed positive results – sparking tremendous interest in the field nearly overnight.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Many countries throughout the world practice weather modification. The Russians have long been interested in using weather modification as a way to control hail.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the 1990s a directive from the chief of staff of the Air Force Ronald R. Fogleman was issued to examine the concepts, capabilities, and technologies the United States would require to remain the dominant air and space force in the future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_law">In law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_and_Canada_agreement">US and Canada agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: US and Canada agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, the US and Canada entered into an agreement under the auspices of the United Nations for the exchange of information on weather modification activity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1977_UN_Environmental_Modification_Convention">1977 UN Environmental Modification Convention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1977 UN Environmental Modification Convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Modification_Convention" title="Environmental Modification Convention">Environmental Modification Convention</a></div> <p>Weather modification, particularly hostile <a href="/wiki/Weather_warfare" title="Weather warfare">weather warfare</a>, was addressed by the "United Nations General Assembly Resolution 31/72, TIAS 9614 Convention<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques." The Convention was signed in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> on May 18, 1977; entered into force on October 5, 1978; ratified by U.S. President Jimmy Carter on December 13, 1979; and the U.S. ratification deposited in New York on January 17, 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-dos_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration">US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US, the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> keeps records of weather modification projects on behalf of the Secretary of Commerce, under the authority of Public Law 92-205, 15 USC § 330B, enacted in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_US_legislation">Proposed US legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Proposed US legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U.S. Senate Bill 517<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and U.S. House Bill 2995<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were two bills proposed in 2005 that would have expanded experimental weather modification, to establish a Weather Modification Operations and Research Board, and implemented a national weather modification policy. Neither was made into law. </p><p>Senate Bill 1807 and House Bill 3445, identical bills introduced July 17, 2007, proposed to established a Weather Mitigation Advisory and Research Board to fund weather modification research<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passed_Tennessee_legislation">Passed Tennessee legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Passed Tennessee legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tennessee bill HB 2063/SB 2691 was signed into law on April 11, 2024. This bill bans the "intentional injection, release, or dispersion" of chemicals within Tennessee "with the express purpose of affecting temperature, weather, or the intensity of the sunlight."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text of the bill doesn't explicitly reference the <a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">chemtrail</a> conspiracy theory, but the sponsor of the bill, Sen. Steve Southerland said that it is one of the intended targets of the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religion_and_mythology">In religion and mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In religion and mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_thought" title="Mythopoeic thought">Mythopoeic thought</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainmaking_(ritual)" title="Rainmaking (ritual)">Rainmaking (ritual)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Witches_add_ingredients_to_a_cauldron.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Witches_add_ingredients_to_a_cauldron.JPG/220px-Witches_add_ingredients_to_a_cauldron.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Witches_add_ingredients_to_a_cauldron.JPG/330px-Witches_add_ingredients_to_a_cauldron.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Witches_add_ingredients_to_a_cauldron.JPG/440px-Witches_add_ingredients_to_a_cauldron.JPG 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a> concoct a <a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">brew</a> to summon a <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hailstorm</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">Magical</a> and religious practices to control the weather are attested in a variety of cultures. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>, it is said that yajna or Vedic rituals of chanting mantras and offerings were performed by <a href="/wiki/Rishis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rishis">rishis</a> to bring sudden bursts of rainfall in rain starved regions. Some <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous Americans</a>, like some Europeans, had rituals which they believed could induce rain. The <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finnish people</a>, on the other hand, were believed by others to be able to control the weather. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Vikings</a> refused to take Finns on their oceangoing raids. Remnants of this superstition lasted into the twentieth century, with some ship crews being reluctant to accept Finnish sailors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The early modern era saw people observe that during battles the firing of <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> and other firearms often initiated precipitation. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iphigenia" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia</a> was offered as a <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a> to appease the wrath of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>, who had becalmed the <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaean</a> fleet at <a href="/wiki/Avlida" title="Avlida">Aulis</a> at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Aeolus" title="Aeolus">Aeolus</a>, keeper of the winds, bestowed <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> and his crew with a gift of the four winds in a bag. However, the sailors opened the bag while Odysseus slept, looking for booty (money), and as a result, were blown off course by the resulting gale.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient Rome, the <i><a href="/wiki/Lapis_manalis" title="Lapis manalis">lapis manalis</a></i> was a sacred stone kept outside the <a href="/wiki/Servian_Wall" title="Servian Wall">walls of Rome</a> in a temple of <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>. When Rome suffered from drought, the stone was dragged into the city.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/North_Berwick_witch_trials" title="North Berwick witch trials">Berwick witches</a> of Scotland were found guilty of using <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">black magic</a> to summon storms to murder <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">King James VI of Scotland</a> by seeking to sink the ship upon which he travelled.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scandinavian witches allegedly claimed to sell the wind in bags or magically confined into wooden staves; they sold the bags to seamen who could release them when becalmed.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In various towns of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, prayers petitioned <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> to grant rain in times of drought. If the rain was not forthcoming, the statue of St Peter was removed from the church and tossed into a river. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, it is recorded that Elijah in the way of judgement, told King Ahab that neither dew nor rain would fall until Elijah called for it.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is further recorded that the ensuing drought lasted for a period of 3.5 years at which time Elijah called the rains to come again and the land was restored.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> records Jesus Christ controlling a storm by speaking to it.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, Salat Al-Istisqa’ (Prayer for Rain) is taken as a recourse when seeking rain from God during times of drought.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conspiracy_theories">Conspiracy theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conspiracy theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Weather_and_earthquake_control_projects" title="List of conspiracy theories">List of conspiracy theories § Weather and earthquake control projects</a></div> <p>Weather modification, along with <a href="/wiki/Climate_engineering" title="Climate engineering">climate engineering</a>, is a recurring theme in <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chemtrail" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemtrail">chemtrail</a> conspiracy theory supposes that jet <a href="/wiki/Contrails" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrails">contrails</a> are chemically altered to modify the weather and other phenomena. Other theories attempt to implicate scientific infrastructure such as the <a href="/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program" title="High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program">High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program</a> (HAARP).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dune_(franchise)" title="Dune (franchise)">Dune</a></i> series features weather control technology, mainly on two planets: <a href="/wiki/Arrakis" title="Arrakis">Arrakis</a>, where the technology is used by the Fremen to assure privacy from observation and hide their true population and their plans to <a href="/wiki/Terraforming" title="Terraforming">terraform</a> the planet from the <a href="/wiki/Organizations_of_the_Dune_universe" title="Organizations of the Dune universe">Imperium</a>; and, <a href="/wiki/Chapterhouse_(Dune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapterhouse (Dune)">Chapterhouse</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Bene_Gesserit" title="Bene Gesserit">Bene Gesserit</a> intend to turn the planet into a desert. </p><p>The ability to manipulate the weather has become a common <a href="/wiki/Superpower_(ability)" title="Superpower (ability)">superpower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">superhero fiction</a>. A notable example is the <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> character <a href="/wiki/Storm_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Storm (Marvel Comics)">Storm</a>. </p><p>In the children's book <i><a href="/wiki/Cloudy_with_a_Chance_of_Meatballs" title="Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs">Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs</a></i>, the fictional town of Chewandswallow has weather that rains down food instead of actual rain or snow, which becomes so extreme it forces its citizens to move to a different town. This was adapted into a <a href="/wiki/Cloudy_with_a_Chance_of_Meatballs_(film)" title="Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film)">movie</a> where Flint Lockwood, the town's outcast and scientist, has created a machine that converts water from the clouds into food. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Hail_Project" title="Alberta Hail Project">Alberta Hail Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Weather_Modification_Office" title="Beijing Weather Modification Office">Beijing Weather Modification Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrail conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_engineering" title="Climate engineering">Climate engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_seeding" title="Cloud seeding">Cloud seeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Modification_Convention" title="Environmental Modification Convention">Environmental Modification Convention</a> (ENMOD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_Investigation_and_Dispersal_Operation" title="Fog Investigation and Dispersal Operation">Fog Investigation and Dispersal Operation</a> (FIDO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Popeye" title="Operation Popeye">Operation Popeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cumulus" title="Project Cumulus">Project Cumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Stormfury" title="Project Stormfury">Project Stormfury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_modification_in_North_America" title="Weather modification in North America">Weather modification in North America</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-azwater-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-azwater_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.+1807+%5B110th%5D%3A+Weather+Mitigation+Research+and+Development+Policy+Authorization+Act+of+2007&rft.pub=GovTrack.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fbill.xpd%3Fbill%3Ds110-1807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+modification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2024/04/01/tennessee-lawmakers-give-final-approval-to-chemtrails-bill/73172626007/">"Tennessee lawmakers give final approval to 'chemtrails' bill"</a>. <i>The Tennessean</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tennessean&rft.atitle=Tennessee+lawmakers+give+final+approval+to+%27chemtrails%27+bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennessean.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2024%2F04%2F01%2Ftennessee-lawmakers-give-final-approval-to-chemtrails-bill%2F73172626007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+modification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/BillInfo/default.aspx?BillNumber=SB2691&GA=113">"Tennessee General Assembly Legislation"</a>. <i>wapp.capitol.tn.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wapp.capitol.tn.gov&rft.atitle=Tennessee+General+Assembly+Legislation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwapp.capitol.tn.gov%2Fapps%2FBillInfo%2Fdefault.aspx%3FBillNumber%3DSB2691%26GA%3D113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+modification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockard2024" class="citation web cs1">Stockard, Sam (March 26, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tennesseelookout.com/2024/03/26/chemtrail-bill-set-for-house-circuit-described-as-nonsense/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Chemtrail" bill set for House circuit described as "nonsense" • Tennessee Lookout"</a>. <i>Tennessee Lookout</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Lookout&rft.atitle=%22Chemtrail%22+bill+set+for+House+circuit+described+as+%22nonsense%22+%E2%80%A2+Tennessee+Lookout&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft.aulast=Stockard&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftennesseelookout.com%2F2024%2F03%2F26%2Fchemtrail-bill-set-for-house-circuit-described-as-nonsense%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+modification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer, <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Odyssey/Book_X" class="extiw" title="s:The Odyssey/Book X">The Odyssey</a></i>, book 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James Frazer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a></i>, ch. 5 (abridged edition), "The Magical Control of Rain"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Smout" title="Christopher Smout">Christopher Smout</a>, <i>A History of the Scottish People 1560–1830</i>, pp. 184–192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ole_Worm" title="Ole Worm">Ole Worm</a> are quoted as maintaining this in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Jules_Grillot_de_Givry" title="Émile-Jules Grillot de Givry">Grillot de Givry</a>'s <i>Witchcraft, Magic and Alchemy</i> (Frederick Publications, 1954).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 Kings 17:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 Kings 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark 4:39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prayerinislam.com/guide-to-prayer/nafl-prayers/prayer-for-rain/">"Prayer for Rain (Salat Al-Istisqa')"</a>. <i>www.prayerinislam.com</i>. February 16, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926061924/http://www.prayerinislam.com/guide-to-prayer/nafl-prayers/prayer-for-rain/">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.prayerinislam.com&rft.atitle=Prayer+for+Rain+%28Salat+Al-Istisqa%27%29&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prayerinislam.com%2Fguide-to-prayer%2Fnafl-prayers%2Fprayer-for-rain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+modification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/scientists-alaska-research-lab-are-holding-open-house-dispel-conspiracy-theories-180960255/">"Calling All Conspiracy Theorists: Alaska's "Mind-Control Lab" is Hosting an Open House"</a>. <i>www.smithsonianmag.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.smithsonianmag.com&rft.atitle=Calling+All+Conspiracy+Theorists%3A+Alaska%27s+%22Mind-Control+Lab%22+is+Hosting+an+Open+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fscientists-alaska-research-lab-are-holding-open-house-dispel-conspiracy-theories-180960255%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+modification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_modification&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060221192253/http://csat.au.af.mil/2025/volume3/vol3ch15.pdf">Weather as a Force Multiplier:, Owning the Weather in 2025 – August 1996 – Department of Defense</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alachuacounty.us/Depts/epd/EPAC/Operational%20Defenses%20through%20Weather%20Control%20in%202030.pdf#page=22&zoom=auto,-267,679">Operational Defenses through Weather Control in 2030</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rr9KVHGOmAc">Fixing the Sky: The Checkered History of Weather and Climate Control</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brooklynrail.org/2017/07/books/Changing-Climate">China Lake</a> by Barret Baumgart (2017)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" 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