CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Slavery - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"99378ab6-cddf-4ef3-acf2-0eeaede2b745","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Slavery","wgTitle":"Slavery","wgCurRevisionId":1260119642,"wgRevisionId":1260119642,"wgArticleId":27992,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","CS1: long volume value","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2009","CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)","CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)","All accuracy disputes","Accuracy disputes from January 2019","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","Articles with short description", "Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use Oxford spelling from August 2016","Use mdy dates from August 2023","Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text","Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text","Articles containing Byzantine Greek-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Medieval Latin-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Korean-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2023","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from August 2020","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles containing Dutch-language text","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2023","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015", "All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing Manchu-language text","All articles with self-published sources","Articles with self-published sources from January 2019","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from September 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl)","Slavery","Business ethics","Employment","Human rights abuses","Labor","Social classes"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Slavery","wgRelevantArticleId":27992,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":[ "autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Enslavement","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":300000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Slavery","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q8463","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="655"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="437"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="350"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Slavery - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Slavery rootpage-Slavery skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Slavery" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Slavery" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Slavery" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Slavery" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Terminology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Terminology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chattel_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chattel_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Chattel slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chattel_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bonded_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bonded_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Bonded labour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bonded_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Dependents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Forced labour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child_soldiers_and_child_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_soldiers_and_child_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Child soldiers and child labour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_soldiers_and_child_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Forced marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Other uses of the term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Identification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legal aspects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal aspects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Private_versus_state-owned_slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_versus_state-owned_slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Private versus state-owned slaves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_versus_state-owned_slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Legal rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_colonial_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_colonial_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Spanish colonial America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_colonial_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_and_Dutch_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_and_Dutch_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 English and Dutch Caribbean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_and_Dutch_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Haiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia-Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia-Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Asia-Pacific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 East Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 South Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 South East Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece_and_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece_and_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Ancient Greece and Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece_and_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_early_modern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_early_modern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Medieval and early modern Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_early_modern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 Communist states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Contemporary slavery </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_slavery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary slavery subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauritania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauritania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Mauritania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauritania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 North Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5 Taiwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.6 Yemen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolitionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolitionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Abolitionism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abolitionism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Abolitionism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Abolitionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 In antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Worldwide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Apologies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Apologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Apologies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Apologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Reparations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys_and_reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys_and_reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Surveys and reference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys_and_reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery_in_the_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_in_the_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.2 Slavery in the modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_in_the_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Historical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Slavery</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 156 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-156" aria-hidden="true" > 156 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%89%D1%8B%D0%BB%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8D" title="ПщылӀыгъуэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ПщылӀыгъуэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slawerny" title="Slawerny – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slawerny" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei" title="Sklaverei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sklaverei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ባርነት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባርነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C4%93owd%C5%8Dm" title="Þēowdōm – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þēowdōm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عبودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عبودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitut" title="Esclavitut – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Esclavitut" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavit%C3%BA" title="Esclavitú – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Esclavitú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembigu%C3%A1i_reko" title="Tembiguái reko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tembiguái reko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27aqisiy%C3%A4wi" title="T'aqisiyäwi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="T'aqisiyäwi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quldarl%C4%B1q" title="Quldarlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quldarlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82" title="قول ساخلاماق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قول ساخلاماق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="দাসত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দাসত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulun" title="Hulun – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hulun" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4%CD%98-l%C4%93_ch%C3%A8-t%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Lô͘-lē chè-tō͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô͘-lē chè-tō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%A1" title="Ҡоллоҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡоллоҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рабства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рабства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рабства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рабства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-uripon" title="Pag-uripon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pag-uripon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Робство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei" title="Sklaverei – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sklaverei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="བྲན་གཡོག་རིང་ལུགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྲན་གཡོག་རིང་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robovlasni%C5%A1tvo" title="Robovlasništvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Robovlasništvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverezh" title="Sklaverezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sklaverezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Богоолшолго – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Богоолшолго" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitud" title="Esclavitud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esclavitud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Чуралăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чуралăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otroctv%C3%AD" title="Otroctví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otroctví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muranda" title="Muranda – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muranda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukapolo" title="Ukapolo – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ukapolo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caethwasiaeth" title="Caethwasiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caethwasiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaveri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عبودية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عبودية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei" title="Sklaverei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sklaverei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orjus" title="Orjus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Orjus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δουλεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δουλεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitud" title="Esclavitud – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esclavitud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaveco" title="Sklaveco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sklaveco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavit%C3%BA" title="Esclavitú – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Esclavitú" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esklabotza" title="Esklabotza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esklabotza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="برده‌داری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برده‌داری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulami" title="Gulami – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gulami" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A6lur" title="Trælur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Trælur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavage" title="Esclavage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esclavage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavernij" title="Slavernij – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slavernij" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C9%97o" title="Korɗo – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Korɗo" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scl%C3%A1bha%C3%ADocht" title="Sclábhaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sclábhaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A0illeachd" title="Tràilleachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tràilleachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escravitude" title="Escravitude – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escravitude" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A8kombo" title="Ũkombo – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ũkombo" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BE" title="ગુલામી પ્રથા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુલામી પ્રથા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%98%88%EC%A0%9C" title="노예제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노예제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauta" title="Bauta – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bauta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ստրկություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստրկություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF)" title="दासप्रथा (पाश्चात्य) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दासप्रथा (पाश्चात्य)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robovlasni%C5%A1tvo" title="Robovlasništvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robovlasništvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaveso" title="Sklaveso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sklaveso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannakaadipen" title="Pannakaadipen – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pannakaadipen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbudakan" title="Perbudakan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perbudakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclavitude" title="Sclavitude – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sclavitude" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%A6lahald" title="Þrælahald – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þrælahald" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiavismo" title="Schiavismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Schiavismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="עבדות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עבדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batur_tukon" title="Batur tukon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Batur tukon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗುಲಾಮಗಿರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುಲಾಮಗಿರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83" title="Къул тутуу – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къул тутуу" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მონათმფლობელობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონათმფლობელობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Құлдық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құлдық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utumwa" title="Utumwa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utumwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumpika" title="Bumpika – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Bumpika" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esklavaj" title="Esklavaj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Esklavaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katibaj" title="Katibaj – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Katibaj" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xulamt%C3%AE" title="Xulamtî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xulamtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Кулчулук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кулчулук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servitus" title="Servitus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Servitus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdz%C4%ABba" title="Verdzība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Verdzība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei" title="Sklaverei – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sklaverei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergov%C4%97" title="Vergovė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vergovė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavernie" title="Slavernie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Slavernie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%BAmbu" title="Boúmbu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Boúmbu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/selbaise%27u" title="selbaise'u – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="selbaise'u" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27ciavismo" title="S'ciavismo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="S'ciavismo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabszolgas%C3%A1g" title="Rabszolgaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rabszolgaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ропство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ропство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanandevozana" title="Fanandevozana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanandevozana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="അടിമത്തം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അടിമത്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjavit%C3%B9" title="Skjavitù – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Skjavitù" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="गुलामगिरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुलामगिरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="عبوديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عبوديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhambaan" title="Perhambaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perhambaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrabatura" title="Scrabatura – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Scrabatura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Боолчлол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Боолчлол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ကျွန်စနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျွန်စနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavernij" title="Slavernij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slavernij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="दासप्रथा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दासप्रथा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="दास – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दास" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B7%E5%88%B6" title="奴隷制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="奴隷制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лолла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лолла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaawerei" title="Slaawerei – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Slaawerei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaveri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaveri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavatge" title="Esclavatge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esclavatge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qullik" title="Qullik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qullik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80" title="ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklabitut" title="Sklabitut – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sklabitut" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="غلامي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غلامي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slievri" title="Slievri – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Slievri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96" title="ទាសភាព – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទាសភាព" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-ciavit%C3%B9" title="S-ciavitù – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="S-ciavitù" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveree" title="Slaveree – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Slaveree" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niewolnictwo" title="Niewolnictwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niewolnictwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escravatura" title="Escravatura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escravatura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qulsh%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Qulshılıq – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qulshılıq" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qulluq" title="Qulluq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qulluq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclavie" title="Sclavie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sclavie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punqu" title="Punqu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Punqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рабство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рабство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рабство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рабство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82" title="Кулут – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кулут" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iscravidade" title="Iscravidade – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iscravidade" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skllav%C3%ABria" title="Skllavëria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Skllavëria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiavismu" title="Schiavismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Schiavismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="වහල් භාවය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වහල් භාවය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Slavery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="غلامي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="غلامي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrok%C3%A1rstvo_(vyu%C5%BE%C3%ADvanie_otrokov)" title="Otrokárstvo (využívanie otrokov) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Otrokárstvo (využívanie otrokov)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%BEenjstvo" title="Suženjstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Suženjstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoon" title="Adoon – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Adoon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کۆیلایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆیلایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ропство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ропство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropstvo" title="Ropstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ropstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orjuus" title="Orjuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orjuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaveri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang-aalipin" title="Pang-aalipin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pang-aalipin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="அடிமை முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அடிமை முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Коллык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Коллык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="బానిసత్వం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బానిసత్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA" title="ทาส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทาส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%ABr%C3%ABk%C3%A4%C5%8B_loony" title="Wërëkäŋ loony – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Wërëkäŋ loony" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Ғуломдорӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ғуломдорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lelik" title="Kölelik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kölelik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwo" title="Khwo – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Khwo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рабство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рабство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="غلامی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غلامی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%87%D9%84%D9%84%DB%87%D9%82_%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B2%DB%88%D9%85" title="قۇللۇق تۈزۈم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قۇللۇق تۈزۈم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-ciavit%C3%B9" title="S-ciavitù – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="S-ciavitù" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4_l%E1%BB%87" title="Nô lệ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nô lệ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%27apid%C3%A4mine" title="Or'apidämine – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Or'apidämine" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-uuripon" title="Pan-uuripon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pan-uuripon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6" title="奴隶制 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奴隶制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99" title="שקלאפעריי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שקלאפעריי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko%E1%BA%B9r%C3%BA" title="Okoẹrú – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Okoẹrú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E5%88%B6" title="奴隸制 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奴隸制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%B1ndestiye" title="Bındestiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bındestiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verguob%C4%97" title="Verguobė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Verguobė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="奴隶制度 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奴隶制度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8463#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Slavery" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Slavery">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Slavery">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Slavery" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Slavery" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&oldid=1260119642" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Slavery&id=1260119642&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSlavery">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSlavery">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Slavery&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Slavery" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Slavery" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8463" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enslavement&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Enslavement">Enslavement</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ownership of people as property</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Slave" and "Slaves" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Slave_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Slave (disambiguation)">Slave (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Slave master" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Slave_Master_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Slave Master (disambiguation)">Slave Master (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Slave labour" redirects here. For the Banksy artwork, see <a href="/wiki/Slave_Labour_(mural)" title="Slave Labour (mural)">Slave Labour (mural)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Slavery is the <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">ownership</a> of a person as <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>, especially in regards to their labour.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavement is the placement of a person into slavery, and the person is called a slave or an enslaved person (see <a href="#Terminology">§ Terminology</a>). Many historical cases of enslavement occurred as a result of breaking the law, becoming indebted, suffering a military defeat, or exploitation for cheaper labor; other forms of slavery were instituted along demographic lines such as <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">race</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a>. Slaves may be kept in bondage for life, or for a fixed period of time after which they would be <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">granted freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Although slavery is usually involuntary and involves coercion, there are also cases where people <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_slavery" title="Voluntary slavery">voluntarily enter into slavery</a> to pay a debt or earn money due to <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>. In the course of <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>, slavery was a typical feature of <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Slavery-3">[3]</a> and was legal in most societies, but it is now <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of slavery timeline">outlawed</a> in most countries of the world, except as a <a href="/wiki/Penal_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal labor">punishment for a crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBales20044-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhiteWhite2014-5">[5]</a> In chattel slavery, the slave is legally rendered the <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a> (chattel) of the slave owner. In economics, the term de facto slavery describes the conditions of <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">unfree labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a> that most slaves endure.<a href="#cite_note-newint-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver,_1863,_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver%2C_1863%2C_retouched.jpg/150px-Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver%2C_1863%2C_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver%2C_1863%2C_retouched.jpg/225px-Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver%2C_1863%2C_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver%2C_1863%2C_retouched.jpg/300px-Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver%2C_1863%2C_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="2020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gordon_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon (slave)">Gordon</a>, a slave from <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, in 1863. The scars are the result of a whipping by his overseer.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> was the last country in the world to officially ban slavery, in 1981,<a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-7">[7]</a> with legal prosecution of slaveholders established in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-a-8">[8]</a> However, in 2019, approximately 40 million people, of whom 26% were children, were still enslaved throughout the world despite slavery being illegal. In the modern world, more than 50% of slaves provide <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a>, usually in the factories and <a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">sweatshops</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> of a country's economy.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In industrialised countries, <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> is a modern variety of slavery; in non-industrialised countries, people in <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">debt bondage</a> are common,<a href="#cite_note-newint-6">[6]</a> others include captive <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic servants</a>, people in <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_use_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Military use of children">child soldiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-modernslavery-10">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word slave was borrowed into <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> esclave which ultimately derives from <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> σκλάβος (sklábos) or εσκλαβήνος (ésklabḗnos). According to the widespread view, which has been known since the 18th century, the Byzantine Σκλάβινοι (Sklábinoi), Έσκλαβηνοί (Ésklabēnoí), borrowed from a Slavic tribe self-name *Slověne, turned into σκλάβος, εσκλαβήνος (<a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> sclāvus) in the meaning 'prisoner of war slave', 'slave' in the 8th/9th century, because they often became captured and enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1992Chapter_1-14">[14]</a> However this version has been disputed since the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> An alternative contemporary hypothesis states that <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> sclāvus via *scylāvus derives from Byzantine σκυλάω (skūláō, skyláō) or σκυλεύω (skūleúō, skyleúō) with the meaning "to strip the enemy (killed in a battle)" or "to make booty / extract spoils of war".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> This version has been criticized as well.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> There is a dispute among historians about whether terms such as "<a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">unfree labourer</a>" or "enslaved person", rather than "slave", should be used when describing the victims of slavery. According to those proposing a change in terminology, slave perpetuates the crime of slavery in language by reducing its victims to a nonhuman noun instead of "carry[ing] them forward as people, not the property that they were" (see also <a href="/wiki/People-first_language" title="People-first language">People-first language</a>). Other historians prefer slave because the term is familiar and shorter, or because it accurately reflects the inhumanity of slavery, with person implying a degree of autonomy that slavery does not allow.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chattel_slavery">Chattel slavery</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavery21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Slavery21.jpg/200px-Slavery21.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Slavery21.jpg/300px-Slavery21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Slavery21.jpg/400px-Slavery21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Flogging a slave fastened to the ground, illustration in an 1853 anti-slavery pamphlet</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sale_of_negroes_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sale_of_negroes_1860.jpg/170px-Sale_of_negroes_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sale_of_negroes_1860.jpg/255px-Sale_of_negroes_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sale_of_negroes_1860.jpg/340px-Sale_of_negroes_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption>A poster for a slave auction in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, U.S., 1860</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman-slave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Woman-slave.jpg/170px-Woman-slave.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Woman-slave.jpg/255px-Woman-slave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Woman-slave.jpg/340px-Woman-slave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of an older woman in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> with her enslaved servant girl in the mid-19th century</figcaption></figure> As a social institution, chattel slavery classes slaves as chattels (<a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a>) owned by the enslaver; like livestock, they can be bought and sold at will.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Chattel slavery was historically the normal form of slavery and was practiced in places such as the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">classical Greece</a>, where it was considered a keystone of society.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Other places where it was extensively practiced include <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Medieval Egypt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Alexander-27">[27]</a> Subsaharan Africa,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Brazil, the United States, and parts of the Caribbean such as Cuba and Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The Iroquois enslaved others in ways that "looked very like chattel slavery."<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Beginning in the 18th century, a series of <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionist</a> movements saw slavery as a violation of the slaves' rights as people ("<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">all men are created equal</a>"), and sought to abolish it. Abolitionism encountered extreme resistance but was eventually successful. Several of the states of the United States began abolishing slavery during the American Revolutionary War. The French Revolution tried to abolish slavery in 1794, but a permanent abolition did not occur until 1848. In much of the British Empire, slavery was subject to abolition in 1833, throughout the United States it was abolished in 1865 and in Cuba in 1886. The last country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">in 1888</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Chattel slavery survived longest in <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">the Middle East</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Trans-Atlantic slave trade</a> had been suppressed, the ancient <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a> continued to traffic slaves from the African continent to the Middle East. During the 20th century, the issue of chattel slavery was addressed and investigated globally by international bodies created by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and the United Nations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a> in 1924–1926, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a> in 1932, and the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a> in 1934–1939.<a href="#cite_note-Miers,_S._2003-33">[33]</a> By the time of the UN <a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a> in 1950–1951, legal chattel slavery still existed only in the Arabian Peninsula: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">in Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">in Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">in Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Trucial_States" title="Slavery in the Trucial States">in the Trucial States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">in Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miers,_S._2003-33">[33]</a> Legal chattel slavery was finally abolished in the Arabian Peninsula in the 1960s: Saudi Arabia and Yemen in 1962, in Dubai in 1963, and Oman as the last in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-Miers,_S._2003-33">[33]</a> The last country to abolish slavery, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">did so in 1981</a>. The 1981 ban on slavery was not enforced in practice, as there were no legal mechanisms to prosecute those who used slaves, these only came in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bonded_labour">Bonded labour</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Money_marriage" title="Money marriage">Money marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chukri_system" title="Chukri system">Chukri system</a></div> Indenture, also known as bonded labour or debt bondage, is a form of unfree labour in which a person works to pay off a debt by pledging himself or herself as collateral. The services required to repay the debt, and their duration, may be undefined. Debt bondage can be passed on from generation to generation, with children required to pay off their progenitors' debt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBales200415–18-35">[35]</a> It is the most widespread form of slavery today.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Debt bondage is most prevalent in South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBales200415–18-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Money_marriage" title="Money marriage">Money marriage</a> refers to a marriage where a girl, usually, is married off to a man to settle debts owed by her parents.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chukri_system" title="Chukri system">Chukri system</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">debt bondage</a> system found in parts of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> where a female can be coerced into <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> in order to pay off debts.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependents">Dependents</h3></div> The word slavery has also been used to refer to a legal state of dependency to somebody else.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia1-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persia</a>, the situations and lives of such slaves could be better than those of common citizens.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_Plantation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black family works a cotton plantation. A young boy stands in front of the camera. The photo is in black and white." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mississippi_Plantation.jpg/220px-Mississippi_Plantation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mississippi_Plantation.jpg/330px-Mississippi_Plantation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mississippi_Plantation.jpg/440px-Mississippi_Plantation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4251" data-file-height="2093" /></a><figcaption>A Black family works a cotton plantation in Mississippi. The subtitle says "We'se done all dis's morning".</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_labour">Forced labour</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></div> Forced labour, or unfree labour, is sometimes used to describe an individual who is forced to work against their own will, under threat of violence or other punishment. This may also include institutions not commonly classified as slavery, such as <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">penal labour</a>. As slavery has been legally outlawed in all countries, forced labour in the present day (frequently referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">modern slavery</a>") revolves around illegal control. Human trafficking primarily involves women and children forced into <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> and is the fastest growing form of forced labour, with Thailand, Cambodia, India, Brazil and Mexico having been identified as leading hotspots of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">commercial sexual exploitation of children</a>.<a href="#cite_note-voa-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Child_soldiers_and_child_labour">Child soldiers and child labour</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_slavery" title="Child slavery">Child slavery</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_use_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Military use of children">Military use of children</a></div>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> estimated that 200,000 to 300,000 children served as soldiers in then-current conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> More girls under 16 work as <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker#Migrant_domestic_workers" title="Domestic worker">domestic workers</a> than any other category of child labour, often sent to cities by parents living in rural poverty as with the Haitian <a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">restaveks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_marriage">Forced marriage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_by_abduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage by abduction">Marriage by abduction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriages</a> or early marriages are often considered types of slavery. Forced marriage continues to be practiced in parts of the world including some parts of Asia and Africa and in immigrant communities in the West.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marriage_by_abduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage by abduction">Marriage by abduction</a> occurs in many places in the world today, with a 2003 study finding a national average of 69% of marriages in Ethiopia being through abduction.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses_of_the_term">Other uses of the term</h3></div> The word slavery is often used as a pejorative to describe any activity in which one is coerced into performing. Some argue that <a href="/wiki/Conscription#Military_slavery" title="Conscription">military drafts</a> and other forms of coerced government labour constitute "state-operated slavery."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalists</a> view government taxation as a form of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> "Slavery" has been used by some <a href="/wiki/Antipsychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsychiatry">anti-psychiatry</a> proponents to define involuntary psychiatric patients, claiming there are no unbiased physical tests for mental illness and yet the psychiatric patient must follow the orders of the psychiatrist. They assert that instead of chains to control the slave, the psychiatrist uses drugs to control the mind.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Drapetomania" title="Drapetomania">Drapetomania</a> was a pseudoscientific psychiatric diagnosis for a slave who desired freedom; "symptoms" included laziness and the tendency to flee captivity.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Some proponents of <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> have applied the term slavery to the condition of some or all human-owned animals, arguing that their status is comparable to that of human slaves.<a href="#cite_note-MSpiegel-57">[57]</a> The labour market, as institutionalized under contemporary capitalist systems, has been criticized by mainstream <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalists</a>, who utilise the term <a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage slavery</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dysphemism" title="Dysphemism">dysphemism</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage labour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllerman1992-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-merriam-webster.com-60">[60]</a> Socialists draw parallels between the trade of labour as a commodity and slavery. <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> is also known to have suggested such parallels.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3></div> Economists have modeled the circumstances under which slavery (and variants such as <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>) appear and disappear. One theoretical model is that slavery becomes more desirable for <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">landowners</a> where land is abundant, but labour is scarce, such that rent is depressed and paid workers can demand high wages. If the opposite holds true, then it is more costly for landowners to guard the slaves than to employ paid workers who can demand only low wages because of the degree of competition.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Thus, first slavery and then serfdom gradually decreased in Europe as the population grew. They were reintroduced in the Americas and in Russia as large areas of land with few inhabitants became available.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Slavery is more common when the tasks are relatively simple and thus easy to supervise, such as large-scale <a href="/wiki/Monocropping" title="Monocropping">monocrops</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, in which output depended on <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>. This enables systems of labour, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gang_system" title="Gang system">gang system</a> in the United States, to become prominent on large plantations where field hands toiled with factory-like precision. Then, each work gang was based on an internal division of labour that assigned every member of the gang to a task and made each worker's performance dependent on the actions of the others. The slaves chopped out the weeds that surrounded the cotton plants as well as excess sprouts. Plow gangs followed behind, stirring the soil near the plants and tossing it back around the plants. Thus, the gang system worked like an <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Since the 18th century, critics have argued that slavery hinders technological advancement because the focus is on increasing the number of slaves doing simple tasks rather than upgrading their efficiency. For example, it is sometimes argued that, because of this narrow focus, technology in Greece – and later in Rome – was not applied to ease physical labour or improve manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Helper-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg/220px-Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg/330px-Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg/440px-Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>The work of the <a href="/wiki/Mercedarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedarians">Mercedarians</a> was in ransoming Christian slaves held in North Africa (1637).</figcaption></figure> Scottish economist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> stated that free labour was economically better than slave labour, and that it was nearly impossible to end slavery in a free, democratic, or republican form of government since many of its legislators or political figures were slave owners and would not punish themselves. He further stated that slaves would be better able to gain their freedom under centralized government, or a central authority like a king or church.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Similar arguments appeared later in the works of <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>, especially given Smith's belief in the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, or what Comte called the "separation of the spiritual and the temporal" during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the end of slavery, and Smith's criticism of masters, past and present. As Smith stated in the <a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Jurisprudence" title="Lectures on Jurisprudence">Lectures on Jurisprudence</a>, "The great power of the clergy thus concurring with that of the king set the slaves at liberty. But it was absolutely necessary both that the authority of the king and of the clergy should be great. Where ever any one of these was wanting, slavery still continues..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes199874-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_inspection_and_sale_of_a_slave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_inspection_and_sale_of_a_slave.jpg/220px-The_inspection_and_sale_of_a_slave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_inspection_and_sale_of_a_slave.jpg/330px-The_inspection_and_sale_of_a_slave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_inspection_and_sale_of_a_slave.jpg/440px-The_inspection_and_sale_of_a_slave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Sale and inspection of slaves</figcaption></figure> Even after slavery became a criminal offense, slave owners could get high returns. According to researcher <a href="/wiki/Siddharth_Kara" title="Siddharth Kara">Siddharth Kara</a>, the profits generated worldwide by all forms of slavery in 2007 were $91.2 billion. That was second only to drug trafficking, in terms of global criminal enterprises. At the time the weighted average global sales price of a slave was estimated to be approximately $340, with a high of $1,895 for the average trafficked sex slave, and a low of $40 to $50 for debt bondage slaves in part of Asia and Africa. The weighted average annual profits generated by a slave in 2007 was $3,175, with a low of an average $950 for bonded labour and $29,210 for a trafficked sex slave. Approximately 40% of slave profits each year were generated by trafficked sex slaves, representing slightly more than 4% of the world's 29 million slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Dhaliwal-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification">Identification</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Negro_in_American_history_(microform)_-_men_and_women_eminent_in_the_evolution_of_the_American_of_African_descent_(1914)_(14597416438).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Negro_in_American_history_%28microform%29_-_men_and_women_eminent_in_the_evolution_of_the_American_of_African_descent_%281914%29_%2814597416438%29.jpg/220px-The_Negro_in_American_history_%28microform%29_-_men_and_women_eminent_in_the_evolution_of_the_American_of_African_descent_%281914%29_%2814597416438%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Negro_in_American_history_%28microform%29_-_men_and_women_eminent_in_the_evolution_of_the_American_of_African_descent_%281914%29_%2814597416438%29.jpg/330px-The_Negro_in_American_history_%28microform%29_-_men_and_women_eminent_in_the_evolution_of_the_American_of_African_descent_%281914%29_%2814597416438%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Negro_in_American_history_%28microform%29_-_men_and_women_eminent_in_the_evolution_of_the_American_of_African_descent_%281914%29_%2814597416438%29.jpg/440px-The_Negro_in_American_history_%28microform%29_-_men_and_women_eminent_in_the_evolution_of_the_American_of_African_descent_%281914%29_%2814597416438%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="2502" /></a><figcaption>Branding of a female slave</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_slave_market_in_Cairo-David_Roberts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_slave_market_in_Cairo-David_Roberts.jpg/220px-A_slave_market_in_Cairo-David_Roberts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_slave_market_in_Cairo-David_Roberts.jpg/330px-A_slave_market_in_Cairo-David_Roberts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_slave_market_in_Cairo-David_Roberts.jpg/440px-A_slave_market_in_Cairo-David_Roberts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Barefooted slaves depicted in <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts</a>' Egypt and Nubia, issued between 1845 and 1849</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavery17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Slavery17.jpg/220px-Slavery17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Slavery17.jpg/330px-Slavery17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Slavery17.jpg/440px-Slavery17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Slave branding, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1853</figcaption></figure> A widespread practice was <a href="/wiki/Human_branding" title="Human branding">branding</a>, either to explicitly mark slaves as property or as punishment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_aspects">Legal aspects</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_versus_state-owned_slaves">Private versus state-owned slaves</h3></div> Slaves have been owned privately by individuals but have also been under state ownership. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Kisaeng" title="Kisaeng">kisaeng</a> were women from low castes in pre modern Korea, who were owned by the state under government officials known as hojang and were required to provide entertainment to the aristocracy. In the 2020s, in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kippumjo" title="Kippumjo">Kippumjo</a> ("Pleasure Brigades") are made up of women selected from the general population to serve as entertainers and as concubines to the rulers of North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> "Tribute labor" is compulsory labor for the state and has been used in various iterations such as <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mit%27a" title="Mit'a">mit'a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repartimiento" title="Repartimiento">repartimiento</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment camps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> regimes such as the Nazis and the Soviet Union placed increasing importance on the labor provided in those camps, leading to a growing tendency among historians to designate such systems as slavery.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> A combination of these include the <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> where the Spanish Crown granted private individuals the right to the free labour of a specified number of natives in a given area.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In the "Red Rubber System" of both the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> and French ruled <a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> labour was demanded as taxation; private companies were conceded areas within which they were allowed to use any measures to increase rubber production.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Convict_leasing" title="Convict leasing">Convict leasing</a> was common in the Southern United States where the state would lease prisoners for their free labour to companies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_rights">Legal rights</h3></div> Depending upon the era and the country, slaves sometimes had a limited set of legal rights. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a>, people who deliberately killed slaves were punishable under a 1686 statute.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> And, as already mentioned, certain legal rights attached to the nobi in Korea, to slaves in various African societies, and to black female slaves in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French colony of Louisiana</a>. Giving slaves legal rights has sometimes been a matter of morality, but also sometimes a matter of self-interest. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">ancient Athens</a>, protecting slaves from mistreatment simultaneously protected people who might be mistaken for slaves, and giving slaves limited property rights incentivized slaves to work harder to get more property.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In the southern United States prior to <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">the extirpation of slavery in 1865</a>, a proslavery legal treatise reported that slaves accused of crimes typically had a legal right to counsel, freedom from <a href="/wiki/Double_jeopardy" title="Double jeopardy">double jeopardy</a>, a right to trial by jury in graver cases, and the right to grand jury indictment, but they lacked many other rights such as white adults' ability to control their own lives.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">History of slavery</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Slavery in antiquity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mines_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mines_1.jpg/220px-Mines_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mines_1.jpg/330px-Mines_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mines_1.jpg/440px-Mines_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption>Corinthian black-figure terra-cotta votive tablet of slaves working in a mine, dated to the late seventh century BC</figcaption></figure> Slavery predates written records and has existed in many cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Slavery-3">[3]</a> Slavery is rare among <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> populations because it requires economic surpluses and a substantial population density. Thus, although it has existed among unusually resource-rich hunter gatherers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>-rich rivers of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> coast, slavery became widespread only with the invention of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> about 11,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-ebhellie-80">[80]</a> Slavery was practiced in almost every ancient civilization.<a href="#cite_note-Slavery-3">[3]</a> Such institutions included debt bondage, punishment for crime, the enslavement of <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">child abandonment</a>, and the enslavement of slaves' offspring.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Slavery in Africa</a></div> Slavery was widespread in Africa, which pursued both internal and external slave trade.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Senegambia_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senegambia (geography)">Senegambia</a> region, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved. In early Islamic states of the western <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamana_Empire" title="Bamana Empire">Segou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a>, about a third of the population were enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In European courtly society, and European aristocracy, black African slaves and their children became visible in the late 1300s and 1400s. Starting with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, black Africans were included in the <a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">retinue</a>. In 1402 an <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian">Ethiopian</a> embassy reached <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. In the 1470s black Africans were painted as court attendants in wall paintings that were displayed in <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>. In the 1490s black Africans were included on the emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Milan">Duke of Milan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg/200px-Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg/300px-Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg/400px-Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>13th-century slave market in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">trans-Saharan slave trade</a>, slaves from <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> were transported across the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara desert</a> to <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> to be sold to <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle eastern</a> civilizations. During the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a>, slaves were transported from Africa across the Red Sea to the Arabian Peninsula. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a>, sometimes known as the east African slave trade, was multi-directional. Africans were sent as slaves to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> islands (including <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>), to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, and later to the Americas. These traders captured <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</a>) from the interior in present-day <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and brought them to the coast.<a href="#cite_note-Och-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ogot-87">[87]</a> There, the slaves gradually assimilated in rural areas, particularly on <a href="/wiki/Unguja" title="Unguja">Unguja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pemba_Island" title="Pemba Island">Pemba</a> islands.<a href="#cite_note-Lodhi-88">[88]</a> Some historians assert that as many as 17 million people were sold into slavery on the coast of the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, and North Africa, and approximately 5 million African slaves were bought by Muslim slave traders and taken from Africa across the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara Desert between 1500 and 1900.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The captives were sold throughout the Middle East. This trade accelerated as superior ships led to more trade and greater demand for labour on <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> in the region. Eventually, tens of thousands of captives were being taken every year.<a href="#cite_note-Lodhi-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The Indian Ocean slave trade was multi-directional and changed over time. To meet the demand for menial labour, Bantu slaves bought by east African slave traders from southeastern Africa were sold in cumulatively large numbers over the centuries to customers in Egypt, Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, European colonies in the Far East, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean islands</a>, Ethiopia and Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2004ix-92">[92]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_African_History" title="Encyclopedia of African History">Encyclopedia of African History</a>, "It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest slave population of the world, about 2 million people, was concentrated in the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a>. The use of slave labour was extensive, especially in agriculture."<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The Anti-Slavery Society estimated there were 2 million slaves in Ethiopia in the early 1930s out of an estimated population of 8 to 16 million.<a href="#cite_note-twentieth1-95">[95]</a> Slave labour in East Africa was drawn from the Zanj, Bantu peoples that lived along the East African coast.<a href="#cite_note-Ogot-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bagley-96">[96]</a> The Zanj were for centuries shipped as slaves by Arab traders to all the countries bordering the Indian Ocean during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a>. The Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs recruited many Zanj slaves as soldiers and, as early as 696, there were slave revolts of the Zanj against their Arab enslavers during their <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a> in Iraq. The <a href="/wiki/Zanj_Rebellion" title="Zanj Rebellion">Zanj Rebellion</a>, a series of uprisings that took place between 869 and 883 near <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> (also known as Basara), against the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a> situated in present-day Iraq, is believed to have involved enslaved Zanj that had originally been captured from the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region and areas further south in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2007a585-97">[97]</a> It grew to involve over 500,000 slaves and free men who were imported from across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim empire">Muslim empire</a> and claimed over "tens of thousands of lives in lower Iraq".<a href="#cite_note-Furlonge-98">[98]</a> The Zanj who were taken as slaves to the Middle East were often used in strenuous agricultural work.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">plantation economy</a> boomed and the Arabs became richer, agriculture and other manual labour work was thought to be demeaning. The resulting labour shortage led to an increased slave market. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg/290px-Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg/435px-Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg/580px-Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6392" data-file-height="3728" /></a><figcaption>Slave market in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, 1684</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, the capital of Algeria, captured Christians and Europeans were forced into slavery. In about 1650, there were as many as 35,000 Christian slaves in Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> By one estimate, raids by <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave traders</a> on coastal villages and ships extending from Italy to Iceland, enslaved an estimated 1 to 1.25 million Europeans between the 16th and 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-researchnews.osu.edu-103">[103]</a> However, this estimate is the result of an extrapolation which assumes that the number of European slaves captured by Barbary pirates was constant for a 250-year period: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There are no records of how many men, women and children were enslaved, but it is possible to calculate roughly the number of fresh captives that would have been needed to keep populations steady and replace those slaves who died, escaped, were ransomed, or converted to Islam. On this basis it is thought that around 8,500 new slaves were needed annually to replenish numbers – about 850,000 captives over the century from 1580 to 1680. By extension, for the 250 years between 1530 and 1780, the figure could easily have been as high as 1,250,000.<a href="#cite_note-Earle-104">[104]</a></blockquote> Davis' numbers have been refuted by other historians, such as David Earle, who cautions that true picture of Europeans slaves is clouded by the fact the corsairs also seized non-Christian whites from eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Earle-104">[104]</a> In addition, the number of slaves traded was hyperactive,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] with exaggerated estimates relying on peak years to calculate averages for entire centuries, or millennia. Hence, there were wide fluctuations year-to-year, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, given slave imports, and also given the fact that, prior to the 1840s, there are no consistent records. Middle East expert, John Wright, cautions that modern estimates are based on back-calculations from human observation.<a href="#cite_note-Wright-105">[105]</a> Such observations, across the late 16th and early 17th century observers, account for around 35,000 European Christian slaves held throughout this period on the Barbary Coast, across Tripoli, Tunis, but mostly in Algiers. The majority were sailors (particularly those who were English), taken with their ships, but others were fishermen and coastal villagers. However, most of these captives were people from lands close to Africa, particularly Spain and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> This eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">bombardment of Algiers</a> by an Anglo-Dutch fleet in 1816.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaves_ruvuma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Slaves_ruvuma.jpg/310px-Slaves_ruvuma.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Slaves_ruvuma.jpg/465px-Slaves_ruvuma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Slaves_ruvuma.jpg/620px-Slaves_ruvuma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Arab-Swahili</a> slave traders and their captives on the <a href="/wiki/Ruvuma_River" title="Ruvuma River">Ruvuma River</a> in East Africa, 19th century</figcaption></figure> Under Omani Arabs, Zanzibar became East Africa's <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">main slave port</a>, with as many as 50,000 African slaves passing through every year during the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Some historians estimate that between 11 and 18 million African slaves crossed the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara Desert from 650 to 1900 AD.<a href="#cite_note-Slavery-3">[3]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_R%C3%BCppell" title="Eduard Rüppell">Eduard Rüppell</a> described the losses of Sudanese slaves being transported on foot to Egypt: "after the Daftardar bey's 1822 campaign in the southern Nuba mountains, nearly 40,000 slaves were captured. However, through bad treatment, disease and desert travel barely 5,000 made it to Egypt."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2007173-112">[112]</a> W.A. Veenhoven wrote: "The German doctor, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Nachtigal" title="Gustav Nachtigal">Gustav Nachtigal</a>, an eye-witness, believed that for every slave who arrived at a market three or four died on the way ... <a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Keltie" title="John Scott Keltie">Keltie</a> (The Partition of Africa, London, 1920) believes that for every slave the Arabs brought to the coast at least six died on the way or during the slavers' raid. <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">Livingstone</a> puts the figure as high as ten to one."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Systems of servitude and slavery were common in parts of Africa, as they were in much of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient world</a>. In many African societies where slavery was prevalent, the slaves were not treated as <a href="#Chattel_slavery">chattel slaves</a> and were given certain rights in a system similar to <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servitude</a> elsewhere in the world. The forms of slavery in Africa were closely related to <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> structures. In many African communities, where land could not be owned, enslavement of individuals was used as a means to increase the influence a person had and expand connections.<a href="#cite_note-Snell-114">[114]</a> This made slaves a permanent part of a master's lineage and the children of slaves could become closely connected with the larger family ties.<a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy-115">[115]</a> Children of slaves born into families could be integrated into the master's kinship group and rise to prominent positions within society, even to the level of chief in some instances. However, stigma often remained attached and there could be strict separations between slave members of a kinship group and those related to the master.<a href="#cite_note-Snell-114">[114]</a> Slavery was practiced in many different forms: debt slavery, enslavement of war captives, military slavery, and criminal slavery were all practiced in various parts of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Slavery for domestic and court purposes was widespread throughout Africa. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenneth_Lu_-_Slave_ship_model_(_(4811223749).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kenneth_Lu_-_Slave_ship_model_%28_%284811223749%29.jpg/310px-Kenneth_Lu_-_Slave_ship_model_%28_%284811223749%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kenneth_Lu_-_Slave_ship_model_%28_%284811223749%29.jpg/465px-Kenneth_Lu_-_Slave_ship_model_%28_%284811223749%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kenneth_Lu_-_Slave_ship_model_%28_%284811223749%29.jpg/620px-Kenneth_Lu_-_Slave_ship_model_%28_%284811223749%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A model showing a cross-section of a typical 1700s European slave ship on the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a>.</figcaption></figure> When the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> began, many of the local slave systems began supplying captives for chattel slave markets outside Africa. Although the Atlantic slave trade was not the only slave trade from Africa, it was the largest in volume and intensity. As Elikia M'bokolo wrote in <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim countries</a> (from the ninth to the nineteenth).... Four million enslaved people exported via the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, another four million through the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a> ports of the Indian Ocean, perhaps as many as nine million along the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan</a> caravan route, and eleven to twenty million (depending on the author) across the Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></blockquote> The trans-Atlantic slave trade peaked in the late 18th century, when the largest number of slaves were captured on raiding expeditions into the interior of West Africa. These expeditions were typically carried out by <a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">African kingdoms</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-apology-118">[118]</a> the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro Confederacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> It is estimated that about 15 percent of slaves died during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">voyage</a>, with mortality rates considerably higher in Africa itself in the process of capturing and transporting indigenous peoples to the ships.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>; <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mita_(Inca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mita (Inca)">Mita (Inca)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Trafficked,_Exploited,_and_Missing_Persons" title="Institute for Trafficked, Exploited, and Missing Persons">Institute for Trafficked, Exploited, and Missing Persons</a>; <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Slavery in colonial Spanish America</a>; <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery in Brazil</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Slavery in Mexico</a> can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindians</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a> of the Andes, the <a href="/wiki/Tup%C3%AD_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupí people">Tupinambá</a> of Brazil, the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee people">Creek</a> of Georgia, and the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> of Texas, also practiced slavery.<a href="#cite_note-Slavery-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Slavery in Canada</a> was practiced by <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> and by <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European settlers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LawsonLawson2019-124">[124]</a> Slave-owning people of what became Canada were, for example, the fishing societies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Yurok_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Yurok tribe">Yurok</a>, that lived along the Pacific coast from Alaska to California,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> on what is sometimes described as the Pacific or Northern Northwest Coast. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlingit people">Tlingit</a>, were traditionally known as fierce warriors and slave-traders, raiding as far as California. Slavery was hereditary, the slaves being <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> and their descendants were slaves.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Some nations in British Columbia continued to segregate and ostracize the descendants of slaves as late as the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-AboriginalSlavery-127">[127]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Slave_ship_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Slave_ship_diagram.png/150px-Slave_ship_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Slave_ship_diagram.png/225px-Slave_ship_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Slave_ship_diagram.png/300px-Slave_ship_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1441" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:African_slave_ship_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/African_slave_ship_diagram.jpg/150px-African_slave_ship_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/African_slave_ship_diagram.jpg/225px-African_slave_ship_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/African_slave_ship_diagram.jpg/300px-African_slave_ship_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="309" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Diagrams of a <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ship</a> and the alignment of captive slaves during the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>.</div></div></div></div> Slavery in America remains a contentious issue and played a major role in the history and evolution of some countries, triggering a <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">a civil war</a>, and numerous rebellions. The countries that controlled most of the transatlantic slave market in terms of number of slaves shipped were the UK, Portugal and France. <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaves_embarked_to_America_from_1450_until_1800_by_country.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Slaves_embarked_to_America_from_1450_until_1800_by_country.jpg/700px-Slaves_embarked_to_America_from_1450_until_1800_by_country.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Slaves_embarked_to_America_from_1450_until_1800_by_country.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Slaves embarked to America from 1450 until 1800 by country</figcaption></figure> In order to establish itself as an American empire, Spain had to fight against the relatively powerful civilizations of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> conquest of the indigenous peoples in the Americas included using the Natives as forced labour. The <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Spanish colonies</a> were the first Europeans to use African slaves in the New World on islands such as <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> It was argued by some contemporary writers to be intrinsically immoral.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a>, a 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> and Spanish historian, participated in campaigns in Cuba (at <a href="/wiki/Bayamo" title="Bayamo">Bayamo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Camagüey</a>) and was present at the massacre of <a href="/wiki/Hatuey" title="Hatuey">Hatuey</a>; his observation of that massacre led him to fight for a social movement away from the use of natives as slaves. Also, the alarming decline in the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">native</a> population had spurred the first <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Burgos" title="Laws of Burgos">royal laws protecting the native population</a>. The first African slaves arrived in Hispaniola in 1501.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> This era saw a growth in race-based slavery.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> England played a prominent role in the Atlantic slave trade. The "<a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade#Atlantic_triangular_slave_trade" title="Triangular trade">slave triangle</a>" was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> and his associates, though English slave-trading would not take off until the mid-17th century. Many whites who arrived in North America during the 17th and 18th centuries came under contract as indentured servants.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The transformation from indentured servitude to slavery was a gradual process in Virginia. The earliest legal documentation of such a shift was in 1640 where a black man, <a href="/wiki/John_Punch_(slave)" title="John Punch (slave)">John Punch</a>, was sentenced to lifetime slavery, forcing him to serve his master, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gwyn" title="Hugh Gwyn">Hugh Gwyn</a>, for the remainder of his life, for attempting to run away. This case was significant because it established the disparity between his sentence as a black man and that of the two white indentured servants who escaped with him (one described as Dutch and one as a Scotchman). It is the first documented case of a black man sentenced to lifetime servitude and is considered one of the first legal cases to make a racial distinction between black and white indentured servants.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> After 1640, planters started to ignore the expiration of indentured contracts and keep their servants as slaves for life. This was demonstrated by the 1655 case Johnson v. Parker, where the court ruled that a black man, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Johnson_(colonist)" title="Anthony Johnson (colonist)">Anthony Johnson</a> of Virginia, was granted ownership of another black man, <a href="/wiki/John_Casor" title="John Casor">John Casor</a>, as the result of a civil case.<a href="#cite_note-Billings2009-137">[137]</a> This was the first instance of a judicial determination in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> holding that a person who had committed no crime could be held in servitude for life.<a href="#cite_note-Project-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish_colonial_America">Spanish colonial America</h4></div> In 1519, <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> brought the first <a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexican#African_slavery_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Mexican">modern slave</a> to the area.<a href="#cite_note-World-140">[140]</a> In the mid-16th century, the Spanish New <a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">Laws</a>, prohibited slavery of the indigenous people, including the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a>. A labour shortage resulted. This led to the African slaves being imported, as they were not susceptible to smallpox. In exchange, many Africans were afforded the opportunity to buy their freedom, while eventually others were granted their freedom by their masters.<a href="#cite_note-World-140">[140]</a> In Jamaica, the Spanish enslaved many of the <a href="/wiki/Taino" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino">Taino</a>; some escaped, but most died from European diseases and overwork. The Spaniards also introduced the first African slaves.<a href="#cite_note-discja-141">[141]</a> Spain practically did not trade in slaves until 1810 after the rebellions and independence of its American territories or viceroyalties. After the Napoleonic invasions, Spain had lost its industry and its American territories, except in Cuba and Puerto Rico, where the African slave trade to Cuba began on a massive scale from 1810 onwards. It was started by French planters exiled from the French lost colony Saint Domingue (Haiti) who settled in the eastern part of Cuba. In 1789, the Spanish Crown led an effort to reform slavery, as the demand for slave labour in Cuba was growing. The Crown issued a decree, Código Negro Español (Spanish Black Code), that specified food and clothing provisions, put limits on the number of <a href="/wiki/Work_hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Work hours">work hours</a>, limited punishments, required religious instruction, and protected marriages, forbidding the sale of young children away from their mothers. The British made other changes to the institution of slavery in Cuba. However, planters often flouted the laws and protested against them, considering them a threat to their authority and an intrusion into their personal lives.<a href="#cite_note-Childs-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English_and_Dutch_Caribbean">English and Dutch Caribbean</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaves_working_on_a_plantation_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_(1823),_plate_III_-_BL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Slaves_working_on_a_plantation_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_III_-_BL.jpg/220px-Slaves_working_on_a_plantation_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_III_-_BL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Slaves_working_on_a_plantation_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_III_-_BL.jpg/330px-Slaves_working_on_a_plantation_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_III_-_BL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Slaves_working_on_a_plantation_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_III_-_BL.jpg/440px-Slaves_working_on_a_plantation_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_III_-_BL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1994" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>Planting the sugar cane, <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a>, 1823</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bussa_statue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bussa_statue.png/170px-Bussa_statue.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bussa_statue.png/255px-Bussa_statue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bussa_statue.png/340px-Bussa_statue.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bussa_Emancipation_Statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Bussa Emancipation Statue">Statue of Bussa</a>, who led the largest slave rebellion in Barbadian history.</figcaption></figure> In the early 17th century, the majority of the labour in Barbados was provided by European indentured servants, mainly <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">African</a> and native American slaves providing little of the workforce. The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> in 1640 completely transformed society and the economy. Barbados eventually had one of the world's largest sugar industries.<a href="#cite_note-beyond-143">[143]</a> The workable sugar plantation required a large investment and a great deal of heavy labour. At first, Dutch traders supplied the equipment, financing, and African slaves, in addition to transporting most of the sugar to Europe. In 1644, the population of Barbados was estimated at 30,000, of which about 800 were of African descent, with the remainder mainly of English descent. By 1700, there were 15,000 free whites and 50,000 enslaved Africans. In Jamaica, although the African slave population in the 1670s and 1680s never exceeded 10,000, by 1800 it had increased to over 300,000. The increased implementation of <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">slave codes</a> or black codes, which created differential treatment between Africans and the white workers and ruling planter class. In response to these codes, several slave rebellions were attempted or planned during this time, but none succeeded. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3444-7_Begrafenis_bij_plantageslaven2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3444-7_Begrafenis_bij_plantageslaven2.jpg/220px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3444-7_Begrafenis_bij_plantageslaven2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3444-7_Begrafenis_bij_plantageslaven2.jpg/330px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3444-7_Begrafenis_bij_plantageslaven2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3444-7_Begrafenis_bij_plantageslaven2.jpg/440px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3444-7_Begrafenis_bij_plantageslaven2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption>Funeral at slave plantation, <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Dutch Suriname</a>. 1840–1850.</figcaption></figure> The planters of the Dutch colony of Suriname relied heavily on African slaves to cultivate, harvest and process the commodity crops of coffee, cocoa, sugar cane and cotton plantations.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The Netherlands abolished slavery in Suriname in 1863. Many slaves escaped the plantations. With the help of the native South Americans living in the adjoining rain forests, these runaway slaves established a new and unique culture in the interior that was highly successful in its own right. They were known collectively in English as <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">Maroons</a>, in French as Nèg'Marrons (literally meaning "brown negroes", that is "pale-skinned negroes"), and in Dutch as Marrons. The Maroons gradually developed several independent tribes through a process of <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a>, as they were made up of slaves from different African ethnicities. These tribes include the <a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a>, Paramaka, <a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a> or Aukan, <a href="/wiki/Kwinti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwinti">Kwinti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluku" title="Aluku">Aluku</a> or Boni, and Matawai. The Maroons often raided plantations to recruit new members from the slaves and capture women, as well as to acquire weapons, food and supplies. They sometimes killed planters and their families in the raids.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The colonists also mounted armed campaigns against the Maroons, who generally escaped through the rain forest, which they knew much better than did the colonists. To end hostilities, in the 18th century the European colonial authorities signed several peace treaties with different tribes. They granted the Maroons sovereign status and trade rights in their inland territories, giving them autonomy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Moritz_Rugendas_in_Brazil_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Johann_Moritz_Rugendas_in_Brazil_2.jpg/330px-Johann_Moritz_Rugendas_in_Brazil_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Johann_Moritz_Rugendas_in_Brazil_2.jpg/495px-Johann_Moritz_Rugendas_in_Brazil_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Johann_Moritz_Rugendas_in_Brazil_2.jpg/660px-Johann_Moritz_Rugendas_in_Brazil_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5236" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Public flogging of a slave in 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Moritz_Rugendas" title="Johann Moritz Rugendas">Johann Moritz Rugendas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Etienne_Arago_-_Castigo_de_Escravos,_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Jacques_Etienne_Arago_-_Castigo_de_Escravos%2C_1839.jpg/180px-Jacques_Etienne_Arago_-_Castigo_de_Escravos%2C_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Jacques_Etienne_Arago_-_Castigo_de_Escravos%2C_1839.jpg/270px-Jacques_Etienne_Arago_-_Castigo_de_Escravos%2C_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Jacques_Etienne_Arago_-_Castigo_de_Escravos%2C_1839.jpg/360px-Jacques_Etienne_Arago_-_Castigo_de_Escravos%2C_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Slave punishment by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arago" title="Jacques Arago">Jacques Étienne Arago</a>, 1839.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery in Brazil</a> began long before the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">first Portuguese settlement</a> was established in 1532, as members of one tribe would enslave captured members of another.<a href="#cite_note-dominiopublico.gov.br-146">[146]</a> Later, Portuguese colonists were heavily dependent on indigenous labour during the initial phases of settlement to maintain the subsistence economy, and natives were often captured by expeditions called bandeiras. The importation of African slaves began midway through the 16th century, but the enslavement of indigenous peoples continued well into the 17th and 18th centuries. During the Atlantic slave trade era, Brazil imported more African slaves than any other country. Nearly 5 million slaves were brought from Africa to Brazil during the period from 1501 to 1866.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Until the early 1850s, most African slaves who arrived on Brazilian shores were forced to embark at West Central African ports, especially in <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a> (in present-day Angola). Today, with the exception of Nigeria, the country with the largest population of people of African descent is Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-cambriapress.com-148">[148]</a> Slave labour was the driving force behind the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugar</a> economy in Brazil, and sugar was the primary export of the colony from 1600 to 1650. Gold and diamond deposits were discovered in Brazil in 1690, which sparked an increase in the importation of African slaves to power this newly profitable market. Transportation systems were developed for the mining infrastructure, and population boomed from immigrants seeking to take part in gold and diamond mining. Demand for African slaves did not wane after the decline of the mining industry in the second half of the 18th century. Cattle ranching and foodstuff production proliferated after the population growth, both of which relied heavily on slave labour. 1.7 million slaves were imported to Brazil from Africa from 1700 to 1800, and the rise of coffee in the 1830s further enticed expansion of the slave trade. Brazil was the last country in the Western world to abolish slavery. Forty percent of the total number of slaves brought to the Americas were sent to Brazil. For reference, the United States received 10 percent. Despite being abolished, there are still people working in slavery-like conditions in Brazil in the 21st century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haiti">Haiti</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Slavery in Haiti</a> started with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> on the island in 1492. The practice was devastating to the native population.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Following the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a>'s near decimation from forced labour, disease and war, the Spanish, under <a href="/wiki/Valladolid_debate" title="Valladolid debate">advisement</a> of the Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a>, and with the blessing of the Catholic church, who also wished <a href="/wiki/Sublimis_Deus" title="Sublimis Deus">to protect</a> the indigenous people, began engaging in earnest in the use of African slaves.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] During the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial period</a> beginning in 1625, the economy of Haiti (then known as <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>) was based on slavery, and the practice there was regarded as the most brutal in the world. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791,_German_copper_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791%2C_German_copper_engraving.jpg/220px-Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791%2C_German_copper_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791%2C_German_copper_engraving.jpg/330px-Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791%2C_German_copper_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791%2C_German_copper_engraving.jpg/440px-Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791%2C_German_copper_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Saint-Domingue <a href="/wiki/Slave_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave revolt">slave revolt</a> in 1791</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haitian_Revolution_-_Blacks_murdering_white_civilians.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Haitian_Revolution_-_Blacks_murdering_white_civilians.gif/220px-Haitian_Revolution_-_Blacks_murdering_white_civilians.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Haitian_Revolution_-_Blacks_murdering_white_civilians.gif/330px-Haitian_Revolution_-_Blacks_murdering_white_civilians.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Haitian_Revolution_-_Blacks_murdering_white_civilians.gif/440px-Haitian_Revolution_-_Blacks_murdering_white_civilians.gif 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1804_Haiti_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1804 Haiti massacre">1804 Haiti massacre</a>, carried out by Haitian soldiers, mostly former slaves, against the remaining French population</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ryswick">Treaty of Ryswick</a> of 1697, <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> was divided between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Spain">Spain</a>. France received the western third and subsequently named it Saint-Domingue. To develop it into sugarcane plantations, the French imported thousands of slaves from Africa. Sugar was a lucrative commodity crop throughout the 18th century. By 1789, approximately 40,000 white colonists lived in Saint-Domingue. The whites were vastly outnumbered by the tens of thousands of African slaves they had imported to work on their plantations, which were primarily devoted to the production of sugarcane. In the north of the island, slaves were able to retain many ties to African cultures, religion and language; these ties were continually being renewed by newly imported Africans. Blacks outnumbered whites by about ten to one. The French-enacted <a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a> ("Black Code"), prepared by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a> and ratified by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, had established rules on slave treatment and permissible freedoms. Saint-Domingue has been described as one of the most brutally efficient slave colonies; one-third of newly imported Africans died within a few years.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer-LROB-150">[150]</a> Many slaves died from diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> They had <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rates</a> around 3 percent, and there is evidence that some women <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">aborted</a> fetuses, or committed <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a>, rather than allow their children to live within the bonds of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200827–53-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moitt-153">[153]</a> As in its <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana colony</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">French colonial</a> government allowed some rights to <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> descendants of white male colonists and black female slaves (and later, mixed-race women). Over time, many were released from slavery. They established a separate social class. White French <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole</a> fathers frequently sent their mixed-race sons to France for their education. Some men of color were admitted into the military. More of the free people of color lived in the south of the island, near <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>, and many intermarried within their community. They frequently worked as artisans and tradesmen, and began to own some property. Some became slave holders. The <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> petitioned the colonial government to expand their rights. Slaves that made it to Haiti from the trans-Atlantic journey and slaves born in Haiti were first documented in Haiti's archives and transferred to France's Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit">[update]</a>, these records are in The National Archives of France. According to the 1788 Census, Haiti's population consisted of nearly 40,000 whites, 30,000 free coloureds and 450,000 slaves.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> of 1804, the only successful <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave revolt</a> in human history, precipitated the end of slavery in all French colonies, which came in <a href="/wiki/End_of_slavery_in_France#Proclamation_of_the_Abolition_of_Slavery_in_the_French_Colonies" title="End of slavery in France">1848</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slave_Trader,_Sold_to_Tennessee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Slave_Trader%2C_Sold_to_Tennessee.jpg/220px-Slave_Trader%2C_Sold_to_Tennessee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Slave_Trader%2C_Sold_to_Tennessee.jpg/330px-Slave_Trader%2C_Sold_to_Tennessee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Slave_Trader%2C_Sold_to_Tennessee.jpg/440px-Slave_Trader%2C_Sold_to_Tennessee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Coffle" title="Coffle">coffle</a> of slaves being driven on foot from <a href="/wiki/Staunton,_Virginia" title="Staunton, Virginia">Staunton</a>, Virginia to Tennessee in 1850.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a> was the legal institution of human chattel enslavement, primarily of Africans and <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, that existed in the United States of America in the 18th and 19th centuries, after it gained independence from the British and before the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Slavery had been practiced in <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a> from <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">early colonial days</a> and was legal in all <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the status of slave had been institutionalized as a racial caste associated with African ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The United States became polarized over the issue of slavery, represented by the <a href="/wiki/Slave_and_free_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave and free states">slave and free states</a> divided by the <a href="/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line" title="Mason–Dixon line">Mason–Dixon line</a>, which separated free Pennsylvania from slave Maryland and Delaware. Congress, during the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a> administration, <a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">prohibited the importation of slaves</a>, effective 1808, although smuggling (illegal importing) was not unusual.<a href="#cite_note-Julia_Floyd_Smith_1973,_pp._44-46-156">[156]</a> Domestic slave trading, however, continued at a rapid pace, driven by labour demands from the development of cotton <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantations in the Deep South</a>. Those states attempted to extend slavery into the new western territories to keep their share of political power in the nation. Such laws proposed to Congress to continue the spread of slavery into newly ratified states include the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a>. The treatment of slaves in the United States varied widely depending on conditions, times, and places. The power relationships of slavery corrupted many whites who had authority over slaves, with children showing their own cruelty. Masters and overseers resorted to physical punishments to impose their wills. Slaves were punished by whipping, shackling, <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">hanging</a>, beating, burning, mutilation, branding and imprisonment. Punishment was most often meted out in response to disobedience or perceived infractions, but sometimes abuse was carried out to re-assert the dominance of the master or overseer of the slave.<a href="#cite_note-Wilbert-157">[157]</a> Treatment was usually harsher on large plantations, which were often managed by overseers and owned by absentee slaveholders. <a href="/wiki/William_Wells_Brown" title="William Wells Brown">William Wells Brown</a>, who escaped to freedom, reported that on one plantation, slave men were required to pick 80 pounds (36 kg) of cotton per day, while women were required to pick 70 pounds (32 kg) per day; if any slave failed in their quota, they were subject to whip lashes for each pound they were short. The whipping post stood next to the cotton scales.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> A New York man who attended a slave auction in the mid-19th century reported that at least three-quarters of the male slaves he saw at sale had scars on their backs from whipping.<a href="#cite_note-McInnis2011-159">[159]</a> By contrast, small slave-owning families had closer relationships between the owners and slaves; this sometimes resulted in a more humane environment but was not a given.<a href="#cite_note-Wilbert-157">[157]</a> More than one million slaves were sold from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a>, which had a surplus of labour, and taken to the Deep South in a forced migration, splitting up many families. New communities of African American culture were developed in the Deep South, and the total slave population in the South eventually reached 4 million before liberation.<a href="#cite_note-Stephen1999-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In the 19th century, proponents of slavery often defended the institution as a "necessary evil". White people of that time feared that emancipation of black slaves would have more harmful social and economic consequences than the continuation of slavery. The French writer and traveler <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835), expressed opposition to slavery while observing its effects on American society. He felt that a multiracial society without slavery was untenable, as he believed that prejudice against black people increased as they were granted more rights. Others, like <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Hammond" class="mw-redirect" title="James Henry Hammond">James Henry Hammond</a> argued that slavery was a "positive good" stating: "Such a class you must have, or you would not have that other class which leads progress, civilization, and refinement." The Southern state governments wanted to keep a balance between the number of slave and free states to maintain a political balance of power in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. The new <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a> acquired from <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a>, and Mexico were the subject of major political compromises. By 1850, the newly rich cotton-growing South was threatening to secede from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>, and tensions continued to rise. Many white Southern Christians, including church ministers, attempted to justify their support for slavery as modified by Christian paternalism.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The largest denominations, the Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches, split over the slavery issue into regional organizations of the North and South. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg/220px-SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg/330px-SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg/440px-SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Slaves on a Virginia plantation (<a href="/wiki/The_Old_Plantation" title="The Old Plantation">The Old Plantation</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1790).</figcaption></figure> When <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 election</a> on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery, according to the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 United States Census">1860 U.S. census</a>, roughly 400,000 individuals, representing 8% of all U.S. families, owned nearly 4,000,000 slaves.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> One-third of Southern families owned slaves.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The South was heavily invested in slavery. As such, upon Lincoln's election, seven states broke away to form the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. The first six states to secede held the greatest number of slaves in the South. Shortly after, over the issue of slavery, the United States erupted into an all-out <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, with slavery legally ceasing as an institution following the war in December 1865. In 1865, the United States ratified the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, which banned slavery and involuntary servitude "except as punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted," providing a legal basis for forced labor to continue in the country. This led to the system of <a href="/wiki/Convict_leasing" title="Convict leasing">convict leasing</a>, which affected primarily African Americans. The <a href="/wiki/Prison_Policy_Initiative" title="Prison Policy Initiative">Prison Policy Initiative</a>, an American criminal justice think tank, cites the 2020 US prison population as 2.3 million, and nearly all able-bodied inmates work in some fashion. In <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, prisoners are not paid at all for their work. In other states, prisoners are paid between $0.12 and $1.15 per hour. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Prison_Industries" title="Federal Prison Industries">Federal Prison Industries</a> paid inmates an average of $0.90 per hour in 2017. Inmates who refuse to work may be indefinitely remanded into <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a> or have family visitation revoked. From 2010 to 2015 and <a href="/wiki/2016_U.S._prison_strike" title="2016 U.S. prison strike">again in 2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018_U.S._prison_strike" title="2018 U.S. prison strike">in 2018</a>, some prisoners in the US <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">refused to work</a>, protesting for better pay, better conditions, and for the end of forced labor. Strike leaders were punished with indefinite solitary confinement. Forced prison labor occurs in both government-run prisons and <a href="/wiki/Private_prisons_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Private prisons in the United States">private prisons</a>. <a href="/wiki/CoreCivic" title="CoreCivic">CoreCivic</a> and <a href="/wiki/GEO_Group" title="GEO Group">GEO Group</a> constitute half the market share of private prisons, and they made a combined revenue of $3.5 billion in 2015. The value of all labor by inmates in the United States is estimated to be in the billions. In <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, 2,500 incarcerated workers fought wildfires for only $1 per hour through the CDCR's <a href="/wiki/California_fire_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="California fire camps">Conservation Camp Program</a>, which saves the state as much as $100 million a year.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Asia">History of slavery in Asia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Slave_trade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chinese_Slave_trade.jpg/170px-Chinese_Slave_trade.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chinese_Slave_trade.jpg/255px-Chinese_Slave_trade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chinese_Slave_trade.jpg/340px-Chinese_Slave_trade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>A contract from the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> recording the purchase of a 15-year-old slave for six bolts of plain silk and five <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">coins</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">Slavery in China</a></div> Slavery existed in ancient China as early as the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Slavery was employed largely by governments as a means of maintaining a public labour force.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Until the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, slaves were sometimes discriminated against but their legal status was guaranteed. As can be seen from the some historical records as "Duansheng, <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marquis</a> of Shouxiang, had his <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territory</a> confiscated because he killed a female slave" (<a href="/wiki/Dongguan_Hanji" title="Dongguan Hanji">Han dynasty records in DongGuan</a>), "<a href="/wiki/Wang_Mang" title="Wang Mang">Wang Mang</a>'s son Wang Huo murdered a slave, Wang Mang severely criticized him and forced him to commit suicide" (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a>: Biography of Wang Mang), Murder against slaves was as taboo as murder against free people, and perpetrators were always severely punished. Han dynasty can be said to be very distinctive compared to other countries of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">same period</a>(In most cases, lords were free to kill their slaves) in terms of slaves <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Southern and Northern Dynasties</a>, Due to years of poor harvests, the influx of foreign tribes, and the resulting wars, The number of slaves exploded. They became a class and were called "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jianmin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jianmin (page does not exist)">jianmin</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B1%E6%B0%91" class="extiw" title="zh:贱民">zh</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 贱民)", The word literally means "inferior person". As stated in <a href="/wiki/Tang_Code" title="Tang Code">The commentary of Tang Code</a>: "Slaves and inferior people are legally equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> products", They always had a low social status, and even if they were deliberately murdered, the perpetrators received only a year in prison, and were punished even when they reported the crimes of their lords.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> However, in the Later period of the dynasty, perhaps because the increase in the number of slaves slowed down again, the penalties for crimes against them became harsh again. For example, the famous contemporary female poet <a href="/wiki/Yu_Xuanji" title="Yu Xuanji">Yu Xuanji</a>, she was publicly executed for murdering her own slave. Many <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> were enslaved in the process of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">Mongol invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997146–147-170">[170]</a> According to Japanese historians Sugiyama Masaaki (杉山正明) and Funada Yoshiyuki (舩田善之), Mongolian slaves were owned by <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Slavery has taken various forms throughout China's history. It was reportedly abolished as a legally recognized institution, including in a 1909 law<a href="#cite_note-EncAnt-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> fully enacted in 1910,<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> although the practice continued until at least 1949.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997146–147-170">[170]</a> Tang Chinese soldiers and pirates enslaved Koreans, Turks, Persians, Indonesians, and people from Inner Mongolia, central Asia, and northern India.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The greatest source of slaves came from southern tribes, including Thais and aboriginals from the southern provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Guizhou. Malays, Khmers, Indians, and "black skinned" peoples (who were either Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negritos</a> of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands, or Africans, or both) were also purchased as slaves in the Tang dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In the 17th century <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, there was a hereditarily servile people called Booi Aha (<a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>: booi niyalma; Chinese transliteration: 包衣阿哈), which is a Manchu word literally translated as "household person" and sometimes rendered as "<a href="/wiki/Nucai" title="Nucai">nucai</a>." The Manchu was establishing close personal and paternalist relationship between masters and their slaves, as Nurhachi said, "The Master should love the slaves and eat the same food as him".<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> However, booi aha "did not correspond exactly to the Chinese category of "bond-servant slave" (Chinese:奴僕); instead, it was a relationship of personal dependency on a master which in theory guaranteed close personal relationships and equal treatment, even though many western scholars would directly translate "booi" as "bond-servant" (some of the "booi" even had their own servant).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997146–147-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Chinese Muslim</a> (Tungans) Sufis who were charged with practicing xiejiao (heterodox religion), were punished by exile to Xinjiang and being sold as a slave to other Muslims, such as the Sufi <a href="/wiki/Baig" class="mw-redirect" title="Baig">begs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> who committed crimes such as those dealing with opium became slaves to the begs, this practice was administered by Qing law.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Most Chinese in <a href="/wiki/Altishahr" title="Altishahr">Altishahr</a> were exile slaves to Turkestani Begs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward1998145-182">[182]</a> While free Chinese merchants generally did not engage in relationships with East Turkestani women, some of the Chinese slaves belonging to begs, along with Green Standard soldiers, Bannermen, and Manchus, engaged in affairs with the East Turkestani women that were serious in nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward1998206-183">[183]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesang_School_(i.e._kisaeng_school).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gesang_School_%28i.e._kisaeng_school%29.jpg/220px-Gesang_School_%28i.e._kisaeng_school%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gesang_School_%28i.e._kisaeng_school%29.jpg/330px-Gesang_School_%28i.e._kisaeng_school%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gesang_School_%28i.e._kisaeng_school%29.jpg/440px-Gesang_School_%28i.e._kisaeng_school%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kisaeng" title="Kisaeng">Kisaeng</a>, women from outcast or slave families who were trained to provide entertainment, conversation, and sexual services to men of the upper class.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Slavery in Korea</a> existed since before the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> period, in the first century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393-184">[184]</a> Slavery has been described as "very important in medieval Korea, probably more important than in any other <a href="/wiki/East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian">East Asian</a> country, but by the 16th century, population growth was making [it] unnecessary".<a href="#cite_note-Klein2014-185">[185]</a> Slavery went into decline around the 10th century but came back in the late <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> period when Korea also experienced multiple <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave rebellions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393-184">[184]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> period of Korea, members of the slave class were known as nobi. The nobi were socially indistinct from freemen (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Chungin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chungin">middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sangmin" title="Sangmin">common</a> classes) other than the ruling <a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">yangban</a> class, and some possessed property rights, and legal and civil rights. Hence, some scholars argue that it is inappropriate to call them "slaves",<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> while some scholars describe them as <a href="/wiki/Serfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Serfs">serfs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2004153–157-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The nobi population could fluctuate up to about one-third of the total, but on average the nobi made up about 10% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393-184">[184]</a> In 1801, the majority of government nobi were emancipated,<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> and by 1858, the nobi population stood at about 1.5 percent of the Korean population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2004162–163-190">[190]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> period, the <a href="/wiki/Nobi" title="Nobi">nobi</a> population could fluctuate up to about one-third of the population, but on average the nobi made up about 10% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393-184">[184]</a> The nobi system declined beginning in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2004157-191">[191]</a> Since the outset of the Joseon dynasty and especially beginning in the 17th century, there was harsh criticism among prominent thinkers in Korea about the nobi system. Even within the Joseon government, there were indications of a shift in attitude toward the nobi.<a href="#cite_note-Kim-192">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yeongjo_of_Joseon" title="Yeongjo of Joseon">King Yeongjo</a> implemented a policy of gradual <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">emancipation</a> in 1775,<a href="#cite_note-Klein2014-185">[185]</a> and he and his successor <a href="/wiki/Jeongjo_of_Joseon" title="Jeongjo of Joseon">King Jeongjo</a> made many proposals and developments that lessened the burden on nobi, which led to the emancipation of the vast majority of government nobi in 1801.<a href="#cite_note-Kim-192">[192]</a> In addition, population growth,<a href="#cite_note-Klein2014-185">[185]</a> numerous escaped slaves,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393-184">[184]</a> growing commercialization of agriculture, and the rise of the independent small farmer class contributed to the decline in the number of nobi to about 1.5% of the total population by 1858.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2004162–163-190">[190]</a> The hereditary nobi system was officially abolished around 1886–87,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2004162–163-190">[190]</a> and the rest of the nobi system was abolished with the <a href="/wiki/Gabo_Reform" title="Gabo Reform">Gabo Reform</a> of 1894.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> However, slavery did not completely disappear in Korea until 1930, during Imperial Japanese rule. During the <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Imperial Japanese occupation of Korea</a> around World War II, some Koreans were used in forced labour by the Imperial Japanese, in conditions which have been compared to slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tierney1999-194">[194]</a> These included women forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army before and during World War II, known as "<a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tierney1999-194">[194]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Portugal_relations#History" title="Japan–Portugal relations">the Portuguese first made contact with Japan</a> in 1543, slave trade developed in which Portuguese purchased Japanese as slaves in Japan and sold them to various locations overseas, including Portugal, throughout the 16th and 17th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Many documents mention the slave trade along with protests against the enslavement of Japanese. Japanese slaves are believed to be the first of their nation to end up in Europe, and the Portuguese purchased numbers of Japanese slave girls to bring to Portugal for sexual purposes, as noted by the Church<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> in 1555. Japanese slave women were even sold as <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubines</a> to Asian <a href="/wiki/Lascar" title="Lascar">lascar</a> and African crew members, along with their European counterparts serving on Portuguese ships trading in Japan, mentioned by Luis Cerqueira, a Portuguese Jesuit, in a 1598 document.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Japanese slaves were brought by the Portuguese to <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, where they were enslaved to Portuguese or became slaves to other slaves.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Some Korean slaves were bought by the Portuguese and brought back to Portugal from Japan, where they had been among the tens of thousands of Korean prisoners of war transported to Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%9398)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Historians pointed out that at the same time Hideyoshi expressed his indignation and outrage at the Portuguese trade in Japanese slaves, he was engaging in a mass slave trade of Korean prisoners of war in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Fillippo Sassetti saw some Chinese and Japanese slaves in Lisbon among the large slave community in 1578, although most of the slaves were black.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-pinto92-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> The Portuguese also valued Oriental slaves more than the black Africans and the Moors for their rarity. Chinese slaves were more expensive than Moors and blacks and showed off the high status of the owner.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> The Portuguese attributed qualities like intelligence and industriousness to Chinese, Japanese and Indian slaves.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-pinto92-207">[207]</a> King <a href="/wiki/King_Sebastian" class="mw-redirect" title="King Sebastian">Sebastian of Portugal</a> feared rampant slavery was having a negative effect on Catholic proselytization, so he commanded that it be banned in 1571.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hideyoshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hideyoshi">Hideyoshi</a> was so disgusted that his own Japanese people were being sold en masse into slavery on <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>, that he wrote a letter to Jesuit Vice-Provincial Gaspar Coelho on July 24, 1587, to demand the Portuguese, Siamese (Thai), and Cambodians stop purchasing and enslaving Japanese and return Japanese slaves who ended up as far as India.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Hideyoshi blamed the Portuguese and Jesuits for this slave trade and banned Christian proselytizing as a result.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>]<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> In 1595, a law was passed by Portugal banning the selling and buying of Chinese and Japanese slaves.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">Slavery in India</a> was widespread by the 6th century BC, and perhaps even as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Slavery intensified during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim domination of northern India</a> after the 11th-century.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Slavery existed in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> after the 16th century. The Dutch, too, largely dealt in Abyssian slaves, known in India as Habshis or Sheedes.<a href="#cite_note-tribuneindia.com-221">[221]</a> Arakan/Bengal, Malabar, and <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel</a> remained the largest sources of forced labour until the 1660s. Between 1626 and 1662, the Dutch exported on an average 150–400 slaves annually from the Arakan-Bengal coast. During the first 30 years of Batavia's existence, Indian and Arakanese slaves provided the main labour force of the Dutch East India Company, Asian headquarters. An increase in Coromandel slaves occurred during a famine following the revolt of the Nayaka Indian rulers of South India (Tanjavur, Senji, and Madurai) against Bijapur overlordship (1645) and the subsequent devastation of the Tanjavur countryside by the Bijapur army. Reportedly, more than 150,000 people were taken by the invading Deccani Muslim armies to Bijapur and Golconda. In 1646, 2,118 slaves were exported to Batavia, the overwhelming majority from southern Coromandel. Some slaves were also acquired further south at Tondi, Adirampatnam, and Kayalpatnam. Another increase in slaving took place between 1659 and 1661 from Tanjavur as a result of a series of successive Bijapuri raids. At Nagapatnam, Pulicat, and elsewhere, the company purchased 8,000–10,000 slaves, the bulk of whom were sent to Ceylon, while a small portion were exported to Batavia and Malacca. Finally, following a long drought in Madurai and southern Coromandel, in 1673, which intensified the prolonged Madurai-Maratha struggle over Tanjavur and punitive fiscal practices, thousands of people from Tanjavur, mostly children, were sold into slavery and exported by Asian traders from Nagapattinam to Aceh, Johor, and other slave markets. In September 1687, 665 slaves were exported by the English from Fort St. George, Madras. And, in 1694–96, when warfare once more ravaged South India, a total of 3,859 slaves were imported from Coromandel by private individuals into Ceylon.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The volume of the total Dutch Indian Ocean slave trade has been estimated to be about 15–30% of the Atlantic slave trade, slightly smaller than the trans-Saharan slave trade, and one-and-a-half to three times the size of the Swahili and Red Sea coast and the Dutch West India Company slave trades.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> According to Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bartle_Frere" title="Henry Bartle Frere">Henry Bartle Frere</a> (who sat on the Viceroy's Council), there were an estimated 8 or 9 million slaves in India in 1841. About 15% of the population of <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> were slaves. Slavery was legally abolished in the possessions of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Slavery_Act,_1843" title="Indian Slavery Act, 1843">Indian Slavery Act, 1843</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Slavery-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_East_Asia">South East Asia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Slavery in Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Slavery in Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Slavery in Malaysia</a></div> The hill tribe people in <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> were "hunted incessantly and carried off as slaves by the Siamese (Thai), the Anamites (Vietnamese), and the Cambodians".<a href="#cite_note-Bowie1996-227">[227]</a> A Siamese military campaign in Laos in 1876 was described by a British observer as having been "transformed into slave-hunting raids on a large scale".<a href="#cite_note-Bowie1996-227">[227]</a> The census, taken in 1879, showed that 6% of the population in the <a href="/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia" title="Monarchies of Malaysia">Malay</a> sultanate of <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> were slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Abolition-228">[228]</a> Enslaved people made up about two-thirds of the population in part of <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> in the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-Abolition-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oceania">Oceania</h4></div> Slaves (he mōkai) had a recognised social role in traditional <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori society</a> in New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a> occurred on islands in the Pacific Ocean and Australia, especially in the 19th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Greece_and_Rome">Ancient Greece and Rome</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery in ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery in ancient Rome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_038.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_038.png/250px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_038.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_038.png/375px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_038.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_038.png/500px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_038.png 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ishmaelites" title="Ishmaelites">Ishmaelites</a> purchase <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnorr von Carolsfeld">Schnorr von Carolsfeld</a>, 1860</figcaption></figure> Records of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Ancient Greece">slavery in Ancient Greece</a> begin with <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a>. <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a> had the largest slave population, with as many as 80,000 in the 6th and 5th centuries BC.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> expanded outward, entire populations were enslaved, across Europe and the Mediterranean. Slaves were used for labour, as well as for amusement (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sex slaves</a>). This oppression by an elite minority eventually led to <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave revolts</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Roman_Servile_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Servile Wars">Roman Servile Wars</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a> was led by <a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a>. By the late Republican era, slavery had become an economic pillar of Roman wealth, as well as Roman society.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> It is estimated that 25% or more of the population of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> was enslaved, although the actual percentage is debated by scholars and varied from region to region.<a href="#cite_note-Harper2011-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Slaves represented 15–25% of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a>'s population,<a href="#cite_note-Scheidel-234">[234]</a> mostly war captives,<a href="#cite_note-Scheidel-234">[234]</a> especially from <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a><a href="#cite_note-Joshel545560-235">[235]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>. Estimates of the number of slaves in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> suggest that the majority were scattered throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Province">provinces</a> outside of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Scheidel-234">[234]</a> Generally, slaves in Italy were indigenous Italians.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Foreigners (including both slaves and freedmen) born outside of Italy were estimated to have peaked at 5% of the total in the capital, where their number was largest. Those from outside of Europe were predominantly of Greek descent. Jewish slaves never fully assimilated into Roman society, remaining an identifiable minority. These slaves (especially the foreigners) had higher death rates and lower birth rates than natives and were sometimes subjected to mass expulsions.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> The average recorded age at death for the slaves in Rome was seventeen and a half years (17.2 for males; 17.9 for females).<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_and_early_modern_Europe">Medieval and early modern Europe</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery in the Byzantine Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gniezno_Boleslaus_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gniezno_Boleslaus_II.jpg/310px-Gniezno_Boleslaus_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gniezno_Boleslaus_II.jpg/465px-Gniezno_Boleslaus_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gniezno_Boleslaus_II.jpg/620px-Gniezno_Boleslaus_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague" title="Adalbert of Prague">Adalbert of Prague</a> pleads with <a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia">Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia</a> for the release of slaves</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery in early medieval Europe</a> was so common that the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> repeatedly prohibited it, or at least the export of Christian slaves to non-Christian lands, as for example at the <a href="/wiki/Koblenz#Middle_Ages" title="Koblenz">Council of Koblenz</a> (922), the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_London_(1102)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of London (1102)">Council of London (1102)</a> (which aimed mainly at the sale of English slaves to Ireland)<a href="#cite_note-Thomas-239">[239]</a> and the Council of Armagh (1171). <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a>, on the contrary, was widely accepted. In 1452, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Dum_Diversas" title="Dum Diversas">Dum Diversas</a>, granting the kings of Spain and Portugal the right to reduce any "Saracens (Muslims), pagans and any other unbelievers" to perpetual slavery, legitimizing the slave trade as a result of war.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> The approval of slavery under these conditions was reaffirmed and extended in his <a href="/wiki/Romanus_Pontifex" title="Romanus Pontifex">Romanus Pontifex</a> bull of 1455. Large-scale trading in slaves was mainly confined to the South and East of <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early medieval</a> Europe: the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> were the destinations, while <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> (along with the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a>) were important sources. <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radhanite" title="Radhanite">Radhanite</a> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> merchants were all involved in the slave trade during the Early Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> The trade in European slaves reached a peak in the 10th century following the <a href="/wiki/Zanj_Rebellion" title="Zanj Rebellion">Zanj Rebellion</a>, which dampened the use of African slaves in the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> In Britain, slavery continued to be practiced following the fall of Rome, while sections of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Hywel_the_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="Hywel the Good">Hywel the Good</a>'s laws dealt with slaves in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">medieval England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Wales">medieval Wales</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Jurasinski_2015_p._96-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foot_2011_p._139-247">[247]</a> The trade particularly picked up after the Viking invasions, with major markets at <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> supplied by Danish, Mercian, and Welsh raiding of one another's borderlands. At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a>, nearly 10% of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman England">English</a> population were slaves.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> introduced a law preventing the sale of slaves overseas.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/John_Gillingham" title="John Gillingham">John Gillingham</a>, by 1200 slavery in the British Isles was non-existent.<a href="#cite_note-Gillingham8-9-252">[252]</a> Slavery had never been authorized by statute within England and Wales, and in 1772, in the case <a href="/wiki/Somerset_v_Stewart" title="Somerset v Stewart">Somerset v Stewart</a>, Lord Mansfield declared that it was also unsupported within England by the common law. The slave trade was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">Slave Trade Act 1807</a>, although slavery remained legal in possessions outside Europe until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act 1833</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Slavery_Act,_1843" title="Indian Slavery Act, 1843">Indian Slavery Act, 1843</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> However, when England began to have colonies in the Americas, and particularly from the 1640s, African slaves began to make their appearance in England and remained a presence until the eighteenth century. In Scotland, slaves continued to be sold as chattels until late in the eighteenth century (on the second May 1722, an advertisement appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Evening_Courant" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Evening Courant">Edinburgh Evening Courant</a>, announcing that a stolen slave had been found, who would be sold to pay expenses, unless claimed within two weeks).<a href="#cite_note-auto-254">[254]</a> For nearly two hundred years in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_mining" title="History of coal mining">history of coal mining</a> in Scotland, miners were bonded to their "maisters" by a 1606 Act "Anent Coalyers and Salters". The <a href="/wiki/Colliers_and_Salters_(Scotland)_Act_1775" title="Colliers and Salters (Scotland) Act 1775">Colliers and Salters (Scotland) Act 1775</a> stated that "many colliers and salters are in a state of slavery and bondage" and announced emancipation; those starting work after July 1, 1775, would not become slaves, while those already in a state of slavery could, after 7 or 10 years depending on their age, apply for a decree of the Sheriff's Court granting their freedom. Few could afford this, until a further law in 1799 established their freedom and made this slavery and bondage illegal.<a href="#cite_note-auto-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg/290px-Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg/435px-Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg/580px-Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>A British captain witnessing the miseries of slaves in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Ottoman Algeria</a>, 1815</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Ottoman Wars">Byzantine-Ottoman wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a> brought large numbers of slaves into the Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> To staff its bureaucracy, the Ottoman Empire established a <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">janissary system</a> which seized hundreds of thousands of Christian boys through the <a href="/wiki/Dev%C5%9Firme" class="mw-redirect" title="Devşirme">devşirme</a> system. They were well cared for but were legally slaves owned by the government and were not allowed to marry. They were never bought or sold. The empire gave them significant administrative and military roles. The system began about 1365; there were 135,000 janissaries in 1826, when the system ended.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Battle of Lepanto</a>, 12,000 Christian galley slaves were recaptured and freed from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman fleet">Ottoman fleet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Eastern Europe suffered a series of <a href="/wiki/Mongol_and_Tatar_states_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol and Tatar states in Europe">Tatar invasions</a>, the goal of which was to loot and capture slaves for selling them to Ottomans as <a href="/wiki/Jasyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasyr">jasyr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-slave_trade-259">[259]</a> Seventy-five Crimean Tatar raids were recorded into <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a> between 1474 and 1569.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Targ_niewolnikow_w_Kordowie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Targ_niewolnikow_w_Kordowie.jpg/220px-Targ_niewolnikow_w_Kordowie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Targ_niewolnikow_w_Kordowie.jpg/330px-Targ_niewolnikow_w_Kordowie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Targ_niewolnikow_w_Kordowie.jpg/440px-Targ_niewolnikow_w_Kordowie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> and African slaves in Córdoba, illustration from <a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria" title="Cantigas de Santa Maria">Cantigas de Santa Maria</a>, 13th Century</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Medieval Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a> were the scene of almost constant Muslim invasion of the predominantly Christian area. Periodic raiding expeditions were sent from <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> to ravage the Iberian Christian kingdoms, bringing back booty and slaves. In a raid against Lisbon in 1189, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad dynasty">Almohad</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_al-Mansur" title="Yaqub al-Mansur">Yaqub al-Mansur</a> took 3,000 female and child captives, while his governor of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, in a subsequent attack upon <a href="/wiki/Silves_Municipality,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Silves Municipality, Portugal">Silves</a>, Portugal, in 1191, took 3,000 Christian slaves.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> From the 11th to the 19th century, North African <a href="/wiki/Barbary_corsairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary corsairs">Barbary Pirates</a> engaged in raids on European coastal towns to capture Christian slaves to sell at <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave markets</a> in places such as Algeria and Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> The maritime town of <a href="/wiki/Lagos,_Portugal" title="Lagos, Portugal">Lagos</a> was the first slave market created in Portugal (one of the earliest colonizers of the Americas) for the sale of imported African slaves – the <a href="/wiki/Mercado_de_Escravos" title="Mercado de Escravos">Mercado de Escravos</a>, opened in 1444.<a href="#cite_note-Goodman-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-264">[264]</a> In 1441, the first slaves were brought to Portugal from northern Mauritania.<a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-264">[264]</a> By 1552, black African slaves made up 10% of the population of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> In the second half of the 16th century, the Crown gave up the monopoly on slave trade, and the focus of European trade in African slaves shifted from import to Europe to slave transports directly to tropical colonies in the Americas – especially Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-264">[264]</a> In the 15th century one-third of the slaves were resold to the African market in exchange of gold.<a href="#cite_note-Klein2010-267">[267]</a> Until the late 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> (a Muslim Tatar state) maintained a <a href="/wiki/Crimean-Nogai_raids_into_East_Slavic_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands">massive slave trade</a> with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-slave_trade-259">[259]</a> The slaves were captured in southern Russia, <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland-Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> horsemen<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> and sold in the Crimean port of <a href="/wiki/Feodosiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodosiya">Kaffa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> About 2 million mostly Christian slaves were exported over the 16th and 17th centuries<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> until the Crimean Khanate was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1783.<a href="#cite_note-Crimea-271">[271]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recovery_of_Tartar_captives.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Recovery_of_Tartar_captives.PNG/290px-Recovery_of_Tartar_captives.PNG" decoding="async" width="290" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Recovery_of_Tartar_captives.PNG/435px-Recovery_of_Tartar_captives.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Recovery_of_Tartar_captives.PNG/580px-Recovery_of_Tartar_captives.PNG 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Tatar</a> raiders enslaved more than 1 million Eastern Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovy</a>, slaves were usually classified as <a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">kholops</a>. According to David P. Forsythe, "In 1649 up to three-quarters of Muscovy's peasants, or 13 to 14 million people, were serfs whose material lives were barely distinguishable from slaves. Perhaps another 1.5 million were formally enslaved, with Russian slaves serving Russian masters."<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights-273">[273]</a> Slavery remained a major institution in <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> until 1723, when <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter the Great</a> converted the household slaves into house serfs. Russian agricultural slaves were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Slavery in Poland was forbidden in the 15th century; in Lithuania, slavery was formally abolished in 1588; they were replaced by the second serfdom. In Scandinavia, <a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">thralldom</a> was abolished in the mid-14th century.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buchenwald_Forced_Labor_Railroad_85877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Buchenwald_Forced_Labor_Railroad_85877.jpg/220px-Buchenwald_Forced_Labor_Railroad_85877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Buchenwald_Forced_Labor_Railroad_85877.jpg/330px-Buchenwald_Forced_Labor_Railroad_85877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Buchenwald_Forced_Labor_Railroad_85877.jpg/440px-Buchenwald_Forced_Labor_Railroad_85877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Prisoners forced to work on the Buchenwald–Weimar rail line, 1943</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Forced labour under German rule during World War II</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Nazi Germany effectively enslaved about 12 million people</a>, both those considered undesirable and citizens of conquered countries, with the avowed intention of treating these <a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a> (sub-humans) as a permanent slave-class of inferior beings who could be worked until they died, and who possessed neither the rights nor the legal status of members of the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Besides Jews, the harshest deportation and forced labour policies were applied to the populations of Poland,<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. By the end of the war, half of Belarus' population had been killed or deported.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communist_states">Communist states</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belomorkanal3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Belomorkanal3.jpg/220px-Belomorkanal3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Belomorkanal3.jpg/330px-Belomorkanal3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Belomorkanal3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Workers being forced to haul rocks up a hill in a Gulag</figcaption></figure> Between 1930 and 1960, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> created a system of, according to <a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Anne Applebaum</a> and the "perspective of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Kremlin</a>", slave labor camps called the Gulag (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: ГУЛаг, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: GULag).<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> Prisoners in these camps were worked to death by a combination of extreme production quotas, physical and psychological brutality, hunger, lack of medical care, and the harsh environment. <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a>, who survived eight years of Gulag incarceration, provided firsthand testimony about the camps with the publication of <a href="/wiki/The_Gulag_Archipelago" title="The Gulag Archipelago">The Gulag Archipelago</a>, after which he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApplebaum2003-282">[282]</a> Fatality rate was as high as 80% during the first months in many camps. Hundreds of thousands of people, possibly millions, died as a direct result of forced labour under the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Golfo Alexopoulos suggests comparing labor in the Gulag with "other forms of slave labor" and notes its "violence of human exploitation" in Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag:<a href="#cite_note-:1Illness-284">[284]</a> <blockquote> Stalin's Gulag was, in many ways, less a concentration camp than a forced labor camp and less a prison system than a system of slavery. The image of the slave appears often in Gulag memoir literature. As Varlam Shalamov wrote: "Hungry and exhausted, we leaned into a horse collar, raising blood blisters on our chests and pulling a stone-filled cart up the slanted mine floor. The collar was the same device used long ago by the ancient Egyptians." Thoughtful and rigorous historical comparisons of Soviet forced labor and other forms of slave labor would be worthy of scholarly attention, in my view. For as in the case of global slavery, the Gulag found legitimacy in an elaborate narrative of difference that involved the presumption of dangerousness and guilt. This ideology of difference and the violence of human exploitation have left lasting legacies in contemporary Russia. </blockquote> Historian Anne Applebaum writes in the introduction of her book that the word GULAG has come to represent "the system of Soviet slave labor itself, in all its forms and varieties":<a href="#cite_note-:1-285">[285]</a> <blockquote> The word "GULAG" is an acronym for Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei, or Main Camp Administration, the institution which ran the Soviet camps. But over time, the word has also come to signify the system of Soviet slave labor itself, in all its forms and varieties: labor camps, punishment camps, criminal and political camps, women's camps, children's camps, transit camps. Even more broadly, "Gulag" has come to mean the Soviet repressive system itself, the set of procedures that Alexander Solzhenitsyn once called "our meat grinder": the arrests, the interrogations, the transport in unheated cattle cars, the forced labor, the destruction of families, the years spent in exile, the early and unnecessary deaths. </blockquote>Applebaum's introduction has been criticized by Gulag researcher Wilson Bell,<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> stating that her book "is, aside from the introduction, a well-done overview of the Gulag, but it did not offer an interpretative framework much beyond <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a>'s paradigms".<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">History of slavery in the Muslim world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mamluk_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mamluk Sultanate">Slavery in the Mamluk Sultanate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery in the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabslavers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabslavers.jpg/290px-Arabslavers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabslavers.jpg/435px-Arabslavers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Arabslavers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>19th-century engraving depicting an Arab slave-trading <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravan</a> transporting black African slaves across the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the earliest known records, slavery is treated as an established institution. The <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1760 BC), for example, prescribed death for anyone who helped a slave escape or who sheltered a fugitive.<a href="#cite_note-wsu._edu-288">[288]</a> The Bible <a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">mentions slavery</a> as an established institution.<a href="#cite_note-Slavery-3">[3]</a> Slavery existed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Pharaonic Egypt</a>, but studying it is complicated by terminology used by the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> to refer to different classes of servitude over the course of history. Interpretation of the textual evidence of classes of slaves in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> has been difficult to differentiate by word usage alone.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> The three apparent types of enslavement in Ancient Egypt: chattel slavery, bonded labour, and forced labour.<a href="#cite_note-David_91-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-Everett_10–11-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-293">[293]</a> Historically, slaves in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a> came from many different regions, including <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199253-294">[294]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>),<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Central Asia (mainly <a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartars</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and Eastern Europe (mainly Slavs <a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Soldier_Khan-296">[296]</a> These slaves were trafficked to the Arab world from Africa via the Trans-Saharan slave trade, the <a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a> treaty, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a>; from Asia via the <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a>; and from Europe via the <a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a>, respectively. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:360Niklas_St%C3%B6r_Entf%C3%BChrung_in_die_Sklaverei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/360Niklas_St%C3%B6r_Entf%C3%BChrung_in_die_Sklaverei.jpg/220px-360Niklas_St%C3%B6r_Entf%C3%BChrung_in_die_Sklaverei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/360Niklas_St%C3%B6r_Entf%C3%BChrung_in_die_Sklaverei.jpg/330px-360Niklas_St%C3%B6r_Entf%C3%BChrung_in_die_Sklaverei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/360Niklas_St%C3%B6r_Entf%C3%BChrung_in_die_Sklaverei.jpg/440px-360Niklas_St%C3%B6r_Entf%C3%BChrung_in_die_Sklaverei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars</a> saw Europeans dragged to that empire.</figcaption></figure> Between 1517 and 1917, most of the Middle East consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In the Ottoman capital of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, about one-fifth of the population consisted of slaves.<a href="#cite_note-ebhellie-80">[80]</a> The city was a major centre of the slave trade in the 15th and later centuries. Eastern European slaves were provided to the Ottoman Empire via the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a> by Tatar raids on Slavic villages<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> but also by conquest and the suppression of rebellions, in the aftermath of which entire populations were sometimes enslaved and sold across the Empire, reducing the risk of future rebellion. The Ottomans also purchased slaves from traders who brought slaves into the Empire from Europe and Africa. It has been estimated that some 200,000 slaves – mainly <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> – were imported into the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> between 1800 and 1909.<a href="#cite_note-Abolition-228">[228]</a> In 1908, women slaves were still sold in the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> German orientalist, <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dalman" title="Gustaf Dalman">Gustaf Dalman</a>, reported seeing slaves in Muslim houses in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, belonging to Ottoman Syria, in 1899, and that boys could be bought as slaves in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and Cairo in as late as 1909.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_slave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Persian_slave.jpg/220px-Persian_slave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Persian_slave.jpg/330px-Persian_slave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Persian_slave.jpg/440px-Persian_slave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption>Persian slave in the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a>, 19th century.</figcaption></figure> A major center of slave trade to the Middle east was central Asia, where the <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a> had supplied slaves to the Middle East for thousands of years from antiquity until the 1870s. A slave market for captured Russian and <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> slaves was the <a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a> centred in the Central Asian <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">khanate of Khiva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> In the early 1840s, the population of the Uzbek states of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a> and Khiva included about 900,000 slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Abolition-228">[228]</a> By 1870, chattel slavery had been at least formally banned in most areas of the world, with the exception of Muslim lands in Caucasus, Africa, and the Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-Miers,_S._2003_p.16-301">[301]</a> While slavery was by the 1870s viewed as morally unacceptable in the West, slavery was not considered to be imoral in the Muslim world since it was an institution recognized in the Quran and morally justified under the guise of warfare against non-Muslims, and non-Muslims were kidnapped and enslaved by Muslims around the Muslim world: in the Balkans, the Caucasus, the Baluchistan, India, South West Asia and the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-Miers,_S._2003_p.16-301">[301]</a> Slaves where marsched in schackles to the coasts of Sudan, Ethiopia and Somali, placed upon <a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">dhows</a> and trafficked <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">across the Indian Ocean</a> to the Gulf or Aden, or <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">across the Red Sea</a> to Arabia and Aden, while weak slaves being thrown in the sea; or across the Sahara desert via the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a> to the Nile, while dying from exposure and swollen feet.<a href="#cite_note-Miers,_S._2003_p.16-301">[301]</a> Ottoman anti slavery laws where not enforced in the late 19th-century, particularly not in Hejaz; the first attempt to ban the Red Sea slave trade in 1857 resulted in a rebellion in the Hejaz Province, which resulted in Hejza exempted from the ban.<a href="#cite_note-Miers,_S._2003_p._17-302">[302]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ottoman_Convention_of_1880" title="Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880">Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880</a> formally banned the Red Sea slave trade, but it was not enforced in the Ottoman Provinces in the Arabian Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Miers,_S._2003_p._17-302">[302]</a> In the late 19th-century, the Sultan of Morocco stated to Western diplomats that it was impossible for him to ban slavery because such a ban would not be enforcable, but the British asked him to ensure that the slave trade in Morocco would at least be handled discreet and away from the eyes of foreign wittnesses.<a href="#cite_note-Miers,_S._2003_p._17-302">[302]</a> Chattel slavery lasted in most of the Middle East until the 20th-century. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a> still provided enslaved people from Africa to the Arabian Peninsula after World War II. As recently as the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia's slave population</a> was estimated at 300,000.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> Along with Yemen, the Saudis abolished slavery in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-304">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_slavery">Contemporary slavery</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery">Contemporary slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Slavery in contemporary Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_slavery" title="Child slavery">Child slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">Trafficking of children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration#Slavery" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal immigration § Slavery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Slavery in the 21st century</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maps_Global_Slavery_Index_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Maps_Global_Slavery_Index_2024.svg/402px-Maps_Global_Slavery_Index_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="402" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Maps_Global_Slavery_Index_2024.svg/603px-Maps_Global_Slavery_Index_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Maps_Global_Slavery_Index_2024.svg/804px-Maps_Global_Slavery_Index_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Modern incidence of slavery, as a percentage of the population, by country (2024).</figcaption></figure> Even though slavery is now outlawed in every country, the number of slaves today is estimated as between 12 million and 29.8 million.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forced_labour_–_Themes-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-WFF-307">[307]</a> According to a broad definition of slavery, there were 27 million people in slavery in 1999, spread all over the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBales19999Chapter_1-308">[308]</a> In 2005, the International Labour Organization provided an estimate of 12.3 million forced labourers.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Siddharth_Kara" title="Siddharth Kara">Siddharth Kara</a> has also provided an estimate of 28.4 million slaves at the end of 2006 divided into three categories: <a href="/wiki/Bonded_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonded labour">bonded labour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">debt bondage</a> (18.1 million), forced labour (7.6 million), and trafficked slaves (2.7 million).<a href="#cite_note-Dhaliwal-70">[70]</a> Kara provides a dynamic model to calculate the number of slaves in the world each year, with an estimated 29.2 million at the end of 2009. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali1974-151_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mali1974-151_hg.jpg/220px-Mali1974-151_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mali1974-151_hg.jpg/330px-Mali1974-151_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mali1974-151_hg.jpg/440px-Mali1974-151_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3982" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> society is traditionally hierarchical, ranging from nobles, through vassals, to dark-skinned slaves.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a></figcaption></figure> According to a 2003 report by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, an estimated 15 million children in <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">debt bondage in India</a> work in slavery-like conditions to pay off their family's debts.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a> asserts that new forms of contemporary slavery have been created in the post-Cold War era of global <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, including migrant workers deprived of basic civil rights on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, the total control of workers in Asian <a href="/wiki/Sweatshops" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweatshops">sweatshops</a> and the use of forced labor in the exploitation of natural resources in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3></div> In June 2013, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> released a report on slavery. It placed <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">China</a>, and Uzbekistan in the worst offenders category. Cuba, Iran, North Korea, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a>, Syria, and Zimbabwe were at the lowest level. The list also included Algeria, Libya, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait among a total of 21 countries.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> In Kuwait, there are more than 600,000 migrant domestic workers who are vulnerable to forced labor and legally tied to their employers, who often illegally take their passports.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> In 2019, online slave markets on apps such as Instagram were uncovered.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> In the preparations for the <a href="/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2022 FIFA World Cup">2022 World Cup in Qatar</a>, thousands of Nepalese, the largest group of labourers, faced slavery in the form of denial of wages, confiscation of documents, and inability to leave the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> In 2016, the United Nations gave Qatar 12 months to end migrant worker slavery or face investigation.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Walk_Free_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Walk Free Foundation">Walk Free Foundation</a> reported in 2018 that slavery in wealthy Western societies is much more prevalent than previously known, in particular the United States and Great Britain, which have 403,000 (one in 800) and 136,000 slaves respectively. Andrew Forrest, founder of the organization, said that "The United States is one of the most advanced countries in the world yet has more than 400,000 modern slaves working under forced labour conditions."<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> An estimated 40.3 million are enslaved globally, with North Korea having the most slaves at 2.6 million (one in 10). Of the estimated 40.3 million people in contemporary slavery, 71% are women and 29% are men. The report found of the 40.3 million in modern slavery, 15.4 million are in <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriages</a> and 24.9 million are in <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> The foundation defines contemporary slavery as "situations of exploitation that a person cannot refuse or leave because of threats, violence, coercion, abuse of power, or deception."<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></div>In March 2020, the Chinese government was found to be using the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> minority for forced labour, inside <a href="/wiki/Sweat_shops" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat shops">sweat shops</a>. According to a report published then by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute" title="Australian Strategic Policy Institute">Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI)</a>, no fewer than around 80,000 Uyghurs were <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">forcibly removed</a> from the region of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> and used for forced labour in at least twenty-seven corporate factories.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> According to the Business and Human Rights resource center, corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch" title="Abercrombie & Fitch">Abercrombie & Fitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fila_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fila (company)">Fila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gap_Inc." title="Gap Inc.">Gap</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%26M" title="H&M">H&M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inditex" title="Inditex">Inditex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer">Marks & Spencer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_North_Face" title="The North Face">North Face</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puma_(brand)" title="Puma (brand)">Puma</a>, <a href="/wiki/PVH_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="PVH (company)">PVH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uniqlo" title="Uniqlo">UNIQLO</a> have each sourced products from these factories prior to the publication of the ASPI report.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libya">Libya</h4></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Libyan Civil War">Second Libyan Civil War</a>, Libyans started capturing <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Sub-Saharan African migrants</a> trying to get to Europe through Libya and selling them on slave markets or holding them hostage for <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> Women are often raped, used as <a href="/wiki/Sex_slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex slave">sex slaves</a>, or sold to <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> Child migrants suffer from abuse and <a href="/wiki/Child_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Child rape">child rape</a> in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mauritania">Mauritania</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, the last country to abolish slavery (in 1981), it is estimated that 20% of its population of 3 million people are enslaved as bonded labourers.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnnmauritania-333">[333]</a> Slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> However, although slavery, as a practice, was legally banned in 1981, it was not a crime to own a slave until 2007.<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> Although many slaves have escaped or have been freed since 2007, as of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit">[update]</a>, only one slave owner had been sentenced to serve time in prison.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">Human rights in North Korea</a></div> North Korea's human rights record is often considered to be the worst in the world and has been globally condemned, with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and groups such as <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> all critical of the country's record. Forms of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, forced labour, and abuses are all widespread. Most international human rights organizations consider North Korea to have no contemporary parallel<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> with respect to violations of liberty.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4></div> Taiwan's migrant worker population—estimated in 2018 to be up to 660,000 in number—have reportedly faced slavery-like conditions involving sexual abuse in the <a href="/wiki/Migrant_caregivers_in_Taiwan" title="Migrant caregivers in Taiwan">domestic work</a> sector<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> and forced labor in <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing industry in Taiwan">fishing</a> sectors.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> Taiwan is among a minority of places in the world that legally allows labor brokers to charge migrant workers for services which elsewhere are covered by employers as human resource costs.<a href="#cite_note-:02-345">[345]</a> A few Taiwanese universities have reportedly tricked students from <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>,<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> into forced labour at factories as payment for the university programs.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> Some charity groups in 2007 also insisted that foreign women—mostly from China and Southeast Asia—were being forced into prostitution, although local police in <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a> disagreed and said they deliberately came to Taiwan "to sell sex".<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yemen">Yemen</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Slavery in Yemen</a></div> Despite being formally abolished in the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">slavery in Yemen</a> remains a significant issue exacerbated by ongoing conflict and socio-economic instability. An estimated 85,000 people remaining enslaved as of 2022. The Iran-backed Houthi militias have been accused of reinstating traditional slavery systems. Reports indicate that over 1,800 Yemenis have been forced into servitude by prominent Houthi leaders, with the Houthis dividing society into hierarchical classes of masters and slaves. <a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-tj-yemen-350">[350]</a> This modern slavery encompasses various forms, such as forced labor, sexual exploitation, human trafficking, and child recruitment. <a href="#cite_note-mideast-yemen-351">[351]</a> Vulnerable populations include the Al Muhamashīn community, Ethiopian migrants, and children who are subjected to severe discrimination and exploitation. <a href="#cite_note-mideast-yemen-351">[351]</a> <a href="#cite_note-tj-yemen-350">[350]</a> Despite legal prohibitions against slavery in Yemen, enforcement is weak due to political instability and ongoing civil war. <a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> International organizations have documented these abuses, highlighting the need for stronger interventions to combat slavery and human trafficking in the region. <a href="#cite_note-mideast-yemen-351">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics_2">Economics</h3></div> While American slaves in 1809 were sold for around $40,000 (in inflation adjusted dollars), a slave nowadays can be bought for just $90, making replacement more economical than providing long-term care.<a href="#cite_note-Economics_and_Slavery-353">[353]</a> Slavery is a multibillion-dollar industry with estimates of up to $35 billion generated annually.<a href="#cite_note-investvine-354">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trafficking">Trafficking</h3></div> Victims of <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> are typically recruited through deceit or trickery (such as a false job offer, false migration offer, or false marriage offer), sale by family members, recruitment by former slaves, or outright abduction. Victims are forced into a "debt slavery" situation by coercion, deception, fraud, intimidation, isolation, threat, physical force, debt bondage or even <a href="/wiki/Force-feeding" title="Force-feeding">force-feeding</a> with drugs to control their victims.<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> "Annually, according to U.S. government-sponsored research completed in 2006, approximately 800,000 people are trafficked across national borders, which does not include millions trafficked within their own countries. Approximately 80% of transnational victims are women and girls, and up to 50% are minors, reports the U.S. State Department in a 2008 study.<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> While the majority of trafficking victims are women who are <a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">forced into prostitution</a> (in which case the practice is called sex trafficking), victims also include men, women and children who are forced into <a href="/wiki/Manual_labour" title="Manual labour">manual labour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-state._gov-357">[357]</a> Because of the illegal nature of human trafficking, its extent is unknown. A U.S. government report, published in 2005, estimates that about 700,000 people worldwide are trafficked across borders each year. This figure does not include those who are trafficked internally.<a href="#cite_note-state._gov-357">[357]</a> Another research effort revealed that roughly 1.5 million individuals are trafficked either internally or internationally each year, of which about 500,000 are sex trafficking victims.<a href="#cite_note-Dhaliwal-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a>.</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slave_trade_suppression" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Suppression_of_the_Slave_Trade" title="Template:Campaignbox Suppression of the Slave Trade"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Suppression_of_the_Slave_Trade" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Suppression of the Slave Trade"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Suppression_of_the_Slave_Trade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Suppression of the Slave Trade"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slave_trade_suppression" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Slave trade suppression</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman_of_1830" title="Firman of 1830">Firman of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_slave_trade_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf">Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman_of_1854" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman of 1854">Firman of 1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman of 1857">Firman of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ottoman_Convention_of_1880" title="Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880">Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanunname_of_1889" title="Kanunname of 1889">Kanunname of 1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Conference_Act_of_1890" title="Brussels Conference Act of 1890">Brussels Conference Act of 1890</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">West Africa Squadron (U.K.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Squadron" title="Africa Squadron">Africa Squadron (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_Squadron" title="Brazil Squadron">Brazil Squadron (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Naval_Division" title="Eastern Naval Division">Eastern Naval Division (Brazil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Black_Joke_(1827)#Black_Joke_–_slaver_catcher" title="HMS Black Joke (1827)">Capture of the Providentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Black_Joke_(1827)#Black_Joke_–_slaver_catcher" title="HMS Black Joke (1827)">Capture of the Presidente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Black_Joke_(1827)#Black_Joke_–_slaver_catcher" title="HMS Black Joke (1827)">Capture of the El Almirante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Black_Joke_(1827)#Black_Joke_–_slaver_catcher" title="HMS Black Joke (1827)">Capture of the Marinerito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the Veloz Passagera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the Brillante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_1919" title="Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919">Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole case">Creole case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad">La Amistad Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_South_(clipper)#Capture_of_Emanuela" title="Sunny South (clipper)">Capture of the Emanuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Expedition" title="Johanna Expedition">Bombardment of Johanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carver_Affair" title="Mary Carver Affair">Mary Carver Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Barley_Incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Barley Incident (page does not exist)">Edward Barley Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_expedition" title="Ivory Coast expedition">Battle of Little Bereby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamerton_Treaty" title="Hamerton Treaty">Hamerton Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frere_Treaty" title="Frere Treaty">Frere Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jeddah_(1927)" title="Treaty of Jeddah (1927)">Treaty of Jeddah (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresby_Treaty" title="Moresby Treaty">Moresby Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg/300px-The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg/450px-The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg/600px-The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2798" usemap="#ImageMap_c01fb85a1779ddb7" resource="/wiki/File:The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention,_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg" /><map name="ImageMap_c01fb85a1779ddb7"><area href="/wiki/Isaac_Crewdson" shape="circle" coords="216,90,5" alt="Isaac Crewdson (Beaconite) writer" title="Isaac Crewdson (Beaconite) writer" /><area href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackman_Prescod" shape="circle" coords="230,124,9" alt="Samuel Jackman Prescod - Barbadian Journalist" title="Samuel Jackman Prescod - Barbadian Journalist" /><area href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(abolitionist)" shape="circle" coords="147,125,8" alt="William Morgan from Birmingham" title="William Morgan from Birmingham" /><area href="/wiki/William_Forster_(philanthropist)" shape="circle" coords="135,124,8" alt="William Forster - Quaker leader" title="William Forster - Quaker leader" /><area href="/wiki/George_Stacey_(abolitionist)" shape="circle" coords="120,127,8" alt="George Stacey - Quaker leader" title="George Stacey - Quaker leader" /><area href="/wiki/William_Forster_(philanthropist)" shape="circle" coords="170,124,6" alt="William Forster - Anti-Slavery ambassador" title="William Forster - Anti-Slavery ambassador" /><area href="/wiki/John_Burnet_(abolitionist)" shape="circle" coords="176,125,7" alt="John Burnet -Abolitionist Speaker" title="John Burnet -Abolitionist Speaker" /><area href="/wiki/William_Knibb" shape="circle" coords="181,128,7" alt="William Knibb -Missionary to Jamaica" title="William Knibb -Missionary to Jamaica" /><area href="/wiki/Joseph_Ketley" shape="circle" coords="211,125,6" alt="Joseph Ketley from Guyana" title="Joseph Ketley from Guyana" /><area href="/wiki/George_Thompson_(abolitionist)" shape="circle" coords="219,127,7" alt="George Thompson - UK & US abolitionist" title="George Thompson - UK & US abolitionist" /><area href="/wiki/John_Harfield_Tredgold" shape="circle" coords="105,128,8" alt="J. Harfield Tredgold - British South African (secretary)" title="J. Harfield Tredgold - British South African (secretary)" /><area href="/wiki/Josiah_Forster" shape="circle" coords="60,123,8" alt="Josiah Forster - Quaker leader" title="Josiah Forster - Quaker leader" /><area href="/wiki/Samuel_Gurney_(1786%E2%80%931856)" shape="circle" coords="48,121,10" alt="Samuel Gurney - the Banker's Banker" title="Samuel Gurney - the Banker's Banker" /><area href="/wiki/Sir_John_Eardley-Wilmot,_1st_baronet" shape="circle" coords="31,62,6" alt="Sir John Eardley-Wilmot" title="Sir John Eardley-Wilmot" /><area href="/wiki/Stephen_Lushington_(judge)" shape="circle" coords="22,64,7" alt="Dr Stephen Lushington - MP and Judge" title="Dr Stephen Lushington - MP and Judge" /><area href="/wiki/Thomas_Fowell_Buxton" shape="circle" coords="14,67,6" alt="Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton" title="Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton" /><area href="/wiki/James_Gillespie_Birney" shape="circle" coords="30,76,8" alt="James Gillespie Birney - American" title="James Gillespie Birney - American" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="23,82,8" alt="John Beaumont" title="John Beaumont" /><area href="/wiki/George_Bradburn" shape="circle" coords="9,80,10" alt="George Bradburn - Massachusetts politician" title="George Bradburn - Massachusetts politician" /><area href="/wiki/George_William_Alexander" shape="circle" coords="12,98,9" alt="George William Alexander - Banker and Treasurer" title="George William Alexander - Banker and Treasurer" /><area href="/wiki/Benjamin_Godwin" shape="circle" coords="102,98,5" alt="Benjamin Godwin - Baptist activist" title="Benjamin Godwin - Baptist activist" /><area href="/wiki/Constantine_Richard_Moorsom" shape="circle" coords="108,100,5" alt="Vice Admiral Moorson" title="Vice Admiral Moorson" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="102,106,5" alt="William Taylor" title="William Taylor" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="105,91,5" alt="William Taylor" title="William Taylor" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="115,88,5" alt="John Morrison" title="John Morrison" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="111,92,5" alt="GK Prince" title="GK Prince" /><area href="/wiki/Josiah_Conder_(editor_and_author)" shape="circle" coords="122,86,5" alt="Josiah Conder" title="Josiah Conder" /><area href="/wiki/Joseph_Soul" shape="circle" coords="131,85,4" alt="Joseph Soul" title="Joseph Soul" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="127,91,5" alt="James Dean (abolitionist)" title="James Dean (abolitionist)" /><area href="/wiki/John_Keep" shape="circle" coords="125,101,5" alt="John Keep - Ohio fund raiser" title="John Keep - Ohio fund raiser" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="131,100,5" alt="Joseph Eaton" title="Joseph Eaton" /><area href="/wiki/Joseph_Sturge" shape="circle" coords="118,98,7" alt="Joseph Sturge - Organiser from Birmingham" title="Joseph Sturge - Organiser from Birmingham" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="140,88,3" alt="James Whitehorne" title="James Whitehorne" /><area href="/wiki/Joseph_Marriage" shape="circle" coords="75,78,5" alt="Joseph Marriage" title="Joseph Marriage" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="138,83,3" alt="George Bennett" title="George Bennett" /><area href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_(abolitionist)" shape="circle" coords="135,91,5" alt="Richard Allen" title="Richard Allen" /><area href="/wiki/Stafford_Allen" shape="circle" coords="64,64,5" alt="Stafford Allen" title="Stafford Allen" /><area href="/wiki/William_Leatham_(banker)" shape="circle" coords="71,88,5" alt="William Leatham, banker" title="William Leatham, banker" /><area href="/wiki/William_Beaumont" shape="circle" coords="69,65,5" alt="William Beaumont" title="William Beaumont" /><area href="/wiki/Edward_Baines_(1800%E2%80%931890)" shape="circle" coords="66,54,5" alt="Sir Edward Baines - Journalist" title="Sir Edward Baines - Journalist" /><area href="/wiki/Samuel_Lucas" shape="circle" coords="57,53,5" alt="Samuel Lucas" title="Samuel Lucas" /><area href="/wiki/Francis_Augustus_Cox" shape="circle" coords="50,55,5" alt="Francis Augustus Cox" title="Francis Augustus Cox" /><area href="/wiki/Abraham_Beaumont" shape="circle" coords="57,62,6" alt="Abraham Beaumont" title="Abraham Beaumont" /><area href="/wiki/Samuel_Fox_(1781-1868)" shape="circle" coords="32,47,6" alt="Samuel Fox, Nottingham grocer" title="Samuel Fox, Nottingham grocer" /><area href="/wiki/Louis_Celeste_Lecesne" shape="circle" coords="49,66,6" alt="Louis Celeste Lecesne" title="Louis Celeste Lecesne" /><area href="/wiki/Jonathan_Backhouse_(1779-1842)" shape="circle" coords="42,60,7" alt="Jonathan Backhouse" title="Jonathan Backhouse" /><area href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowly" shape="circle" coords="16,40,6" alt="Samuel Bowly" title="Samuel Bowly" /><area href="/wiki/William_Dawes_(abolitionist)" shape="circle" coords="24,50,5" alt="William Dawes - Ohio fund raiser" title="William Dawes - Ohio fund raiser" /><area href="/wiki/Robert_Kaye_Greville" shape="circle" coords="10,47,7" alt="Robert Kaye Greville - Botanist" title="Robert Kaye Greville - Botanist" /><area href="/wiki/Joseph_Pease_(India_reformer)" shape="circle" coords="68,76,5" alt="Joseph Pease - reformer in India)" title="Joseph Pease - reformer in India)" /><area href="/wiki/W.T.Blair" shape="circle" coords="59,76,5" alt="W.T.Blair" title="W.T.Blair" /><area href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Isambert" shape="circle" coords="61,88,6" alt="M.M. Isambert (sic)" title="M.M. Isambert (sic)" /><area href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" shape="circle" coords="44,93,11" alt="Mary Clarkson -Thomas Clarkson's daughter in law" title="Mary Clarkson -Thomas Clarkson's daughter in law" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="151,88,3" alt="William Tatum" title="William Tatum" /><area href="/wiki/Saxe_Bannister" shape="circle" coords="146,86,4" alt="Saxe Bannister - Pamphleteer" title="Saxe Bannister - Pamphleteer" /><area href="/wiki/Richard_D._Webb" shape="circle" coords="155,91,5" alt="Richard Davis Webb - Irish" title="Richard Davis Webb - Irish" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="136,99,5" alt="Nathaniel Colver - American" title="Nathaniel Colver - American" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="145,96,7" alt="not known" title="not known" /><area href="/wiki/John_Cropper" shape="circle" coords="138,110,7" alt="John Cropper - Most generous Liverpudlian" title="John Cropper - Most generous Liverpudlian" /><area href="/wiki/Thomas_Scales" shape="circle" coords="152,113,7" alt="Thomas Scales" title="Thomas Scales" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="159,84,2" alt="William James" title="William James" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="161,87,3" alt="William Wilson" title="William Wilson" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="167,88,2" alt="Thomas Swan" title="Thomas Swan" /><area href="/wiki/Edward_Steane" shape="circle" coords="169,93,2" alt="Edward Steane from Camberwell" title="Edward Steane from Camberwell" /><area href="/wiki/William_Brock_(pastor)" shape="circle" coords="172,99,4" alt="William Brock" title="William Brock" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="165,99,5" alt="Edward Baldwin" title="Edward Baldwin" /><area href="/wiki/Jonathan_Miller_(abolitionist)" shape="circle" coords="156,100,5" alt="Jonathon Miller" title="Jonathon Miller" /><area href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart_(abolitionist)" shape="circle" coords="162,109,5" alt="Capt. Charles Stuart from Jamaica" title="Capt. Charles Stuart from Jamaica" /><area href="/wiki/John_Jeremie" shape="circle" coords="171,108,5" alt="Sir John Jeremie - Judge" title="Sir John Jeremie - Judge" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="179,109,5" alt="Charles Stovel - Baptist" title="Charles Stovel - Baptist" /><area href="/wiki/Richard_Peek" shape="circle" coords="193,109,5" alt="Richard Peek, ex-Sheriff of London" title="Richard Peek, ex-Sheriff of London" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="184,107,6" alt="John Sturge" title="John Sturge" /><area href="/wiki/Elon_Galusha" shape="circle" coords="190,97,4" alt="Elon Galusha" title="Elon Galusha" /><area href="/wiki/Cyrus_Pitt_Grosvenor" shape="rect" coords="185,93,188,99" alt="Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor" title="Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="178,92,3" alt="Rev. Isaac Bass" title="Rev. Isaac Bass" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="181,98,5" alt="Henry Sterry" title="Henry Sterry" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="209,108,6" alt="Peter Clare -; sec. of Literary & Phil. Soc. Manchester" title="Peter Clare -; sec. of Literary & Phil. Soc. Manchester" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="200,108,5" alt="J.H. Johnson" title="J.H. Johnson" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="175,86,3" alt="Thomas Price" title="Thomas Price" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="184,89,3" alt="Joseph Reynolds" title="Joseph Reynolds" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="193,87,3" alt="Samuel Wheeler" title="Samuel Wheeler" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="187,86,3" alt="William Boultbee" title="William Boultbee" /><area href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" shape="circle" coords="4,51,6" alt="Daniel O'Connell - "The Liberator"" title="Daniel O'Connell - "The Liberator"" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="198,88,3" alt="William Fairbank" title="William Fairbank" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="203,87,4" alt="John Woodmark" title="John Woodmark" /><area href="/wiki/William_Smeal" shape="circle" coords="210,88,3" alt="William Smeal from Glasgow" title="William Smeal from Glasgow" /><area href="/wiki/James_Carlile" shape="circle" coords="195,97,5" alt="James Carlile - Irish Minister and educationalist" title="James Carlile - Irish Minister and educationalist" /><area href="/wiki/Thomas_Binney" shape="circle" coords="203,96,5" alt="Rev. Dr. Thomas Binney" title="Rev. Dr. Thomas Binney" /><area href="/wiki/Edward_Barrett_(freedman)" shape="circle" coords="208,98,5" alt="Edward Barrett - Freed slave" title="Edward Barrett - Freed slave" /><area href="/wiki/John_Howard_Hinton" shape="circle" coords="213,98,5" alt="John Howard Hinton - Baptist minister" title="John Howard Hinton - Baptist minister" /><area href="/wiki/John_Angell_James" shape="circle" coords="219,100,5" alt="John Angell James - clergyman" title="John Angell James - clergyman" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="224,109,5" alt="Joseph Cooper" title="Joseph Cooper" /><area href="/wiki/Richard_Robert_Madden" shape="circle" coords="224,92,4" alt="Dr. Richard Robert Madden - Irish" title="Dr. Richard Robert Madden - Irish" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="229,88,3" alt="Thomas Bulley" title="Thomas Bulley" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="235,89,3" alt="Isaac Hodgson" title="Isaac Hodgson" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="239,88,3" alt="Edward Smith" title="Edward Smith" /><area href="/wiki/John_Bowring" shape="circle" coords="235,107,5" alt="Sir John Bowring - diplomat and linguist" title="Sir John Bowring - diplomat and linguist" /><area href="/wiki/John_Ellis_(businessman)" shape="circle" coords="238,96,4" alt="John Ellis" title="John Ellis" /><area href="/wiki/Charles_Edwards_Lester" shape="circle" coords="242,108,5" alt="C. Edwards Lester - American writer" title="C. Edwards Lester - American writer" /><area href="/wiki/Richard_Tapper_Cadbury" shape="circle" coords="253,85,3" alt="Tapper Cadbury - Businessman" title="Tapper Cadbury - Businessman" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="245,97,5" alt="not known" title="not known" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="247,89,3" alt="Thomas Pinches" title="Thomas Pinches" /><area href="/wiki/David_Turnbull_(British_abolitionist)" shape="circle" coords="252,96,4" alt="David Turnbull - Cuban link" title="David Turnbull - Cuban link" /><area href="/wiki/Edward_Adey" shape="circle" coords="250,90,3" alt="Edward Adey" title="Edward Adey" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="254,103,5" alt="Richard Barrett" title="Richard Barrett" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="259,97,4" alt="John Steer" title="John Steer" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="248,107,5" alt="Henry Tuckett" title="Henry Tuckett" /><area href="/wiki/James_Mott" shape="circle" coords="265,97,5" alt="James Mott - American on honeymoon" title="James Mott - American on honeymoon" /><area href="/wiki/Robert_Forster_(Quaker)" shape="rect" coords="239,116,247,129" alt="Robert Forster (brother of William and Josiah)" title="Robert Forster (brother of William and Josiah)" /><area href="/wiki/Richard_Rathbone" shape="circle" coords="259,89,5" alt="Richard Rathbone" title="Richard Rathbone" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="267,89,5" alt="John Birt" title="John Birt" /><area href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" shape="circle" coords="252,113,5" alt="Wendell Phillips - American" title="Wendell Phillips - American" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="251,124,7" alt="Jean-Baptiste Symphor Linstant de Pradine from Haiti" title="Jean-Baptiste Symphor Linstant de Pradine from Haiti" /><area href="/wiki/Henry_Stanton" shape="circle" coords="259,124,9" alt="Henry Stanton - American" title="Henry Stanton - American" /><area href="/wiki/William_Adam_(Professor)" shape="circle" coords="270,82,5" alt="Prof William Adam" title="Prof William Adam" /><area href="/wiki/John_Harfield_Tredgold" shape="circle" coords="283,79,5" alt="Mrs Elizabeth Tredgold - British South African" title="Mrs Elizabeth Tredgold - British South African" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="279,86,5" alt="T.M. McDonnell" title="T.M. McDonnell" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="285,87,5" alt="Mrs John Beaumont" title="Mrs John Beaumont" /><area href="/wiki/Anne_Knight" shape="circle" coords="289,107,5" alt="Anne Knight - Feminist" title="Anne Knight - Feminist" /><area href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Pease_Nichol" shape="circle" coords="297,93,7" alt="Elizabeth Pease - Suffragist" title="Elizabeth Pease - Suffragist" /><area href="/wiki/Jacob_Post" shape="circle" coords="261,109,5" alt="Jacob Post - Religious writer" title="Jacob Post - Religious writer" /><area href="/wiki/Lady_Byron" shape="circle" coords="268,108,5" alt="Anne Isabella, Lady Byron - mathematician and estranged wife" title="Anne Isabella, Lady Byron - mathematician and estranged wife" /><area href="/wiki/Amelia_Opie" shape="circle" coords="275,108,6" alt="Amelia Opie - Novelist and poet" title="Amelia Opie - Novelist and poet" /><area href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Rawson" shape="circle" coords="292,106,9" alt="Mrs Rawson - Sheffield campaigner" title="Mrs Rawson - Sheffield campaigner" /><area href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" shape="circle" coords="33,101,5" alt="Thomas Clarkson's grandson Thomas Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson's grandson Thomas Clarkson" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="231,95,5" alt="Thomas Morgan" title="Thomas Morgan" /><area href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" shape="poly" coords="70,101,74,92,76,84,81,79,86,76,89,73,88,72,88,66,92,63,99,62,103,66,103,70,101,74,100,76,101,78,106,79,112,78,118,72,123,65,122,62,123,58,124,58,125,55,126,55,126,60,126,59,130,61,127,67,127,68,121,80,117,84,113,86,105,88,103,93,101,101,70,101,70,101" alt="Thomas Clarkson - main speaker" title="Thomas Clarkson - main speaker" /><area href="/wiki/George_Head_Head" shape="poly" coords="245,167,243,158,248,152,254,151,262,152,264,145,270,136,272,133,273,131,272,130,274,127,274,125,278,120,281,120,285,121,289,124,290,128,288,134,287,135,287,139,290,143,294,145,295,148,295,154,296,160,293,167,272,160,267,162,268,167,246,167,246,167" alt="George Head Head - Banker from Carlisle" title="George Head Head - Banker from Carlisle" /><area href="/wiki/William_Allen_(English_Quaker)" shape="poly" coords="77,169,75,161,71,155,63,152,60,151,65,141,69,137,76,132,76,129,76,127,80,124,85,122,89,122,95,125,95,127,94,128,93,132,94,134,94,136,93,136,93,137,92,139,92,141,90,141,92,145,98,144,107,153,108,159,106,163,105,164,102,169,101,169,99,170,100,181,102,186,101,192,96,196,91,208,71,203,69,203" alt="William Allen" title="William Allen" /><area href="/wiki/John_Scoble" shape="poly" coords="175,164,176,160,176,157,173,154,176,146,179,143,183,142,185,140,188,136,185,136,188,135,186,134,187,132,187,131,187,129,186,128,187,127,189,125,189,123,191,121,193,120,196,118,199,119,202,120,203,122,205,126,205,129,203,133,202,135,201,137,203,142,207,144,209,145,213,152,213,155,186,155,180,165,175,165,176,162,176,162" alt="John Scoble" title="John Scoble" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="poly" coords="103,149,110,148,114,149,112,151,113,151,115,153,118,152,120,151,122,149,125,149,130,145,134,144,139,140,144,138,151,136,151,135,152,135,150,133,151,132,150,130,150,129,151,128,150,127,150,126,151,126,151,125,151,124,153,121,153,119,156,116,162,116,164,117,166,119,168,124,167,128,164,133,162,134,162,136,170,143,175,146,174,152,171,154,140,154,132,156,125,158,119,158,110,154,104,149" alt="Henry Beckford - emancipated slave and abolitionist" title="Henry Beckford - emancipated slave and abolitionist" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="rect" coords="0,0,300,233" alt="Use your cursor to explore (or Click "i" to enlarge)" title="Use your cursor to explore (or Click "i" to enlarge)" /></map><figcaption>A painting of the 1840 <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Slavery_Convention" title="World Anti-Slavery Convention">World Anti-Slavery Convention</a> at <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Hall" title="Exeter Hall">Exeter Hall</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-npg-358">[358]</a></figcaption></figure> Slavery has existed, in one form or another, throughout recorded human history – as have, in various periods, movements to free large or distinct groups of slaves.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_antiquity">In antiquity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wang_Mang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Wang_Mang.jpg/170px-Wang_Mang.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Wang_Mang.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Chinese Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wang_Mang" title="Wang Mang">Wang Mang</a> abolished slavery in 17 CE but the ban was overturned after his assassination.</figcaption></figure> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, who ruled the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> from 269 to 232 BCE, abolished the slave trade but not slavery.<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>, which ruled China from 221 to 206 BC, abolished slavery and discouraged serfdom. However, many of its laws were overturned when the dynasty was overthrown.<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> Slavery was again abolished by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Mang" title="Wang Mang">Wang Mang</a> in China in 17 CE but was reinstituted after his assassination.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_Publishing_Group-361">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas_2">Americas</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a> sparked a discussion about the right to enslave Native Americans. A prominent critic of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">slavery in the Spanish New World colonies</a> was the Spanish missionary and bishop, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a>, who was "the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there."<a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a> In the United States, all of the northern states had abolished slavery by 1804, with New Jersey being the last to act.<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a> Abolitionist pressure produced a series of small steps towards emancipation. After the <a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a> went into effect on January 1, 1808, the importation of slaves into the United States was prohibited,<a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a> but not the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States#Internal_slave_trade" title="Slavery in the United States">internal slave trade</a>, nor involvement in the international slave trade externally. Legal slavery persisted outside the northern states; most of those slaves already in the U.S. were <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">legally emancipated</a> only in 1863. Many American abolitionists took an active role in opposing slavery by supporting the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>. Violent clashes between anti-slavery and pro-slavery Americans included <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a>, a series of political and armed disputes in 1854–1858 as to whether Kansas would join the United States as a <a href="/wiki/Slave_and_free_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave and free states">slave or free state</a>. By 1860, the total number of slaves reached almost four million, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, beginning in 1861, led to the end of slavery in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a> In 1863, Lincoln issued the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, which freed slaves held in the Confederate States; the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a> prohibited most forms of slavery throughout the country. Many of the freed slaves became sharecroppers and indentured servants. In this manner, some became tied to the very parcel of land into which they had been born a slave having little freedom or economic opportunity because of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> which perpetuated discrimination, limited education, promoted persecution without due process and resulted in continued poverty. Fear of reprisals such as unjust incarcerations and lynchings deterred upward mobility further. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olaudah_Equiano,_frontpiece_from_The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Olaudah_Equiano%2C_frontpiece_from_The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano.png/170px-Olaudah_Equiano%2C_frontpiece_from_The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Olaudah_Equiano%2C_frontpiece_from_The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano.png/255px-Olaudah_Equiano%2C_frontpiece_from_The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Olaudah_Equiano%2C_frontpiece_from_The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano.png/340px-Olaudah_Equiano%2C_frontpiece_from_The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a>, His autobiography, published in 1789, helped in the creation of the Slave Trade Act 1807 which ended the African slave trade for Britain and its colonies.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Jenkins_Roberts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Joseph_Jenkins_Roberts.jpg/170px-Joseph_Jenkins_Roberts.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Joseph_Jenkins_Roberts.jpg/255px-Joseph_Jenkins_Roberts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Joseph_Jenkins_Roberts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jenkins_Roberts" title="Joseph Jenkins Roberts">Joseph Jenkins Roberts</a>, born in Virginia, was the first president of <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, which was founded in 1822 for freed American slaves.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_2">Europe</h3></div> France abolished slavery in 1794 during the Revolution,<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a> but it was restored in 1802 under Napoleon.<a href="#cite_note-dwyer-367">[367]</a> It has been asserted that, before the Revolution, slavery was illegal in metropolitan France (as opposed to its colonies),<a href="#cite_note-peabody-368">[368]</a> but this has been refuted.<a href="#cite_note-chatman-369">[369]</a> One of the most significant milestones in the campaign to abolish slavery throughout the world occurred in England in 1772, with British Judge <a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_1st_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield">Lord Mansfield</a>, whose opinion in <a href="/wiki/Somersett%27s_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Somersett's Case">Somersett's Case</a> was widely taken to have held that slavery was illegal in England. This judgement also laid down the principle that slavery contracted in other jurisdictions could not be enforced in England.<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Africa" title="Sons of Africa">Sons of Africa</a> was a late 18th-century British group that campaigned to end slavery. Its members were Africans in London, freed slaves who included <a href="/wiki/Ottobah_Cugoano" title="Ottobah Cugoano">Ottobah Cugoano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> and other leading members of London's black community. It was closely connected to the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Effecting_the_Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade" title="Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade">Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade</a>, a non-denominational group founded in 1787, whose members included <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson">Thomas Clarkson</a>. British Member of Parliament <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a> led the anti-slavery movement in the United Kingdom, although the groundwork was an anti-slavery essay by Clarkson. Wilberforce was urged by his close friend, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>, to make the issue his own and was also given support by reformed Evangelical <a href="/wiki/John_Newton" title="John Newton">John Newton</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">Slave Trade Act</a> was passed by the British Parliament on March 25, 1807, making the slave trade illegal throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> Wilberforce also campaigned for abolition of slavery in the British Empire, which he lived to see in the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act 1833</a>. After the 1807 act abolishing the slave trade was passed, these campaigners switched to <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">encouraging other countries</a> to follow suit, notably France and the British colonies. Between 1808 and 1860, the British <a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">West Africa Squadron</a> seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard.<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a> Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade, for example against "the usurping King of Lagos", deposed in 1851. Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers.<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worldwide">Worldwide</h3></div> In 1839, the world's oldest international human rights organization, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a>, was formed in Britain by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sturge" title="Joseph Sturge">Joseph Sturge</a>, which campaigned to outlaw slavery in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a> There were celebrations in 2007 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the abolition of the slave trade in the United Kingdom through the work of the British <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery Society</a>. In the 1860s, <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a>'s reports of atrocities within the Arab slave trade in Africa stirred up the interest of the British public, reviving the flagging abolitionist movement. The Royal Navy throughout the 1870s attempted to suppress "this abominable Eastern trade", at <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> in particular. In 1905, the French abolished indigenous slavery in most of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a> On December 10, 1948, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, which declared freedom from slavery is an internationally recognized <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human right</a>. Article 4 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a></blockquote> In 2014, for the first time in history, major leaders of many religions, Buddhist, Hindu, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim met to sign a shared commitment against modern-day slavery; the declaration they signed calls for the elimination of slavery and human trafficking by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-377">[377]</a> The signatories were: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mata_Amritanandamayi" title="Mata Amritanandamayi">Mātā Amṛtānandamayī</a>, Bhikkhuni Thich Nu <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2n_Kh%C3%B4ng" title="Chân Không">Chân Không</a> (representing Zen Master <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a>), Datuk K Sri Dhammaratana, Chief High Priest of Malaysia, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Skorka" title="Abraham Skorka">Abraham Skorka</a>, Rabbi David Rosen, Abbas Abdalla Abbas Soliman, Undersecretary of State of Al Azhar Alsharif (representing Mohamed Ahmed El-Tayeb, Grand Imam of Al-Azhar), Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi, Sheikh Naziyah Razzaq Jaafar, Special advisor of Grand Ayatollah (representing Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Basheer Hussain al Najafi), Sheikh Omar Abboud, Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Metropolitan Emmanuel of France (representing Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew.)<a href="#cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-377">[377]</a> Groups such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Group" title="American Anti-Slavery Group">American Anti-Slavery Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_the_Slaves" title="Free the Slaves">Free the Slaves</a>, the Anti-Slavery Society, and the Norwegian Anti-Slavery Society continue to campaign to eliminate slavery.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> has been working to break the silence surrounding the memory of slavery since 1994, through <a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">The Slave Route Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apologies">Apologies</h2></div> On May 21, 2001, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly of France</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Christiane_Taubira" title="Christiane Taubira">Taubira</a> law, recognizing slavery as a <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crime against humanity</a>. Apologies on behalf of African nations, for their role in trading their countrymen into slavery, remain an open issue since slavery was practiced in Africa even before the first Europeans arrived and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> was performed with a high degree of involvement of several African societies. The black slave market was supplied by well-established slave trade networks controlled by local African societies and individuals.<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> <blockquote>There is adequate evidence citing case after case of African control of segments of the trade. Several African nations such as the Calabar and other southern parts of Nigeria had economies depended solely on the trade. African peoples such as the Imbangala of Angola and the Nyamwezi of Tanzania would serve as middlemen or roving bands warring with other African nations to capture Africans for Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a></blockquote> Several historians have made important contributions to the global understanding of the African side of the Atlantic slave trade. By arguing that African merchants determined the assemblage of trade goods accepted in exchange for slaves, many historians argue for African agency and ultimately a shared responsibility for the slave trade.<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a> In 1999, President <a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a> of Benin issued a national apology for the central role Africans played in the Atlantic slave trade.<a href="#cite_note-apology-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luc_Gnacadja" title="Luc Gnacadja">Luc Gnacadja</a>, minister of environment and housing for Benin, later said: "The slave trade is a shame, and we do repent for it."<a href="#cite_note-Dahomey-382">[382]</a> Researchers estimate that 3 million slaves were exported out of the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a> bordering the <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Benin" title="Bight of Benin">Bight of Benin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dahomey-382">[382]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Jerry Rawlings</a> of Ghana also apologized for his country's involvement in the slave trade.<a href="#cite_note-apology-118">[118]</a> The issue of an apology is linked to <a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">reparations for slavery</a> and is still being pursued by entities across the world. For example, the Jamaican Reparations Movement approved its declaration and action plan. In 2007, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> made a formal apology for Great Britain's involvement in slavery.<a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a> On February 25, 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</a> resolved to 'profoundly regret' and apologize for its role in the institution of slavery. Unique and the first of its kind in the U.S., the apology was unanimously passed in both Houses as Virginia approached the 400th anniversary of the founding of <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a> On August 24, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a> issued a public apology for London's role in Atlantic slave trade, which took place at an event commemorating the 200th anniversary of the British slave trade's abolition. In his speech, Livingstone described the slave trade as "the racial murder of not just those who were transported but generations of enslaved African men, women and children. To justify this murder and torture black people had to be declared inferior or not human... We live with the consequences today."<a href="#cite_note-jump-385">[385]</a> City officials in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, which was a large slave trading port, apologized in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a> On July 30, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> passed a resolution apologizing for American slavery and subsequent discriminatory laws.<a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a> In June 2009, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> passed a resolution apologizing to African-Americans for the "fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity of slavery". The news was welcomed by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, the nation's first president of African descent.<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a> Some of President Obama's ancestors may have been slave owners.<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a> In 2010, Libyan leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> apologized for Arab involvement in the slave trade, saying: "I regret the behavior of the Arabs... They brought African children to North Africa, they made them slaves, they sold them like animals, and they took them as slaves and traded them in a shameful way."<a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reparations">Reparations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a></div> There have been movements to achieve reparations for those formerly held as slaves or for their descendants. Claims for reparations for being held in slavery are handled as a <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">civil law</a> matter in almost every country. This is often decried as a serious problem, since former slaves' relatives lack of money means they often have limited access to a potentially expensive and futile <a href="/wiki/Service_of_process" title="Service of process">legal process</a>. Mandatory systems of fines and reparations paid to an as yet undetermined group of claimants from fines, paid by unspecified parties, and collected by authorities have been proposed by advocates to alleviate this "civil court problem." Since in almost all cases there are no living ex-slaves or living ex-slave owners these movements have gained little traction. In nearly all cases the judicial system has ruled that the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations">statute of limitations</a> on these possible claims has long since expired. In June 2023, <a href="/wiki/Brattle_Group" title="Brattle Group">The Brattle Group</a> presented a report at an event at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a> in which reparations were estimated, for harms both during and after the period of transatlantic chattel slavery, at over 100 trillion dollars.<a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">List of films featuring slavery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spartacus_sheetA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Spartacus_sheetA.jpg/170px-Spartacus_sheetA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Spartacus_sheetA.jpg/255px-Spartacus_sheetA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Spartacus_sheetA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Poster for <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_(film)" title="Spartacus (film)">Spartacus</a></figcaption></figure> Film has been the most influential medium in the presentation of the history of slavery to the general public around the world.<a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a> The American film industry has had a complex relationship with slavery and until recent decades often avoided the topic. Films such as <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a> (1915)<a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a> (1939) became controversial because they gave a favourable depiction. In 1940 <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail_(film)" title="Santa Fe Trail (film)">The Santa Fe Trail</a> gave a liberal but ambiguous interpretation of <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>'s attacks on slavery.<a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a> <a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_South" title="Song of the South">Song of the South</a> gave a favorable outlook on slavery in the United States in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> in the 1950s made defiant slaves into heroes.<a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a> The question of slavery in American memory necessarily involves its depictions in feature films.<a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a> Most Hollywood films used American settings, although <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_(film)" title="Spartacus (film)">Spartacus (1960)</a>, dealt with an actual revolt in the Roman Empire known as the <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a>. The revolt failed, and all the rebels were executed, but their spirit lived on according to the film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2002Chapter_2-399">[399]</a> Spartacus stays surprisingly close to the historical record.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2002Chapter_3-400">[400]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(1976_film)" title="The Last Supper (1976 film)">The Last Supper</a> (La última cena in Spanish) was a 1976 film directed by Cuban <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Alea" title="Tomás Gutiérrez Alea">Tomás Gutiérrez Alea</a> about the teaching of Christianity to slaves in Cuba, and emphasizes the role of ritual and revolt. <a href="/wiki/Burn!" title="Burn!">Burn!</a> takes place on the imaginary Portuguese island of Queimada (where the locals speak Spanish) and it merges historical events that took place in Brazil, Cuba, Santo Domingo, Jamaica, and elsewhere. Historians agree that films have largely shaped historical memories, but they debate issues of accuracy, plausibility, moralism, <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a>, how facts are stretched in search of broader truths, and suitability for the classroom.<a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2002Chapter_2-399">[399]</a> Berlin argues that critics complain if the treatment emphasizes historical brutality, or if it glosses over the harshness to highlight the emotional impact of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="font-weight:bold; text-align: center;"> <td style="width:47px; height:26px;">Year </td> <td style="width:212px;">Title<a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a> </td> <td style="width:151px;">Film genre </td> <td style="width:202px;">Director </td> <td style="width:76px;">Actor </td> <td style="width:190px;">Country </td> <td style="width:130px;">Book </td> <td style="width:106px;">Author </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">1915 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a> </td> <td>Historical drama / epic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/The_Clansman" class="mw-redirect" title="The Clansman">The Clansman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dixon,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Dixon, Jr.">Thomas Dixon, Jr.</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">1960 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Spartacus_(film)" title="Spartacus (film)">Spartacus</a> </td> <td>Historical drama / epic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">1967 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Cervantes_(film)" title="Cervantes (film)">Cervantes</a> </td> <td>Historical drama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Sherman" title="Vincent Sherman">Vincent Sherman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horst_Buchholz" title="Horst Buchholz">Horst Buchholz</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">1968 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Angelique_(French_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelique (French series)">Angélique and the Sultan</a> </td> <td>Drama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Borderie" title="Bernard Borderie">Bernard Borderie</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angelique_(French_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelique (French series)">Angélique in Barbary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne_Golon" title="Anne Golon">Anne Golon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">1969 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Burn!" title="Burn!">Queimada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burn!" title="Burn!">Burn!</a>) </td> <td>Drama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gillo_Pontecorvo" title="Gillo Pontecorvo">Gillo Pontecorvo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">1975 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_(film)" title="Mandingo (film)">Mandingo</a> </td> <td>Drama, Exploitation film </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fleischer" title="Richard Fleischer">Richard Fleischer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ken_Norton" title="Ken Norton">Ken Norton</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_(novel)" title="Mandingo (novel)">Mandingo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Onstott" title="Kyle Onstott">Kyle Onstott</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">1976 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Escrava_Isaura_(1976_TV_series)" title="Escrava Isaura (1976 TV series)">Escrava Isaura</a> (TV series) </td> <td>Telenovela </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herval_Rossano" title="Herval Rossano">Herval Rossano</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A_Escrava_Isaura_(novel)" title="A Escrava Isaura (novel)">A Escrava Isaura</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Bernardo Guimarães</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">1977 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Roots_(1977_miniseries)" title="Roots (1977 miniseries)">Alex Haley's Roots</a> (TV series) </td> <td>Historical drama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marvin_J._Chomsky" title="Marvin J. Chomsky">Chomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Erman" title="John Erman">Erman</a>, Greene and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Moses" title="Gilbert Moses">Moses</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family" title="Roots: The Saga of an American Family">Roots: The Saga of an American Family</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">1987 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Cobra_Verde" title="Cobra Verde">Cobra Verde</a> </td> <td>Drama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kinski" title="Klaus Kinski">Klaus Kinski</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Viceroy_of_Ouidah" title="The Viceroy of Ouidah">The Viceroy of Ouidah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chatwin" title="Bruce Chatwin">Bruce Chatwin</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">1993 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley%27s_Queen" title="Alex Haley's Queen">Alex Haley's Queen</a> (TV series) </td> <td>Historical drama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Erman" title="John Erman">John Erman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halle_Berry" title="Halle Berry">Halle Berry</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen:_The_Story_of_an_American_Family" title="Queen: The Story of an American Family">Queen: The Story of an American Family</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">1997 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Amistad_(film)" title="Amistad (film)">Amistad</a> </td> <td>Drama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Djimon_Hounsou" title="Djimon Hounsou">Djimon Hounsou</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">1998 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(1998_film)" title="Beloved (1998 film)">Beloved</a> </td> <td>Drama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">2000 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)" title="Gladiator (2000 film)">Gladiator</a> </td> <td>Historical epic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russell_Crowe" title="Russell Crowe">Russell Crowe</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">2007 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/El_Cimarr%C3%B3n_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Cimarrón (film)">El Cimarrón</a> </td> <td>Historical drama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Dariel_Ort%C3%ADz" class="mw-redirect" title="Iván Dariel Ortíz">Iván Dariel Ortíz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Telemaco" title="Pedro Telemaco">Pedro Telemaco</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">2006 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Grace_(2006_film)" title="Amazing Grace (2006 film)">Amazing Grace</a> </td> <td>Historical drama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Apted" title="Michael Apted">Michael Apted</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">2007 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Trade_(film)" title="Trade (film)">Trade</a> </td> <td>Thriller </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marco_Kreuzpaintner" title="Marco Kreuzpaintner">Marco Kreuzpaintner</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">2010 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Hunters" title="The Slave Hunters">The Slave Hunters</a> </td> <td>Historical drama </td> <td>Kwak Jung-hwan </td> <td>  </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">2011 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Muhte%C5%9Fem_Y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="Muhteşem Yüzyıl">Muhteşem Yüzyıl</a> (TV series) </td> <td>Historical soap opera </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Taylan_Brothers" title="The Taylan Brothers">The Taylan Brothers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halit_Ergen%C3%A7" title="Halit Ergenç">Halit Ergenç</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">2012 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_(2012_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln (2012 film)">Lincoln</a> </td> <td>Historical drama / epic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis" title="Daniel Day-Lewis">Daniel Day-Lewis</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Doris Kearns Goodwin</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">2012 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/The_Horde_(2012_film)" title="The Horde (2012 film)">The Horde</a> </td> <td>Drama </td> <td>Andrei Proshkin </td> <td>  </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Arabov" title="Yuri Arabov">Yuri Arabov</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">2012 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/500_Years_Later" title="500 Years Later">500 Years Later</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Documentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary">Documentary</a> </td> <td>Owen 'Alik Shahadah </td> <td>  </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">2012 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Django_Unchained" title="Django Unchained">Django Unchained</a> </td> <td>Western </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Foxx" title="Jamie Foxx">Jamie Foxx</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">2013 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/12_Years_a_Slave_(film)" title="12 Years a Slave (film)">12 Years a Slave</a> </td> <td>Historical drama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen_(director)" title="Steve McQueen (director)">Steve McQueen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiwetel_Ejiofor" title="Chiwetel Ejiofor">Chiwetel Ejiofor</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years_a_Slave" title="Twelve Years a Slave">Twelve Years a Slave</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup" title="Solomon Northup">Solomon Northup</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">2013 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/Belle_(2013_film)" title="Belle (2013 film)">Belle</a> </td> <td>Historical drama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amma_Asante" title="Amma Asante">Amma Asante</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gugu_Mbatha-Raw" title="Gugu Mbatha-Raw">Gugu Mbatha-Raw</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Misan_Sagay" title="Misan Sagay">Misan Sagay</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="height:13px;">2016 </td> <td style="font-style: Italic"><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation_(2016_film)" title="The Birth of a Nation (2016 film)">The Birth of a Nation</a> </td> <td>Historical drama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nate_Parker" title="Nate Parker">Nate Parker</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nate_Parker" title="Nate Parker">Nate Parker</a> </td> <td style="font-size:85%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur_(2016_film)" title="Ben-Hur (2016 film)">Ben-Hur (2016 film)</a> </td> <td>Historical drama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timur_Bekmambetov" title="Timur Bekmambetov">Timur Bekmambetov</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jack_Huston" title="Jack Huston">Jack Huston</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur:_A_Tale_of_the_Christ" title="Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ">Ben Hur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lew_Wallace" title="Lew Wallace">Lew Wallace</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodmin_manumissions" title="Bodmin manumissions">Bodmin manumissions</a>, the names and details of slaves freed in Medieval <a href="/wiki/Bodmin" title="Bodmin">Bodmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="International Day for the Abolition of Slavery">International Day for the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Slavery_Museum" title="International Slavery Museum">International Slavery Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">List of slave owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Mukataba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave-owning_slaves" title="Slave-owning slaves">Slave-owning slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilberforce_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Slavery_and_Emancipation" title="Wilberforce Institute for the Study of Slavery and Emancipation">Wilberforce Institute for the Study of Slavery and Emancipation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllain2012" class="citation book cs1">Allain, Jean (2012). "The Legal Definition of Slavery into the Twenty-First Century". In Allain, Jean (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=62t3a5iESy8C">The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 199–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-164535-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-164535-8"><bdi>978-0-19-164535-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Legal+Definition+of+Slavery+into+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.btitle=The+Legal+Understanding+of+Slavery%3A+From+the+Historical+to+the+Contemporary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=199-219&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-164535-8&rft.aulast=Allain&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D62t3a5iESy8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker-Kimmons2008" class="citation book cs1">Baker-Kimmons, Leslie C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUola6pDnkC&pg=PT1360">"Slavery"</a>. In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>. p. 1234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412926942" title="Special:BookSources/9781412926942"><bdi>9781412926942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavery&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=1234&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781412926942&rft.aulast=Baker-Kimmons&rft.aufirst=Leslie+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMUola6pDnkC%26pg%3DPT1360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slavery-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_3-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223090720/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156">"Historical survey: Slave-owning societies"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156">the original</a> on February 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Historical+survey%3A+Slave-owning+societies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fblackhistory%2Farticle-24156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBales20044-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBales20044_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBales2004">Bales 2004</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-WhiteWhite2014-5"><a href="#cite_ref-WhiteWhite2014_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteWhiteKorgen2014" class="citation book cs1">White, Shelley K.; White, Jonathan M.; Korgen, Kathleen Odell (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GsruAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">Sociologists in Action on Inequalities: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-1147-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-1147-0"><bdi>978-1-4833-1147-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociologists+in+Action+on+Inequalities%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+Gender%2C+and+Sexuality&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-1147-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Shelley+K.&rft.au=White%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Korgen%2C+Kathleen+Odell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGsruAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newint-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newint_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newint_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527095857/http://www.newint.org/issue337/facts.htm">"Slavery in the 21st century"</a>. Newint.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newint.org/issue337/facts.htm">the original</a> on May 27, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+21st+century&rft.pub=Newint.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newint.org%2Fissue337%2Ffacts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYER-2014-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYER-2014_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYER-2014_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkeowo2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Okeowo, Alexis (September 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106081042/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/freedom-fighter">"Freedom Fighter: A slaving society and an abolitionist's crusade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/freedom-fighter">the original</a> on January 6, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Freedom+Fighter%3A+A+slaving+society+and+an+abolitionist%27s+crusade&rft.date=2014-09-08&rft.aulast=Okeowo&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F09%2F08%2Ffreedom-fighter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-8"><a href="#cite_ref-a_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrigan2007" class="citation web cs1">Corrigan, Terence (September 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804032958/http://www.saiia.org.za/governance-and-aprm-opinion/mauritania-made-slavery-illegal-last-month.html">"Mauritania: Country Made Slavery Illegal Last Month"</a>. The East African Standard. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saiia.org.za/governance-and-aprm-opinion/mauritania-made-slavery-illegal-last-month.html">the original</a> on August 4, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mauritania%3A+Country+Made+Slavery+Illegal+Last+Month&rft.pub=The+East+African+Standard&rft.date=2007-09-06&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saiia.org.za%2Fgovernance-and-aprm-opinion%2Fmauritania-made-slavery-illegal-last-month.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodal2016" class="citation web cs1">Hodal, Kate (May 31, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430012324/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/25/modern-slavery-trafficking-persons-one-in-200">"One in 200 people is a slave. Why?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/25/modern-slavery-trafficking-persons-one-in-200">the original</a> on April 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=One+in+200+people+is+a+slave.+Why%3F&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft.aulast=Hodal&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2Ffeb%2F25%2Fmodern-slavery-trafficking-persons-one-in-200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-modernslavery-10"><a href="#cite_ref-modernslavery_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106012011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/slavery/modern/modern_1.shtml#section_2">"Religion & Ethics – Modern slavery: Modern forms of slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. January 30, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/slavery/modern/modern_1.shtml#section_2">the original</a> on January 6, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+%26+Ethics+%E2%80%93+Modern+slavery%3A+Modern+forms+of+slavery&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2007-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fethics%2Fslavery%2Fmodern%2Fmodern_1.shtml%23section_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"slave". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (2nd ed.). 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=slave&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJankowiak2017" class="citation journal cs1">Jankowiak, Marek (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743816001240">"What Does the Slave Trade in the Saqaliba Tell Us about Early Islamic Slavery?"</a>. International Journal of Middle East Studies. 49 (1): 169–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743816001240">10.1017/S0020743816001240</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438">0020-7438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=What+Does+the+Slave+Trade+in+the+Saqaliba+Tell+Us+about+Early+Islamic+Slavery%3F&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=169-172&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743816001240&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft.aulast=Jankowiak&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0020743816001240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/slavery-sociology/The-international-slave-trade">"The international slave trade"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=The+international+slave+trade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fslavery-sociology%2FThe-international-slave-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1992Chapter_1-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1992Chapter_1_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1992">Lewis 1992</a>, Chapter 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKluge1899" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kluge" title="Friedrich Kluge">Kluge, Friedrich</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymologisches00klug/page/366/mode/2up">"Artikel Sklave"</a> [Article Slave]. Etymologisches Wörterbuch Der Deutschen Sprache [Etymological dictionary of the German language] (in German) (6 ed.). Strassburg: Trübner. p. 366.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Artikel+Sklave&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+Der+Deutschen+Sprache&rft.place=Strassburg&rft.pages=366&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Kluge&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fetymologisches00klug%2Fpage%2F366%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDostoevsky1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky, Fyodor</a> (1981). "Самое последнее слово цивилизации". In В. Г. Базанов и др., ИРЛИ (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180520190356/http://russian-literature.org/tom/416481">Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy. V 30 tomakh <bdi lang="ru">Полное собрание сочинений. В 30 томах</bdi></a> [Full composition of writings. In 30 volumes] (in Russian). Vol. 23. Дневник писателя за 1876 год. Май-октябрь. Leningrad: Наука. Ленингр. отд-ние. pp. 63, 382. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russian-literature.org/tom/416481">the original</a> on May 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.btitle=Polnoye+sobraniye+sochineniy.+V+30+tomakh+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9.+%D0%92+30+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.place=Leningrad&rft.pages=63%2C+382&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0.+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80.+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B4-%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Dostoevsky&rft.aufirst=Fyodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frussian-literature.org%2Ftom%2F416481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorth1970" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Korth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Korth (page does not exist)">Korth, Georg</a> (1970). "Zur Etymologie des Wortes 'Slavus' (Sklave)" [On the etymology of the word 'Slavus' (slave)]. Glotta, Zeitschrift fur Griechische und Lateinische Sprache (in German). 48 (1/2). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 145–153. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40266114">40266114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glotta%2C+Zeitschrift+fur+Griechische+und+Lateinische+Sprache&rft.atitle=Zur+Etymologie+des+Wortes+%27Slavus%27+%28Sklave%29&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=145-153&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40266114%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Korth&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKluge1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kluge" title="Friedrich Kluge">Kluge, Friedrich</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/f.-kluge-etymologisches-worterbuch-der-deutschen-sprache-berlin-de-gruyter-1989/page/676/mode/2up">"Artikel Sklave"</a>. In Elmar Seebold (ed.). Etymologisches Wörterbuch Der Deutschen Sprache (in German) (22 ed.). Berlin & New York: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. p. 676. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-006800-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-006800-1"><bdi>3-11-006800-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Artikel+Sklave&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+Der+Deutschen+Sprache&rft.place=Berlin+%26+New+York&rft.pages=676&rft.edition=22&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=3-11-006800-1&rft.aulast=Kluge&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ff.-kluge-etymologisches-worterbuch-der-deutschen-sprache-berlin-de-gruyter-1989%2Fpage%2F676%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöbler1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_K%C3%B6bler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Köbler (page does not exist)">Köbler, Gerhard</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gerhard-kobler-deutsches-etymologisches-worterbuch-1995/page/370/mode/2up">"Sklave"</a> [Slave]. Deutsches Etymologisches Rechtswörterbuch [German Etymological Legal Dictionary] (in German). Tübingen: Mohr. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8252-1888-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8252-1888-1"><bdi>978-3-8252-1888-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sklave&rft.btitle=Deutsches+Etymologisches+Rechtsw%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Mohr&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-8252-1888-1&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6bler&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgerhard-kobler-deutsches-etymologisches-worterbuch-1995%2Fpage%2F370%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholten2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Scholten" title="Daniel Scholten">Scholten, Daniel</a> (2020). "Sklave und Slawe" [Slave and Slav]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024064810/https://www.belleslettres.eu/content/wortkunde/sklave-slawe.php">Deutsch für Dichter und Denker: Unsere Muttersprache in neuem Licht</a> [German for poets and thinkers: Our mother tongue in a new light] (in German). Bright Star Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-948287-06-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-948287-06-1"><bdi>978-3-948287-06-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belleslettres.eu/content/wortkunde/sklave-slawe.php">the original</a> on October 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sklave+und+Slawe&rft.btitle=Deutsch+f%C3%BCr+Dichter+und+Denker%3A+Unsere+Muttersprache+in+neuem+Licht&rft.pub=Bright+Star+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-948287-06-1&rft.aulast=Scholten&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belleslettres.eu%2Fcontent%2Fwortkunde%2Fsklave-slawe.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDitten1972" class="citation book cs1">Ditten, Hans (1972). "Kritik an G. Korth". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byz-slav-30-1969/ByzSlav%2033%20%281972%29/page/183/mode/2up">Byzantinoslavica</a>. Vol. 33. Prague: Academia, de l'Academie Tchecoslovaque des Sciences et Lettres. pp. 183–184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kritik+an+G.+Korth&rft.btitle=Byzantinoslavica&rft.place=Prague&rft.pages=183-184&rft.pub=Academia%2C+de+l%27Academie+Tchecoslovaque+des+Sciences+et+Lettres&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Ditten&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyz-slav-30-1969%2FByzSlav%252033%2520%25281972%2529%2Fpage%2F183%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldman2015" class="citation web cs1">Waldman, Katy (May 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/life/the_history_of_american_slavery/2015/05/historians_debate_whether_to_use_the_term_slave_or_enslaved_person.html?wpsrc=sp_all_native_by-section">"Slave or Enslaved Person? It's not just an academic debate for historians of American slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate (website)">Slate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521212600/http://www.slate.com/articles/life/the_history_of_american_slavery/2015/05/historians_debate_whether_to_use_the_term_slave_or_enslaved_person.html?wpsrc=sp_all_native_by-section">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Slave+or+Enslaved+Person%3F+It%27s+not+just+an+academic+debate+for+historians+of+American+slavery&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Katy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Flife%2Fthe_history_of_american_slavery%2F2015%2F05%2Fhistorians_debate_whether_to_use_the_term_slave_or_enslaved_person.html%3Fwpsrc%3Dsp_all_native_by-section&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrace2004" class="citation book cs1">Brace, Laura (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osZnIiqDd4sC&pg=PA162">The Politics of Property: Labour, Freedom and Belonging</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1535-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1535-3"><bdi>978-0-7486-1535-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Property%3A+Labour%2C+Freedom+and+Belonging&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1535-3&rft.aulast=Brace&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DosZnIiqDd4sC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Bradley2016" class="citation web cs1">Keith Bradley (March 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-7311">"slavery, Roman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.7311">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.7311</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 27, 2023. <q>chattel-slavery, whereby the slave‐owner enjoyed complete mastery (dominium) over the slave's physical being […] was evident throughout the central era of Roman history, and in Roman no less than Greek thought was regarded as both the necessary antithesis of civic freedom</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.atitle=slavery%2C+Roman&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.7311&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.au=Keith+Bradley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fclassics%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199381135-e-7311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2020" class="citation web cs1">Bradley, Keith (November 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411063656/https://chs.harvard.edu/curated-article/snowden-lectures-keith-bradley-the-bitter-chain-of-slavery/">"'The Bitter Chain of Slavery': Reflections on Slavery in Ancient Rome"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chs.harvard.edu/curated-article/snowden-lectures-keith-bradley-the-bitter-chain-of-slavery/">the original</a> on April 11, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27The+Bitter+Chain+of+Slavery%27%3A+Reflections+on+Slavery+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=2020-11-02&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchs.harvard.edu%2Fcurated-article%2Fsnowden-lectures-keith-bradley-the-bitter-chain-of-slavery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinley1980" class="citation book cs1">Finley, Moses I. (1980). Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology. Viking Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670122776" title="Special:BookSources/9780670122776"><bdi>9780670122776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Slavery+and+Modern+Ideology&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780670122776&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=Moses+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2001" class="citation journal cs1">Alexander, J. (2001). "Islam, Archaeology and Slavery in Africa". <a href="/wiki/World_Archaeology" title="World Archaeology">World Archaeology</a>. 33 (1): 51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438240120047627">10.1080/00438240120047627</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/00438243">00438243</a>. <q>Chattel-slaves were needed, especially from the ninth to thirteenth centuries, in the gold and emerald (carbuncle) mines of the Wadi Allaqi in the deserts east of the Nile's 2nd Cataract</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Islam%2C+Archaeology+and+Slavery+in+Africa&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438240120047627&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F00438243%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkholder,_Mark_A.Johnson,_Lyman_L.2019" class="citation book cs1">Burkholder, Mark A.; Johnson, Lyman L. (2019). "1. America, Iberia, and Africa Before the Conquest". Colonial Latin America (10th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 10. <q>Wealth rested heavily on the possession of slaves across the large empires of West Africa as well as in Benin and other kingdoms […] Slave owners in sub-Saharan Africa also employed their chattel in a variety of occupations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+America%2C+Iberia%2C+and+Africa+Before+the+Conquest&rft.btitle=Colonial+Latin+America&rft.pages=10&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Burkholder%2C+Mark+A.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Lyman+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergad2007" class="citation book cs1">Bergad, Laird W. (2007). The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57, 132, 165, 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521872355" title="Special:BookSources/9780521872355"><bdi>9780521872355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comparative+Histories+of+Slavery+in+Brazil%2C+Cuba%2C+and+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=57%2C+132%2C+165%2C+166&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780521872355&rft.aulast=Bergad&rft.aufirst=Laird+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlavery_and_Social_Death_:_A_Comparative_Study1982" class="citation book cs1">Slavery and Social Death : A Comparative Study, Orlando (1982). Patterson. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. X. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674986909" title="Special:BookSources/9780674986909"><bdi>9780674986909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterson&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=X&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780674986909&rft.aulast=Slavery+and+Social+Death+%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Warren2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Warren" title="Wendy Warren">Wendy Warren</a> (2016). New England Bound (1st. ed.). <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. pp. 110–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-672-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-672-9"><bdi>978-0-87140-672-9</bdi></a>. <q>the Iroquois confederacy, people who practiced a form of captive taking that in some ways looked very like chattel slavery</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+England+Bound&rft.pages=110-111&rft.edition=1st.&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-672-9&rft.au=Wendy+Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/slavery/contemporary/essay-chattel-slavery.html">"Traditional or Chattel Slavery"</a>. FSE Project. The Feminist Sexual Ethics Project. Retrieved August 31, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FSE+Project&rft.atitle=Traditional+or+Chattel+Slavery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Fprojects%2Ffse%2Fslavery%2Fcontemporary%2Fessay-chattel-slavery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miers,_S._2003-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miers,_S._2003_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miers,_S._2003_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miers,_S._2003_33-2">c</a> Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-34"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm">"Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. August 9, 2007. Retrieved May 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mauritanian+MPs+pass+slavery+law&rft.date=2007-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F6938032.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBales200415–18-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBales200415–18_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBales200415–18_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBales2004">Bales 2004</a>, pp. 15–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20504&LangID=E">"Debt bondage remains the most prevalent form of forced labour worldwide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. September 15, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Debt+bondage+remains+the+most+prevalent+form+of+forced+labour+worldwide&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohchr.org%2FEN%2FNewsEvents%2FPages%2FDisplayNews.aspx%3FNewsID%3D20504%26LangID%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/nigerias-young-daughters-sold-money-wives-180921153424671.html">"Nigeria's young daughters are sold as 'money wives'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>. September 21, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+young+daughters+are+sold+as+%27money+wives%27&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F09%2Fnigerias-young-daughters-sold-money-wives-180921153424671.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleightholmeIndrani1996" class="citation book cs1">Sleightholme; Indrani (1996). Guilty Without Trial. Rutgers University Press. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2381-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2381-8"><bdi>0-8135-2381-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guilty+Without+Trial&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8135-2381-8&rft.au=Sleightholme&rft.au=Indrani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia1-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia1_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjeeEaton2006" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Indrani; Eaton, Richard (2006). Slavery and South Asian History. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11671-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11671-0"><bdi>978-0-253-11671-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+South+Asian+History&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-11671-0&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Indrani&rft.au=Eaton%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDandamayevBardaBardadārī" class="citation book cs1">Dandamayev, M. A.; Barda; Bardadārī. Encyclopædia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Dandamayev&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft.au=Barda&rft.au=Bardad%C4%81r%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarazmand1998" class="citation book cs1">Farazmand, Ali (1998). "Persian/Iranian Administrative Tradition". In Shafritz, Jay M. (ed.). International Encyclopedia of Public Edict and Administration. Boulder, CO: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. pp. 1640–1645 (1642). <q>Persians never practiced mass slavery, and in many cases the situations and lives of semi-slaves (prisoners of war) were in fact better than the common citizens of Persia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian%2FIranian+Administrative+Tradition&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Public+Edict+and+Administration&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=1640-1645+%281642%29&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Farazmand&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-voa-42"><a href="#cite_ref-voa_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223080032/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-05-15-voa30-68815957.html?rss=human%2Brights%2Band%2Blaw">"Experts encourage action against sex trafficking"</a>. November 2, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-05-15-voa30-68815957.html?rss=human+rights+and+law">the original</a> on December 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experts+encourage+action+against+sex+trafficking&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fa-13-2009-05-15-voa30-68815957.html%3Frss%3Dhuman%2Brights%2Band%2Blaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/08/rights-mexico-16000-victims-of-child-sexual-exploitation/">"Rights–Mexico: 16,000 Victims of Child Sexual Exploitation"</a>. ipsnews.net. August 13, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ipsnews.net&rft.atitle=Rights%E2%80%93Mexico%3A+16%2C000+Victims+of+Child+Sexual+Exploitation&rft.date=2007-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsnews.net%2F2007%2F08%2Frights-mexico-16000-victims-of-child-sexual-exploitation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213041833/http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/crp/index.htm">"Campaign Page: Child Soldiers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. June 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/campaigns/crp/index.htm">the original</a> on February 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Campaign+Page%3A+Child+Soldiers&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fcampaigns%2Fcrp%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2008" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Kevin (December 26, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/25/AR2008122501198.html?wprss=rss_print/asection&sid=ST2008122600004">"In Togo, a 10-Year-Old's Muted Cry: 'I Couldn't Take Any More'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143935/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/25/AR2008122501198.html?wprss=rss_print/asection&sid=ST2008122600004">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+Togo%2C+a+10-Year-Old%27s+Muted+Cry%3A+%27I+Couldn%27t+Take+Any+More%27&rft.date=2008-12-26&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F12%2F25%2FAR2008122501198.html%3Fwprss%3Drss_print%2Fasection%26sid%3DST2008122600004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21665322">"Two-year-old 'at risk' of forced marriage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. March 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Two-year-old+%27at+risk%27+of+forced+marriage&rft.date=2013-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-21665322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031200/http://www.honordiaries.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/FactSheet-ChildForcedMarriage-Updated.pdf">"Honor Diaries: Child/Forced Marriage: Factsheet"</a> (PDF). Honordiaries.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honordiaries.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/FactSheet-ChildForcedMarriage-Updated.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honor+Diaries%3A+Child%2FForced+Marriage%3A+Factsheet&rft.pub=Honordiaries.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.honordiaries.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F06%2FFactSheet-ChildForcedMarriage-Updated.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2013" class="citation news cs1">Black, Debra (September 20, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326072557/http://www.thespec.com/news-story/4116168-forced-marriages-rampant-in-ontario/">"Forced marriages rampant in Ontario"</a>. The Hamilton Spectator. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespec.com/news-story/4116168-forced-marriages-rampant-in-ontario">the original</a> on March 26, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hamilton+Spectator&rft.atitle=Forced+marriages+rampant+in+Ontario&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespec.com%2Fnews-story%2F4116168-forced-marriages-rampant-in-ontario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mulr.com.au/issues/36_3/36_3_5.pdf">"Without Consent: Forced Marriage in Australia"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613000244/http://www.mulr.com.au/issues/36_3/36_3_5.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Without+Consent%3A+Forced+Marriage+in+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mulr.com.au%2Fissues%2F36_3%2F36_3_5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/unicef-supports-fight-end-marriage-abduction-ethiopia">"UNICEF supports fight to end marriage by abduction in Ethiopia"</a>. reliefweb.int. November 9, 2004. Retrieved August 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNICEF+supports+fight+to+end+marriage+by+abduction+in+Ethiopia&rft.pub=reliefweb.int&rft.date=2004-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fethiopia%2Funicef-supports-fight-end-marriage-abduction-ethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrembs2003" class="citation web cs1">Krembs, Peter (January 20, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=2346">"An Idea Not Worth Drafting: Conscription is Slavery"</a>. Capmag.com. Retrieved September 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Idea+Not+Worth+Drafting%3A+Conscription+is+Slavery&rft.pub=Capmag.com&rft.date=2003-01-20&rft.aulast=Krembs&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capmag.com%2Farticle.asp%3FID%3D2346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopel" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Kopel" title="Dave Kopel">Kopel, Dave</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012125652/http://www.davidkopel.com/NRO/2001/Nationalized-Slavery.htm">"Nationalized Slavery; A policy Italy should dump"</a>. davidkopel.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidkopel.com/NRO/2001/Nationalized-Slavery.htm">the original</a> on October 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=davidkopel.com&rft.atitle=Nationalized+Slavery%3B+A+policy+Italy+should+dump&rft.aulast=Kopel&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidkopel.com%2FNRO%2F2001%2FNationalized-Slavery.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988">. Refers to both the military and <a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">national service</a> requirements of Italy as slavery </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachan2000" class="citation web cs1">Machan, Tibor R. (April 13, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/tax-slavery">"Tax Slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>. Retrieved October 9, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tax+Slavery&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=2000-04-13&rft.aulast=Machan&rft.aufirst=Tibor+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Ftax-slavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValenstein2002" class="citation book cs1">Valenstein, Elliot (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBxyTAEiSUIC&pg=PA26">Blaming the Brain: The Truth About Drugs and Mental Health</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-3787-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-3787-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-3787-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blaming+the+Brain%3A+The+Truth+About+Drugs+and+Mental+Health&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-3787-1&rft.aulast=Valenstein&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBxyTAEiSUIC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzasz" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stephen_Szasz" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stephen Szasz">Szasz, Thomas Stephen</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OeefBqX7ggC">Psychiatric Slavery</a>. Retrieved September 29, 2015 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychiatric+Slavery&rft.aulast=Szasz&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3OeefBqX7ggC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaler2003" class="citation journal cs1">Schaler, J. A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.183.1.77-a">"Slavery and psychiatry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Psychiatry" title="British Journal of Psychiatry">British Journal of Psychiatry</a>. 183: 77–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.183.1.77-a">10.1192/bjp.183.1.77-a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12835252">12835252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Slavery+and+psychiatry&rft.volume=183&rft.pages=77-78&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.183.1.77-a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12835252&rft.aulast=Schaler&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1192%252Fbjp.183.1.77-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSpiegel-57"><a href="#cite_ref-MSpiegel_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegel1996" class="citation book cs1">Spiegel, Marjorie (1996). The Dreaded Comparison: Human and Animal Slavery. New York: Mirror Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dreaded+Comparison%3A+Human+and+Animal+Slavery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Mirror+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Spiegel&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> For sources about the concept of "wage slavery" and its various interpretations, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/wage-slave">"wage slave"</a>. dictionary.com. Retrieved March 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=wage+slave&rft.btitle=dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fwage-slave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllerman1992-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllerman1992_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllerman1992">Ellerman 1992</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-merriam-webster.com-60"><a href="#cite_ref-merriam-webster.com_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wage%20slave">"wage slave"</a>. merriam-webster.com. Retrieved March 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=wage+slave&rft.pub=merriam-webster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fwage%2520slave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221014338/https://constitution.org/">"Constitution Society – Advocates and enforcers of the U.S. and State Constitutions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitution.org/">the original</a> on December 21, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2021. <q>...vulgar are the means of livelihood of all hired workmen whom we pay for mere manual labour, not for artistic skill; for in their case the very wage they receive is a pledge of their slavery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+Society+%E2%80%93+Advocates+and+enforcers+of+the+U.S.+and+State+Constitutions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthThomas1971" class="citation journal cs1">North, Douglass C.; Thomas, Robert Paul (December 1971). "The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: A Theoretical Model". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History" title="The Journal of Economic History">The Journal of Economic History</a>. 31 (4): 777–803. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700074623">10.1017/S0022050700074623</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117209">2117209</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154616683">154616683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Manorial+System%3A+A+Theoretical+Model&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=777-803&rft.date=1971-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154616683%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2117209%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700074623&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Douglass+C.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Robert+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomar1970" class="citation journal cs1">Domar, Evsey D. (March 1970). "The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History" title="The Journal of Economic History">The Journal of Economic History</a>. 30 (1): 18–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700078566">10.1017/S0022050700078566</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2116721">2116721</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154921369">154921369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Causes+of+Slavery+or+Serfdom%3A+A+Hypothesis&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-32&rft.date=1970-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154921369%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2116721%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700078566&rft.aulast=Domar&rft.aufirst=Evsey+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagerlöf2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lagerlöf, Nils-Petter (November 12, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/372.html">"Slavery and other property rights"</a>. MPRA Paper 372. Retrieved May 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MPRA+Paper+372&rft.atitle=Slavery+and+other+property+rights&rft.date=2006-11-12&rft.aulast=Lagerl%C3%B6f&rft.aufirst=Nils-Petter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Fpra%2Fmprapa%2F372.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423152702/http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=223811">"Technology"</a>. History.com. January 4, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=223811">the original</a> on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technology&rft.pub=History.com&rft.date=2008-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fencyclopedia.do%3FarticleId%3D223811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helper-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Helper_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelper1857" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hinton_Rowan_Helper" title="Hinton Rowan Helper">Helper, Hinton Rowan</a> (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36055">The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It</a>. New York: Burdick Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impending+Crisis+of+the+South%3A+How+to+Meet+It&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Burdick+Brothers&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Helper&rft.aufirst=Hinton+Rowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F36055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKiviganSnay1998" class="citation book cs1">McKivigan, John R.; Snay, Mitchell (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e-unV4v5puYC&pg=PA68">Religion and the Antebellum Debate Over Slavery</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2076-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2076-2"><bdi>978-0-8203-2076-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Antebellum+Debate+Over+Slavery&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2076-2&rft.aulast=McKivigan&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Snay%2C+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De-unV4v5puYC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriswold1999" class="citation book cs1">Griswold, Charles L. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WRcU_GJAc9gC&pg=PA198">Adam Smith and the Virtues of Enlightenment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62891-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62891-4"><bdi>978-0-521-62891-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adam+Smith+and+the+Virtues+of+Enlightenment&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62891-4&rft.aulast=Griswold&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWRcU_GJAc9gC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes199874-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes199874_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForbes1998">Forbes 1998</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhaliwal-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dhaliwal_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhaliwal_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhaliwal_70-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKara2008" class="citation book cs1">Kara, Siddharth (2008). Sex Trafficking – Inside the Business of Modern Slavery. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13960-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13960-1"><bdi>978-0-231-13960-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+Trafficking+%E2%80%93+Inside+the+Business+of+Modern+Slavery&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13960-1&rft.aulast=Kara&rft.aufirst=Siddharth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indy100.com/news/kim-jongun-is-recruiting-a-pleasure-squad-of-teenage-girls-7296526">"Louis Dor (Saturday 30 April 2016) Kim Jong-un is recruiting a new 'pleasure squad' of teenage girls"</a>. April 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+Dor+%28Saturday+30+April+2016%29+Kim+Jong-un+is+recruiting+a+new+%27pleasure+squad%27+of+teenage+girls&rft.date=2016-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indy100.com%2Fnews%2Fkim-jongun-is-recruiting-a-pleasure-squad-of-teenage-girls-7296526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyall2015" class="citation news cs1">Ryall, Julian (April 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/11510664/Kim-Jong-un-brings-back-pleasure-troupe-entertainers.html">"Kim Jong-un brings back 'pleasure troupe' entertainers"</a>. The Telegraph.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Kim+Jong-un+brings+back+%27pleasure+troupe%27+entertainers&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft.aulast=Ryall&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fnorthkorea%2F11510664%2FKim-Jong-un-brings-back-pleasure-troupe-entertainers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurozine.com/from-private-to-state-slavery-and-back-again/#footnote-3">"From private to state slavery and back again"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurozine" title="Eurozine">Eurozine</a>. July 31, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+private+to+state+slavery+and+back+again&rft.pub=Eurozine&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurozine.com%2Ffrom-private-to-state-slavery-and-back-again%2F%23footnote-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhartSchwartz" class="citation book cs1">Lockhart, James; Schwartz, Stuart. Early Latin America. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 138. <q>The encomienda in its early heyday granted a lifetime monopoly on the utilization of temporary Indian labor in a given area to one Spaniard, the encomendero.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Latin+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/10/28/one-day-we-will-start-a-big-war-central-african-republic-un-violence/">"One day we will start a big war"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205203123/http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/10/28/one-day-we-will-start-a-big-war-central-african-republic-un-violence/">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=One+day+we+will+start+a+big+war&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2015%2F10%2F28%2Fone-day-we-will-start-a-big-war-central-african-republic-un-violence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStengers1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Stengers" title="Jean Stengers">Stengers, Jean</a> (1969). "The Congo Free State and the Belgian Congo before 1914". In Gann, L. H.; Duignan, Peter (eds.). Colonialism in Africa, 1870–1914. Vol. I. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Congo+Free+State+and+the+Belgian+Congo+before+1914&rft.btitle=Colonialism+in+Africa%2C+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Stengers&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollak2014" class="citation news cs1">Pollak, Michael (March 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/30/nyregion/determining-the-legal-rights-of-slaves.html">"Determining the Legal Rights of Slaves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved February 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Determining+the+Legal+Rights+of+Slaves&rft.date=2014-03-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Pollak&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F30%2Fnyregion%2Fdetermining-the-legal-rights-of-slaves.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOber2018" class="citation book cs1">Ober, Josiah (June 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hYZeDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&pg=PA112">Athenian Legacies: Essays on the Politics of Going On Together</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19016-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19016-7"><bdi>978-0-691-19016-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athenian+Legacies%3A+Essays+on+the+Politics+of+Going+On+Together&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft.isbn=978-0-691-19016-7&rft.aulast=Ober&rft.aufirst=Josiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhYZeDwAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb1999" class="citation book cs1">Cobb, Thomas (1999) [1858]. An Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States of America. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. pp. 268–269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inquiry+into+the+Law+of+Negro+Slavery+in+the+United+States+of+America&rft.pages=268-269&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebhellie-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ebhellie_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebhellie_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellie2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hellie" title="Richard Hellie">Hellie, Richard</a> (May 6, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/slavery-sociology">"Slavery"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavery&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-06&rft.aulast=Hellie&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fslavery-sociology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2011" class="citation book cs1">Harris, W. V. (February 3, 2011). Demography, Geography, and the Sources of Roman Slaves. Rome's Imperial Economy. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 88–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aosobl%2F9780199595167.003.0005">10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199595167.003.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959516-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959516-7"><bdi>978-0-19-959516-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demography%2C+Geography%2C+and+the+Sources+of+Roman+Slaves&rft.series=Rome%27s+Imperial+Economy&rft.pages=88-110&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-02-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aosobl%2F9780199595167.003.0005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959516-7&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=W.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerbi2001" class="citation web cs1">Perbi, Akosua (April 5, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/slavery/perbi.pdf">"Slavery and the Slave Trade in Pre-colonial Africa"</a> (PDF). latinamericanstudies.org. Retrieved August 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+the+Slave+Trade+in+Pre-colonial+Africa&rft.pub=latinamericanstudies.org&rft.date=2001-04-05&rft.aulast=Perbi&rft.aufirst=Akosua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinamericanstudies.org%2Fslavery%2Fperbi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230184609/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157">"Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History"</a>. Britannica.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157">the original</a> on December 30, 2007. Retrieved March 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%27s+Guide+to+Black+History&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fblackhistory%2Farticle-24157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBindmanGates_(Jr.)Dalton2010" class="citation book cs1">Bindman, David; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis; Dalton, Karen C. C., eds. (2010). The Image of the Black in Western Art. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05271-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05271-0"><bdi>978-0-674-05271-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Image+of+the+Black+in+Western+Art&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05271-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohaiemen2004" class="citation news cs1">Mohaiemen, Naeem (July 27, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/07/27/d40727150297.htm">"Slaves in Saudi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a>. Vol. 5, no. 61. Retrieved February 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Slaves+in+Saudi&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=61&rft.date=2004-07-27&rft.aulast=Mohaiemen&rft.aufirst=Naeem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thedailystar.net%2F2004%2F07%2F27%2Fd40727150297.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Och-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Och_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchiengʼ1975" class="citation book cs1">Ochiengʼ, William Robert (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ziJyAAAAMAAJ">Eastern Kenya and Its Invaders</a>. East African Literature Bureau. p. 76. Retrieved May 15, 2015 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Kenya+and+Its+Invaders&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=East+African+Literature+Bureau&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Ochieng%CA%BC&rft.aufirst=William+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DziJyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogot-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ogot_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogot_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgot1970" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bethwell_A._Ogot" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethwell A. Ogot">Ogot, Bethwell A.</a> (April 1970). "Zamani: a survey of East African history". <a href="/wiki/African_Affairs" title="African Affairs">African Affairs</a>: 104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a096007">10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2621">1468-2621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Affairs&rft.atitle=Zamani%3A+a+survey+of+East+African+history&rft.pages=104&rft.date=1970-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a096007&rft.issn=1468-2621&rft.aulast=Ogot&rft.aufirst=Bethwell+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lodhi-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lodhi_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lodhi_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodhi2000" class="citation book cs1">Lodhi, Abdulaziz (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ePhxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA17">Oriental influences in Swahili: a study in language and culture contacts</a>. Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7346-377-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7346-377-5"><bdi>978-91-7346-377-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+influences+in+Swahili%3A+a+study+in+language+and+culture+contacts&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Acta+Universitatis+Gothoburgensis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-91-7346-377-5&rft.aulast=Lodhi&rft.aufirst=Abdulaziz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DePhxAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525101036/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm">"Focus on the slave trade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. September 3, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm">the original</a> on May 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Focus+on+the+slave+trade&rft.date=2001-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F1523100.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFageTordoff2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Donnelly_Fage" class="mw-redirect" title="John Donnelly Fage">Fage, John Donnelly</a>; Tordoff, William (2001). A History of Africa (4 ed.). Budapest: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25248-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25248-5"><bdi>978-0-415-25248-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Africa&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=258&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25248-5&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=John+Donnelly&rft.au=Tordoff%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTannenbaumDudley1973" class="citation book cs1">Tannenbaum, Edward R.; Dudley, Guilford (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxpmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA615">A History of World Civilizations</a>. Wiley. p. 615. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-84480-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-84480-8"><bdi>978-0-471-84480-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+World+Civilizations&rft.pages=615&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-471-84480-8&rft.aulast=Tannenbaum&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft.au=Dudley%2C+Guilford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpxpmAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2004ix-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2004ix_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2004">Campbell 2004</a>, p. ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillington2013" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, Kevin (July 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC">Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 1401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45670-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45670-2"><bdi>978-1-135-45670-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+History+3-Volume+Set&rft.pages=1401&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.isbn=978-1-135-45670-2&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DumyHqvAErOAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411071529/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_world_history%2Fv007%2F7.1blue02.html">"Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897–1936 (review)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_World_History" title="Journal of World History">Journal of World History</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_world_history/v007/7.1blue02.html">the original</a> on April 11, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Slow+Death+for+Slavery%3A+The+Course+of+Abolition+in+Northern+Nigeria%2C+1897%E2%80%931936+%28review%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Furi%3D%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_world_history%2Fv007%2F7.1blue02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twentieth1-95"><a href="#cite_ref-twentieth1_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515192003/http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Miers.pdf">""Freedom is a good thing but it means a dearth of slaves": Twentieth Century Solutions to the Abolition of Slavery"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Miers.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 15, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Freedom+is+a+good+thing+but+it+means+a+dearth+of+slaves%22%3A+Twentieth+Century+Solutions+to+the+Abolition+of+Slavery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fglc%2Fevents%2Fcbss%2FMiers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagley-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Bagley_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagley1997" class="citation book cs1">Bagley, H. R. C. (August 1, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-AznJs58wtkC&pg=PA174">The Last Great Muslim Empires</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-02104-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-02104-4"><bdi>978-90-04-02104-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Great+Muslim+Empires&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997-08-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-02104-4&rft.aulast=Bagley&rft.aufirst=H.+R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-AznJs58wtkC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2007a585-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez2007a585_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodriguez2007a">Rodriguez 2007a</a>, p. 585. </li> <li id="cite_note-Furlonge-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Furlonge_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsquith" class="citation web cs1">Asquith, Christina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306155327/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-76402507/revisiting-the-zanj-and-re-visioning-revolt-complexities">"Revisiting the Zanj and Re-Visioning Revolt: Complexities of the Zanj Conflict – 868–883 AD – slave revolt in Iraq"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-767/revisiting-the-zanj-and-re-visioning-revolt-complexities">the original</a> on March 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revisiting+the+Zanj+and+Re-Visioning+Revolt%3A+Complexities+of+the+Zanj+Conflict+%E2%80%93+868%E2%80%93883+AD+%E2%80%93+slave+revolt+in+Iraq&rft.aulast=Asquith&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fmagazine%2F1G1-767%2Frevisiting-the-zanj-and-re-visioning-revolt-complexities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924235641/http://history-world.org/islam12.htm">"Islam, From Arab To Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era"</a>. History-world.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-world.org/islam12.htm">the original</a> on September 24, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+From+Arab+To+Islamic+Empire%3A+The+Early+Abbasid+Era&rft.pub=History-world.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-world.org%2Fislam12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKisslingSpulerBarbourTrimingham1997" class="citation book cs1">Kissling, H. J.; Spuler, Bertold; Barbour, N.; Trimingham, J. S.; Braun, H.; Hartel, H. (August 1, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-AznJs58wtkC&pg=PA100">The Last Great Muslim Empires</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-02104-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-02104-4"><bdi>978-90-04-02104-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Great+Muslim+Empires&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997-08-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-02104-4&rft.aulast=Kissling&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft.au=Spuler%2C+Bertold&rft.au=Barbour%2C+N.&rft.au=Trimingham%2C+J.+S.&rft.au=Braun%2C+H.&rft.au=Hartel%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-AznJs58wtkC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed2011" class="citation book cs1">Syed, Muzaffar Husain (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eACqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA453">A Concise History of Islam</a>. New Delhi: VIJ Books (India) Pty Ltd. p. 453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81411-09-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-81411-09-4"><bdi>978-93-81411-09-4</bdi></a>. <q>According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th century, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Islam&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=VIJ+Books+%28India%29+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-81411-09-4&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar+Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeACqCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2003" class="citation book cs1">Davis, R. (September 16, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aNdPQAAACAAJ">Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4551-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4551-8"><bdi>978-1-4039-4551-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Slaves%2C+Muslim+Masters%3A+White+Slavery+in+the+Mediterranean%2C+The+Barbary+Coast%2C+and+Italy%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2003-09-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-4551-8&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaNdPQAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-researchnews.osu.edu-103"><a href="#cite_ref-researchnews.osu.edu_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm">"When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed"</a>. Research News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm">the original</a> on July 25, 2011. Retrieved October 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Europeans+Were+Slaves%3A+Research+Suggests+White+Slavery+Was+Much+More+Common+Than+Previously+Believed&rft.pub=Research+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchnews.osu.edu%2Farchive%2Fwhtslav.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earle-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Earle_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earle_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2004" class="citation news cs1">Carroll, Rory (March 11, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/mar/11/highereducation.books">"New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved December 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+book+reopens+old+arguments+about+slave+raids+on+Europe&rft.date=2004-03-11&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2004%2Fmar%2F11%2Fhighereducation.books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Wright_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2007" class="citation news cs1">Wright, John (2007). "Trans-Saharan Slave Trade". <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trans-Saharan+Slave+Trade&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2011" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Robert (February 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml">"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=British+Slaves+on+the+Barbary+Coast&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fwhite_slaves_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaepler1999" class="citation journal cs1">Baepler, B. (January 1999). "White Slaves, African Masters: An Anthology of American Barbary Captivity Narratives". The SHAFR Guide Online. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>: 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2468-1733_shafr_sim030170256">10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim030170256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+SHAFR+Guide+Online&rft.atitle=White+Slaves%2C+African+Masters%3A+An+Anthology+of+American+Barbary+Captivity+Narratives&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2468-1733_shafr_sim030170256&rft.aulast=Baepler&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml">"History – British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Retrieved March 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+British+History+in+depth%3A+British+Slaves+on+the+Barbary+Coast&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fwhite_slaves_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230022459/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html">"Swahili Coast"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a>. October 17, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html">the original</a> on December 30, 2007. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Swahili+Coast&rft.date=2002-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2Fngm%2Fdata%2F2001%2F10%2F01%2Fhtml%2Fft_20011001.6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6510675.stm">"Remembering East African slave raids"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. March 30, 2007. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Remembering+East+African+slave+raids&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F6510675.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm">"Focus on the slave trade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. September 3, 2001. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Focus+on+the+slave+trade&rft.date=2001-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F1523100.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2007173-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2007173_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2007">Campbell 2007</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeenhoven1977" class="citation book cs1">Veenhoven, Willem A. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0lSH6-0HRaYC&pg=PA440">Case Studies on Human Rights And Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey</a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1956-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1956-3"><bdi>978-90-247-1956-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+Studies+on+Human+Rights+And+Fundamental+Freedoms%3A+A+World+Survey&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-90-247-1956-3&rft.aulast=Veenhoven&rft.aufirst=Willem+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0lSH6-0HRaYC%26pg%3DPA440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snell-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snell_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snell_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnell2011" class="citation book cs1">Snell, Daniel C. (2011). "Slavery in the Ancient Near East". In Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge (ed.). The Cambridge World History of Slavery. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 4–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavery+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History+of+Slavery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4-21&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lovejoy-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Lovejoy_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovejoy1989" class="citation journal cs1">Lovejoy, Paul E. (1989). "The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_African_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of African History">Journal of African History</a>: 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade+on+Africa%3A+A+Review+of+the+Literature&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Lovejoy&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner2012" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Eric (2012). Give Me Liberty: An American History. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Give+Me+Liberty%3A+An+American+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM'bokolo1998" class="citation web cs1">M'bokolo, Elikia (April 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondediplo.com/1998/04/02africa">"The impact of the slave trade on Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a>. Retrieved February 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+diplomatique&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+the+slave+trade+on+Africa&rft.date=1998-04-01&rft.aulast=M%27bokolo&rft.aufirst=Elikia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F1998%2F04%2F02africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apology-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apology_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apology_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apology_118-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Gates, Henry Louis Jr.</a> (April 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html">"Opinion | Ending the Slavery Blame-Game"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved February 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+Ending+the+Slavery+Blame-Game&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F04%2F23%2Fopinion%2F23gates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBortolot" class="citation web cs1">Bortolot, Alexander Ives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/slav/hd_slav.htm">"The Transatlantic Slave Trade]"</a>. metmuseum.org. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=The+Transatlantic+Slave+Trade%5D&rft.aulast=Bortolot&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Ives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fslav%2Fhd_slav.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207031844/http://countrystudies.us/404.htm">"Nigeria – The Slave Trade"</a>. countrystudies.us. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Library of Congress">U.S. Library of Congress</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/404.htm">the original</a> on February 7, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=countrystudies.us&rft.atitle=Nigeria+%E2%80%93+The+Slave+Trade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2F404.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Rubinstein, W. D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA76">Genocide: a history</a>. Pearson Education. pp. 76–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-50601-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-50601-5"><bdi>978-0-582-50601-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+a+history&rft.pages=76-78&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-582-50601-5&rft.aulast=Rubinstein&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMMAk4VwLLwC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManckeShammas2005" class="citation book cs1">Mancke, Elizabeth; Shammas, Carole (May 31, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gsYlogeOEgYC&pg=PA30">The Creation of the British Atlantic World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8039-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8039-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-8039-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+the+British+Atlantic+World&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005-05-31&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8039-1&rft.aulast=Mancke&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Shammas%2C+Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgsYlogeOEgYC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110223111026/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/exhibits/aztec/aztec_social.html">"Aztec Social Structure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/exhibits/aztec/aztec_social.html">the original</a> on February 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aztec+Social+Structure&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftarlton.law.utexas.edu%2Fexhibits%2Faztec%2Faztec_social.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LawsonLawson2019-124"><a href="#cite_ref-LawsonLawson2019_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawsonLawson2019" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Russell M.; Lawson, Benjamin A. (October 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ou6yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">Race and Ethnicity in America: From Pre-contact to the Present [4 volumes]</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5097-4"><bdi>978-1-4408-5097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Ethnicity+in+America%3A+From+Pre-contact+to+the+Present+%26%2391%3B4+volumes%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-5097-4&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Russell+M.&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Benjamin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dou6yDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156">"Slavery in the New World"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavery+in+the+New+World&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fblackhistory%2Farticle-24156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmes2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ames, Kenneth M. (June 2001). "Slaves, Chiefs and Labour on the Northern Northwest Coast". <a href="/wiki/World_Archaeology" title="World Archaeology">World Archaeology</a>. 33 (The Archaeology of Slavery) (1): 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438240120047591">10.1080/00438240120047591</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/827885">827885</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162278526">162278526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Slaves%2C+Chiefs+and+Labour+on+the+Northern+Northwest+Coast&rft.volume=33+%28The+Archaeology+of+Slavery%29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162278526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F827885%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438240120047591&rft.aulast=Ames&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AboriginalSlavery-127"><a href="#cite_ref-AboriginalSlavery_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald1997" class="citation news cs1">Donald, Leland (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QRHLy4xwcboC&q=%22Leland+Donald%22+OR+%22Donald,+Leland%22+%22Aboriginal+Slavery+on+the+Northwest+Coast+of+North+America%22">"Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91811-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91811-5"><bdi>978-0-520-91811-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 25, 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+Slavery+on+the+Northwest+Coast+of+North+America&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91811-5&rft.aulast=Donald&rft.aufirst=Leland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQRHLy4xwcboC%26q%3D%2522Leland%2BDonald%2522%2BOR%2B%2522Donald%2C%2BLeland%2522%2B%2522Aboriginal%2BSlavery%2Bon%2Bthe%2BNorthwest%2BCoast%2Bof%2BNorth%2BAmerica%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629173336/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2028.html?countryName=Haiti&countryCode=ha&regionCode=ca&#ha">"The World Factbook"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2028.html?countryName=Haiti&countryCode=ha&regionCode=ca&#ha">the original</a> on June 29, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2028.html%3FcountryName%3DHaiti%26countryCode%3Dha%26regionCode%3Dca%26%23ha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/eugene04/eugene04sicut.htm">"Sicut Dudem -Against the Enslavement of Black Natives of the Canary Islands"</a>. papalencyclicals.net. January 13, 1435.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=papalencyclicals.net&rft.atitle=Sicut+Dudem+-Against+the+Enslavement+of+Black+Natives+of+the+Canary+Islands&rft.date=1435&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2Feugene04%2Feugene04sicut.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/Paul03/p3subli.htm">"Sublimus Dei – On the Enslavement and Evangelization of Indians"</a>. papalencyclicals.net. May 29, 1537.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=papalencyclicals.net&rft.atitle=Sublimus+Dei+%E2%80%93+On+the+Enslavement+and+Evangelization+of+Indians&rft.date=1537&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2FPaul03%2Fp3subli.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanke1974" class="citation book cs1">Hanke, Lewis (1974). All Mankind Is One: A Study of the Disputation Between Bartolomé de Las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda on the Religious and Intellectual Capacity of the American Indians. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University_Press" title="Northern Illinois University Press">Northern Illinois University Press</a>. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87580-043-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87580-043-2"><bdi>0-87580-043-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Mankind+Is+One%3A+A+Study+of+the+Disputation+Between+Bartolom%C3%A9+de+Las+Casas+and+Juan+Gin%C3%A9s+de+Sep%C3%BAlveda+on+the+Religious+and+Intellectual+Capacity+of+the+American+Indians&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Northern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-87580-043-2&rft.aulast=Hanke&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988">"For the first time, and probably for the last, a colonizing nation organized a formal enquiry into the justice of the methods used to extend its empire. For the first time, too, in the modern world, we see an attempt to stigmatize an entire race as inferior, as born slaves according to the theory elaborated centuries before by Aristotle." </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003165601/http://www.ukcouncilhumanrights.co.uk/webbook-chap1.html">"Health In Slavery"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukcouncilhumanrights.co.uk/webbook-chap1.html">the original</a> on October 3, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+In+Slavery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukcouncilhumanrights.co.uk%2Fwebbook-chap1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanzer1996" class="citation book cs1">Panzer, Joel S. (1996). The Popes and Slavery. Alba House. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8189-0764-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8189-0764-9"><bdi>0-8189-0764-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popes+and+Slavery&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Alba+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8189-0764-9&rft.aulast=Panzer&rft.aufirst=Joel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988">"The earlier forms of servitude were varied, complex, and very often of a different sociological category than those which were prevalent after the 14th century. While all forms of servitude are certainly unacceptable to most people today, this has not always been the case. Formerly, the rules of war and society were such that servitude was often imposed as a penalty on criminals and prisoners of war, and was even freely chosen by many workers for economic reasons. Children born of those held in servitude were also at times considered to be in the same state as that of their parents. These types of servitude were the most common among those generally considered to establish the so-called 'just titles' of servitude." </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalenson1984" class="citation journal cs1">Galenson, David W. (March 1984). "The Rise and Fall of Indentured Servitude in the Americas: An Economic Analysis". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History" title="The Journal of Economic History">The Journal of Economic History</a>. XLIV (1): 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002205070003134X">10.1017/S002205070003134X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2120553">2120553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154682898">154682898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Indentured+Servitude+in+the+Americas%3A+An+Economic+Analysis&rft.volume=XLIV&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=1984-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154682898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2120553%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002205070003134X&rft.aulast=Galenson&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBavis">Bavis</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDonoghue2010">Donoghue (2010)</a>, pp. 943–974; <a href="#CITEREFHigginbotham1978">Higginbotham (1978)</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualjamestown.org/practise.html">"Slave Laws"</a>. Virtual Jamestown. Retrieved November 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slave+Laws&rft.pub=Virtual+Jamestown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualjamestown.org%2Fpractise.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Billings2009-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Billings2009_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillings2009" class="citation book cs1">Billings, Warren M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hIPuXIKdZaQC&pg=PA286">The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606–1700: Easyread Super Large 18pt Edition</a>. ReadHowYouWant.com. pp. 286–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4429-6090-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4429-6090-9"><bdi>978-1-4429-6090-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Dominion+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+A+Documentary+History+of+Virginia%2C+1606%E2%80%931700%3A+Easyread+Super+Large+18pt+Edition&rft.pages=286-87&rft.pub=ReadHowYouWant.com&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4429-6090-9&rft.aulast=Billings&rft.aufirst=Warren+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhIPuXIKdZaQC%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Project-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Project_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Writers'_Project1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a> (1954). Virginia: A Guide to the Old Dominion. US History Publishers. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60354-045-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60354-045-2"><bdi>978-1-60354-045-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virginia%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Old+Dominion&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=US+History+Publishers&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-1-60354-045-2&rft.au=Federal+Writers%27+Project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanver2010">Danver (2010)</a>, p. 322; <a href="#CITEREFKozlowski2010">Kozlowski (2010)</a>, p. 78; <a href="#CITEREFConway2008">Conway (2008)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lookatthirteenth0000conw/page/5">5</a>; <a href="#CITEREFToppin2010">Toppin (2010)</a>, p. 46; <a href="#CITEREFFoner1980">Foner (1980)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBurnham1993">Burnham (1993)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-World-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgurilar-Moreno2006" class="citation book cs1">Agurilar-Moreno, Manuel (2006). Handbook to Life in the Aztec World. <a href="/wiki/California_State_University" title="California State University">California State University</a>, Los Angeles.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+the+Aztec+World&rft.pub=California+State+University%2C+Los+Angeles&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Agurilar-Moreno&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-discja-141"><a href="#cite_ref-discja_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130805083846/http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/history1.htm">"Jamaican History I"</a>. Discover Jamaica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/history1.htm">the original</a> on August 5, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaican+History+I&rft.pub=Discover+Jamaica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverjamaica.com%2Fgleaner%2Fdiscover%2Fgeography%2Fhistory1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Childs-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Childs_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds2006" class="citation book cs1">Childs, Matt D. (2006). 1812 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5772-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5772-4"><bdi>978-0-8078-5772-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1812+Aponte+Rebellion+in+Cuba+and+the+Struggle+against+Atlantic+Slavery&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-5772-4&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=Matt+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-beyond-143"><a href="#cite_ref-beyond_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arif_Ali" title="Arif Ali">Ali, Arif</a> (1997). Barbados: Just Beyond Your Imagination. Hansib Publishing (Caribbean) Ltd. pp. 46, 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870518-54-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-870518-54-3"><bdi>978-1-870518-54-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbados%3A+Just+Beyond+Your+Imagination&rft.pages=46%2C+48&rft.pub=Hansib+Publishing+%28Caribbean%29+Ltd&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-870518-54-3&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Arif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreissguth2009" class="citation book cs1">Streissguth, Tom (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surinameinpictur0000stre">Suriname in Pictures</a>. Twenty-First Century Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surinameinpictur0000stre/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57505-964-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57505-964-8"><bdi>978-1-57505-964-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suriname+in+Pictures&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-57505-964-8&rft.aulast=Streissguth&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurinameinpictur0000stre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMentelle1777" class="citation web cs1">Mentelle, Simon M. (1777). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/524/">"Extract of the Dutch Map Representing the Colony of Surinam"</a>. wdl.org. Digital World Library via Library of Congress. Retrieved February 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wdl.org&rft.atitle=Extract+of+the+Dutch+Map+Representing+the+Colony+of+Surinam&rft.date=1777&rft.aulast=Mentelle&rft.aufirst=Simon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F524%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dominiopublico.gov.br-146"><a href="#cite_ref-dominiopublico.gov.br_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dominiopublico.gov.br/pesquisa/PesquisaObraForm.jsp">"Domínio Público – Pesquisa Básica"</a> [Public Domain – Basic Research]. dominiopublico.gov.br (in Brazilian Portuguese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dominiopublico.gov.br&rft.atitle=Dom%C3%ADnio+P%C3%BAblico+%E2%80%93+Pesquisa+B%C3%A1sica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dominiopublico.gov.br%2Fpesquisa%2FPesquisaObraForm.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150313000755/http://veja.abril.com.br/blog/ricardo-setti/tema-livre/vergonha-ainda-maior-novas-informacoes-disponiveis-em-um-enorme-banco-de-dados-mostram-que-a-escravidao-no-brasil-foi-muito-pior-do-que-se-sabia-antes/">"Vergonha Ainda Maior: Novas informações disponíveis em um enorme banco de dados mostram que a escravidão no Brasil foi muito pior do que se sabia antes"</a> [Even Greater Shame: New information available from a huge database shows that slavery in Brazil was far worse than previously known]. Veja (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veja.abril.com.br/blog/ricardo-setti/tema-livre/vergonha-ainda-maior-novas-informacoes-disponiveis-em-um-enorme-banco-de-dados-mostram-que-a-escravidao-no-brasil-foi-muito-pior-do-que-se-sabia-antes/">the original</a> on March 13, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veja&rft.atitle=Vergonha+Ainda+Maior%3A+Novas+informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es+dispon%C3%ADveis+em+um+enorme+banco+de+dados+mostram+que+a+escravid%C3%A3o+no+Brasil+foi+muito+pior+do+que+se+sabia+antes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fveja.abril.com.br%2Fblog%2Fricardo-setti%2Ftema-livre%2Fvergonha-ainda-maior-novas-informacoes-disponiveis-em-um-enorme-banco-de-dados-mostram-que-a-escravidao-no-brasil-foi-muito-pior-do-que-se-sabia-antes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambriapress.com-148"><a href="#cite_ref-cambriapress.com_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322232722/https://www.cambriapress.com/pub.cfm?bid=618">"African Heritage and Memories of Slavery in Brazil and the South Atlantic World By Ana Lucia Araujo"</a>. cambriapress.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambriapress.com/cambriapress.cfm?template=4&bid=618">the original</a> on March 22, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cambriapress.com&rft.atitle=African+Heritage+and+Memories+of+Slavery+in+Brazil+and+the+South+Atlantic+World+By+Ana+Lucia+Araujo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambriapress.com%2Fcambriapress.cfm%3Ftemplate%3D4%26bid%3D618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReséndez2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Res%C3%A9ndez" title="Andrés Reséndez">Reséndez, Andrés</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2gpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-64098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-64098-3"><bdi>978-0-547-64098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Slavery%3A+The+Uncovered+Story+of+Indian+Enslavement+in+America&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-547-64098-3&rft.aulast=Res%C3%A9ndez&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2gpCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer-LROB-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Farmer-LROB_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer2004" class="citation news cs1">Farmer, Paul (April 15, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080608222428/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n08/farm01_.html">"Who removed Aristide?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>. pp. 28–31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n08/farm01_.html">the original</a> on June 8, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Who+removed+Aristide%3F&rft.pages=28-31&rft.date=2004-04-15&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv26%2Fn08%2Ffarm01_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiple2002" class="citation book cs1">Kiple, Kenneth F. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=veMLoyrX0BEC">The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52470-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52470-4"><bdi>978-0-521-52470-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caribbean+Slave%3A+A+Biological+History&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52470-4&rft.aulast=Kiple&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DveMLoyrX0BEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200827–53-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200827–53_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2008">Campbell 2008</a>, pp. 27–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-Moitt-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Moitt_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoitt2001" class="citation book cs1">Moitt, Bernard (2001). Women and Slavery in the French Antilles, 1635–1848. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Slavery+in+the+French+Antilles%2C+1635%E2%80%931848&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Moitt&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoupeau2008" class="citation book cs1">Coupeau, Steeve (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tA-XfYZFNvkC&pg=PA18">The History of Haiti</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34089-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34089-5"><bdi>978-0-313-34089-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Haiti&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34089-5&rft.aulast=Coupeau&rft.aufirst=Steeve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtA-XfYZFNvkC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Wood, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120071333/https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/05/peter-h-wood-strange-new-land-excerpt.html">"The Birth of Race-Based Slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/05/peter-h-wood-strange-new-land-excerpt.html">the original</a> on January 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+Race-Based+Slavery&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fhuman-interest%2F2015%2F05%2Fpeter-h-wood-strange-new-land-excerpt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Julia_Floyd_Smith_1973,_pp._44-46-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Julia_Floyd_Smith_1973,_pp._44-46_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1973" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Julia Floyd (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKIDcAAACAAJ&pg=PA44">Slavery and Plantation Growth in Antebellum Florida, 1821–1860</a>. Gainesville: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Florida Press">University of Florida Press</a>. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-0323-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-0323-8"><bdi>978-0-8130-0323-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+Plantation+Growth+in+Antebellum+Florida%2C+1821%E2%80%931860&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-0323-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Julia+Floyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBKIDcAAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilbert-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilbert_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilbert_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1980" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Wilbert Ellis (1980). American Negro Slavery and Abolition: A Sociological Study. Ayer Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Negro+Slavery+and+Abolition%3A+A+Sociological+Study&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Wilbert+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClinton1999" class="citation book cs1">Clinton, Catherine (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1of9_aq4zkC&pg=PA8">Scholastic Encyclopedia of the Civil War</a>. Scholastic Reference. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-590-37228-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-590-37228-2"><bdi>978-0-590-37228-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scholastic+Encyclopedia+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Scholastic+Reference&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-590-37228-2&rft.aulast=Clinton&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB1of9_aq4zkC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McInnis2011-159"><a href="#cite_ref-McInnis2011_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcInnis2011" class="citation book cs1">McInnis, Maurie D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3W4M4UojrEC&pg=PA129">Slaves Waiting for Sale: Abolitionist Art and the American Slave Trade</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55933-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55933-9"><bdi>978-0-226-55933-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slaves+Waiting+for+Sale%3A+Abolitionist+Art+and+the+American+Slave+Trade&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-55933-9&rft.aulast=McInnis&rft.aufirst=Maurie+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR3W4M4UojrEC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephen1999-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Stephen1999_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrendt1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Behrendt" title="Stephen D. Behrendt">Behrendt, Stephen</a> (1999). "Transatlantic Slave Trade". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi">Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</a>. New York: Basic Civitas Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00071-5"><bdi>978-0-465-00071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transatlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Civitas+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00071-5&rft.aulast=Behrendt&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanaencyclop00appi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714073725/http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/manassas/social/introsoc.htm">"Social Aspects of the Civil War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/manassas/social/introsoc.htm">the original</a> on July 14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+Aspects+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itd.nps.gov%2Fcwss%2Fmanassas%2Fsocial%2Fintrosoc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-33/why-christians-supported-slavery.html#storystream">"Why Did So Many Christians Support Slavery?"</a>. christianitytoday.com. January 1992. Retrieved August 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=christianitytoday.com&rft.atitle=Why+Did+So+Many+Christians+Support+Slavery%3F&rft.date=1992-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fissues%2Fissue-33%2Fwhy-christians-supported-slavery.html%23storystream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040604075834/http://www.civil-war.net/pages/1860_census.html">"1860 Census Results"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civil-war.net/pages/1860_census.html">the original</a> on June 4, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1860+Census+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civil-war.net%2Fpages%2F1860_census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2010" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ta-Nehisi_Coates" title="Ta-Nehisi Coates">Coates, Ta-Nehisi</a> (August 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2010/08/small-truth-papering-over-a-big-lie/61136/">"Small Truth Papering Over a Big Lie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Retrieved September 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Small+Truth+Papering+Over+a+Big+Lie&rft.date=2010-08-09&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Ta-Nehisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fnational%2Farchive%2F2010%2F08%2Fsmall-truth-papering-over-a-big-lie%2F61136%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2021" class="citation web cs1">Lowe, Jaime (July 27, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/07/california-inmate-firefighters/619567/">"What Does California Owe Its Incarcerated Firefighters?"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved August 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+Does+California+Owe+Its+Incarcerated+Firefighters%3F&rft.date=2021-07-27&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2021%2F07%2Fcalifornia-inmate-firefighters%2F619567%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPargasRoşu2017" class="citation book cs1">Pargas, Damian Alan; Roşu, Felicia (December 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdBCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA523">Critical Readings on Global Slavery (4 vols.)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34661-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34661-1"><bdi>978-90-04-34661-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Readings+on+Global+Slavery+%284+vols.%29&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft.isbn=978-90-04-34661-1&rft.aulast=Pargas&rft.aufirst=Damian+Alan&rft.au=Ro%C5%9Fu%2C+Felicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwdBCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306234824/https://www.ed.ac.uk/history-classics-archaeology/news-events/events-archive/events2013/ancient-slavery">"Slavery and forced labour in Ancient China and the Ancient Mediterranean"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/history-classics-archaeology/news-events/events-archive/events2013/ancient-slavery">the original</a> on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+forced+labour+in+Ancient+China+and+the+Ancient+Mediterranean&rft.pub=University+of+Edinburgh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ed.ac.uk%2Fhistory-classics-archaeology%2Fnews-events%2Fevents-archive%2Fevents2013%2Fancient-slavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberScheidelShawSanclemente2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ober, Josiah; Scheidel, Walter; Shaw, Brent D.; Sanclemente, Donna (April 18, 2007). "Toward Open Access in Ancient Studies: The Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics". Hesperia. 76 (1): 229–242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2972%2Fhesp.76.1.229">10.2972/hesp.76.1.229</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-098X">0018-098X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145709968">145709968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hesperia&rft.atitle=Toward+Open+Access+in+Ancient+Studies%3A+The+Princeton-Stanford+Working+Papers+in+Classics&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=229-242&rft.date=2007-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145709968%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-098X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2972%2Fhesp.76.1.229&rft.aulast=Ober&rft.aufirst=Josiah&rft.au=Scheidel%2C+Walter&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Brent+D.&rft.au=Sanclemente%2C+Donna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rikkyo.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/547/files/KJ00007959919.pdf">"Outline of the Senmin system during the Ritsuryo period"</a> (PDF). June 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outline+of+the+Senmin+system+during+the+Ritsuryo+period&rft.date=2024-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frikkyo.repo.nii.ac.jp%2Frecord%2F547%2Ffiles%2FKJ00007959919.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997146–147-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997146–147_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997146–147_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997146–147_170-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodriguez1997">Rodriguez 1997</a>, pp. 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> 杉山正明《忽必烈的挑战》，社会科学文献出版社，2013年，第44–46頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> 船田善之《色目人与元代制度、社会 – 重新探讨蒙古、色目、汉人、南人划分的位置》,〈蒙古学信息〉2003年第2期 </li> <li id="cite_note-EncAnt-173"><a href="#cite_ref-EncAnt_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2006" class="citation book cs1">Williams, R. Owen (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_SeZrcBqt-YC&pg=PA156">Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition [Two Volumes]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-01524-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-01524-3"><bdi>978-0-313-01524-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Antislavery+and+Abolition+%5BTwo+Volumes%5D&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006-11&rft.isbn=978-0-313-01524-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=R.+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_SeZrcBqt-YC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao1986" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Gang (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jKsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA15">Man and Land in Chinese History: An Economic Analysis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1271-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1271-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-1271-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+and+Land+in+Chinese+History%3A+An+Economic+Analysis&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1271-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Gang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jKsAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2001" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Philip C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtkwLVoh9O0C&pg=PA17">Code, Custom, and Legal Practice in China: The Qing and the Republic Compared</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4111-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4111-8"><bdi>978-0-8047-4111-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code%2C+Custom%2C+and+Legal+Practice+in+China%3A+The+Qing+and+the+Republic+Compared&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4111-8&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Philip+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwtkwLVoh9O0C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rBIUAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA63">"Kao-li maid-servant"</a>. Memoirs of the Research Department of the Tōyō Bunko (2). Tokyo: <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_Bunko" title="Tōyō Bunko">Tōyō Bunko</a>: 63. 1928. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0082-562X">0082-562X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+Research+Department+of+the+T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D+Bunko&rft.atitle=Kao-li+maid-servant&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63&rft.date=1928&rft.issn=0082-562X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrBIUAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1997">Lee (1997)</a>, p. 49; <a href="#CITEREFDavis1988">Davis (1988)</a>, p. 51; <a href="#CITEREFSalisbury2004">Salisbury (2004)</a>, p. 316 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchafer1963" class="citation book cs1">Schafer, Edward H. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqAGIL02BWQC&pg=PA45">The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tʻang Exotics</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 45–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05462-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05462-2"><bdi>978-0-520-05462-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Peaches+of+Samarkand%3A+A+Study+of+T%CA%BBang+Exotics&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05462-2&rft.aulast=Schafer&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjqAGIL02BWQC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranet2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Granet" title="Marcel Granet">Granet, Marcel</a> (2013) [1930], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315005508-24">"The History of Civilization"</a>, Chinese Civilization, London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, pp. 500–503, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315005508-24">10.4324/9781315005508-24</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-00550-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-00550-8"><bdi>978-1-315-00550-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Civilization&rft.btitle=Chinese+Civilization&rft.place=London&rft.pages=500-503&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315005508-24&rft.isbn=978-1-315-00550-8&rft.aulast=Granet&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781315005508-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipman2004" class="citation book cs1">Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA69">Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China</a>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97644-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97644-0"><bdi>978-0-295-97644-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+strangers%3A+a+history+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97644-0&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Neaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D90CN0vtxdY0C%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookWakabayashi2000" class="citation book cs1">Brook, Timothy; Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQk97ET1aQMC&pg=PA148">Opium regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22236-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22236-6"><bdi>978-0-520-22236-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opium+regimes%3A+China%2C+Britain%2C+and+Japan%2C+1839%E2%80%931952&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22236-6&rft.aulast=Brook&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Wakabayashi%2C+Bob+Tadashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxQk97ET1aQMC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward1998145-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward1998145_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillward1998">Millward 1998</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward1998206-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward1998206_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillward1998">Millward 1998</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393_184-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393_184-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393_184-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393_184-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393_184-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393_184-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997392–393_184-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodriguez1997">Rodriguez 1997</a>, pp. 392–393. </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein2014-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klein2014_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein2014_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein2014_185-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2014" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Martin A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULeCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a> Publishers. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7528-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7528-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-7528-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Slavery+and+Abolition&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7528-9&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Martin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DULeCBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRheeYang" class="citation journal cs1">Rhee, Young-hoon; Yang, Donghyu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106230507/https://ideas.repec.org/p/snu/ioerwp/no26.html">"Korean Nobi in American Mirror: Yi Dynasty Coerced Labor in Comparison to the Slavery in the Antebellum Southern United States"</a>. Working Paper Series. Institute of Economic Research, <a href="/wiki/Seoul_National_University" title="Seoul National University">Seoul National University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/snu/ioerwp/no26.html">the original</a> on November 6, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Working+Paper+Series&rft.atitle=Korean+Nobi+in+American+Mirror%3A+Yi+Dynasty+Coerced+Labor+in+Comparison+to+the+Slavery+in+the+Antebellum+Southern+United+States&rft.aulast=Rhee&rft.aufirst=Young-hoon&rft.au=Yang%2C+Donghyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Fsnu%2Fioerwp%2Fno26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2004153–157-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2004153–157_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2004">Campbell 2004</a>, pp. 153–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalais1998" class="citation book cs1">Palais, James B. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xxi5AAAAIAAJ">Views on Korean social history</a>. Institute for Modern Korean Studies, <a href="/wiki/Yonsei_University" title="Yonsei University">Yonsei University</a>. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-7141-441-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-7141-441-5"><bdi>978-89-7141-441-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 15, 2017. <q>Another target of his critique is the insistence that slaves (nobi) in Korea, especially in Choson dynasty, were closer to serfs (nongno) than true slaves (noye) in Europe and America, enjoying more freedom and independence than what a slave would normally be allowed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Views+on+Korean+social+history&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Institute+for+Modern+Korean+Studies%2C+Yonsei+University&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-89-7141-441-5&rft.aulast=Palais&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxxi5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimPettid2011" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Youngmin; Pettid, Michael J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UwgUa6WWFBMC&pg=PA141">Women and Confucianism in Choson Korea: New Perspectives</a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3777-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3777-4"><bdi>978-1-4384-3777-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Confucianism+in+Choson+Korea%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-3777-4&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Youngmin&rft.au=Pettid%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUwgUa6WWFBMC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2004162–163-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2004162–163_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2004162–163_190-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2004162–163_190-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2004">Campbell 2004</a>, pp. 162–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2004157-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2004157_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2004">Campbell 2004</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimPettid2011" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Youngmin; Pettid, Michael J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UwgUa6WWFBMC&pg=PA140">Women and Confucianism in Choson Korea: New Perspectives</a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. pp. 140–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3777-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3777-4"><bdi>978-1-4384-3777-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Confucianism+in+Choson+Korea%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=140-41&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-3777-4&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Youngmin&rft.au=Pettid%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUwgUa6WWFBMC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorean_National_Commission_for_UNESCO2004" class="citation book cs1">Korean National Commission for UNESCO (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvdxAAAAMAAJ">Korean History: Discovery of Its Characteristics and Developments</a>. Hollym. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56591-177-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56591-177-2"><bdi>978-1-56591-177-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+History%3A+Discovery+of+Its+Characteristics+and+Developments&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Hollym&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-56591-177-2&rft.au=Korean+National+Commission+for+UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvdxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tierney1999-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tierney1999_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tierney1999_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTierney1999" class="citation book cs1">Tierney, Helen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9E4GgV6pBB8C&pg=PA277">Women's Studies Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31071-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31071-3"><bdi>978-0-313-31071-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Studies+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31071-3&rft.aulast=Tierney&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9E4GgV6pBB8C%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2013" class="citation news cs1">Hoffman, Michael (May 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505094146/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2013/05/26/books/the-rarely-if-ever-told-story-of-japanese-sold-as-slaves-by-portuguese-traders/">"The rarely, if ever, told story of Japanese sold as slaves by Portuguese traders"</a>. The Japan Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2013/05/26/books/the-rarely-if-ever-told-story-of-japanese-sold-as-slaves-by-portuguese-traders/">the original</a> on May 5, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=The+rarely%2C+if+ever%2C+told+story+of+Japanese+sold+as+slaves+by+Portuguese+traders&rft.date=2013-05-26&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fculture%2F2013%2F05%2F26%2Fbooks%2Fthe-rarely-if-ever-told-story-of-japanese-sold-as-slaves-by-portuguese-traders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030813/http://www.japanprobe.com/2007/05/10/europeans-had-japanese-slaves-in-case-you-didnt-know/">"Europeans had Japanese slaves, in case you didn't know…"</a>. Japan Probe. May 10, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanprobe.com/2007/05/10/europeans-had-japanese-slaves-in-case-you-didnt-know/">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Probe&rft.atitle=Europeans+had+Japanese+slaves%2C+in+case+you+didn%27t+know%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2007-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanprobe.com%2F2007%2F05%2F10%2Feuropeans-had-japanese-slaves-in-case-you-didnt-know%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertelKeevak2017" class="citation book cs1">Hertel, Ralf; Keevak, Michael (2017). Early Encounters between East Asia and Europe: Telling Failures. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14718-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14718-3"><bdi>978-1-317-14718-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Encounters+between+East+Asia+and+Europe%3A+Telling+Failures&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-317-14718-3&rft.aulast=Hertel&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft.au=Keevak%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Weiner2004" class="citation book cs1">Michael Weiner, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4z_JJfG-hyYC&pg=PA408">Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and imaginary minorities</a> (illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20857-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20857-4"><bdi>978-0-415-20857-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race%2C+Ethnicity+and+Migration+in+Modern+Japan%3A+Imagined+and+imaginary+minorities&rft.pages=408&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20857-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4z_JJfG-hyYC%26pg%3DPA408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Appiah, Kwame Anthony</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Gates, Henry Louis Jr.</a>, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479">Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</a>. Vol. 3. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517055-9"><bdi>978-0-19-517055-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=479&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517055-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMZMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Appiah, Kwame Anthony</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Gates, Henry Louis Jr.</a>, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA187">Encyclopedia of Africa</a>. Vol. 1. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533770-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0XNvklcqbwC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_GellatelyBen_Kiernan2003" class="citation book cs1">Robert Gellately; Ben Kiernan, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specterofgenocid00robe">The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective</a> (reprint ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specterofgenocid00robe/page/277">277</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52750-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52750-7"><bdi>978-0-521-52750-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 2, 2014. <q>Hideyoshi korean slaves guns silk.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Specter+of+Genocide%3A+Mass+Murder+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=277&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52750-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspecterofgenocid00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormack2001" class="citation book cs1">McCormack, Gavan (2001). Reflections on Modern Japanese History in the Context of the Concept of "genocide". Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies. Harvard University, Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Modern+Japanese+History+in+the+Context+of+the+Concept+of+%22genocide%22&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Harvard+University%2C+Edwin+O.+Reischauer+Institute+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=McCormack&rft.aufirst=Gavan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidin2002" class="citation book cs1">Lidin, Olof G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FliQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA170">Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78871-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78871-1"><bdi>978-1-135-78871-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tanegashima+%E2%80%93+The+Arrival+of+Europe+in+Japan&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-135-78871-1&rft.aulast=Lidin&rft.aufirst=Olof+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFliQAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stanley, Amy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6yjTKhcy0jYC&pg=PA60">Selling Women: Prostitution, Markets, and the Household in Early Modern Japan</a>. Vol. 21 of Asia: Local Studies / Global Themes. Matthew H. Sommer. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95238-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95238-6"><bdi>978-0-520-95238-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selling+Women%3A+Prostitution%2C+Markets%2C+and+the+Household+in+Early+Modern+Japan&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95238-6&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6yjTKhcy0jYC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence1985" class="citation book cs1">Spence, Jonathan D. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YmauWWluaqcC">The memory palace of Matteo Ricci</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-008098-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-008098-8"><bdi>978-0-14-008098-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 5, 2012. <q>countryside.16 Slaves were everywhere in Lisbon, according to the Florentine merchant Filippo Sassetti, who was also living in the city during 1578. Black slaves were the most numerous, but there were also a scattering of Chinese</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+memory+palace+of+Matteo+Ricci&rft.pages=208&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-14-008098-8&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYmauWWluaqcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeite1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leite, José Roberto Teixeira (1999). A China no Brasil: influências, marcas, ecos e sobrevivências chinesas na sociedade e na arte brasileiras (in Portuguese). UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0436-4"><bdi>978-85-268-0436-4</bdi></a>. <q>Idéias e costumes da China podem ter-nos chegado também através de escravos chineses, de uns poucos dos quais sabe-se da presença no Brasil de começos do Setecentos.17 Mas não deve ter sido através desses raros infelizes que a influência chinesa nos atingiu, mesmo porque escravos chineses (e também japoneses) já existiam aos montes em Lisboa por volta de 1578, quando Filippo Sassetti visitou a cidade,18 apenas suplantados em número pelos africanos. Parece aliás que aos últimos cabia o trabalho pesado, ficando reservadas aos chins tarefas e funções mais amenas, inclusive a de em certos casos secretariar autoridades civis, religiosas e militares.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+China+no+Brasil%3A+influ%C3%AAncias%2C+marcas%2C+ecos+e+sobreviv%C3%AAncias+chinesas+na+sociedade+e+na+arte+brasileiras&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=UNICAMP.+Universidade+Estadual+de+Campinas&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-85-268-0436-4&rft.aulast=Leite&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Roberto+Teixeira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pinto92-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pinto92_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pinto92_207-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinto1992" class="citation book cs1">Pinto, Jeanette (1992). Slavery in Portuguese India, 1510–1842. Bombay: Himalaya Pub. House. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7040-587-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7040-587-0"><bdi>978-81-7040-587-0</bdi></a>. <q>ing Chinese as slaves, since they are found to be very loyal, intelligent and hard working' ... their culinary bent was also evidently appreciated. The Florentine traveller Fillippo Sassetti, recording his impressions of Lisbon's enormous slave population circa 1580, states that the majority of the Chinese there were employed as cooks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Portuguese+India%2C+1510%E2%80%931842&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Himalaya+Pub.+House&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7040-587-0&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Jeanette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoxer1968">Boxer (1968)</a>, p. 225: "be very loyal, intelligent, and hard-working. Their culinary bent (not for nothing is Chinese cooking regarded as the Asiatic equivalent to French cooking in Europe) was evidently appreciated. The Florentine traveller Filipe Sassetti recording his impressions of Lisbon's enormous slave population circa 1580, states that the majority of the Chinese there were employed as cooks. Dr. John Fryer, who gives us an interesting ...". </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeite1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leite, José Roberto Teixeira (1999). A China No Brasil: Influencias, Marcas, Ecos E Sobrevivencias Chinesas Na Sociedade E Na Arte Brasileiras [China in Brazil: Influences, Marks, Echoes and Chinese Survivals in Brazilian Society and Art] (in Portuguese). UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0436-4"><bdi>978-85-268-0436-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+China+No+Brasil%3A+Influencias%2C+Marcas%2C+Ecos+E+Sobrevivencias+Chinesas+Na+Sociedade+E+Na+Arte+Brasileiras&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=UNICAMP.+Universidade+Estadual+de+Campinas&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-85-268-0436-4&rft.aulast=Leite&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Roberto+Teixeira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelmanMiller1998" class="citation book cs1">Finkelman, Paul; Miller, Joseph Calder (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5s0YAAAAIAAJ">Macmillan encyclopedia of world slavery</a>. Vol. 2. Macmillan Reference US. p. 737. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864781-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864781-4"><bdi>978-0-02-864781-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39655102">39655102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macmillan+encyclopedia+of+world+slavery&rft.pages=737&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+US&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39655102&rft.isbn=978-0-02-864781-4&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Miller%2C+Joseph+Calder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5s0YAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Sande2012">de Sande (2012)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSaunders1982">Saunders (1982)</a>, p. 168; <a href="#CITEREFBoxer1968">Boxer (1968)</a>, p. 225: "be very loyal, intelligent, and hard-working. Their culinary bent (not for nothing is Chinese cooking regarded as the Asiatic equivalent to French cooking in Europe) was evidently appreciated. The Florentine traveller Filipe Sassetti recording his impressions of Lisbon's enormous slave population circa 1580, states that the majority of the Chinese there were employed as cooks. Dr. John Fryer, who gives us an interesting ...". </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Thomas (Winter 2004). "Slavery in Medieval Japan". Monumenta Nipponica. 59 (4): 463–492. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25066328">25066328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Nipponica&rft.atitle=Slavery+in+Medieval+Japan&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=463-492&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25066328%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaigaku2004" class="citation book cs1">Daigaku, Jōchi (2004). Monumenta Nipponica. <a href="/wiki/Sophia_University" title="Sophia University">Sophia University</a>. p. 465.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monumenta+Nipponica&rft.pages=465&rft.pub=Sophia+University&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Daigaku&rft.aufirst=J%C5%8Dchi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitagawa2013" class="citation book cs1">Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lani3dFCC9UC&pg=PA144">Religion in Japanese History</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51509-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51509-2"><bdi>978-0-231-51509-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Japanese+History&rft.pages=144&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51509-2&rft.aulast=Kitagawa&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Mitsuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlani3dFCC9UC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalman2013" class="citation book cs1">Calman, Donald (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J0KvyZp9VKAC&pg=PA37">Nature and Origins of Japanese Imperialism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-91843-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-91843-0"><bdi>978-1-134-91843-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature+and+Origins+of+Japanese+Imperialism&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-91843-0&rft.aulast=Calman&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ0KvyZp9VKAC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKshetry2008" class="citation book cs1">Kshetry, Gopal (2008). Foreigners in Japan: A Historical Perspective. Xlibris Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4691-0244-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4691-0244-3"><bdi>978-1-4691-0244-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreigners+in+Japan%3A+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4691-0244-3&rft.aulast=Kshetry&rft.aufirst=Gopal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2012" class="citation book cs1">Moran, J.F. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kruXu_m64ccC&pg=PA223">Japanese and the Jesuits</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-88112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-88112-3"><bdi>978-1-134-88112-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+and+the+Jesuits&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-134-88112-3&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkruXu_m64ccC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDias2007" class="citation book cs1">Dias, Maria Suzette Fernandes (2007). Legacies of slavery: comparative perspectives. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-111-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-111-4"><bdi>978-1-84718-111-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacies+of+slavery%3A+comparative+perspectives&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84718-111-4&rft.aulast=Dias&rft.aufirst=Maria+Suzette+Fernandes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> footnote 2: (...) While it is likely that the institution of slavery existed in India during the Vedic period, the association of the Vedic 'Dasa' with 'slaves' is problematic and likely to have been a later development. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi2002" class="citation journal cs1">Levi, Scott C. (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/3960723">"Hindus Beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade"</a>. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 12 (3): 277–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186302000329">10.1017/S1356186302000329</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188289">25188289</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155047611">155047611</a>. <q>Sources such as the Arthasastra, the Manusmriti and the Mahabharata demonstrate that institutionalized slavery was well established in India by beginning of the common era</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Hindus+Beyond+the+Hindu+Kush%3A+Indians+in+the+Central+Asian+Slave+Trade&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=277-288&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155047611%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25188289%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186302000329&rft.aulast=Levi&rft.aufirst=Scott+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F3960723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribuneindia.com-221"><a href="#cite_ref-tribuneindia.com_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020720/windows/slice.htm">"Windows – Slice of history"</a>. The Tribune.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Windows+%E2%80%93+Slice+of+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2002%2F20020720%2Fwindows%2Fslice.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSubrahmanyam1997">Subrahmanyam (1997)</a>, pp. 201–253; <a href="#CITEREFPrakash1998">Prakash (1998)</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFPrakash1985">Prakash (1985)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRichards2012">Richards (2012)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRaychaudhuriHabib1982">Raychaudhuri & Habib (1982)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFArasaratnam1995">Arasaratnam (1995)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVink1998">Vink (1998)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFArasaratnam1996">Arasaratnam (1996)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLove1913">Love (1913)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> V.B. Lieberman, Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580–1760 (Princeton, N.J., 1984); G.D. Winius, "The 'Shadow Empire' of Goa in the Bay of Bengal," Itinerario 7, no. 2 (1983); D.G.E. Hall, "Studies in Dutch relations with Arakan," Journal of the Burma Research Society 26, no. 1 (1936):; D.G.E. Hall, "The Daghregister of Batavia and Dutch Trade with Burma in the Seventeenth Century," Journal of the Burma Research Society 29, no. 2 (1939) </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> VOC 1479, OBP 1691, fls. 611r–627v, Specificatie van Allerhande Koopmansz. tot Tuticurin, Manaapar en Alvatt.rij Ingekocht, 1670/71–1689/90; W. Ph. Coolhaas and J.van Goor, eds, Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden van Indiaan Heren Zeventien der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (The Hague, 1960–present), passim; T. Raychaudhuri, Jan Company in Coromandel, 1605–1690: A Study on the Interrelations of European Commerce and Traditional Economies (The Hague, 1962) </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> For exports of Malabar slaves to Ceylon, Batavia, see Generale Missiven VI; H.K. s'Jacob ed., De Nederlanders in Kerala, 1663–1701: De Memories en Instructies Betreffende het Commandement Malabar van de Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, Rijks Geschiedkundige Publication, Kleine serie 43 (The Hague, 1976); R. Barendse, "Slaving on the Malagasy Coast, 1640–1700," in S. Evers and M. Spindler, eds, Cultures of Madagascar: Ebb and Flow of Influences (Leiden, 1995). See also M.O. Koshy, The Dutch Power in Kerala (New Delhi, 1989); K.K. Kusuman, Slavery in Travancore (Trivandrum, 1973); M.A.P. Meilink-Roelofsz, De Vestiging der Nederlanders ter Kuste Malabar (The Hague, 1943); H. Terpstra, De Opkomst der Westerkwartieren van de Oostindische Compagnie (The Hague, 1918). </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Of 2,467 slaves traded on 12 slave voyages from Batavia, India, and Madagascar between 1677 and 1701 to the Cape, 1,617 were landed with a loss of 850 slaves, or 34.45%. On 19 voyages between 1677 and 1732, the mortality rate was somewhat lower (22.7%). See Shell, "Slavery at the Cape of Good Hope, 1680–1731," p. 332. Filliot estimated the average mortality rate among slaves shipped from India and West Africa to the Mascarene Islands at 20–25% and 25–30%, respectively. Average mortality rates among slaves arriving from closer catchment areas were lower: 12% from Madagascar and 21% from Southeast Africa. See Filliot, La Traite des Esclaves, p. 228; A. Toussaint, La Route des Îles: Contribution Ã l'Histoire Maritime des Mascareignes (Paris, 1967); Allen, "The Madagascar Slave Trade and Labor Migration." </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowie1996-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowie1996_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowie1996_227-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowie1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bowie, Katherine A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/785022">"Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Northern Thailand: Archival Anecdotes and Village Voices"</a>. Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia. 44. Yale University Southeast Asia Studies Monograph Series: 16–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyoto+Review+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=Slavery+in+Nineteenth-Century+Northern+Thailand%3A+Archival+Anecdotes+and+Village+Voices&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=16-33&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bowie&rft.aufirst=Katherine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F785022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abolition-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abolition_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abolition_228-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abolition_228-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abolition_228-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarence-Smith2006" class="citation book cs1">Clarence-Smith, W. G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQbylEdqJKkC&pg=PA13">Islam and the Abolition of Slavery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522151-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522151-0"><bdi>978-0-19-522151-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Abolition+of+Slavery&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-522151-0&rft.aulast=Clarence-Smith&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQbylEdqJKkC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2014" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Martin A. (2014). "Maori". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULeCBAAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition</a>. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series (2 ed.). Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7528-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7528-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-7528-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 23, 2019. <q>Slaves called mokai were an important part of pre-colonial Maori society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maori&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Slavery+and+Abolition&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Religions%2C+Philosophies%2C+and+Movements+Series&rft.pages=253&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7528-9&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Martin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DULeCBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauffer1957" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lauffer, Siegfried (August 1, 1957). Berneker, Erich (ed.). "Die Bergwerkssklaven von Laureion, I. Teil" [The Mine Slaves of Laureion, Part I]. Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung (in German). 74 (1): 916. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7767%2Fzrgra.1957.74.1.403">10.7767/zrgra.1957.74.1.403</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2304-4934">2304-4934</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:179216974">179216974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+der+Savigny-Stiftung+f%C3%BCr+Rechtsgeschichte%3A+Romanistische+Abteilung&rft.atitle=Die+Bergwerkssklaven+von+Laureion%2C+I.+Teil&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=916&rft.date=1957-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A179216974%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2304-4934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7767%2Fzrgra.1957.74.1.403&rft.aulast=Lauffer&rft.aufirst=Siegfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100222010557/http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/mores/slaves/">"Slavery in Ancient Rome"</a>. Dl.ket.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dl.ket.org/latinlit/mores/slaves/">the original</a> on February 22, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.pub=Dl.ket.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dl.ket.org%2Flatinlit%2Fmores%2Fslaves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper2011-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Harper2011_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2011" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Kyle (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPU8ZAcrOtIC&pg=PA59">Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50406-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50406-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50406-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Late+Roman+World%2C+AD+275%E2%80%93425&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50406-5&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPU8ZAcrOtIC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/slavery_01.shtml">"Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. November 5, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Resisting+Slavery+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.date=2009-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fromans%2Fslavery_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheidel-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scheidel_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheidel_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheidel_234-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheidel" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheidel" title="Walter Scheidel">Scheidel, Walter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/050704.pdf">"The Roman slave supply"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Roman+slave+supply&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.aulast=Scheidel&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~pswpc%2Fpdfs%2Fscheidel%2F050704.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joshel545560-235"><a href="#cite_ref-Joshel545560_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshel2010" class="citation book cs1">Joshel, Sandra R. (August 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ovvgg3EyTyQC&pg=PA55">Slavery in the Roman World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53501-4"><bdi>978-0-521-53501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Roman+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-08-06&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53501-4&rft.aulast=Joshel&rft.aufirst=Sandra+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dovvgg3EyTyQC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantosuosso2001" class="citation book cs1">Santosuosso, Antonio (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stormingheavenss00sant_0/page/43/mode/2up">Storming the Heavens</a>. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3523-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3523-0"><bdi>978-0-8133-3523-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storming+the+Heavens&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3523-0&rft.aulast=Santosuosso&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstormingheavenss00sant_0%2Fpage%2F43%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoy2000" class="citation book cs1">Noy, David (2000). Foreigners at Rome: Citizens and Strangers. Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-2952-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-2952-9"><bdi>978-0-7156-2952-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreigners+at+Rome%3A+Citizens+and+Strangers&rft.pub=Duckworth+with+the+Classical+Press+of+Wales&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-2952-9&rft.aulast=Noy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper1972" class="citation journal cs1">Harper, James (April 1972). "Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome". <a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Philology" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Journal of Philology">The American Journal of Philology</a>. 93 (2). <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: 341–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F293259">10.2307/293259</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/293259">293259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Slaves+and+Freedmen+in+Imperial+Rome&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=341-342&rft.date=1972-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F293259&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F293259%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Swynnerton" title="Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton">Thomas, Hugh</a> (2006). The Slave Trade: History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2056-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2056-8"><bdi>978-0-7538-2056-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slave+Trade%3A+History+of+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade%2C+1440%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2056-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Hayes" title="Diana L. Hayes">Hayes, Diana</a> (2003). "Reflections on Slavery". In Curran, Charles E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gghti96kHscC&pg=PA67">Change in Official Catholic Moral Teachings</a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4134-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4134-0"><bdi>978-0-8091-4134-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+Slavery&rft.btitle=Change+in+Official+Catholic+Moral+Teachings&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4134-0&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgghti96kHscC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/slave-trade">"Slave trade"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. May 14, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slave+trade&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2020-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fslave-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingerJacobs" class="citation web cs1">Singer, Isido Singer; Jacobs, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13798-slave-trade">"Slave-trade"</a>. Jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slave-trade&rft.pub=Jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Isido+Singer&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F13798-slave-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\S\L\Slavery.htm">"Slavery Encyclopedia of Ukraine"</a>. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.pub=Encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%5CS%5CL%5CSlavery.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostanMiller1987" class="citation book cs1">Postan, Michael Moïssey; Miller, Edward (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHRvtwTLcMAC&pg=PA417">The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Trade and industry in the Middle Ages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08709-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08709-4"><bdi>978-0-521-08709-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+Europe%3A+Trade+and+industry+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08709-4&rft.aulast=Postan&rft.aufirst=Michael+Mo%C3%AFssey&rft.au=Miller%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHRvtwTLcMAC%26pg%3DPA417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce_Davies2008" class="citation book cs1">Boyce Davies, Carole Elizabeth (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkVxNVvex-sC&pg=PA1002">Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 1002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-705-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-705-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-705-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+African+Diaspora%3A+Origins%2C+Experiences%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=1002&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-705-0&rft.aulast=Boyce+Davies&rft.aufirst=Carole+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnkVxNVvex-sC%26pg%3DPA1002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jurasinski_2015_p._96-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Jurasinski_2015_p._96_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurasinski2015" class="citation book cs1">Jurasinski, S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QJfwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">The Old English Penitentials and Anglo-Saxon Law</a>. Studies in Legal History. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08341-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08341-7"><bdi>978-1-107-08341-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 11, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+English+Penitentials+and+Anglo-Saxon+Law&rft.series=Studies+in+Legal+History&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-08341-7&rft.aulast=Jurasinski&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQJfwCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foot_2011_p._139-247"><a href="#cite_ref-Foot_2011_p._139_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoot2011" class="citation book cs1">Foot, S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GcicU-6AmVcC&pg=PA139">AEthelstan: The First King of England</a>. The English Monarchs Series. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12535-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12535-1"><bdi>978-0-300-12535-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 11, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AEthelstan%3A+The+First+King+of+England&rft.series=The+English+Monarchs+Series&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12535-1&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGcicU-6AmVcC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoose2007" class="citation journal cs1">Goose, Nigel (October 18, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/ches/vol5/pt1/pp16-33">"Victoria county history: a history of the county of Chester, vol. V, 2, The city of Chester: culture, buildings and institutions – Edited by Christopher P. Lewis and Alan T. Thacker Victoria county history: a history of the county of Durham, vol. IV, Darlington – Edited by Gillian Cookson Victoria county history: a history of the County of Oxford, vol. XV, Carterton, Minster Lovell, and environs (Bampton Hundred part three) – Edited by S. Townley"</a>. The Economic History Review. 60 (4): 830–832. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2007.00401_3.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00401_3.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0117">0013-0117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Victoria+county+history%3A+a+history+of+the+county+of+Chester%2C+vol.+V%2C+2%2C+The+city+of+Chester%3A+culture%2C+buildings+and+institutions+%E2%80%93+Edited+by+Christopher+P.+Lewis+and+Alan+T.+Thacker+Victoria+county+history%3A+a+history+of+the+county+of+Durham%2C+vol.+IV%2C+Darlington+%E2%80%93+Edited+by+Gillian+Cookson+Victoria+county+history%3A+a+history+of+the+County+of+Oxford%2C+vol.+XV%2C+Carterton%2C+Minster+Lovell%2C+and+environs+%28Bampton+Hundred+part+three%29+%E2%80%93+Edited+by+S.+Townley&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=830-832&rft.date=2007-10-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2007.00401_3.x&rft.issn=0013-0117&rft.aulast=Goose&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Fches%2Fvol5%2Fpt1%2Fpp16-33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClapham" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Clapham_(economic_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Clapham (economic historian)">Clapham, John H.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5RU9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63">A Concise Economic History of Britain from the Earliest Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">CUP Archive</a>. p. 63. GGKEY:HYPAY3GPAA5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Economic+History+of+Britain+from+the+Earliest+Times&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.aulast=Clapham&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5RU9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050214015701/http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/123%2013%20Society.htm">"Medieval English society"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/123%2013%20Society.htm">the original</a> on February 14, 2005. Retrieved September 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medieval+English+society&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.history.wisc.edu%2Fsommerville%2F123%2F123%252013%2520Society.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hudson, John (2012). The Oxford History of the Laws of England. Vol. II (871–1216) (First ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 424–425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-163003-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-163003-3"><bdi>978-0-19-163003-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Laws+of+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=424-425&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-163003-3&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillingham8-9-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham8-9_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Gillingham" title="John Gillingham">Gillingham, John</a> (Summer 2014), "French chivalry in twelfth-century Britain?", The Historian, pp. 8–9</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=French+chivalry+in+twelfth-century+Britain%3F&rft.ssn=summer&rft.pages=8-9&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buildinghistory.org/bristol/saxonslaves.shtml">"The Saxon Slave-Market in Bristol"</a>. Building History. July 2006. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Building+History&rft.atitle=The+Saxon+Slave-Market+in+Bristol&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buildinghistory.org%2Fbristol%2Fsaxonslaves.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_254-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdavis.nl/ErskineMay.htm">"Erskine May on Slavery in Britain (Vol. III, Chapter XI)"</a>. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erskine+May+on+Slavery+in+Britain+%28Vol.+III%2C+Chapter+XI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdavis.nl%2FErskineMay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrowman1897" class="citation web cs1">Barrowman, James (September 14, 1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottishmining.co.uk/429.html">"Slavery In The Coal-Mines Of Scotland"</a>. Scottish Mining Website. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+In+The+Coal-Mines+Of+Scotland&rft.pub=Scottish+Mining+Website&rft.date=1897-09-14&rft.aulast=Barrowman&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishmining.co.uk%2F429.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1985" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, William D. Jr. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0B8NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA37">Slavery from Roman times to the Early Transatlantic Trade</a>. Manchester: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1825-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1825-1"><bdi>978-0-7190-1825-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+from+Roman+times+to+the+Early+Transatlantic+Trade&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-1825-1&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=William+D.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0B8NAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1995" class="citation web cs1">Nicolle, David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ospreypublishing.com/the-janissaries-pb">"The Janissaries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. Retrieved February 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Janissaries&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fospreypublishing.com%2Fthe-janissaries-pb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119044231/https://www.trivia-library.com/b/famous-battles-in-history-the-turks-and-christians-at-lepanto.htm">"Famous Battles in History The Turks and Christians at Lepanto"</a>. Trivia-library.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trivia-library.com/b/famous-battles-in-history-the-turks-and-christians-at-lepanto.htm">the original</a> on November 19, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Famous+Battles+in+History+The+Turks+and+Christians+at+Lepanto&rft.pub=Trivia-library.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trivia-library.com%2Fb%2Ffamous-battles-in-history-the-turks-and-christians-at-lepanto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-slave_trade-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slave_trade_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-slave_trade_259-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKizilov2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kizilov" title="Mikhail Kizilov">Kizilov, Mikhail</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2971600">"Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Early_Modern_History" title="Journal of Early Modern History">Journal of Early Modern History</a>. 11 (1): 1–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006507780385125">10.1163/157006507780385125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Slave+Trade+in+the+Early+Modern+Crimea+From+the+Perspective+of+Christian%2C+Muslim%2C+and+Jewish+Sources&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-31&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006507780385125&rft.aulast=Kizilov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2971600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2007" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Brian (2007). Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700. Routledge. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23986-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23986-8"><bdi>978-0-415-23986-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare%2C+State+and+Society+on+the+Black+Sea+Steppe%2C+1500%E2%80%931700&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23986-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodman" class="citation web cs1">Brodman, James William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/rc/rc1.htm">"Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain: The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier"</a>. Libro.uca.edu. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ransoming+Captives+in+Crusader+Spain%3A+The+Order+of+Merced+on+the+Christian-Islamic+Frontier&rft.pub=Libro.uca.edu&rft.aulast=Brodman&rft.aufirst=James+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Frc%2Frc1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310231703/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_02.shtml">"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_02.shtml">the original</a> on March 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Slaves+on+the+Barbary+Coast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fwhite_slaves_02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodman-263"><a href="#cite_ref-Goodman_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodmanMcNeely2001" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Joan E.; McNeely, Tom (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ziv7J90u-mAC">A Long and Uncertain Journey: The 27,000 Mile Voyage of Vasco Da Gama</a>. Mikaya Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9650493-7-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9650493-7-5"><bdi>978-0-9650493-7-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Long+and+Uncertain+Journey%3A+The+27%2C000+Mile+Voyage+of+Vasco+Da+Gama&rft.pub=Mikaya+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9650493-7-5&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rft.au=McNeely%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZiv7J90u-mAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliveira-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_264-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_264-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarques1972" class="citation book cs1">Marques, António Henrique R. de Oliveira (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OlKTVOp3VYwC">History of Portugal: From Lusitania to empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 158–160, 362–370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03159-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03159-2"><bdi>978-0-231-03159-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Portugal%3A+From+Lusitania+to+empire&rft.pages=158-160%2C+362-370&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-231-03159-2&rft.aulast=Marques&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio+Henrique+R.+de+Oliveira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOlKTVOp3VYwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2005" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, K. J. P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d2dN5vh2200C&pg=PA156">Black Africans In Renaissance Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81582-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81582-6"><bdi>978-0-521-81582-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Africans+In+Renaissance+Europe&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81582-6&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=K.+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd2dN5vh2200C%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthrup2002" class="citation book cs1">Northrup, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzJzjQ4eOgQC&pg=PA8">Africa's Discovery of Europe: 1450 to 1850</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514084-2"><bdi>978-0-19-514084-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+Discovery+of+Europe%3A+1450+to+1850&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514084-2&rft.aulast=Northrup&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzJzjQ4eOgQC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein2010-267"><a href="#cite_ref-Klein2010_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2010" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Herbert S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QiGQbD7m7EC">The Atlantic Slave Trade</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48911-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48911-9"><bdi>978-1-139-48911-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48911-9&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Herbert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QiGQbD7m7EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny2000" class="citation book cs1">Subtelny, Orest (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106">Ukraine: A History</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8390-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8390-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-8390-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+A+History&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8390-6&rft.aulast=Subtelny&rft.aufirst=Orest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHNIs9O3EmtQC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInalcik1979" class="citation book cs1">Inalcik, Halil (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090911101051/http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html">"Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire"</a>. In Ascher, Abraham; Halasi-Kun, Tibor; Kiràly, Béla K. (eds.). The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 25–43. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html">the original</a> on September 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Servile+Labor+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Mutual+Effects+of+the+Islamic+and+Judeo-Christian+Worlds%3A+The+East+European+Pattern&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=25-43&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Inalcik&rft.aufirst=Halil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoursesa.matrix.msu.edu%2F~fisher%2Fhst373%2Freadings%2Finalcik6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Darjusz Kołodziejczyk, as reported by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKizilov2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kizilov" title="Mikhail Kizilov">Kizilov, Mikhail</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3706285">"Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards:The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captivesin the Crimean Khanate"</a>. The Journal of Jewish Studies. 58 (2): 189–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18647%2F2730%2FJJS-2007">10.18647/2730/JJS-2007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=Slaves%2C+Money+Lenders%2C+and+Prisoner+Guards%3AThe+Jews+and+the+Trade+in+Slaves+and+Captivesin+the+Crimean+Khanate&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-210&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18647%2F2730%2FJJS-2007&rft.aulast=Kizilov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3706285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crimea-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Crimea_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsuki" class="citation web cs1">Matsuki, Eizo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605131551/http://www.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf">"The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Crimean+Tatars+and+their+Russian-Captive+Slaves&rft.aulast=Matsuki&rft.aufirst=Eizo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp%2F~areastd%2Fmediterranean%2Fmw%2Fpdf%2F18%2F10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlyn_Williams2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Glyn_Williams" title="Brian Glyn Williams">Glyn Williams, Brian</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021092115/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf">"The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Jamestown_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jamestown Foundation">The Jamestown Foundation</a>. p. 27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sultan%27s+Raiders%3A+The+Military+Role+of+the+Crimean+Tatars+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=The+Jamestown+Foundation&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Glyn+Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2FCrimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Human_Rights-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Human_Rights_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2009" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, David P. (August 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA464">Encyclopedia of Human Rights</a>. OUP USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533402-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533402-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533402-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2009-08-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533402-9&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1QbX90fmCVUC%26pg%3DPA464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016025606/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160">"Historical survey: Ways of ending slavery"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160">the original</a> on October 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+survey%3A+Ways+of+ending+slavery&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fblackhistory%2Farticle-24160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfcj/0106.html">"Träldom"</a>. Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish). 1920. pp. 159–160. Retrieved February 6, 2021 – via Project Runeberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tr%C3%A4ldom&rft.btitle=Nordisk+familjebok&rft.pages=159-160&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fnfcj%2F0106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1360426.stm">"Nazi slave fund passes final hurdle"</a>. May 30, 2001. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nazi+slave+fund+passes+final+hurdle&rft.date=2001-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F1360426.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyerSchneider" class="citation web cs1">Beyer, John; Schneider, Stephan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403025028/http://www.nathaninc.com/sites/default/files/Pub%20PDFs/Forced%20Labor%20Under%20the%20Third%20Reich%2C%20Part%20Two.pdf">"Forced Labour under Third Reich"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nathaninc.com/sites/default/files/Pub%20PDFs/Forced%20Labor%20Under%20the%20Third%20Reich%2C%20Part%20Two.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 3, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forced+Labour+under+Third+Reich&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Stephan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nathaninc.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPub%2520PDFs%2FForced%2520Labor%2520Under%2520the%2520Third%2520Reich%252C%2520Part%2520Two.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinert" class="citation conference cs1">Steinert, Johannes-Dieter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267884530">Kleine Ostarbeiter: Child Forced Labor in Nazi Germany and German Occupied Eastern Europe</a>. 127th Annual Meeting American Historical Association. <q>...apart from Jewish forced labourers – workers from Belarus, Ukraine and Russia had to endure the worst working and living conditions. Moreover, German occupation policies in the Soviet Union were far more brutal than in any other country, and German deportation practices the most inhuman.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Kleine+Ostarbeiter%3A+Child+Forced+Labor+in+Nazi+Germany+and+German+Occupied+Eastern+Europe&rft.aulast=Steinert&rft.aufirst=Johannes-Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F267884530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/resistance-during-holocaust/holocaust-belarus#:~:text=Timothy%20Snyder%20estimates%20that%20%E2%80%9Chalf,entirely%20destroyed%20by%20the%20war.">"The Holocaust in Belarus"</a>. Facing History and Ourselves. May 12, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2020. <q>The non-Jewish population was subjected to Nazi terror, too. Hundreds of thousands were deported to Germany as slave laborers, thousands of villages and towns were burned or destroyed, and millions were starved to death as the Germans plundered the entire region. Timothy Snyder estimates that 'half of the population of Soviet Belarus was either killed or forcibly displaced during World War II: nothing of the kind can be said of any other European country.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facing+History+and+Ourselves&rft.atitle=The+Holocaust+in+Belarus&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facinghistory.org%2Fresource-library%2Fresistance-during-holocaust%2Fholocaust-belarus%23%3A~%3Atext%3DTimothy%2520Snyder%2520estimates%2520that%2520%25E2%2580%259Chalf%2Centirely%2520destroyed%2520by%2520the%2520war.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> For sources about forced slave labor in GULAG camps, see <a href="#CITEREFApplebaum2003">Applebaum (2003)</a>, p. xv, Introduction: "Gulag is the word an acronym for Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei or Central Administration of Camps. Over time, it has also indicated not only the administration of concentration camps, but also the very system of Soviet slave labor, in all its forms and varieties"; <a href="#CITEREFGregoryLazarev2003">Gregory & Lazarev (2003)</a>, p. 112: "From the perspective of the Kremlin, Magadan existed as the center of a domestic colony based on slave labor."; <a href="#CITEREFBarnes2011">Barnes (2011)</a>, pp. 7, 36, 262; <a href="#CITEREFDobson2012">Dobson (2012)</a>, pp. 735–743 </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregoryLazarev2003">Gregory & Lazarev (2003)</a>, p. vii: "Much has been written, and much is still to be written, about the Gulag. We all know of its status as an "archipelago" (in Solzhenitsyn's words) of penal slavery, inflicted on millions and held as a threat over the rest of the population." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApplebaum2003-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApplebaum2003_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFApplebaum2003">Applebaum 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> For sources about life in the Gulag camps, please see: <a href="#CITEREFConquest1978">Conquest (1978)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLesterKrysinska2008">Lester & Krysinska (2008)</a>, pp. 170–179; <a href="#CITEREFAndersonTollison1985">Anderson & Tollison (1985)</a>, p. 295: "This is the fact that the forced labor system of the Gulag is an example of slavery in the absence of well-defined and enforced property rights in slaves."; <a href="#CITEREFMeltzer1993">Meltzer (1993)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1Illness-284"><a href="#cite_ref-:1Illness_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexopoulos2017" class="citation book cs1">Alexopoulos, Golfo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300179415/illness-and-inhumanity-stalins-gulag">Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag</a>. Yale University Press. New Haven, CT: Yale University/The Hoover Institution. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illness+and+Inhumanity+in+Stalin%27s+Gulag&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.series=Yale+University+Press&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Yale+University%2FThe+Hoover+Institution&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Alexopoulos&rft.aufirst=Golfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.yale.edu%2Fbook%2F9780300179415%2Fillness-and-inhumanity-stalins-gulag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-285"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebaum2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Applebaum, Anne</a> (2007). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905220152/http://victimsofcommunism.org/gulag-an-introduction/">Gulag: A History</a>. Anchor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://victimsofcommunism.org/gulag-an-introduction/">the original</a> on September 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Gulag%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Anchor&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Applebaum&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvictimsofcommunism.org%2Fgulag-an-introduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tru.academia.edu/WilsonBell">"Wilson Bell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Wilson+Bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftru.academia.edu%2FWilsonBell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarenbergBellKinnearMaddox2017" class="citation journal cs1">Barenberg, Alan; Bell, Wilson T.; Kinnear, Sean; Maddox, Steven; Viola, Lynne (November 14, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00085006.2017.1384665">"New directions in Gulag studies: a roundtable discussion"</a>. Canadian Slavonic Papers. 59 (3–4): 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00085006.2017.1384665">10.1080/00085006.2017.1384665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165354205">165354205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavonic+Papers&rft.atitle=New+directions+in+Gulag+studies%3A+a+roundtable+discussion&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00085006.2017.1384665&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165354205%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Barenberg&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Bell%2C+Wilson+T.&rft.au=Kinnear%2C+Sean&rft.au=Maddox%2C+Steven&rft.au=Viola%2C+Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00085006.2017.1384665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsu._edu-288"><a href="#cite_ref-wsu._edu_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514033802/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM">"Mesopotamia: The Code of Hammurabi"</a>. #7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM">the original</a> on May 14, 2011. <q>... the shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves ... If any one buy from the son or the slave of another man</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia%3A+The+Code+of+Hammurabi&rft.pages=%237&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%2F~dee%2FMESO%2FCODE.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shaw, Garry J. (October 26, 2012). "Slavery, Pharaonic Egypt". The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah15006">10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah15006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3838-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3838-6"><bdi>978-1-4443-3838-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavery%2C+Pharaonic+Egypt&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+History&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah15006&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3838-6&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Garry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/slavery.htm">"Ancient Egypt: Slavery, its causes and practice"</a>. reshafim.org.il. Retrieved March 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reshafim.org.il&rft.atitle=Ancient+Egypt%3A+Slavery%2C+its+causes+and+practice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reshafim.org.il%2Fad%2Fegypt%2Ftimelines%2Ftopics%2Fslavery.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_91-291"><a href="#cite_ref-David_91_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1998" class="citation book cs1">David, Rosalie (April 1, 1998). The Ancient Egyptians (Beliefs & Practices). Sussex Academic Press. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Egyptians+%28Beliefs+%26+Practices%29&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1998-04-01&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Rosalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everett_10–11-292"><a href="#cite_ref-Everett_10–11_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett2011" class="citation book cs1">Everett, Susanne (October 24, 2011). History of Slavery. Chartwell Books. pp. 10–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Slavery&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Chartwell+Books&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn-293"><a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2011" class="citation web cs1">Dunn, Jimmy (October 24, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/slaves.htm">"Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Egypt"</a>. Retrieved April 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slaves+and+Slavery+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.touregypt.net%2Ffeaturestories%2Fslaves.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199253-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis199253_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1992">Lewis 1992</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lostmuseum.cuny.edu/archive/horrible-traffic-in-circassian">"Horrible Traffic in Circassian Women – Infanticide in Turkey"</a>. New York Daily Times. August 6, 1856. Retrieved August 29, 2010 – via The Lost Museum Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Horrible+Traffic+in+Circassian+Women+%E2%80%93+Infanticide+in+Turkey&rft.date=1856-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flostmuseum.cuny.edu%2Farchive%2Fhorrible-traffic-in-circassian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soldier_Khan-296"><a href="#cite_ref-Soldier_Khan_296-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avalanchepress.com/Soldier_Khan.php">"Soldier Khan"</a>. Avalanche Press. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soldier+Khan&rft.pub=Avalanche+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avalanchepress.com%2FSoldier_Khan.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKizilov2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kizilov" title="Mikhail Kizilov">Kizilov, Mikhail</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2971600">"Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Early_Modern_History" title="Journal of Early Modern History">Journal of Early Modern History</a>. 11 (1): 1–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006507780385125">10.1163/157006507780385125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Slave+Trade+in+the+Early+Modern+Crimea+From+the+Perspective+of+Christian%2C+Muslim%2C+and+Jewish+Sources&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-31&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006507780385125&rft.aulast=Kizilov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2971600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090521234122/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_7.shtml">"Sexual slavery – the harem"</a>. BBC – Religion & Ethics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_7.shtml">the original</a> on May 21, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sexual+slavery+%E2%80%93+the+harem&rft.pub=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religion+%26+Ethics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fhistory%2Fslavery_7.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalman2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dalman" title="Gustaf Dalman">Dalman, Gustaf</a> (2020). Abdulhadi-Sukhtian, Nadia (ed.). Work and Customs in Palestine, volume II. Vol. 2 (Agriculture). Translated by Schick, Robert. Ramallah: Dar Al Nasher. pp. 176–177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9950-385-84-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9950-385-84-9"><bdi>978-9950-385-84-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Work+and+Customs+in+Palestine%2C+volume+II&rft.place=Ramallah&rft.pages=176-177&rft.pub=Dar+Al+Nasher&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-9950-385-84-9&rft.aulast=Dalman&rft.aufirst=Gustaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khiva.info/gb/history/freeings.htm">"The Freeing of the Slaves"</a>. Khiva.info. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Freeing+of+the+Slaves&rft.pub=Khiva.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khiva.info%2Fgb%2Fhistory%2Ffreeings.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miers,_S._2003_p.16-301">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miers,_S._2003_p.16_301-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miers,_S._2003_p.16_301-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miers,_S._2003_p.16_301-2">c</a> Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p.16 </li> <li id="cite_note-Miers,_S._2003_p._17-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miers,_S._2003_p._17_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miers,_S._2003_p._17_302-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miers,_S._2003_p._17_302-2">c</a> Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeenhovenEwingSamenlevingen1975" class="citation book cs1">Veenhoven, Willem Adriaan; Ewing, Winifred Crum; Samenlevingen, Stichting Plurale (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tIfYPppdbeYC&pg=PA452">Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. p. 452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1779-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1779-8"><bdi>978-90-247-1779-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+Studies+on+Human+Rights+and+Fundamental+Freedoms%3A+A+World+Survey&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-90-247-1779-8&rft.aulast=Veenhoven&rft.aufirst=Willem+Adriaan&rft.au=Ewing%2C+Winifred+Crum&rft.au=Samenlevingen%2C+Stichting+Plurale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtIfYPppdbeYC%26pg%3DPA452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-304"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090521234119/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_8.shtml">"Religion & Ethics – Islam and slavery: Abolition"</a>. BBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_8.shtml">the original</a> on May 21, 2009. Retrieved May 1, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+%26+Ethics+%E2%80%93+Islam+and+slavery%3A+Abolition&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fhistory%2Fslavery_8.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/freedom-fighter">"A Mauritanian Abolitionist's Crusade Against Slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. September 8, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=A+Mauritanian+Abolitionist%27s+Crusade+Against+Slavery&rft.date=2014-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F09%2F08%2Ffreedom-fighter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forced_labour_–_Themes-306"><a href="#cite_ref-Forced_labour_–_Themes_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209072059/http://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Forced_Labour/lang--en/index.htm">"Forced labour – Themes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Forced_Labour/lang--en/index.htm">the original</a> on February 9, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forced+labour+%E2%80%93+Themes&rft.pub=International+Labour+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fglobal%2FThemes%2FForced_Labour%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WFF-307"><a href="#cite_ref-WFF_307-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407232555/http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/category/press-release/">"Inaugural Global Slavery Index Reveals More Than 29 Million People Living In Slavery"</a>. Global Slavery Index 2013. October 4, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/category/press-release/">the original</a> on April 7, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Slavery+Index+2013&rft.atitle=Inaugural+Global+Slavery+Index+Reveals+More+Than+29+Million+People+Living+In+Slavery&rft.date=2013-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalslaveryindex.org%2Fcategory%2Fpress-release%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBales19999Chapter_1-308"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBales19999Chapter_1_308-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBales1999">Bales 1999</a>, p. 9, Chapter 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A Global Alliance Against Forced Labour. International Labour Organisation. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-2-115360-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-2-115360-3"><bdi>978-92-2-115360-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Alliance+Against+Forced+Labour&rft.pub=International+Labour+Organisation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-92-2-115360-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortin2013" class="citation news cs1">Fortin, Jacey (January 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/malis-other-crisis-slavery-still-plagues-mali-insurgency-could-make-it-worse-1017280">"Mali's Other Crisis: Slavery Still Plagues Mali, And Insurgency Could Make It Worse"</a>. International Business Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Mali%27s+Other+Crisis%3A+Slavery+Still+Plagues+Mali%2C+And+Insurgency+Could+Make+It+Worse&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.aulast=Fortin&rft.aufirst=Jacey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fmalis-other-crisis-slavery-still-plagues-mali-insurgency-could-make-it-worse-1017280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoursen-NeffTribune2003" class="citation news cs1">Coursen-Neff, Zama; Tribune, International Herald (January 30, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/30/opinion/IHT-meanwhile-for-15-million-in-india-a-childhood-of-slavery.html">"For 15 million in India, a childhood of slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved February 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+15+million+in+India%2C+a+childhood+of+slavery&rft.date=2003-01-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Coursen-Neff&rft.aufirst=Zama&rft.au=Tribune%2C+International+Herald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F01%2F30%2Fopinion%2FIHT-meanwhile-for-15-million-in-india-a-childhood-of-slavery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2003/01/23/child-slaves-abandoned-indias-silk-industry">"Child Slaves Abandoned to India's Silk Industry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. January 23, 2003. Retrieved February 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child+Slaves+Abandoned+to+India%27s+Silk+Industry&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2003%2F01%2F23%2Fchild-slaves-abandoned-indias-silk-industry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽižek2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek, Slavoj</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=POZFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">The Courage of Hopelessness: A Year of Acting Dangerously</a>. Melville House. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61219-003-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61219-003-7"><bdi>978-1-61219-003-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727165255/https://books.google.com/books?id=POZFDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 11, 2018 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Courage+of+Hopelessness%3A+A+Year+of+Acting+Dangerously&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Melville+House&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-61219-003-7&rft.aulast=%C5%BDi%C5%BEek&rft.aufirst=Slavoj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPOZFDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/27-million-people-said-to-live-in-modern-slavery/?_r=">"27 Million People Said to Live in 'Modern Slavery'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. June 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=27+Million+People+Said+to+Live+in+%27Modern+Slavery%27&rft.date=2013-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F20%2F27-million-people-said-to-live-in-modern-slavery%2F%3F_r%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLuca2013" class="citation news cs1">DeLuca, Matthew (June 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623030127/http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/19/19042103-modern-day-slavery-state-dept-says-millions-of-human-trafficking-victims-go-unidentified">"'Modern-day slavery': State Dept. says millions of human trafficking victims go unidentified"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/19/19042103-modern-day-slavery-state-dept-says-millions-of-human-trafficking-victims-go-unidentified">the original</a> on June 23, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Modern-day+slavery%27%3A+State+Dept.+says+millions+of+human+trafficking+victims+go+unidentified&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft.aulast=DeLuca&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusnews.nbcnews.com%2F_news%2F2013%2F06%2F19%2F19042103-modern-day-slavery-state-dept-says-millions-of-human-trafficking-victims-go-unidentified&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebastian2018" class="citation news cs1">Sebastian, Clare (July 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/30/world/francisca-awah-tip-report-hero/index.html">"She escaped domestic slavery, now she helps other survivors"</a>. CNN. Retrieved February 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=She+escaped+domestic+slavery%2C+now+she+helps+other+survivors&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft.aulast=Sebastian&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F07%2F30%2Fworld%2Ffrancisca-awah-tip-report-hero%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinnellKelly2019" class="citation news cs1">Pinnell, Owen; Kelly, Jess (November 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-50266663">"Kuwait moves on Instagram slave traders after BBC investigation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved February 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kuwait+moves+on+Instagram+slave+traders+after+BBC+investigation&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft.aulast=Pinnell&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Jess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-50266663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattisson2013" class="citation news cs1">Pattisson, Pete (September 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/25/revealed-qatars-world-cup-slaves">"Qatar's World Cup 'slaves'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926223628/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/25/revealed-qatars-world-cup-slaves">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Qatar%27s+World+Cup+%27slaves%27&rft.date=2013-09-25&rft.aulast=Pattisson&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fsep%2F25%2Frevealed-qatars-world-cup-slaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth2016" class="citation news cs1">Booth, Robert (March 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/24/un-gives-qatar-year-end-forced-labour-migrant-workers">"UN gives Qatar a year to end forced labour of migrant workers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved February 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UN+gives+Qatar+a+year+to+end+forced+labour+of+migrant+workers&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fmar%2F24%2Fun-gives-qatar-year-end-forced-labour-migrant-workers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmore2018" class="citation news cs1">Helmore, Edward (July 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/19/us-modern-slavery-report-global-slavery-index">"Over 400,000 people living in 'modern slavery' in U.S., report finds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved July 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Over+400%2C000+people+living+in+%27modern+slavery%27+in+U.S.%2C+report+finds&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft.aulast=Helmore&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fjul%2F19%2Fus-modern-slavery-report-global-slavery-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/findings/highlights/">"Global Slavery Index"</a>. globalslaveryindex.org. Retrieved June 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalslaveryindex.org&rft.atitle=Global+Slavery+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalslaveryindex.org%2F2018%2Ffindings%2Fhighlights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTutton2018" class="citation news cs1">Tutton, Mark (July 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/19/world/global-slavery-index-2018/index.html">"Modern slavery in developed countries more common than thought"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Retrieved July 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Modern+slavery+in+developed+countries+more+common+than+thought&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft.aulast=Tutton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F07%2F19%2Fworld%2Fglobal-slavery-index-2018%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuCaveLeiboidMunro2020" class="citation web cs1">Xu, Vicky Xiuzhong; Cave, Danielle; Leiboid, James; Munro, Kelsey; Ruser, Nathan (February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824215335/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale">"Uyghurs for Sale"</a>. Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale">the original</a> on August 24, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Strategic+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=Uyghurs+for+Sale&rft.date=2020-02&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Vicky+Xiuzhong&rft.au=Cave%2C+Danielle&rft.au=Leiboid%2C+James&rft.au=Munro%2C+Kelsey&rft.au=Ruser%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspi.org.au%2Freport%2Fuyghurs-sale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-humanrights.org/">"China: 83 major brands implicated in report on forced labour of ethnic minorities from Xinjiang assigned to factories across provinces; Includes company responses – Business & Human Rights Resource Centre"</a>. business-humanrights.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=business-humanrights.org&rft.atitle=China%3A+83+major+brands+implicated+in+report+on+forced+labour+of+ethnic+minorities+from+Xinjiang+assigned+to+factories+across+provinces%3B+Includes+company+responses+%E2%80%93+Business+%26+Human+Rights+Resource+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-humanrights.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuackenbush2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Quackenbush, Casey (December 1, 2017). "The Libyan Slave Trade Has Shocked the World. Here's What You Should Know". <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Libyan+Slave+Trade+Has+Shocked+the+World.+Here%27s+What+You+Should+Know&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft.aulast=Quackenbush&rft.aufirst=Casey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39567632">"African migrants 'sold in slave markets'"</a>. BBC News. April 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=African+migrants+%27sold+in+slave+markets%27&rft.date=2017-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-39567632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170412082356/http://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/African-migrants-sold-as-slaves-in-Libya-/1066-3886812-5hy4xoz/index.html">"African migrants sold as 'slaves' for $200 in Libya"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nation_Media_Group" title="Nation Media Group">Nation Media Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. April 12, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/African-migrants-sold-as-slaves-in-Libya-/1066-3886812-5hy4xoz/index.html">the original</a> on April 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=African+migrants+sold+as+%27slaves%27+for+%24200+in+Libya&rft.date=2017-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.co.ke%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2FAfrican-migrants-sold-as-slaves-in-Libya-%2F1066-3886812-5hy4xoz%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoctorow2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Doctorow, Cory</a> (April 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boingboing.net/2017/04/11/international-organization-for.html">"West African migrants are kidnapped and sold in Libyan slave markets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boing_Boing" title="Boing Boing">Boing Boing</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boing+Boing&rft.atitle=West+African+migrants+are+kidnapped+and+sold+in+Libyan+slave+markets&rft.date=2017-04-11&rft.aulast=Doctorow&rft.aufirst=Cory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboingboing.net%2F2017%2F04%2F11%2Finternational-organization-for.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2017" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Paul (February 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39109585">"Libya exposed as child migrant abuse hub"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Libya+exposed+as+child+migrant+abuse+hub&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-39109585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330130812/http://alwaght.com/en/News/89562/Immigrant-Women%2C-Children-Raped%2C-Starved-in-Libya%E2%80%99s-Hellholes-Unicef">"Immigrant Women, Children Raped, Starved in Libya's Hellholes: Unicef"</a>. February 28, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alwaght.com/en/News/89562/Immigrant-Women,-Children-Raped,-Starved-in-Libya%E2%80%99s-Hellholes-Unicef">the original</a> on March 30, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigrant+Women%2C+Children+Raped%2C+Starved+in+Libya%27s+Hellholes%3A+Unicef&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falwaght.com%2Fen%2FNews%2F89562%2FImmigrant-Women%2C-Children-Raped%2C-Starved-in-Libya%25E2%2580%2599s-Hellholes-Unicef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm">"Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. August 9, 2007. Retrieved January 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mauritanian+MPs+pass+slavery+law&rft.date=2007-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F6938032.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1458_abolition/page4.shtml">"The Abolition season on BBC World Service"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Abolition+season+on+BBC+World+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fspecials%2F1458_abolition%2Fpage4.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnnmauritania-333"><a href="#cite_ref-cnnmauritania_333-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutter2012" class="citation news cs1">Sutter, John D. (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/index.html">"Slavery's last stronghold"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Retrieved May 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Slavery%27s+last+stronghold&rft.date=2012-03&rft.aulast=Sutter&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Finteractive%2F2012%2F03%2Fworld%2Fmauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm">"Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. August 9, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mauritanian+MPs+pass+slavery+law&rft.date=2007-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F6938032.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323013339/https://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2012/03/17/un-there-is-hope-for-mauritanias-slaves/">"UN: There is hope for Mauritania's slaves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. March 17, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2012/03/17/un-there-is-hope-for-mauritanias-slaves/">the original</a> on March 23, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UN%3A+There+is+hope+for+Mauritania%27s+slaves&rft.date=2012-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com%2F2012%2F03%2F17%2Fun-there-is-hope-for-mauritanias-slaves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2012/12/11/anti-slavery-law-still-tough-enforce">"Anti-slavery law still tough to enforce"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">The New Humanitarian</a>. December 11, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Humanitarian&rft.atitle=Anti-slavery+law+still+tough+to+enforce&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewhumanitarian.org%2Fnews%2F2012%2F12%2F11%2Fanti-slavery-law-still-tough-enforce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org.uk/issues/North-Korea">"Issues North Korea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702014419/http://amnesty.org.uk/issues/North-Korea">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International+UK&rft.atitle=Issues+North+Korea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org.uk%2Fissues%2FNorth-Korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIDPRK/Report/A.HRC.25.CRP.1_ENG.doc">"VII. Conclusions and Recommendations"</a>. Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. February 17, 2014. p. 365. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227104633/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIDPRK/Report/A.HRC.25.CRP.1_ENG.doc">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VII.+Conclusions+and+Recommendations&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Commission+of+Inquiry+on+Human+Rights+in+the+Democratic+People%27s+Republic+of+Korea&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2014-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FDocuments%2FHRBodies%2FHRCouncil%2FCoIDPRK%2FReport%2FA.HRC.25.CRP.1_ENG.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/north-korea">World Report 2014: North Korea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. January 21, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707145323/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/north-korea">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Report+2014%3A+North+Korea&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2014%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fnorth-korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dynamic.csw.org.uk/country.asp?s=id&urn=North_Korea">"North Korea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Solidarity_Worldwide" title="Christian Solidarity Worldwide">Christian Solidarity Worldwide</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714132616/http://dynamic.csw.org.uk/country.asp?s=id&urn=North_Korea">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Solidarity+Worldwide&rft.atitle=North+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdynamic.csw.org.uk%2Fcountry.asp%3Fs%3Did%26urn%3DNorth_Korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stopnkcrimes.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=statements&wr_id=54">"ICNK welcomes UN inquiry on North Korea report, calls for action"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Coalition_to_Stop_Crimes_Against_Humanity_in_North_Korea" title="International Coalition to Stop Crimes Against Humanity in North Korea">International Coalition to Stop Crimes Against Humanity in North Korea</a>. February 20, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073948/http://www.stopnkcrimes.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=statements&wr_id=54">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Coalition+to+Stop+Crimes+Against+Humanity+in+North+Korea&rft.atitle=ICNK+welcomes+UN+inquiry+on+North+Korea+report%2C+calls+for+action&rft.date=2014-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stopnkcrimes.org%2Fbbs%2Fboard.php%3Fbo_table%3Dstatements%26wr_id%3D54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.columban.org.fj/media-and-publications/the-far-east-magazine/archive/2018/the-far-east-january/february-2018/modern-day-slavery">"Modern day slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Missionary_Society_of_St._Columban" title="Missionary Society of St. Columban">Missionary Society of St. Columban</a>. January 25, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2024. <q>Many of them are locked in the house of their Taiwanese employers, never allowed to have a day off, and virtually under the control of their employer," Fr O'Neill said. "Some are also victims of sexual abuse – raped by the husband who is their employer. They run away and become undocumented workers, then they are lured by the illegal brokers to find work. Some of them end up in brothels and become victims of sex trafficking.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Missionary+Society+of+St.+Columban&rft.atitle=Modern+day+slavery&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.columban.org.fj%2Fmedia-and-publications%2Fthe-far-east-magazine%2Farchive%2F2018%2Fthe-far-east-january%2Ffebruary-2018%2Fmodern-day-slavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9y7RnfnUAVY&t=81s">Death By Fishing: How Taiwan's Seafood Got Tainted With Blood | CNA Correspondent</a> (Television production). <a href="/wiki/CNA_(TV_network)" title="CNA (TV network)">CNA</a>. March 3, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2024 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+By+Fishing%3A+How+Taiwan%27s+Seafood+Got+Tainted+With+Blood+%7C+CNA+Correspondent&rft.pub=CNA&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9y7RnfnUAVY%26t%3D81s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/greenpeace-condemns-biden-administrations-top-tier-ranking-of-taiwan-in-latest-trafficking-in-persons-report/">"Greenpeace Condemns Biden Administration's Top Tier Ranking of Taiwan in latest Trafficking in Persons Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>. June 15, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greenpeace&rft.atitle=Greenpeace+Condemns+Biden+Administration%27s+Top+Tier+Ranking+of+Taiwan+in+latest+Trafficking+in+Persons+Report&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenpeace.org%2Fusa%2Fnews%2Fgreenpeace-condemns-biden-administrations-top-tier-ranking-of-taiwan-in-latest-trafficking-in-persons-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-345"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_345-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Bengtsen2023" class="citation web cs1">Peter Bengtsen (October 31, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2023/10/debt-bondage-in-space-and-taiwan/">"Debt Bondage in Space, and Taiwan"</a>. The Diplomat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Debt+Bondage+in+Space%2C+and+Taiwan&rft.date=2023-10-31&rft.au=Peter+Bengtsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2023%2F10%2Fdebt-bondage-in-space-and-taiwan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120141436/https://allafrica.com/stories/201811200377.html">"Swaziland: Students in Taiwan Forced to Work 'Like Slaves' in Frozen Chicken Factory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllAfrica" title="AllAfrica">AllAfrica</a>. November 20, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allafrica.com/stories/201811200377.html">the original</a> on November 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllAfrica&rft.atitle=Swaziland%3A+Students+in+Taiwan+Forced+to+Work+%27Like+Slaves%27+in+Frozen+Chicken+Factory&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201811200377.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang_Rongwen2022" class="citation web cs1">Huang Rongwen (February 10, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522092218/https://www.themorning.lk/articles/188339">"Exploitation cases of Sri Lankan students in Taiwan expose education sector flaws"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Morning_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Morning (Sri Lanka)">The Morning (Sri Lanka)</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Changhua_University_of_Education" title="National Changhua University of Education">National Changhua University of Education</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themorning.lk//articles/188339">the original</a> on May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Morning+%28Sri+Lanka%29&rft.atitle=Exploitation+cases+of+Sri+Lankan+students+in+Taiwan+expose+education+sector+flaws&rft.date=2022-02-10&rft.au=Huang+Rongwen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemorning.lk%2F%2Farticles%2F188339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_Hirsch2007" class="citation web cs1">Max Hirsch (May 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/05/23/2003362069">"Officials divided on sex slave issue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Times" title="Taipei Times">Taipei Times</a>. Retrieved May 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Officials+divided+on+sex+slave+issue&rft.date=2007-05-23&rft.au=Max+Hirsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2007%2F05%2F23%2F2003362069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/1810456/exclusive-houthis-restore-slavery-yemen">"Exclusive - Houthis Restore Slavery in Yemen"</a>. english.aawsat.com. Retrieved October 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.aawsat.com&rft.atitle=Exclusive+-+Houthis+Restore+Slavery+in+Yemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aawsat.com%2Fhome%2Farticle%2F1810456%2Fexclusive-houthis-restore-slavery-yemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tj-yemen-350">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tj-yemen_350-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tj-yemen_350-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrebrnik2024" class="citation web cs1">Srebrnik, Henry (February 4, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tj.news/tj-comment/henry-srebrnik-the-world-ignores-slavery-in-yemen">""Henry Srebrnik: The world ignores slavery in Yemen""</a>. Telegraph-Journal. Retrieved October 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph-Journal&rft.atitle=%22Henry+Srebrnik%3A+The+world+ignores+slavery+in+Yemen%22&rft.date=2024-02-04&rft.aulast=Srebrnik&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftj.news%2Ftj-comment%2Fhenry-srebrnik-the-world-ignores-slavery-in-yemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mideast-yemen-351">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mideast-yemen_351-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mideast-yemen_351-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mideast-yemen_351-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/yemen-ethiopia-women-forced-houthis-stc-sexual-slavery">"Yemen's Houthis and STC accused of forcing Ethiopian women into 'sexual slavery'"</a>. Middle East Eye. Retrieved October 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+Houthis+and+STC+accused+of+forcing+Ethiopian+women+into+%27sexual+slavery%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fyemen-ethiopia-women-forced-houthis-stc-sexual-slavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/country/yemen/">"Yemen"</a>. Antislavery in Domestic Legislation. Retrieved October 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antislavery+in+Domestic+Legislation&rft.atitle=Yemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantislaverylaw.ac.uk%2Fcountry%2Fyemen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economics_and_Slavery-353"><a href="#cite_ref-Economics_and_Slavery_353-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/slavery/economic.pdf">"Economics and Slavery"</a> (PDF). Du.edu. Retrieved August 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economics+and+Slavery&rft.pub=Du.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.du.edu%2Fkorbel%2Fhrhw%2Fresearchdigest%2Fslavery%2Feconomic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-investvine-354"><a href="#cite_ref-investvine_354-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford2013" class="citation web cs1">Bradford, Laurence (July 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323032459/http://investvine.com/modern-day-slavery-in-southeast-asia-thailand-and-cambodia/">"Modern day slavery in Southeast Asia: Thailand and Cambodia"</a>. Inside Investor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://investvine.com/modern-day-slavery-in-southeast-asia-thailand-and-cambodia/">the original</a> on March 23, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Investor&rft.atitle=Modern+day+slavery+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Thailand+and+Cambodia&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvestvine.com%2Fmodern-day-slavery-in-southeast-asia-thailand-and-cambodia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090708085725/http://www.amnestyusa.org/violence-against-women/end-human-trafficking/trafficking-faq/page.do?id=1108432&n1=3&n2=39&n3=738">"Trafficking FAQs – Amnesty International USA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. March 30, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnestyusa.org/violence-against-women/end-human-trafficking/trafficking-faq/page.do?id=1108432&n1=3&n2=39&n3=738">the original</a> on July 8, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trafficking+FAQs+%E2%80%93+Amnesty+International+USA&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnestyusa.org%2Fviolence-against-women%2Fend-human-trafficking%2Ftrafficking-faq%2Fpage.do%3Fid%3D1108432%26n1%3D3%26n2%3D39%26n3%3D738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162847/https://womennewsnetwork.net/2008/12/05/lostdaughternepal808/">"Lost Daughters – An ongoing tragedy in Nepal"</a>. Women News Network. December 5, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womennewsnetwork.net/2008/12/05/lostdaughternepal808/">the original</a> on June 12, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women+News+Network&rft.atitle=Lost+Daughters+%E2%80%93+An+ongoing+tragedy+in+Nepal&rft.date=2008-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwomennewsnetwork.net%2F2008%2F12%2F05%2Flostdaughternepal808%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-state._gov-357">^ <a href="#cite_ref-state._gov_357-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state._gov_357-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2005/46606.htm">"US State Department Trafficking report"</a>. State.gov. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+State+Department+Trafficking+report&rft.pub=State.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Ftip%2Frls%2Ftiprpt%2F2005%2F46606.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-npg-358"><a href="#cite_ref-npg_358-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaydon1841" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robert_Haydon" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Robert Haydon">Haydon, Benjamin Robert</a> (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw00028/The-Anti-Slavery-Society-Convention-1840">"The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840 – National Portrait Gallery"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Retrieved February 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Anti-Slavery+Society+Convention%2C+1840+%E2%80%93+National+Portrait+Gallery&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Haydon&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fportrait%2Fmw00028%2FThe-Anti-Slavery-Society-Convention-1840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> Donated by <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society</a> in 1880 </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarence-Smith" class="citation web cs1">Clarence-Smith, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329055714/http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Conf10_ClarenceSmith.pdf">"Religions and the abolition of slavery – a comparative approach"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Conf10_ClarenceSmith.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 29, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+and+the+abolition+of+slavery+%E2%80%93+a+comparative+approach&rft.aulast=Clarence-Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lse.ac.uk%2FeconomicHistory%2FResearch%2FGEHN%2FGEHNPDF%2FConf10_ClarenceSmith.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. 2009. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-99238-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-99238-6"><bdi>978-0-618-99238-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth+and+Its+Peoples%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-618-99238-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_Publishing_Group-361"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_Publishing_Group_361-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. 2011. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33143-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33143-5"><bdi>978-0-313-33143-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Antislavery+and+Abolition&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33143-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDussel2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Dussel" title="Enrique Dussel">Dussel, Enrique</a> (January 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bartolome-de-Las-Casas">"Bartolomé de Las Casas"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved February 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bartolom%C3%A9+de+Las+Casas&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2021-01-04&rft.aulast=Dussel&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FBartolome-de-Las-Casas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1995" class="citation book cs1">Green, Howard L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=plHxL2XIKloC&pg=PA84">Words that Make New Jersey History: A Primary Source Reader</a>. Rutgers University Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2113-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2113-8"><bdi>978-0-8135-2113-8</bdi></a>. <q>1804: With passage of the law excerpted here, New Jersey became the last state in the North to abolish slavery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Words+that+Make+New+Jersey+History%3A+A+Primary+Source+Reader&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2113-8&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Howard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DplHxL2XIKloC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner2007" class="citation news cs1">Foner, Eric (December 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/30/opinion/30foner.html">"Opinion | Forgotten Step Toward Freedom (Published 2007)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+Forgotten+Step+Toward+Freedom+%28Published+2007%29&rft.date=2007-12-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F30%2Fopinion%2F30foner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714073725/http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/manassas/social/introsoc.htm">"Soldiers and Sailors Database – The Civil War (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. Itd.nps.gov. September 19, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/manassas/social/introsoc.htm">the original</a> on July 14, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soldiers+and+Sailors+Database+%E2%80%93+The+Civil+War+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.pub=Itd.nps.gov&rft.date=2015-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itd.nps.gov%2Fcwss%2Fmanassas%2Fsocial%2Fintrosoc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorigny2003" class="citation book cs1">Dorigny, Marcel, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbNNFxiAMeAC">The Abolitions of Slavery: From L. F. Sonthonax to Victor Schoelcher, 1793, 1794, 1848</a>. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. p. vi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-432-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-432-6"><bdi>978-1-57181-432-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 16, 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abolitions+of+Slavery%3A+From+L.+F.+Sonthonax+to+Victor+Schoelcher%2C+1793%2C+1794%2C+1848&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=vi&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-432-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcbNNFxiAMeAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dwyer-367"><a href="#cite_ref-dwyer_367-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dwyer, Philip (2008). "Remembering and Forgetting in Contemporary France: Napoleon, Slavery, and the French History Wars". French Politics, Culture & Society. 26 (3). <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>: 110–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Ffpcs.2008.260306">10.3167/fpcs.2008.260306</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843569">42843569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Remembering+and+Forgetting+in+Contemporary+France%3A+Napoleon%2C+Slavery%2C+and+the+French+History+Wars&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=110-122&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Ffpcs.2008.260306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42843569%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peabody-368"><a href="#cite_ref-peabody_368-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeabody1984" class="citation journal cs1">Peabody, Sue (1984). "Race, Slavery, and the Law in Early Modern France". The Historian. 56 (3). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 501–510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1994.tb01322.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1994.tb01322.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24448702">24448702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Slavery%2C+and+the+Law+in+Early+Modern+France&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=501-510&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1994.tb01322.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24448702%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peabody&rft.aufirst=Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chatman-369"><a href="#cite_ref-chatman_369-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatman2000" class="citation journal cs1">Chatman, Samuel L. (2000). "'There are no Slaves in France': A Re-Examination of Slave Laws in Eighteenth Century France". The Journal of Negro History. 85 (3). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> on behalf of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History: 144–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2649071">10.2307/2649071</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2649071">2649071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141017958">141017958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=%27There+are+no+Slaves+in+France%27%3A+A+Re-Examination+of+Slave+Laws+in+Eighteenth+Century+France&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=144-153&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141017958%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2649071%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2649071&rft.aulast=Chatman&rft.aufirst=Samuel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise2006" class="citation book cs1">Wise, Steven M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A76TPwAACAAJ">Though the Heavens May Fall: The Landmark Trial that Led to the End of Human Slavery</a>. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-430-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-430-4"><bdi>978-1-84413-430-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Though+the+Heavens+May+Fall%3A+The+Landmark+Trial+that+Led+to+the+End+of+Human+Slavery&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84413-430-4&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA76TPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090128205546/royalnavy.mod.uk/history/battles/royal-navy-and-the-slave-trade/">"Royal Navy and the Slave Trade : Battles: History: Royal Navy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalnavy.mod.uk/history/battles/royal-navy-and-the-slave-trade/">the original</a> on January 28, 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Navy+and+the+Slave+Trade+%3A+Battles%3A+History%3A+Royal+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froyalnavy.mod.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbattles%2Froyal-navy-and-the-slave-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml">"Devon – Abolition – Sailing against slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. February 28, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devon+%E2%80%93+Abolition+%E2%80%93+Sailing+against+slavery&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2007-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdevon%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2007%2F03%2F20%2Fabolition_navy_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdavis.nl/Background.htm#WAS">"The West African Squadron and slave trade"</a>. Pdavis.nl. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+West+African+Squadron+and+slave+trade&rft.pub=Pdavis.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdavis.nl%2FBackground.htm%23WAS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=9462&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html">"Anti-Slavery International: UNESCO Education"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. November 13, 2002. Retrieved September 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Slavery+International%3A+UNESCO+Education&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2002-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Feducation%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%3D9462%26URL_DO%3DDO_PRINTPAGE%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502161407/http://www.yale.edu/agrarianstudies/colloqpapers/16peterson.pdf">"Home Page | Agrarian Studies"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/agrarianstudies/colloqpapers/16peterson.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 2, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+Page+%26%23124%3B+Agrarian+Studies&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fagrarianstudies%2Fcolloqpapers%2F16peterson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/slavery/modern/law.shtml">"The law against slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Retrieved October 5, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+law+against+slavery&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fethics%2Fslavery%2Fmodern%2Flaw.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-377">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Huffington_Post_377-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Huffington_Post_377-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelardelli2014" class="citation news cs1">Belardelli, Giulia (December 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/pope-francis-and-other-re_n_6256640">"Pope Francis And Other Religious Leaders Sign Declaration Against Modern Slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+And+Other+Religious+Leaders+Sign+Declaration+Against+Modern+Slavery&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft.aulast=Belardelli&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com.au%2Fentry%2Fpope-francis-and-other-re_n_6256640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.org/en/routes-enslaved-peoples?hub=70211">"Routes of Enslaved Peoples"</a>. UNESCO. Retrieved July 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Routes+of+Enslaved+Peoples&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fen%2Froutes-enslaved-peoples%3Fhub%3D70211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoahenAjayiTidy1986" class="citation book cs1">Boahen, A. Adu.; Ajayi, J. F. Ade.; Tidy, Michael (1986). Topics in West African history (2 ed.). Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-58504-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-58504-X"><bdi>0-582-58504-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15580435">15580435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topics+in+West+African+history&rft.place=Burnt+Mill%2C+Harlow%2C+Essex%2C+England&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Longman+Group&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15580435&rft.isbn=0-582-58504-X&rft.aulast=Boahen&rft.aufirst=A.+Adu.&rft.au=Ajayi%2C+J.+F.+Ade.&rft.au=Tidy%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerson-Lynn" class="citation web cs1">Person-Lynn, Kwaku. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418072244/http://africawithin.com/kwaku/afrikan_involvement.htm">"Afrikan Involvement In Atlantic Slave Trade"</a>. Africawithin.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africawithin.com/kwaku/afrikan_involvement.htm">the original</a> on April 18, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afrikan+Involvement+In+Atlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=Africawithin.com&rft.aulast=Person-Lynn&rft.aufirst=Kwaku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africawithin.com%2Fkwaku%2Fafrikan_involvement.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2003" class="citation cs2">Ball, Jeremy R. (November 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050122054905/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=13661080113274">"Alcohol and Slaves"</a>, H-Net Reviews (Review), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=8469">the original</a> on January 22, 2005, retrieved February 6, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H-Net+Reviews&rft.atitle=Alcohol+and+Slaves&rft.date=2003-11&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2Freviews%2Fshowrev.php%3Fid%3D8469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahomey-382">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dahomey_382-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahomey_382-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFServices" class="citation news cs1">Services, Tribune News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2000-05-01-0005010158-story.html">"Benin Officials Apologize for Role in U.S. Slave Trade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Benin+Officials+Apologize+for+Role+in+U.S.+Slave+Trade&rft.aulast=Services&rft.aufirst=Tribune+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-2000-05-01-0005010158-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6451793.stm">"Blair 'sorry' for UK slavery role"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. March 14, 2007. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Blair+%27sorry%27+for+UK+slavery+role&rft.date=2007-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fpolitics%2F6451793.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6394981.stm">"Virginia 'sorry' for slavery role"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. February 25, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Virginia+%27sorry%27+for+slavery+role&rft.date=2007-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F6394981.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jump-385"><a href="#cite_ref-jump_385-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir2007" class="citation news cs1">Muir, Hugh (August 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/aug/24/london.humanrights">"Livingstone weeps as he apologises for slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107154804/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/aug/24/london.humanrights">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Livingstone+weeps+as+he+apologises+for+slavery&rft.date=2007-08-24&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2007%2Faug%2F24%2Flondon.humanrights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoslett2014" class="citation news cs1">Coslett, Paul (September 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2007/02/15/abolition_liverpool_apology_feature.shtml">"Liverpool's slavery apology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved January 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Liverpool%27s+slavery+apology&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft.aulast=Coslett&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fliverpool%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2007%2F02%2F15%2Fabolition_liverpool_apology_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93059465">"Congress Apologizes for Slavery, Jim Crow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Congress+Apologizes+for+Slavery%2C+Jim+Crow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D93059465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121342/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iyMeHvk7WyJys7iAyehSzik11Yqg">"Obama praises 'historic' Senate slavery apology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. June 19, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iyMeHvk7WyJys7iAyehSzik11Yqg">the original</a> on February 25, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2009 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">Google News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+praises+%27historic%27+Senate+slavery+apology&rft.date=2009-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5iyMeHvk7WyJys7iAyehSzik11Yqg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitkinMerritt2007" class="citation news cs1">Nitkin, David; Merritt, Harry (March 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033339/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02%2C0%2C3453027.story">"A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story">the original</a> on September 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=A+New+Twist+to+an+Intriguing+Family+History&rft.date=2007-03-02&rft.aulast=Nitkin&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Merritt%2C+Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fpolitics%2Fbal-te.obama02mar02%2C0%2C3453027.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhalbey2019" class="citation web cs1">Akhalbey, Francis (November 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://face2faceafrica.com/article/watch-gaddafi-apologize-on-behalf-of-arabs-for-their-cruel-treatment-of-africans-during-the-arab-slave-trade">"Watch Gaddafi apologize on behalf of Arabs for their cruel treatment of Africans during the Arab slave trade"</a>. Face2Face Africa. Retrieved February 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Face2Face+Africa&rft.atitle=Watch+Gaddafi+apologize+on+behalf+of+Arabs+for+their+cruel+treatment+of+Africans+during+the+Arab+slave+trade&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft.aulast=Akhalbey&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fface2faceafrica.com%2Farticle%2Fwatch-gaddafi-apologize-on-behalf-of-arabs-for-their-cruel-treatment-of-africans-during-the-arab-slave-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2023" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Kim (July 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brattle.com/insights-events/publications/brattle-consultants-quantify-reparations-for-transatlantic-chattel-slavery-in-pro-bono-paper/">"Brattle Consultants Quantify Reparations for Transatlantic Chattel Slavery in Pro Bono Paper"</a>. Brattle. Retrieved July 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brattle&rft.atitle=Brattle+Consultants+Quantify+Reparations+for+Transatlantic+Chattel+Slavery+in+Pro+Bono+Paper&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brattle.com%2Finsights-events%2Fpublications%2Fbrattle-consultants-quantify-reparations-for-transatlantic-chattel-slavery-in-pro-bono-paper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahon2023" class="citation news cs1">Mahon, Leah (August 2023). "£18 Trillion What Britain owes in reparation". <a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(British_newspaper)" title="The Voice (British newspaper)">The Voice</a>. pp. 6–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Voice&rft.atitle=%C2%A318+Trillion+What+Britain+owes+in+reparation&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2023-08&rft.aulast=Mahon&rft.aufirst=Leah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinWall2013" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Michael T.; Wall, David C. (February 19, 2013). The Politics of Cine-Memory. A Companion to the Historical Film. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a> Ltd. pp. 445–467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118322673.ch22">10.1002/9781118322673.ch22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32267-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32267-3"><bdi>978-1-118-32267-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Cine-Memory&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.series=A+Companion+to+the+Historical+Film&rft.pages=445-467&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2013-02-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118322673.ch22&rft.isbn=978-1-118-32267-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft.au=Wall%2C+David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2008" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Melvyn (January 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fGJFpiTjbKwC">D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation: A History of the Most Controversial Motion Picture of All Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804436-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804436-9"><bdi>978-0-19-804436-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.W.+Griffith%27s+The+Birth+of+a+Nation%3A+A+History+of+the+Most+Controversial+Motion+Picture+of+All+Time&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-01-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804436-9&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Melvyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfGJFpiTjbKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorsberger1977" class="citation journal cs1">Morsberger, Robert E. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106183301/https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/amerstud/article/view/2290/2249">"Slavery and 'The Santa Fe Trail,' or, John Brown on Hollywood's Sour Apple Tree"</a>. American Studies. 18 (2): 87–98. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/amerstud/article/view/2290/2249">the original</a> on November 6, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Studies&rft.atitle=Slavery+and+%27The+Santa+Fe+Trail%2C%27+or%2C+John+Brown+on+Hollywood%27s+Sour+Apple+Tree&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=87-98&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Morsberger&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ku.edu%2Findex.php%2Famerstud%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2290%2F2249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverio2022" class="citation web cs1">Silverio, Ben F. (August 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slashfilm.com/960577/the-song-of-the-south-controversies-explained/">"The Song Of The South Controversies Explained"</a>. SlashFilm. Retrieved October 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SlashFilm&rft.atitle=The+Song+Of+The+South+Controversies+Explained&rft.date=2022-08-11&rft.aulast=Silverio&rft.aufirst=Ben+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slashfilm.com%2F960577%2Fthe-song-of-the-south-controversies-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeraGordon2003" class="citation book cs1">Vera, Hernán; Gordon, Andrew M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZAPD2YdBXYC&pg=PA54">Screen saviors: Hollywood fictions of whiteness</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 54–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9947-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9947-6"><bdi>978-0-8476-9947-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Screen+saviors%3A+Hollywood+fictions+of+whiteness&rft.pages=54-56&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9947-6&rft.aulast=Vera&rft.aufirst=Hern%C3%A1n&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Andrew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ZAPD2YdBXYC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington-SmithDeburg1984" class="citation journal cs1">Worthington-Smith, Hammet; <a href="/wiki/William_L._Van_Deburg" title="William L. Van Deburg">Deburg, William L. Van</a> (1984). "Slavery & Race in American Popular Culture". Black American Literature Forum. 18 (4): 181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2904301">10.2307/2904301</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-6179">0148-6179</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2904301">2904301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+American+Literature+Forum&rft.atitle=Slavery+%26+Race+in+American+Popular+Culture.&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=181&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0148-6179&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2904301%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2904301&rft.aulast=Worthington-Smith&rft.aufirst=Hammet&rft.au=Deburg%2C+William+L.+Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2002Chapter_2-399">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2002Chapter_2_399-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2002Chapter_2_399-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis2002">Davis 2002</a>, Chapter 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2002Chapter_3-400"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2002Chapter_3_400-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis2002">Davis 2002</a>, Chapter 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintz1998" class="citation journal cs1">Mintz, Steven (1998). "Spielberg's Amistad and the History Classroom". The History Teacher. 31 (3): 370–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F494885">10.2307/494885</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/494885">494885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+Teacher&rft.atitle=Spielberg%27s+Amistad+and+the+History+Classroom&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=370-73&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F494885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F494885%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Berlin, Ira (2004). "American Slavery in History and Memory and the Search for Social Justice". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of American History">Journal of American History</a>. 90 (4): 1251–1268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3660347">10.2307/3660347</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3660347">3660347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=American+Slavery+in+History+and+Memory+and+the+Search+for+Social+Justice&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1251-1268&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3660347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3660347%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Ira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ama.africatoday.com/films.htm">"Films about Slavery and the transAtlantic Slave Trade"</a>. Ama. africatoday.com. Retrieved June 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Films+about+Slavery+and+the+transAtlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=Ama.+africatoday.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ama.africatoday.com%2Ffilms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonTollison1985" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Gary M.; Tollison, Robert D. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/catoj5&div=18&id=&page=">"Life in the Gulag: A Property Rights Perspective"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Journal" title="Cato Journal">Cato Journal</a>. 5. Retrieved December 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cato+Journal&rft.atitle=Life+in+the+Gulag%3A+A+Property+Rights+Perspective&rft.volume=5&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Gary+M.&rft.au=Tollison%2C+Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fcatoj5%26div%3D18%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebaum2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Applebaum, Anne</a> (2003). Gulag: A History. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulag%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Applebaum&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArasaratnam1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._Arasaratnam" title="S. Arasaratnam">Arasaratnam, Sinnappah</a> (1995). "Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century". In Mathew, Kuzhippalli S. (ed.). Mariners, Merchants and Oceans: Studies on Maritime History. New Delhi: Manohar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-075-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-075-7"><bdi>978-81-7304-075-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slave+Trade+in+the+Indian+Ocean+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.btitle=Mariners%2C+Merchants+and+Oceans%3A+Studies+on+Maritime+History&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-075-7&rft.aulast=Arasaratnam&rft.aufirst=Sinnappah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArasaratnam1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._Arasaratnam" title="S. Arasaratnam">Arasaratnam, Sinnappah</a> (1996). Ceylon and the Dutch: 1600-1800: External Influences and Internal Change in Early Modern Sri Lanka. Brookfield, VT: Variorum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-579-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-579-8"><bdi>978-0-86078-579-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceylon+and+the+Dutch%3A+1600-1800%3A+External+Influences+and+Internal+Change+in+Early+Modern+Sri+Lanka&rft.place=Brookfield%2C+VT&rft.pub=Variorum&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-86078-579-8&rft.aulast=Arasaratnam&rft.aufirst=Sinnappah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBales1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Bales" title="Kevin Bales">Bales, Kevin</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=djQq6-pZqNcC">Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy</a>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21797-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21797-3"><bdi>978-0-520-21797-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disposable+People%3A+New+Slavery+in+the+Global+Economy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21797-3&rft.aulast=Bales&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdjQq6-pZqNcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBales2004" class="citation book cs1">Bales, Kevin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Cw6EsO59aYC">New slavery: a reference handbook</a> (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-816-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-816-X"><bdi>1-85109-816-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61363605">61363605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+slavery%3A+a+reference+handbook&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61363605&rft.isbn=1-85109-816-X&rft.aulast=Bales&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Cw6EsO59aYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2011" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Steven A. (April 4, 2011). Death and Redemption: The Gulag and the Shaping of Soviet Society. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+Redemption%3A+The+Gulag+and+the+Shaping+of+Soviet+Society&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBavis" class="citation web cs1">Bavis, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/american-women-law/introduction">"Research Guides: American Women: Resources from the Law Library: Introduction"</a>. guides.loc.gov. <a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library of Congress</a>. Retrieved February 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guides.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Research+Guides%3A+American+Women%3A+Resources+from+the+Law+Library%3A+Introduction&rft.aulast=Bavis&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.loc.gov%2Famerican-women-law%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxer1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._R._Boxer" title="C. R. Boxer">Boxer, C. R.</a> (1968) [1948]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fidalgosinfareas0000boxe/page/225/mode/1up">Fidalgos in the Far East 1550–1770</a> (2nd revised ed.). Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-638074-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-638074-2"><bdi>978-0-19-638074-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fidalgos+in+the+Far+East+1550%E2%80%931770&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-19-638074-2&rft.aulast=Boxer&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffidalgosinfareas0000boxe%2Fpage%2F225%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham1993" class="citation web cs1">Burnham, Philip (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060507112026/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1993/1/1993_1_90.shtml">"Selling Poor Steven"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="American Heritage Magazine">American Heritage Magazine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1993/1/1993_1_90.shtml">the original</a> on May 7, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+Magazine&rft.atitle=Selling+Poor+Steven&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Farticles%2Fmagazine%2Fah%2F1993%2F1%2F1993_1_90.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2004" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Gwyn (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J0iRAgAAQBAJ">The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia</a>. London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75917-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75917-9"><bdi>978-1-135-75917-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Slavery+in+Indian+Ocean+Africa+and+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-75917-9&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ0iRAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2007" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Gwyn; Miers, Suzanne; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Miller" title="Joseph C. Miller">Miller, Joseph Calder</a>, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Women+and+slavery%3b+v.1%3a+Africa%2c+the+Indian+Ocean+world%2c+and+the...-a0178634620">Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean world, and the medieval north Atlantic</a>. Vol. 1. Athens: <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University_Press" title="Ohio University Press">Ohio University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1723-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1723-2"><bdi>978-0-8214-1723-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Slavery%3A+Africa%2C+the+Indian+Ocean+world%2C+and+the+medieval+north+Atlantic&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1723-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FWomen%2Band%2Bslavery%253b%2Bv.1%253a%2BAfrica%252c%2Bthe%2BIndian%2BOcean%2Bworld%252c%2Band%2Bthe...-a0178634620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2008" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Gwyn; Miers, Suzanne; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Miller" title="Joseph C. Miller">Miller, Joseph Calder</a>, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271908601">Women and Slavery: The Modern Atlantic</a>. Vol. 2. Athens: <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University_Press" title="Ohio University Press">Ohio University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1725-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1725-6"><bdi>978-0-8214-1725-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Slavery%3A+The+Modern+Atlantic&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1725-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F271908601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquest1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest, Robert</a> (1978). Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps. New York: Viking Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kolyma%3A+The+Arctic+Death+Camps&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway2008" class="citation book cs1">Conway, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lookatthirteenth0000conw/page/5">A Look at the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments: Slavery Abolished, Equal Protection Established</a>. <a href="/wiki/Enslow_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Enslow Publishers">Enslow Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59845-070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59845-070-5"><bdi>978-1-59845-070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Look+at+the+Thirteenth+and+Fourteenth+Amendments%3A+Slavery+Abolished%2C+Equal+Protection+Established&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59845-070-5&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flookatthirteenth0000conw%2Fpage%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanver2010" class="citation book cs1">Danver, Steven (2010). Popular Controversies in World History. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-078-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-078-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Controversies+in+World+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-078-0&rft.aulast=Danver&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis" title="Natalie Zemon Davis">Davis, Natalie Zemon</a> (2002). Slaves on Screen: Film and Historical Vision. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00821-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00821-2"><bdi>978-0-674-00821-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slaves+on+Screen%3A+Film+and+Historical+Vision&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00821-2&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Natalie+Zemon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dobson, Miriam (October 2012). "Stalin's Gulag: Death, Redemption and Memory". The Slavonic and East European Review. 90 (4): 735–743. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5699%2Fslaveasteurorev2.90.4.0735">10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.90.4.0735</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148284255">148284255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Stalin%27s+Gulag%3A+Death%2C+Redemption+and+Memory&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=735-743&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5699%2Fslaveasteurorev2.90.4.0735&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148284255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dobson&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonoghue2010" class="citation journal cs1">Donoghue, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.115.4.943">"Out of the Land of Bondage": The English Revolution and the Atlantic Origins of Abolition"</a>. The American Historical Review. 115 (4): 943–974. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.115.4.943">10.1086/ahr.115.4.943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Out+of+the+Land+of+Bondage%22%3A+The+English+Revolution+and+the+Atlantic+Origins+of+Abolition&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=943-974&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr.115.4.943&rft.aulast=Donoghue&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252Fahr.115.4.943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllerman1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Ellerman" title="David Ellerman">Ellerman, David Patterson</a> (1992). Property and Contract in Economics: The Case for Economic Democracy. Cambridge, Mass: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-309-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-309-6"><bdi>978-1-55786-309-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Property+and+Contract+in+Economics%3A+The+Case+for+Economic+Democracy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-309-6&rft.aulast=Ellerman&rft.aufirst=David+Patterson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner1980" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Philip S. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014135617/http://testaae.greenwood.com/doc_print.aspx?fileID=GR7529&chapterID=GR7529-747&path=books%2Fgreenwood">History of Black Americans: From Africa to the emergence of the cotton kingdom</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://testaae.greenwood.com/doc_print.aspx?fileID=GR7529&chapterID=GR7529-747&path=books/greenwood">the original</a> on October 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Black+Americans%3A+From+Africa+to+the+emergence+of+the+cotton+kingdom&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftestaae.greenwood.com%2Fdoc_print.aspx%3FfileID%3DGR7529%26chapterID%3DGR7529-747%26path%3Dbooks%2Fgreenwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1998" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Robert P. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e-unV4v5puYC&pg=PA74">"Slavery and the Evangelical Movement"</a>. In McKivigan, John R.; Snay, Mitchell (eds.). Religion and the Antebellum Debate Over Slavery. Athens, GA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. pp. 68–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2076-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2076-2"><bdi>978-0-8203-2076-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavery+and+the+Evangelical+Movement&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Antebellum+Debate+Over+Slavery&rft.place=Athens%2C+GA&rft.pages=68-106&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2076-2&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De-unV4v5puYC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryLazarev2003" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Paul R.; Lazarev, Valery (October 1, 2003). The Economics of Forced Labor: The Soviet Gulag. Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Press">Hoover Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Forced+Labor%3A+The+Soviet+Gulag&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2003-10-01&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Lazarev%2C+Valery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigginbotham1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._Leon_Higginbotham_Jr." title="A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.">Higginbotham, A. Leon Jr.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ErPg7VegkcMC&pg=PA7">In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502745-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502745-7"><bdi>978-0-19-502745-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Matter+of+Color%3A+Race+and+the+American+Legal+Process%3A+The+Colonial+Period&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502745-7&rft.aulast=Higginbotham&rft.aufirst=A.+Leon+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DErPg7VegkcMC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozlowski2010" class="citation book cs1">Kozlowski, Darrell (2010). Colonialism: Key Concepts in American History. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-217-5"><bdi>978-1-60413-217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism%3A+Key+Concepts+in+American+History&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60413-217-5&rft.aulast=Kozlowski&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1997" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA49">Korea and East Asia: the story of a Phoenix</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95823-7"><bdi>978-0-275-95823-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 4, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+and+East+Asia%3A+the+story+of+a+Phoenix&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95823-7&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXrZQs-6KswMC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesterKrysinska2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lester, David; Krysinska, Karolina (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5510937">"Suicide in the Soviet Gulag Camps"</a> (pdf). Archives of Suicide Research. 12 (2): 170–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13811110701857541">10.1080/13811110701857541</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18340600">18340600</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205804782">205804782</a>. Retrieved December 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Suicide+Research&rft.atitle=Suicide+in+the+Soviet+Gulag+Camps&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=170-179&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205804782%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18340600&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13811110701857541&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Krysinska%2C+Karolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F5510937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/med/lewis1.asp">Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5"><bdi>978-0-19-505326-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Slavery+in+the+Middle+East%3A+An+Historical+Enquiry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505326-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fmed%2Flewis1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLove1913" class="citation book cs1">Love, Henry Davison (1913). Vestiges of Old Madras, 1640-1800. London: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1773373W">1773373W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vestiges+of+Old+Madras%2C+1640-1800&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL1773373W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Henry+Davison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltzer1993" class="citation journal cs1">Meltzer, Milton (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.dominican.edu/cynthia-stokes-brown-books-personal-research/141">"Slavery: A World History"</a>. Personal Research Collection.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personal+Research+Collection&rft.atitle=Slavery%3A+A+World+History&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Meltzer&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.dominican.edu%2Fcynthia-stokes-brown-books-personal-research%2F141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward1998" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ir2CAAAQBAJ">Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnieitya and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1564</a>. Stanford: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2933-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2933-8"><bdi>978-0-8047-2933-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Pass%3A+Economy%2C+Ethnieitya+and+Empire+in+Qing+Central+Asia%2C+1759-1564&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2933-8&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ir2CAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakash1985" class="citation book cs1">Prakash, Om (January 1, 1985). The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630-1720. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400857760">10.1515/9781400857760</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5776-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5776-0"><bdi>978-1-4008-5776-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+East+India+Company+and+the+Economy+of+Bengal%2C+1630-1720&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1985-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400857760&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5776-0&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.aufirst=Om&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakash1998" class="citation book cs1">Prakash, Om (June 28, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hciTRYbE27gC">European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India</a>. Vol. II. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25758-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25758-9"><bdi>978-0-521-25758-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Commercial+Enterprise+in+Pre-Colonial+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-06-28&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25758-9&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.aufirst=Om&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhciTRYbE27gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuriHabib1982" class="citation book cs1">Raychaudhuri, Tapan; Habib, Irfan, eds. (1982). The Cambridge Economic History of India I. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+India+I&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2012" class="citation book cs1">Richards, John F. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4evztAEACAAJ">The Mughal Empire</a>. The New Cambridge History of India, Part I. Vol. 5. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-58406-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-58406-0"><bdi>978-0-511-58406-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India%2C+Part+I&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-511-58406-0&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4evztAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Junius_P._Rodriguez" title="Junius P. Rodriguez">Rodriguez, Junius P.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalencycl01rodr">The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery</a>. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, Calif: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-885-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-885-7"><bdi>978-0-87436-885-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Encyclopedia+of+World+Slavery&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-885-7&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Junius+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalencycl01rodr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2007a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Junius_P._Rodriguez" title="Junius P. Rodriguez">Rodriguez, Junius P.</a> (2007a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4X44KbDBl9gC">Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia</a>. Santa Barbara, Calif: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-544-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-544-5"><bdi>978-1-85109-544-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+United+States%3A+A+Social%2C+Political%2C+and+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-544-5&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Junius+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4X44KbDBl9gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalisbury2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_E._Salisbury" title="Joyce E. Salisbury">Salisbury, Joyce E.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T9AZAQAAIAAJ">The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life: The medieval world</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32543-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32543-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32543-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Daily+Life%3A+The+medieval+world&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32543-4&rft.aulast=Salisbury&rft.aufirst=Joyce+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT9AZAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Sande2012" class="citation journal cs1">de Sande, Duarte (2012). Massarella, Derek (ed.). "Japanese Travellers in Sixteenth-century Europe: A Dialogue Concerning the Mission of the Japanese Ambassadors to the Roman Curia (1590)". Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society. Third Series. 25 (25). <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7223-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7223-0"><bdi>978-1-4094-7223-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0072-9396">0072-9396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Works+Issued+by+the+Hakluyt+Society&rft.atitle=Japanese+Travellers+in+Sixteenth-century+Europe%3A+A+Dialogue+Concerning+the+Mission+of+the+Japanese+Ambassadors+to+the+Roman+Curia+%281590%29&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=25&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0072-9396&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-7223-0&rft.aulast=de+Sande&rft.aufirst=Duarte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1982" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, A.C. de C.M. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0TCPWGGVqgC&pg=PA168">A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441–1555</a> (illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23150-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23150-3"><bdi>978-0-521-23150-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+Black+Slaves+and+Freedmen+in+Portugal%2C+1441%E2%80%931555&rft.pages=168&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23150-3&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=A.C.+de+C.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0TCPWGGVqgC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyam1997" class="citation journal cs1">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1997). "Slaves and Tyrants: Dutch Tribulations in Seventeenth-Century Mrauk-U". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Early_Modern_History" title="Journal of Early Modern History">Journal of Early Modern History</a>. 1 (3): 201–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006597x00028">10.1163/157006597x00028</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1385-3783">1385-3783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Slaves+and+Tyrants%3A+Dutch+Tribulations+in+Seventeenth-Century+Mrauk-U&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=201-253&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006597x00028&rft.issn=1385-3783&rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToppin2010" class="citation book cs1">Toppin, Edgar (2010). The Black American in United States History. Allyn & Bacon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4759-6172-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4759-6172-0"><bdi>978-1-4759-6172-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+American+in+United+States+History&rft.pub=Allyn+%26+Bacon&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4759-6172-0&rft.aulast=Toppin&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVink1998" class="citation thesis cs1">Vink, Markus P. M. (June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/304436379">Encounters on the Opposite Coast: Cross-Cultural Contacts between the Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century</a> (PhD). Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-591-92325-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-591-92325-4"><bdi>978-0-591-92325-4</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/304436379">304436379</a>. Retrieved February 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Encounters+on+the+Opposite+Coast%3A+Cross-Cultural+Contacts+between+the+Dutch+East+India+Company+and+the+Nayaka+State+of+Madurai+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.inst=University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=1998-06&rft.isbn=978-0-591-92325-4&rft.aulast=Vink&rft.aufirst=Markus+P.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F304436379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys_and_reference">Surveys and reference</h3></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckert2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sven_Beckert" title="Sven Beckert">Beckert, Sven</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIPZCwAAQBAJ">Empire of Cotton: A Global History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Knopf_Doubleday" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf Doubleday">Knopf Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-35325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-35325-0"><bdi>978-0-385-35325-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Cotton%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-385-35325-0&rft.aulast=Beckert&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkIPZCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Davies, Stephen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Slavery, World"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 464–469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n285">10.4135/9781412965811.n285</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavery%2C+World&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=464-469&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n285&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">Davis, David Brion</a> (1988) [1966]. <a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Slavery_in_Western_Culture" title="The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture">The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505639-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505639-6"><bdi>978-0-19-505639-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+Slavery+in+Western+Culture&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505639-6&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=David+Brion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">Davis, David Brion</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xkAm6BKNU9MC">The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988083-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988083-6"><bdi>978-0-19-988083-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+Slavery+in+the+Age+of+Revolution%2C+1770%E2%80%931823&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988083-6&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=David+Brion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxkAm6BKNU9MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrescher2009" class="citation book cs1">Drescher, Seymour (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ltAhAwAAQBAJ&&pg=PA281">Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48296-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48296-7"><bdi>978-1-139-48296-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abolition%3A+A+History+of+Slavery+and+Antislavery&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48296-7&rft.aulast=Drescher&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DltAhAwAAQBAJ%26%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEden2018" class="citation book cs1">Eden, Jeff (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5eRfDwAAQBAJ">Slavery and Empire in Central Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-63732-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-63732-9"><bdi>978-1-108-63732-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+Empire+in+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-63732-9&rft.aulast=Eden&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5eRfDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1989" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Murray (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC">Slavery in the Arab World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941533-30-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941533-30-0"><bdi>978-0-941533-30-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-941533-30-0&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5l81hwFPvzYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2001" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Jacqueline Dembar (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M-oCPAAACAAJ">Slavery in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia</a>. Turtleback Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-613-34472-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-613-34472-2"><bdi>978-0-613-34472-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Ancient+Egypt+and+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=Turtleback+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-613-34472-2&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+Dembar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM-oCPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeuman2003" class="citation book cs1">Heuman, Gad J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LVmqmz8L6NYC">The Slavery Reader</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21304-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21304-2"><bdi>978-0-415-21304-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavery+Reader&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21304-2&rft.aulast=Heuman&rft.aufirst=Gad+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLVmqmz8L6NYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogendornJohnson2003" class="citation book cs1">Hogendorn, Jan; Johnson, Marion (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uhq94TIsRQwC">The Shell Money of the Slave Trade</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54110-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54110-7"><bdi>978-0-521-54110-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shell+Money+of+the+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54110-7&rft.aulast=Hogendorn&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUhq94TIsRQwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._S._Lal" title="K. S. Lal">Lal, K.S.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512073030/http://voi.org/books/mssmi/">Muslim Slave System in Medieval India</a>. Aditya Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85689-67-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85689-67-8"><bdi>978-81-85689-67-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voi.org/books/mssmi/">the original</a> on May 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Slave+System+in+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Aditya+Prakashan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-85689-67-8&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voi.org%2Fbooks%2Fmssmi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiersKopytoff1979" class="citation book cs1">Miers, Suzanne; Kopytoff, Igor (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4ZIL4BlVagC">Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives</a>. Madison: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-07334-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-07334-3"><bdi>978-0-299-07334-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Africa%3A+Historical+and+Anthropological+Perspectives&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-299-07334-3&rft.aulast=Miers&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft.au=Kopytoff%2C+Igor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV4ZIL4BlVagC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontejo2016" class="citation book cs1">Montejo, Esteban (2016). Barnet, Miguel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INy4DAAAQBAJ=">Biography of a Runaway Slave: Fiftieth Anniversary Edition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Press" title="Northwestern University Press">Northwestern University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-3342-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-3342-6"><bdi>978-0-8101-3342-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography+of+a+Runaway+Slave%3A+Fiftieth+Anniversary+Edition&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-3342-6&rft.aulast=Montejo&rft.aufirst=Esteban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINy4DAAAQBAJ%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2007" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Kenneth (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC">Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156627-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156627-1"><bdi>978-0-19-156627-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+the+British+Empire%3A+From+Africa+to+America&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-156627-1&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSGcwgJz5rQMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostma2005" class="citation book cs1">Postma, Johannes (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FAhyHQAACAAJ">The Atlantic Slave Trade</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida" title="University Press of Florida">University Press of Florida</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2906-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2906-1"><bdi>978-0-8130-2906-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-2906-1&rft.aulast=Postma&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFAhyHQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReséndez2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Res%C3%A9ndez" title="Andrés Reséndez">Reséndez, Andrés</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2gpCgAAQBAJ">The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-64098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-64098-3"><bdi>978-0-547-64098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Slavery%3A+The+Uncovered+Story+of+Indian+Enslavement+in+America&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-547-64098-3&rft.aulast=Res%C3%A9ndez&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2gpCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Junius_P._Rodriguez" title="Junius P. Rodriguez">Rodriguez, Junius P.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXsBJzA61lcC">Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion</a>. Vol. 2. Westport, Conn: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33273-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33273-9"><bdi>978-0-313-33273-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Slave+Resistance+and+Rebellion&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33273-9&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Junius+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXsBJzA61lcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShell1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carl-Heinz_Shell" title="Robert Carl-Heinz Shell">Shell, Robert Carl-Heinz</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hjsiAAAACAAJ">Children of Bondage: A Social History of the Slave Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1838</a>. Hanover, NH: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England" title="University Press of New England">University Press of New England</a> [for] <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University_Press" title="Wesleyan University Press">Wesleyan University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-5273-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-5273-0"><bdi>978-0-8195-5273-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children+of+Bondage%3A+A+Social+History+of+the+Slave+Society+at+the+Cape+of+Good+Hope%2C+1652%E2%80%931838&rft.place=Hanover%2C+NH&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England+%5Bfor%5D+Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-5273-0&rft.aulast=Shell&rft.aufirst=Robert+Carl-Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhjsiAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestermann1955" class="citation book cs1">Westermann, William Linn (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FF-uCZRXiO4C">The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity</a>. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-040-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-040-1"><bdi>978-0-87169-040-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slave+Systems+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquity&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-040-1&rft.aulast=Westermann&rft.aufirst=William+Linn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFF-uCZRXiO4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Journal articles and reviews</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bartlett, Will (May 1994). "Review: Property and Contract in Economics". Economic and Industrial Democracy. 15 (2): 296–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0143831x94152010">10.1177/0143831x94152010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220850066">220850066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Industrial+Democracy&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Property+and+Contract+in+Economics&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=296-298&rft.date=1994-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0143831x94152010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220850066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurczak2001" class="citation journal cs1">Burczak, Theodore (June 2001). "Ellerman's Labor Theory of Property and the Injustice of Capitalist Exploitation". Review of Social Economy. 59 (2): 161–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00346760110035572">10.1080/00346760110035572</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29770104">29770104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144866813">144866813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Social+Economy&rft.atitle=Ellerman%27s+Labor+Theory+of+Property+and+the+Injustice+of+Capitalist+Exploitation&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-183&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144866813%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29770104%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00346760110035572&rft.aulast=Burczak&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevine1993" class="citation journal cs1">Devine, Pat (November 1, 1993). "Review: Property and Contract in Economics". Economic Journal. 103 (421): 1560–1561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2234490">10.2307/2234490</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2234490">2234490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Property+and+Contract+in+Economics&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=421&rft.pages=1560-1561&rft.date=1993-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2234490&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2234490%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1993" class="citation journal cs1">Lawson, Colin (1993). "Review: Property and Contract in Economics". The Slavonic and East European Review. 71 (4): 792–793. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4211433">4211433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Property+and+Contract+in+Economics&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=792-793&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4211433%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutz1995" class="citation journal cs1">Lutz, Mark A. (1995). "Book Reviews: Property and Contract in Economics". Review of Social Economy. 53 (1): 141–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00346769500000007">10.1080/00346769500000007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Social+Economy&rft.atitle=Book+Reviews%3A+Property+and+Contract+in+Economics&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=141-147&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00346769500000007&rft.aulast=Lutz&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPole1977" class="citation journal cs1">Pole, J. R. (June 1977). "Review: Slavery and Revolution: The Conscience of the Rich". The Historical Journal. 20 (2): 503–513. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00011171">10.1017/S0018246X00011171</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638543">2638543</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162624457">162624457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Slavery+and+Revolution%3A+The+Conscience+of+the+Rich&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=503-513&rft.date=1977-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162624457%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00011171&rft.aulast=Pole&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1994" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Stephen C. (December 1994). "Property and Contract in Economics". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Comparative_Economics" title="Journal of Comparative Economics">Journal of Comparative Economics</a>. 19 (3): 463–466. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjcec.1994.1115">10.1006/jcec.1994.1115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Economics&rft.atitle=Property+and+Contract+in+Economics&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=463-466&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjcec.1994.1115&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoltjer1996" class="citation journal cs1">Woltjer, Geert (March 1996). "Book review: Property and Contract in Economics". European Journal of Law and Economics. 3 (1): 109–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00149085">10.1007/bf00149085</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195243866">195243866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Law+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Book+review%3A+Property+and+Contract+in+Economics&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-112&rft.date=1996-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00149085&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195243866%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Woltjer&rft.aufirst=Geert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_2">United States</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaptist2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Baptist" title="Edward E. Baptist">Baptist, Edward</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSrXCwAAQBAJ">The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09768-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09768-5"><bdi>978-0-465-09768-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Half+Has+Never+Been+Told%3A+Slavery+and+the+Making+of+American+Capitalism&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-465-09768-5&rft.aulast=Baptist&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSrXCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckertRockman2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sven_Beckert" title="Sven Beckert">Beckert, Sven</a>; Rockman, Seth, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/15556.html">Slavery's Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2417-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2417-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-2417-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery%27s+Capitalism%3A+A+New+History+of+American+Economic+Development&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-2417-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Fpennpress%2Fbook%2F15556.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2009" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Ira (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zYGVfP6Z_WoC">Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02082-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02082-5"><bdi>978-0-674-02082-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Thousands+Gone%3A+The+First+Two+Centuries+of+Slavery+in+North+America&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02082-5&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzYGVfP6Z_WoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinFavreauMiller2011" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Ira; Favreau, Marc; Miller, Steven (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F7lmyOu-qfgC">Remembering Slavery: African Americans Talk About Their Personal Experiences of Slavery and Freedom</a>. New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-763-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-763-3"><bdi>978-1-59558-763-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Slavery%3A+African+Americans+Talk+About+Their+Personal+Experiences+of+Slavery+and+Freedom&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-763-3&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft.au=Favreau%2C+Marc&rft.au=Miller%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF7lmyOu-qfgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackmon2012" class="citation book cs1">Blackmon, Douglas A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2v-BYWrjl9IC">Slavery by Another Name: The re-enslavement of black americans from the civil war to World War Two</a>. Icon Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84831-413-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84831-413-9"><bdi>978-1-84831-413-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+by+Another+Name%3A+The+re-enslavement+of+black+americans+from+the+civil+war+to+World+War+Two&rft.pub=Icon+Books+Limited&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84831-413-9&rft.aulast=Blackmon&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2v-BYWrjl9IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoles2015" class="citation book cs1">Boles, John B. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8AeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPR3">Black Southerners, 1619–1869</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-5786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-5786-3"><bdi>978-0-8131-5786-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Southerners%2C+1619%E2%80%931869&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-5786-3&rft.aulast=Boles&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8AeBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngerman1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Engerman" title="Stanley Engerman">Engerman, Stanley Lewis</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93iMgRBSgb4C">Terms of Labor: Slavery, Serfdom, and Free Labor</a>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3521-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3521-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-3521-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terms+of+Labor%3A+Slavery%2C+Serfdom%2C+and+Free+Labor&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3521-6&rft.aulast=Engerman&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D93iMgRBSgb4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenovese2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_D._Genovese" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene D. Genovese">Genovese, Eugene D.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kCmAy_iBmagC">Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77272-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77272-5"><bdi>978-0-307-77272-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roll%2C+Jordan%2C+Roll%3A+The+World+the+Slaves+Made&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-77272-5&rft.aulast=Genovese&rft.aufirst=Eugene+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkCmAy_iBmagC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingGenovese1977" class="citation journal cs1">King, Richard H.; Genovese, Eugene (1977). "Marxism and the Slave South". American Quarterly. 29 (1): 117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2712264">10.2307/2712264</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0678">0003-0678</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2712264">2712264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Marxism+and+the+Slave+South&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0003-0678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2712264%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2712264&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft.au=Genovese%2C+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintz" class="citation web cs1">Mintz, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061106053657/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm">"Slavery Facts & Myths"</a>. Digital History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm">the original</a> on November 6, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+History&rft.atitle=Slavery+Facts+%26+Myths&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu%2Fhistoryonline%2Fslav_fact.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Morgan_(historian)" title="Edmund Morgan (historian)">Morgan, Edmund Sears</a> (1975). <a href="/wiki/American_Slavery,_American_Freedom" title="American Slavery, American Freedom">American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia</a>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05554-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05554-2"><bdi>978-0-393-05554-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Slavery%2C+American+Freedom%3A+The+Ordeal+of+Colonial+Virginia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05554-2&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Edmund+Sears&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988">; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.com/stable/2638543">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParish1989" class="citation book cs1">Parish, Peter J. (1989). Slavery: History and Historians. New York: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-437001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-437001-1"><bdi>978-0-06-437001-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery%3A+History+and+Historians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-06-437001-1&rft.aulast=Parish&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParish2018" class="citation book cs1">Parish, Peter J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hilKDwAAQBAJ">Slavery: History And Historians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97694-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97694-0"><bdi>978-0-429-97694-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery%3A+History+And+Historians&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-97694-0&rft.aulast=Parish&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhilKDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Bonnell_Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Bonnell Phillips">Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SDQOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1">American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Régime</a>. D. Appleton. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Negro+Slavery%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Supply%2C+Employment+and+Control+of+Negro+Labor+as+Determined+by+the+Plantation+R%C3%A9gime&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Ulrich+Bonnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSDQOAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Bonnell_Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Bonnell Phillips">Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R44EqSwR_0kC">Life and Labor in the Old South</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press" title="University of South Carolina Press">University of South Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-678-1"><bdi>978-1-57003-678-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Labor+in+the+Old+South&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-678-1&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Ulrich+Bonnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR44EqSwR_0kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResendez2016" class="citation book cs1">Resendez, Andres (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2gpCgAAQBAJ&q=Rese%CC%81ndez%2C%20Andre%CC%81s.%202017.%20The%20other%20slavery%3A%20the%20uncovered%20story%20of%20indian%20enslavement%20in%20America.&pg=PP1">The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-60267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-60267-0"><bdi>978-0-544-60267-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Slavery%3A+The+Uncovered+Story+of+Indian+Enslavement+in+America&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-544-60267-0&rft.aulast=Resendez&rft.aufirst=Andres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2gpCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DRese%25CC%2581ndez%252C%2520Andre%25CC%2581s.%25202017.%2520The%2520other%2520slavery%253A%2520the%2520uncovered%2520story%2520of%2520indian%2520enslavement%2520in%2520America.%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellers1994" class="citation book cs1">Sellers, James Benson (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lAe6BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294">Slavery in Alabama</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press" title="University of Alabama Press">University of Alabama Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0594-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0594-9"><bdi>978-0-8173-0594-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Alabama&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-0594-9&rft.aulast=Sellers&rft.aufirst=James+Benson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlAe6BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStampp1969" class="citation book cs1">Stampp, Kenneth Milton (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xHB8vgAACAAJ">The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Antebellum South</a>. A.A. Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peculiar+Institution%3A+Slavery+in+the+Antebellum+South&rft.pub=A.A.+Knopf&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Stampp&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxHB8vgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrenchard2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Trenchard, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Slavery in America"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 469–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n286">10.4135/9781412965811.n286</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavery+in+America&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=469-70&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n286&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Trenchard&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVorenberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Vorenberg, Michael (May 21, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-UQWNPD5qgC">Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65267-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65267-4"><bdi>978-0-521-65267-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War%2C+the+Abolition+of+Slavery%2C+and+the+Thirteenth+Amendment&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-05-21&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65267-4&rft.aulast=Vorenberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df-UQWNPD5qgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinsteinGatellSarasohn1979" class="citation book cs1">Weinstein, Allen; Gatell, Frank Otto; Sarasohn, David, eds. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l6cENhgb_DQC">American Negro Slavery: A Modern Reader</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502470-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502470-8"><bdi>978-0-19-502470-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Negro+Slavery%3A+A+Modern+Reader&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502470-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl6cENhgb_DQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavery_in_the_modern_era">Slavery in the modern era</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrassvan_der_Linden1997" class="citation book cs1">Brass, Tom; van der Linden, Marcel (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNknAQAAIAAJ">Free and unfree labour: the debate continues</a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906756-87-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-906756-87-5"><bdi>978-3-906756-87-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+and+unfree+labour%3A+the+debate+continues&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-906756-87-5&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=van+der+Linden%2C+Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNknAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrass2015" class="citation book cs1">Brass, Tom (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VXlACwAAQBAJ">Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour: Case Studies and Debates</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-82735-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-82735-1"><bdi>978-1-317-82735-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Comparative+Political+Economy+of+Unfree+Labour%3A+Case+Studies+and+Debates&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-82735-1&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVXlACwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBales2005" class="citation book cs1">Bales, Kevin, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1GtJL8DDfoC">Understanding Global Slavery: A Reader</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93207-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93207-4"><bdi>978-0-520-93207-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Global+Slavery%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-93207-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1GtJL8DDfoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBales2007" class="citation book cs1">Bales, Kevin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Tf5xKoQQYcC">Ending Slavery: How We Free Today's Slaves</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25470-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25470-1"><bdi>978-0-520-25470-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ending+Slavery%3A+How+We+Free+Today%27s+Slaves&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25470-1&rft.aulast=Bales&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Tf5xKoQQYcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2007" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Gary (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614012656/http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/2016-contemporary-slavery-UK.pdf">Contemporary Slavery in the UK: Overview and Key Issues</a> (PDF). York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85935-573-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85935-573-2"><bdi>978-1-85935-573-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/2016-contemporary-slavery-UK.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 14, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Slavery+in+the+UK%3A+Overview+and+Key+Issues&rft.place=York&rft.pub=Joseph+Rowntree+Foundation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85935-573-2&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jrf.org.uk%2Fbookshop%2FeBooks%2F2016-contemporary-slavery-UK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawk2012" class="citation book cs1">Hawk, David R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150313045221/http://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf">The Hidden Gulag: The Lives and Voices of "those Who Are Sent to the Mountains"</a> (PDF). Washington, DC: U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-62367-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-62367-2"><bdi>978-0-615-62367-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 13, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Gulag%3A+The+Lives+and+Voices+of+%22those+Who+Are+Sent+to+the+Mountains%22&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=U.S.+Committee+for+Human+Rights+in+North+Korea&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-615-62367-2&rft.aulast=Hawk&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrnk.org%2Fuploads%2Fpdfs%2FHRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazerLewis2009" class="citation book cs1">Nazer, Mende; Lewis, Damien (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hSGqFr-YUNkC">Slave: My True Story</a>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3897-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3897-7"><bdi>978-0-7867-3897-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slave%3A+My+True+Story&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-3897-7&rft.aulast=Nazer&rft.aufirst=Mende&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhSGqFr-YUNkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSage2015" class="citation book cs1">Sage, Jesse (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RwtfBwAAQBAJ">Enslaved: True Stories of Modern Day Slavery</a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-08310-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-08310-4"><bdi>978-1-250-08310-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enslaved%3A+True+Stories+of+Modern+Day+Slavery&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-250-08310-4&rft.aulast=Sage&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwtfBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell, Thomas</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gMLieJOtWwIC">"The Real History of Slavery"</a>. Black Rednecks and White Liberals. ReadHowYouWant.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4596-0221-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4596-0221-2"><bdi>978-1-4596-0221-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Real+History+of+Slavery&rft.btitle=Black+Rednecks+and+White+Liberals&rft.pub=ReadHowYouWant.com&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4596-0221-2&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgMLieJOtWwIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/slavery" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:slavery">slavery</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Slavery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Slavery">Slavery</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Slavery" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Slavery">Slavery</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Slavery" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Slavery">Slavery</a>".</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/slavery/">Slavery in America: A Resource Guide</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/bib/">The Bibliography of Slavery and World Slaving</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>: a searchable database of 25,000 scholarly works on slavery and the slave trade</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.uncg.edu/slavery/">Digital Library on American Slavery</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Greensboro" title="University of North Carolina at Greensboro">University of North Carolina at Greensboro</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209215003/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm">"Slavery Fact Sheets"</a>. Digital History. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm">the original</a> on February 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+History&rft.atitle=Slavery+Fact+Sheets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu%2Fhistoryonline%2Fslav_fact.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdavis.nl/index.htm#WAS">The West African Squadron and slave trade</a>, history of the Victorian Royal Navy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/">Slavery and the Making of America</a> at <a href="/wiki/WNET" title="WNET">WNET</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326073920/http://school.discoveryeducation.com/schooladventures/slavery/">"Understanding Slavery"</a>. Discovery Education. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://school.discoveryeducation.com/schooladventures/slavery/">the original</a> on March 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Slavery&rft.pub=Discovery+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fschool.discoveryeducation.com%2Fschooladventures%2Fslavery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://london.ac.uk/senate-house-library/our-collections/special-collections/archives-manuscripts/subject-guides-to-archives#slavery-archive-sources">Slavery archival sources</a>, University of London, <a href="/wiki/Senate_House_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate House Library">Senate House Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoirestbarth.com/EN/">Mémoire St Barth (archives & history of slavery, slave trade and their abolition)</a>, Comité de Liaison et d'Application des Sources Historiques 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?miview=inv2&mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=239&micode=20&milang=nl#inv3t0">Archives of the Middelburgsche Commercie Compagnie (MCC), 1720–1889 'Trade Company of Middelburg'</a>, Inventory of the archives of the Dutch slave trade across the Atlantic (in Dutch)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Slave_Ships_and_the_Middle_Passage">Slave Ships and the Middle Passage</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Virginia">Encyclopedia Virginia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slavevoyages.org/">The Trans-Atlantic and Intra-American slave trade databases</a> at <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/">2018 Global Slavery Index</a> at the Walk Free Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/what-is-modern-slavery/">What is Modern Slavery?</a>; Office To Monitor And Combat Trafficking In Persons, U.S. Department of State.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slave_narratives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slave_narrative" title="Template:Slave narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slave_narrative" title="Template talk:Slave narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slave_narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slave narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slave_narratives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narratives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narrative Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals by continent of enslavement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adams_(sailor)" title="Robert Adams (sailor)">Robert Adams</a> (c. 1790–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Berg_(1714-1761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Berg (1714-1761)">Marcus Berg</a> (1714-1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bok" title="Francis Bok">Francis Bok</a> (b. 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brassard" title="Isaac Brassard">Isaac Brassard</a> (1620–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Caronni" title="Felice Caronni">Felice Caronni </a> (1747–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Leander_Cathcart" title="James Leander Cathcart">James Leander Cathcart</a> (1767–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93lafur_Egilsson" title="Ólafur Egilsson">Ólafur Egilsson</a> (1564–1639)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Kilekwa" title="Petro Kilekwa">Petro Kilekwa</a> (late 19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Marsh" title="Elizabeth Marsh">Elizabeth Marsh</a> (1735–1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_ter_Meetelen" title="Maria ter Meetelen">Maria ter Meetelen</a> (1704–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Nazer" title="Mende Nazer">Mende Nazer</a> (b. 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hark_Olufs" title="Hark Olufs">Hark Olufs</a> (1708–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pellow" title="Thomas Pellow">Thomas Pellow</a> (1705–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitts_(author)" title="Joseph Pitts (author)">Joseph Pitts</a> (1663 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1735)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%AD%C3%B0ur_S%C3%ADmonard%C3%B3ttir" title="Guðríður Símonardóttir">Guðríður Símonardóttir</a> (1598–1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Qaurtier" title="Antoine Qaurtier">Antoine Qaurtier</a> (1632–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Matth%C3%A4us_Wolfgang" title="Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang">Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang</a> (1660–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Wolffgang" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Georg Wolffgang">Johann Georg Wolffgang</a> (1644–1744)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigitta_Scherzenfeldt" title="Brigitta Scherzenfeldt">Brigitta Scherzenfeldt</a> (1684–1736)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A1clav_Vratislav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Václav Vratislav (page does not exist)">Václav Vratislav</a> (1576–1635)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovisa_von_Burghausen" title="Lovisa von Burghausen">Lovisa von Burghausen</a> (1698–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> (c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukawsaw_Gronniosaw" title="Ukawsaw Gronniosaw">Ukawsaw Gronniosaw</a> (c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marteilhe" title="Jean Marteilhe">Jean Marteilhe</a> (1684-1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roustam_Raza" title="Roustam Raza">Roustam Raza</a> (1783–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunzio_Otello_Francesco_Gioacchino" title="Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino">Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino</a> (1792 – fl. 1828)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Ottoman Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schiltberger" title="Johann Schiltberger">Johann Schiltberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Konstantin Mihailović">Konstantin Mihailović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Hungary" title="George of Hungary">George of Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America: Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Ang%C3%A9lique" title="Marie-Joseph Angélique">Marie-Joseph Angélique</a> (c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Jewitt" title="John R. Jewitt">John R. Jewitt</a> (1783 England – 1821 United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America: Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_Manzano" title="Juan Francisco Manzano">Juan Francisco Manzano</a> (1797–1854, Cuba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Montejo" title="Esteban Montejo">Esteban Montejo</a> (1860–1965, Cuba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Prince" title="Mary Prince">Mary Prince</a> (c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833)</li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a> (1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Xiorro" title="Marcos Xiorro">Marcos Xiorro</a> (c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America: United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Aleckson" title="Sam Aleckson">Sam Aleckson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Anderson" title="Jordan Anderson">Jordan Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Anderson" title="William J. Anderson">William J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Maurice_Arter" title="Jared Maurice Arter">Jared Maurice Arter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Bayley" title="Solomon Bayley">Solomon Bayley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polly_Berry" title="Polly Berry">Polly Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bibb" title="Henry Bibb">Henry Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Black" title="Leonard Black">Leonard Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry "Box" Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(fugitive_slave)" title="John Brown (fugitive slave)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wells_Brown" title="William Wells Brown">William Wells Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bruner" title="Peter Bruner">Peter Bruner</a> (1845 KY – 1938 OH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_and_William_Craft" title="Ellen and William Craft">Ellen and William Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Crafts" title="Hannah Crafts">Hannah Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucinda_Davis" title="Lucinda Davis">Lucinda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Davis_(Baptist_minister)" title="Noah Davis (Baptist minister)">Noah Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Delaney" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Delaney">Lucy Delaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayuba_Suleiman_Diallo" title="Ayuba Suleiman Diallo">Ayuba Suleiman Diallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Drumgoold" title="Kate Drumgoold">Kate Drumgoold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Winston_Early" title="Jordan Winston Early">Jordan Winston Early</a> (1814 – after 1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Woodson_Early" title="Sarah Jane Woodson Early">Sarah Jane Woodson Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fossett" title="Peter Fossett">Peter Fossett</a> (1815 <a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_George_(Baptist)" title="David George (Baptist)">David George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Grandy" title="Moses Grandy">Moses Grandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lear_Green" title="Lear Green">Lear Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Green_(former_slave)" title="William Green (former slave)">William Green</a> (19th century <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grimes_(ex-slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Grimes (ex-slave)">William Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Henson" title="Josiah Henson">Josiah Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Hughes" title="Fountain Hughes">Fountain Hughes</a> (1848/1854 VA – 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_ibn_Said" title="Omar ibn Said">Omar ibn Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Jackson" title="John Andrew Jackson">John Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_(minister)" title="Thomas James (minister)">Thomas James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jea" title="John Jea">John Jea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a> (1799–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Keckley" title="Elizabeth Keckley">Elizabeth Keckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_King" title="Boston King">Boston King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunsford_Lane" title="Lunsford Lane">Lunsford Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Vance_Lewis" title="J. Vance Lewis">J. Vance Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermain_Wesley_Loguen" title="Jermain Wesley Loguen">Jermain Wesley Loguen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mars" title="James Mars">James Mars</a> (1790–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup" title="Solomon Northup">Solomon Northup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensbury_Washington_Offley" title="Greensbury Washington Offley">Greensbury Washington Offley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(abolitionist)" title="John Parker (abolitionist)">John Parker</a> (1827 VA – 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parker_(abolitionist)" title="William Parker (abolitionist)">William Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_(soldier,_born_1753)" title="James Robinson (soldier, born 1753)">James Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Roper" title="Moses Roper">Moses Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Singleton" title="William Henry Singleton">William Henry Singleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lindsay_Smith" title="James Lindsay Smith">James Lindsay Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Smith" title="Venture Smith">Venture Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Steward" title="Austin Steward">Austin Steward</a> (1793 VA – 1860)</li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a> (1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Turnage" title="Wallace Turnage">Wallace Turnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_Veney" title="Bethany Veney">Bethany Veney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Willis" title="Wallace Willis">Wallace Willis</a> (19th century Indian Territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_E._Wilson" title="Harriet E. Wilson">Harriet E. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamba_Zembola" title="Zamba Zembola">Zamba Zembola</a> (b. c. 1780 Congo)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahommah_Gardo_Baquaqua" title="Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua">Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua</a> (1845–1847, Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Bur%C3%ADa" title="Miguel de Buría">Miguel de Buría</a> (? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osifekunde" title="Osifekunde">Osifekunde</a> (c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano" title="The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano">The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Robert_Adams" title="The Narrative of Robert Adams">The Narrative of Robert Adams</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Slavery_as_It_Is" class="mw-redirect" title="American Slavery as It Is">American Slavery as It Is</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Frederick_Douglass,_an_American_Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave">Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Josiah_Henson,_Formerly_a_Slave,_Now_an_Inhabitant_of_Canada,_as_Narrated_by_Himself" title="The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself">The Life of Josiah Henson</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years_a_Slave" title="Twelve Years a Slave">Twelve Years a Slave</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom" title="My Bondage and My Freedom">My Bondage and My Freedom</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidents_in_the_Life_of_a_Slave_Girl" title="Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl">Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)">The Underground Railroad Records</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_and_Times_of_Frederick_Douglass" title="Life and Times of Frederick Douglass">Life and Times of Frederick Douglass</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_from_Slavery" title="Up from Slavery">Up from Slavery</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States</a> (1936–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Peculiar_Institution" title="The Peculiar Institution">The Peculiar Institution</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Community" title="The Slave Community">The Slave Community</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barracoon:_The_Story_of_the_Last_%22Black_Cargo%22" title="Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"">Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_slavery" title="Category:Novels about slavery">Fiction/novels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oroonoko" title="Oroonoko">Oroonoko</a> (1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sab_(novel)" title="Sab (novel)">Sab</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heroic_Slave" title="The Heroic Slave">The Heroic Slave</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotel" title="Clotel">Clotel</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bondwoman%27s_Narrative" title="The Bondwoman's Narrative">The Bondwoman's Narrative</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1853 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Nig" title="Our Nig">Our Nig</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(novel)" title="Jubilee (novel)">Jubilee</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family" title="Roots: The Saga of an American Family">Roots: The Saga of an American Family</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_to_Canada" title="Underground to Canada">Underground to Canada</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindred_(novel)" title="Kindred (novel)">Kindred</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessa_Rose" title="Dessa Rose">Dessa Rose</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage_(novel)" title="Middle Passage (novel)">Middle Passage</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen:_The_Story_of_an_American_Family" title="Queen: The Story of an American Family">Queen: The Story of an American Family</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_a_Thousand_Trees_with_Ribbons" title="Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons">Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ama:_A_Story_of_the_Atlantic_Slave_Trade" title="Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade">Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_Through_Darkness" title="Walk Through Darkness">Walk Through Darkness</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Known_World" title="The Known World">The Known World</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unburnable" title="Unburnable">Unburnable</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Negroes_(novel)" title="The Book of Negroes (novel)">The Book of Negroes</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)">The Underground Railroad</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Young adult books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Fortune,_Free_Man" title="Amos Fortune, Free Man">Amos Fortune, Free Man</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I,_Juan_de_Pareja" title="I, Juan de Pareja">I, Juan de Pareja</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Sun" title="Copper Sun">Copper Sun</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/To_a_Southern_Slaveholder" title="To a Southern Slaveholder">To a Southern Slaveholder</a>" (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Key_to_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin">A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</a> (1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Escape;_or,_A_Leap_for_Freedom" title="The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom">The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Octoroon" title="The Octoroon">The Octoroon</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_(opera)" title="Omar (opera)">Omar</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchained_Memories" title="Unchained Memories">Unchained Memories</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_and_the_White_Negro" title="Frederick Douglass and the White Negro">Frederick Douglass and the White Negro</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African-American literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tom_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Tom novels">Anti-Tom novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_narrative" title="Captivity narrative">Captivity narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Caribbean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Films featuring slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">Songs of the Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_American_enslaved_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of last surviving American enslaved people">List of last surviving American enslaved people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Negroes" title="Book of Negroes">Book of Negroes</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Plantation_Record_and_Account_Book" title="Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book">Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave-Trading_in_the_Old_South" title="Slave-Trading in the Old South">Slave-Trading in the Old South</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Johnson_(Mount_Vernon)" title="Sarah Johnson (Mount Vernon)">Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">Slave Songs of the United States</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Grace:_An_Anthology_of_Poems_about_Slavery" title="Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery">Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hemingses_of_Monticello" title="The Hemingses of Monticello">The Hemingses of Monticello</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unfree_labour_relationships_and_institutions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unfree_labour" title="Template:Unfree labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unfree_labour" title="Template talk:Unfree labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unfree_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unfree labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unfree_labour_relationships_and_institutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a> relationships and institutions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruwa%E2%80%93charuwa_system" title="Haruwa–charuwa system">Haruwa–charuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">Labour camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mit%27a" title="Mit'a">Mit'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_wages" title="Truck wages">Truck wages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Black sentiment">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic & Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Substantive_human_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template talk:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Substantive_human_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Substantive <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freedom from slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Freedom from torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aid" title="Legal aid">Legal aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Right to refuse medical treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Right to resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Right of self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">right to be a candidate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_homeland" title="Right to homeland">Right to homeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social and cultural</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remuneration" title="Remuneration">Fair remuneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">Right to an adequate standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Right to development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Right to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">Right to public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_reply" title="Right of reply">Right of reply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">Right to science and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">Right to social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Right to water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Employment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Employment" title="Template:Employment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Employment" title="Template talk:Employment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Employment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Employment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Employment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">Academic tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_employment_(contract)" title="Casual employment (contract)">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_work" title="Contingent work">Contingent work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-time_job" title="Full-time job">Full-time job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_worker" title="Gig worker">Gig worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_sharing" title="Job sharing">Job sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part-time_job" title="Part-time job">Part-time job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-employment" title="Self-employment">Self-employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_job" title="Side job">Side job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skilled_worker" title="Skilled worker">Skilled worker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journeyman" title="Journeyman">Journeyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technician" title="Technician">Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradesperson" title="Tradesperson">Tradesperson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent contractor">Independent contractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_hire" title="Labour hire">Labour hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_work" title="Temporary work">Temporary work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laborer" title="Laborer">Laborer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">Hiring</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_for_employment" title="Application for employment">Application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_check" title="Background check">Background check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_networking" title="Business networking">Business networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_letter" title="Cover letter">Cover letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_vitae" title="Curriculum vitae">Curriculum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_contract" title="Employment contract">Employment contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_counsellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment counsellor">Employment counsellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_search" title="Executive search">Executive search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_search_firms" title="List of executive search firms">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_programme" title="Induction programme">Induction programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_fair" title="Job fair">Job fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_fraud" title="Job fraud">Job fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_hunting" title="Job hunting">Job hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_interview" title="Job interview">Job interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_recommendation" title="Letter of recommendation">Letter of recommendation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onboarding" title="Onboarding">Onboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overqualification" title="Overqualification">Overqualification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person%E2%80%93environment_fit" title="Person–environment fit">Person–environment fit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality%E2%80%93job_fit_theory" title="Personality–job fit theory">Personality–job fit theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_hire" title="Personality hire">Personality hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probation_(workplace)" title="Probation (workplace)">Probation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9" title="Résumé">Résumé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_recruiting_of_new_graduates" title="Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates">Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underemployment" title="Underemployment">Underemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work-at-home_scheme" title="Work-at-home scheme">Work-at-home scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee">Employee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employer" class="mw-redirect" title="Employer">Employer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internship" title="Internship">Internship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job" class="mw-redirect" title="Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_hire" title="Labour hire">Labour hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_employment" title="Permanent employment">Permanent employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisor" title="Supervisor">Supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">Volunteering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Working class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Red-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">No-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Orange-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Scarlet-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Black-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Gold-collar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Career" title="Career">Career</a> and <a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">Apprenticeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">Artisan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_craftsman" title="Master craftsman">Master craftsman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avocation" title="Avocation">Avocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_assessment" title="Career assessment">Career assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_counseling" title="Career counseling">Career counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_development" title="Career development">Career development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching" title="Coaching">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="E-learning">E-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employability" title="Employability">Employability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_training" title="Induction training">Induction training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensure" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensure">Licensure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifelong_learning" title="Lifelong learning">Lifelong learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overspecialization" title="Overspecialization">Overspecialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice-based_professional_learning" title="Practice-based professional learning">Practice-based professional learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">Professional certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">Professional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_practice" title="Reflective practice">Reflective practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraining" title="Retraining">Retraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentorship" title="Mentorship">Mentorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Outlook_Handbook" title="Occupational Outlook Handbook">Occupational Outlook Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_firm" title="Practice firm">Practice firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operator_(profession)" title="Operator (profession)">Operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">Professional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradesman">Tradesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">Vocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attendance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_room" title="Break room">Break room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_break" title="Career break">Career break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furlough" title="Furlough">Furlough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_year" title="Gap year">Gap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave_of_absence" title="Leave of absence">Leave of absence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_service_leave" title="Long service leave">Long service leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_call,_no_show" title="No call, no show">No call, no show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">Sabbatical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_clock" title="Time clock">Time clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schedule_(workplace)" title="Schedule (workplace)">Schedules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35-hour_workweek" title="35-hour workweek">35-hour workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-day week">Four-day week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/996_working_hour_system" title="996 working hour system">996 working hour system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flextime" title="Flextime">Flextime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-call" class="mw-redirect" title="On-call">On-call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime" title="Overtime">Overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">Remote work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_work" title="Shift work">Shift work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_time" title="Working time">Working time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workweek_and_weekend" title="Workweek and weekend">Workweek and weekend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">Wages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Income_bracket" title="Income bracket">Income bracket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">Income tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">Living wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_wage" title="Maximum wage">Maximum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_average_salary" title="National average salary">National average salary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of countries by average wage">World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_Canada" title="Minimum wage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_Wage_Ordinance" title="Minimum Wage Ordinance">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_wage" title="Progressive wage">Progressive wage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_wage" title="Progressive wage">Singapore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_rate" title="Overtime rate">Overtime rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_time_off" title="Paid time off">Paid time off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance-related_pay" title="Performance-related pay">Performance-related pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salary_cap" title="Salary cap">Salary cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_compression" title="Wage compression">Wage compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Employee_benefits" title="Employee benefits">Benefits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_leave" title="Annual leave">Annual leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_Friday" title="Casual Friday">Casual Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_insurance" title="Disability insurance">Disability insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_leave" title="Marriage leave">Marriage leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">Parental leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">Pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave_in_the_United_States" title="Sick leave in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take-home_vehicle" title="Take-home vehicle">Take-home vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Safety and health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunch_(video_games)" title="Crunch (video games)">Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_and_employment" title="Epilepsy and employment">Epilepsy and employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rate_of_fatal_workplace_accidents" title="List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents">List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">Occupational burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">Occupational disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">Occupational exposure limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injury" title="Occupational injury">Occupational injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_noise" title="Occupational noise">Occupational noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">Repetitive strain injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit_in_the_United_States" title="Right to sit in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_accident" title="Work accident">Work accident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_fatality" title="Occupational fatality">Occupational fatality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_promotion" title="Workplace health promotion">Workplace health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_phobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace phobia">Workplace phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_wellness" title="Workplace wellness">Workplace wellness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corporate_collapses_and_scandals" title="List of corporate collapses and scandals">Corporate collapses and scandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_scandals" title="Accounting scandals">Accounting scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_fraud" title="Control fraud">Control fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_behaviour" title="Corporate behaviour">Corporate behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_handbook" title="Employee handbook">Employee handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_monitoring" title="Employee monitoring">Employee monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaluation_(workplace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaluation (workplace)">Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_while_on_duty" title="Sleeping while on duty">Sleeping while on duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_theft" title="Wage theft">Wage theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Willingness</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreout" title="Boreout">Boreout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careerism" title="Careerism">Careerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">Civil conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead-end_job" title="Dead-end job">Dead-end job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_satisfaction" title="Job satisfaction">Job satisfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McJob" title="McJob">McJob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_commitment" title="Organizational commitment">Organizational commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Bonded labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">Labour camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_wages" title="Truck wages">Truck wages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">Work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Termination_of_employment" title="Termination of employment">Termination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At-will_employment" title="At-will employment">At-will employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_(employment)" title="Dismissal (employment)">Dismissal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_room" title="Banishment room">Banishment room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_dismissal" title="Constructive dismissal">Constructive dismissal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_dismissal" title="Wrongful dismissal">Wrongful dismissal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_offboarding" title="Employee offboarding">Employee offboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_interview" title="Exit interview">Exit interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layoff" title="Layoff">Layoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notice_period" title="Notice period">Notice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slip_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pink slip (employment)">Pink slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation" title="Resignation">Resignation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_resignation" title="Letter of resignation">Letter of resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restructuring" title="Restructuring">Restructuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement" title="Retirement">Retirement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_retirement" title="Mandatory retirement">Mandatory retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_age" title="Retirement age">Retirement age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_planning" title="Retirement planning">Retirement planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severance_package" title="Severance package">Severance package</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_handshake" title="Golden handshake">Golden handshake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_parachute" title="Golden parachute">Golden parachute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnover (employment)">Turnover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">Barriers to entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discouraged_worker" title="Discouraged worker">Discouraged worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Economic depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frictional_unemployment" title="Frictional unemployment">Frictional unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">Full employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_unemployment" title="Graduate unemployment">Graduate unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_unemployment" title="Involuntary unemployment">Involuntary unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobless_recovery" title="Jobless recovery">Jobless recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_losses_caused_by_the_Great_Recession" title="Job losses caused by the Great Recession">Job losses caused by the Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_recessions" title="Lists of recessions">Lists of recessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession-proof_job" title="Recession-proof job">Recession-proof job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_army_of_labour" title="Reserve army of labour">Reserve army of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_unemployment" title="Structural unemployment">Structural unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_unemployment" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of unemployment">Types of unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">Unemployment benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_Convention,_1919" title="Unemployment Convention, 1919">Unemployment Convention, 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_extension" title="Unemployment extension">Unemployment extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countries by unemployment rate">List of countries by unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment-to-population_ratio" title="Employment-to-population ratio">Employment-to-population ratio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_employment_rate" title="List of sovereign states by employment rate">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_curve" title="Wage curve">Wage curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_unemployment" title="Youth unemployment">Youth unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">Workfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">Unemployment insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-work_job" title="Make-work job">Make-work job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation program">Job creation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation_index" title="Job creation index">Job creation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employer_of_last_resort" title="Employer of last resort">Employer of last resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li> <li>Historical:</li> <li>U.S.A.:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Employment_and_Training_Act" title="Comprehensive Employment and Training Act">Comprehensive Employment and Training Act</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullshit_job" title="Bullshit job">Bullshit job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busy_work" title="Busy work">Busy work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credentialism_and_educational_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Credentialism and educational inflation">Credentialism and educational inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">Emotional labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Going_postal" title="Going postal">Going postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-work_job" title="Make-work job">Make-work job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presenteeism" title="Presenteeism">Presenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_scaries" title="Sunday scaries">Sunday scaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">Workhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> See also templates</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_corporations" title="Template:Aspects of corporations">Aspects of corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_jobs" title="Template:Aspects of jobs">Aspects of jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_occupations" title="Template:Aspects of occupations">Aspects of occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_organizations" title="Template:Aspects of organizations">Aspects of organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_workplaces" title="Template:Aspects of workplaces">Aspects of workplaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Corporate_titles" title="Template:Corporate titles">Corporate titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Critique_of_work" title="Template:Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Organized_labor" title="Template:Organized labor">Organized labor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a> / <a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" title="Category:Social classes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_diaspora" title="Template:African diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_diaspora" title="Template talk:African diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">Americas</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Latin_Americans" title="Afro–Latin Americans">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Anguillians" title="Afro-Anguillians">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Antiguans_and_Barbudans" title="Afro–Antiguans and Barbudans">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arubans" title="Afro-Arubans">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bahamians" title="Afro-Bahamians">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Barbadians" title="Afro-Barbadians">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bermudians" title="Black Bermudians">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caymanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caymanians">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arar%C3%A1" title="Arará">Arará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdeans_in_Cuba" title="Cape Verdeans in Cuba">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga-Longoba" title="Ganga-Longoba">Ganga-Longoba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cura%C3%A7aoans" title="Afro-Curaçaoans">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans_(Dominica)" title="Afro-Dominicans (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans" title="Afro-Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocolo" title="Cocolo">Cocolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Grenadians" title="Afro-Grenadians">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Haitians" title="Afro-Haitians">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons#Haiti" title="Maroons">Marron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaicans" title="Afro-Jamaicans">Jamaica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromantee" title="Coromantee">Coromantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_Jamaica" title="Igbo people in Jamaica">Igbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Jamaican Maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Kittitians_and_Nevisians" title="Afro–Kittitians and Nevisians">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Saint_Lucians" title="Afro–Saint Lucians">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Vincentians" title="Afro-Vincentians">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Turks_and_Caicos_Islanders" title="Afro–Turks and Caicos Islanders">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Central America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Creole_people" title="Belizean Creole people">Belize</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Costa_Ricans" title="Afro–Costa Ricans">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Salvadorans" title="Afro-Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guatemalans" title="Afro-Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Hondurans" title="Afro-Hondurans">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Sambu" title="Miskito Sambu">Miskito Sambu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Nicaraguans" title="Afro-Nicaraguans">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Panamanians" title="Afro-Panamanians">Panama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron_people_(Panama)" title="Cimarron people (Panama)">Cimarrón</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mennonites" title="Black Mennonites">Black Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Black_Canadians" title="Indigenous Black Canadians">Indigenous Black Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians_in_New_Brunswick" title="Black Canadians in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians_in_Ontario" title="Black Canadians in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Canada" title="African immigration to Canada">African immigrants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affrilachia" title="Affrilachia">Affrilachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mennonites" title="Black Mennonites">Black Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw#Post–Civil_War" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Seminole freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Ridge_people" title="Chestnut Ridge people">Chestnut Ridge people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_Americans" title="Garifuna Americans">Garifuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)#Louisiana_Redbone_cultural_group" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Louisiana Redbones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somali_Bantus_in_Maine" title="History of Somali Bantus in Maine">Somali Bantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Argentines" title="Afro-Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivians" title="Afro-Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalungas" title="Kalungas">Kalungas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocambo_(settlement)" title="Mocambo (settlement)">Macombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilombola" title="Quilombola">Quilombola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Chileans" title="Afro-Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombians" title="Afro-Colombians">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raizal" title="Raizal">Raizal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorians" title="Afro-Ecuadorians">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93French_Guianans" title="Afro–French Guianans">French Guiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluku" title="Aluku">Aluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guyanese" title="Afro-Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Paraguayans" title="Afro-Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Peruvians" title="Black Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Surinamese" title="Afro-Surinamese">Suriname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwinti_people" title="Kwinti people">Kwinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matawai_people" title="Matawai people">Matawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramaccan_people" title="Paramaccan people">Paramaccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Uruguayans" title="Afro-Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Venezuelans" title="Afro-Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Europe" title="African immigration to Europe">Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_Europeans" title="Black Europeans">Blacks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians_of_African_descent" title="Abkhazians of African descent">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Austrians" title="Afro-Austrians">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belgians" title="Black Belgians">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Danish_people_of_African_descent" title="Category:Danish people of African descent">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_Finland" title="African diaspora in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_French_people" title="Black French people">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_community_of_Paris" title="Sub-Saharan African community of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Greeks" title="African Greeks">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Greeks" title="Black Greeks">Blacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Ireland" title="Black people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_emigrants_to_Italy" title="African emigrants to Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dutch_people" title="Afro-Dutch people">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Norway" title="African immigration to Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Poland" title="Africans in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Portuguese_people" title="Afro-Portuguese people">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romanians" title="Afro-Romanians">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Russians" title="Afro-Russians">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Spaniards" title="Afro-Spaniards">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Sweden" title="African immigrants to Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Switzerland" title="African immigrants to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ukrainians" title="Afro-Ukrainians">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Cambridge" title="Black people in Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Liverpool" title="Black people in Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_presence_in_London" title="History of African presence in London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Scottish_people" title="Black Scottish people">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Welsh_people" title="Black Welsh people">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arabs" title="Afro-Arabs">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iranians" title="Afro-Iranians">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iraqis" title="Afro-Iraqis">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Israel" title="African immigration to Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_in_Israel" title="Sudanese in Israel">Sudanese refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jordanians" title="Afro-Jordanians">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Omanis" title="Afro-Omanis">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Palestinians" title="Afro-Palestinians">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Saudis" title="Afro-Saudis">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_of_Yarmouk_Basin" title="Black people of Yarmouk Basin">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Turks" title="Afro-Turks">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Turkey" title="Africans in Turkey">Africans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Emiratis" title="Afro-Emiratis">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhamash%C4%ABn" title="Al-Muhamashīn">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Asia</a> and Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Africans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians in South Asia</a></li> <li>India and Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddis_of_Karnataka" title="Siddis of Karnataka">in Karnataka</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Japan" title="Black people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_New_Zealanders" title="African New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Africans in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Kaffirs" title="Sri Lanka Kaffirs">Kaffirs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Atlantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha#Saint_Helena" title="Demographics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Secondary Afro-American diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ghana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabom_people" title="Tabom people">Tabom</a></li></ul></li> <li>Liberia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nigeria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Nigeria" title="Brazilians in Nigeria">Afro-Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_people" title="Saro people">Saro</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sierra Leone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_France" title="Haitians in France">Haitians</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_United_Kingdom#African_Americans" title="Americans in the United Kingdom">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Jamaicans" title="British Jamaicans">British Jamaicans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Asia and Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_in_Israel" title="African Hebrew Israelites in Israel">African Hebrew Israelites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Japan" title="Black people in Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">Anti-African sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Anti-Black racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromantee" title="Coromantee">Coromantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_people" title="Tikar people">Tikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Yoruba people in the Atlantic slave trade">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_African_diaspora" title="Genetic history of the African diaspora">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_diaspora" title="Category:African diaspora">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:African_diaspora" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:African diaspora">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Incarceration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Incarceration" title="Template:Incarceration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Incarceration" title="Template talk:Incarceration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Incarceration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Incarceration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Incarceration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">Incarceration</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convict" title="Convict">Convict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" title="Detention (imprisonment)">Detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">Prisoner of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoner of war</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">Prisons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_site" title="Black site">Black site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_labor_colony" title="Corrective labor colony">Corrective labor colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">Debtors'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_farm" title="Prison farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_island" title="Prison island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">Labor camp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_battalion" title="Labour battalion">Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_gang" title="Chain gang">Chain gang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">Penal colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">Prisoner-of-war camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">Private</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_ship" title="Prison ship">Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_detention_center" title="Youth detention center">Youth detention center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Security levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">House arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_prison" title="Open prison">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison#Security_levels" title="Prison">Maximum security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermax_prison" title="Supermax prison">Supermax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prison_cell" title="Prison cell">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_cemetery" title="Prison cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_commissary" title="Prison commissary">Commissary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_food" title="Prison food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_library" title="Prison library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_nursery" title="Prison nursery">Nursery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_officer" title="Prison officer">Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusty_system_(prison)" title="Trusty system (prison)">Trusty system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_warden" title="Prison warden">Warden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prison_escape" title="Prison escape">Escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_escapes" title="List of prison escapes">Prison escapes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_helicopter_prison_escapes" title="List of helicopter prison escapes">Helicopter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisoner-of-war_escapes" title="List of prisoner-of-war escapes">Prisoner-of-war escapes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prison_art" title="Prison art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_gang" title="Prison gang">Gang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prison_gangs_in_the_United_States" title="Prison gangs in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_literature" title="Prison literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_prison_literature" title="American prison literature">American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_ring" title="Prison ring">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_slang" title="Prison slang">Slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_tattooing" title="Prison tattooing">Tattooing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner abuse in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_contemplative_programs" title="Prison contemplative programs">Contemplative programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jailhouse_informants" class="mw-redirect" title="Jailhouse informants">Informants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison" title="LGBTQ people in prison">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentally_ill_people_in_United_States_jails_and_prisons" title="Mentally ill people in United States jails and prisons">Mentally ill people in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-to-stay_(imprisonment)" title="Pay-to-stay (imprisonment)">Pay-to-stay</a></li> <li>Prison overcrowding <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prison_overcrowding_in_the_United_States" title="Prison overcrowding in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">Private prisons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States#Privatization" title="Incarceration in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_custody" title="Protective custody">Protective custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape_in_the_United_States" title="Prison rape in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_religion" title="Prison religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_United_States_prisons" title="Religion in United States prisons">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_riot" title="Prison riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_sexuality" title="Prison sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">Solitary confinement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_strike" title="Prison strike">Strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_violence" title="Prison violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women" title="Incarceration of women">Women in prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration of women in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_and_Assistance_of_the_Convicted" title="Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted">Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_and_Pink" title="Black and Pink">Black and Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Justice_Institute" title="Florida Justice Institute">Florida Justice Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Network_of_Prison_Ministries" title="International Network of Prison Ministries">International Network of Prison Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Action" title="Justice Action">Justice Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Defenders" title="Justice Defenders">Justice Defenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais_College" title="Mount Tamalpais College">Mount Tamalpais College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POA_(trade_union)" title="POA (trade union)">POA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison abolition movement">Prison abolition movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Advice_and_Care_Trust" title="Prison Advice and Care Trust">Prison Advice and Care Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison-Ashram_Project" title="Prison-Ashram Project">Prison-Ashram Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Fellowship" title="Prison Fellowship">Prison Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Fellowship_International" title="Prison Fellowship International">Prison Fellowship International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Legal_News" title="Prison Legal News">Prison Legal News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Officers%27_Association_(Ireland)" title="Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)">Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prison_Phoenix_Trust" title="The Prison Phoenix Trust">The Prison Phoenix Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Radio" title="Prison Radio">Prison Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Reform_Trust" title="Prison Reform Trust">Prison Reform Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WriteAPrisoner.com" title="WriteAPrisoner.com">WriteAPrisoner.com</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaving prison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_release" title="Work release">Work release</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate" title="List of countries by incarceration rate">Countries by incarceration rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons" title="List of prisons">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_films" title="List of prison films">Films featuring prisons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Penal_systems_by_country" title="Category:Penal systems by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punishment_in_Australia" title="Punishment in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Chile" title="Prisons in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Estonia" title="Prisons in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Germany" title="Prisons in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Iceland" title="List of prisons in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prisons in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland, Republic of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Jamaica" title="List of prisons in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_of_Japan" title="Penal system of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_New_Zealand" title="List of prisons in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_North_Korea" title="Prisons in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Penitentiary_Institute_(Peru)" title="National Penitentiary Institute (Peru)">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prisons_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Prisons in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Turkey" title="Prisons in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Ukraine" title="Prisons in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li>United Kingdom and British overseas territories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Department_of_Corrections" title="Bermuda Department of Corrections">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service" title="His Majesty's Prison Service">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service" title="Northern Ireland Prison Service">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prison_Service" title="Scottish Prison Service">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Imprisonment_and_detention" title="Category:Imprisonment and detention">Imprisonment and detention</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Imprisonment_and_detention" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Imprisonment and detention">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Worldview" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_view" title="Template:World view"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_view" title="Template talk:World view"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_view" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World view"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Worldview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_belief" title="Basic belief">Basic beliefs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_consciousness" title="Collective consciousness">Collective consciousness</a> / <a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">Collective unconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_system" title="Conceptual system">Conceptual system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_(linguistics)" title="Context (linguistics)">Context</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">Conventional wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">National epics</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_folk-epics" title="List of world folk-epics">World folk-epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Facts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Factoid" title="Factoid">factoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_stance" title="Life stance">Life stance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(social_sciences)" title="Lifestyle (social sciences)">Lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Memes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memeplex" title="Memeplex">Memeplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_model" title="Mental model">Mental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metanarrative" title="Metanarrative">Metanarrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindset" title="Mindset">Mindset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theory" title="Philosophical theory">Philosophical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_view_(philosophy)" title="Point of view (philosophy)">Point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presuppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_world_beliefs" title="Primal world beliefs">Primal world beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_tunnel" title="Reality tunnel">Reality tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">Schemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">School of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(psychology)" title="Set (psychology)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_reality" title="Social reality">Social reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umwelt" title="Umwelt">Umwelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Value system">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aspects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aspects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Biases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attentional_bias" title="Attentional bias">Attentional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Attitude polarization">Attitude polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief_bias" title="Belief bias">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_narcissism" title="Collective narcissism">Collective narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congruence_bias" title="Congruence bias">Congruence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomnesia" title="Cryptomnesia">Cryptomnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophily" title="Homophily">Homophily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_error" title="Observational error">Observational error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observer-expectancy_effect" title="Observer-expectancy effect">Observer-expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_exposure_theory" title="Selective exposure theory">Selective exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_perception" title="Selective perception">Selective perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clever_Hans" title="Clever Hans">Clever Hans effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishful_thinking" title="Wishful thinking">wishful thinking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_bias" title="Status quo bias">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotyping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">ethnic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Change and maintenance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">Argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_change" title="Attitude change">Attitude change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Brainwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_reporting" title="Circular reporting">Circular reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_education" title="Values education">values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">Excommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">negationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral entrepreneur">Moral entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polite_fiction" title="Polite fiction">Polite fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_engineering" title="Political engineering">Political engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_uniformity" title="Religious uniformity">Religious uniformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">Social control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">Social engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_dissent" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woozle_effect" title="Woozle effect">Woozle effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">Ceremonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funerals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity (philosophy)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">Oaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rites of passage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_coming-of-age_ceremony" title="Secular coming-of-age ceremony">secular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Social status</a> / <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_boundaries" title="Symbolic boundaries">Symbolic boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene_paradox" title="Abilene paradox">Abilene paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">Collectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_behavior" title="Collective behavior">Collective behavior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_animal_behavior" title="Collective animal behavior">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_effervescence" title="Collective effervescence">Collective effervescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory" title="Consensus theory">Consensus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture-bound_syndrome" title="Culture-bound syndrome">Culture-bound syndromes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deindividuation" title="Deindividuation">Deindividuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">Doublethink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">Emotional contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entitativity" title="Entitativity">Entitativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consensus_effect" title="False consensus effect">False consensus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_action_(sociology)" title="Group action (sociology)">Group action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">Group cohesiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_dynamics" title="Group dynamics">Group dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">Group emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_polarization" title="Group polarization">Group polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupshift" title="Groupshift">Groupshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herd behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterical_contagion" title="Hysterical contagion">Hysterical contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_cascade" title="Information cascade">Information cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoritarianism" title="Majoritarianism">Majoritarianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Mob rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_action_(sociology)" title="Mass action (sociology)">Mass action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieu_control" title="Milieu control">Milieu control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_ignorance" title="Pluralistic ignorance">Pluralistic ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoconsensus" title="Pseudoconsensus">Pseudoconsensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">Self-organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_action" title="Social action">Social action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">Social emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_facilitation" title="Social facilitation">Social facilitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_facilitation_in_animals" title="Social facilitation in animals">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">Social group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_proof" title="Social proof">Social proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmergy" title="Stigmergy">Stigmergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_justification" title="System justification">System justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">Axioms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tacit_assumption" title="Tacit assumption">tacit assumptions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">Conceptual framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">Evidence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">anecdotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanation" title="Explanation">Explanations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">fideism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning-making" title="Meaning-making">Meaning-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-knowledge">Meta-knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_learning" title="Observational learning">Observational learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reasoning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">fallacious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">Testimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory_of_truth" title="Consensus theory of truth">consensus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criteria_of_truth" title="Criteria of truth">criteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_disclosure" title="World disclosure">World disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">Ætiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">mind–body problem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything" title="Everything">Everything</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nothing" title="Nothing">Nothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idios_kosmos" title="Idios kosmos">Idios kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matter (philosophy)">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">comparative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_myth" title="Political myth">political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">Otherworlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_mundi" title="Axis mundi">axes mundi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservables</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Value</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Aesthetic taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic value">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">Almsgiving</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">Codes of conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Étiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unclean_animal" title="Unclean animal">unclean animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culpability" title="Culpability">Culpability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_(philosophy)" title="Maxim (philosophy)">Maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obligation" title="Obligation">Obligations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxeology" title="Praxeology">Praxeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Qualities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime, The</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unspoken_rule" title="Unspoken rule">Unspoken rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Works of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrongdoing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Examples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Examples</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">Attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Economic and political <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hòa Hảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Schools of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Hedonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Naturalism (Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism (Western)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralist school">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8463#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8463#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8463#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4055260-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85123314">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931270f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931270f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123873&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527161">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548630105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008963">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643066">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery&oldid=1260119642">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery&oldid=1260119642</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">Slavery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Business_ethics" title="Category:Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Employment" title="Category:Employment">Employment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses" title="Category:Human rights abuses">Human rights abuses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Labor" title="Category:Labor">Labor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" title="Category:Social classes">Social classes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_April_2009" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2009">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Brazilian_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt-br)" title="Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)">CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_January_2019" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from January 2019">Accuracy disputes from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_August_2016" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from August 2016">Use Oxford spelling from August 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2023">Use mdy dates from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_explicitly_cited_English-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text">Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_French_(842-ca._1400)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text">Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Byzantine_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Byzantine Greek-language text">Articles containing Byzantine Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Medieval_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Medieval Latin-language text">Articles containing Medieval Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Korean-language text">Articles containing Korean-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from August 2020">Articles with failed verification from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_September_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2015" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Manchu-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Manchu-language text">Articles containing Manchu-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_January_2019" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from January 2019">Articles with self-published sources from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2012" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2023">Articles with dead external links from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl)">Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 23:54 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-z7sn8","wgBackendResponseTime":207,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.561","walltime":"5.126","ppvisitednodes":{"value":33881,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1566791,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":235069,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":77,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1677339,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4000.599 1 -total"," 47.24% 1889.865 1 Template:Reflist"," 28.51% 1140.598 217 Template:Cite_book"," 11.31% 452.662 120 Template:Cite_web"," 7.11% 284.292 35 Template:Sfn"," 5.76% 230.551 49 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.18% 207.354 55 Template:Cite_news"," 3.67% 146.656 35 Template:Lang"," 3.60% 144.102 1 Template:Navboxes"," 2.86% 114.429 18 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.842","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21443764,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdams2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgurilar-Moreno2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkhalbey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexopoulos2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllain2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmes2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonTollison1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppiahGates2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppiahGates2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApplebaum2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApplebaum2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArasaratnam1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArasaratnam1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsquith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaepler1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBagley1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker-Kimmons2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBales1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBales2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBales2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBales2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaptist2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarenbergBellKinnearMaddox2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrowman1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartlett1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBavis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckert2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckertRockman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehrendt1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelardelli2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergad2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerlin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerlin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerlinFavreauMiller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeyerSchneider\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillings2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBindmanGates_(Jr.)Dalton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackmon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoahenAjayiTidy1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoles2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooth2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBortolot\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowie1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoxer1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyce_Davies2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrace2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradford2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrass2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrassvan_der_Linden1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrodman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrookWakabayashi2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurczak2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkholder,_Mark_A.Johnson,_Lyman_L.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnham1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjeeEaton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChilds2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClapham\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarence-Smith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarence-Smith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClinton1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoates2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobb1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConquest1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConway2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrigan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoslett2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoupeau2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoursen-NeffTribune2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaigaku2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDandamayevBardaBardadārī\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanver2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeLuca2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevine1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDias2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDitten1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoctorow2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomar1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonoghue2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorigny2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDostoevsky1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrescher2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDussel2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEden2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllerman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngerman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEverett2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFageTordoff2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarazmand1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarmer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederal_Writers\u0026#039;_Project1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelmanMiller1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinley1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoner1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoner2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoot2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbes1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsythe2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalenson1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGates2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGenovese2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillingham2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlyn_Williams2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodmanMcNeely2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoose2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranet2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregoryLazarev2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriswold1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanke1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawk2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaydon1841\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHellie2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelmore2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelper1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertelKeevak2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeuman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigginbotham1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodal2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogendornJohnson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuang2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuang_Rongwen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInalcik1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJankowiak2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJurasinski2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKara2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith_Bradley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimPettid2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKingGenovese1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiple2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKisslingSpulerBarbourTrimingham1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitagawa2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKizilov2007\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKluge1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKluge1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorean_National_Commission_for_UNESCO2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorth1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozlowski2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrembs2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKshetry2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöbler1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLagerlöf2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLal1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauffer1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawsonLawson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeite1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLesterKrysinska2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLidin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockhartSchwartz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLodhi2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLove1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovejoy1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLutz1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM\u0026#039;bokolo1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManckeShammas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarques1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinWall2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsuki\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMax_Hirsch2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormack2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcInnis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKiviganSnay1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeltzer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMentelle1777\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Weiner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiersKopytoff1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillward1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMintz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMintz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohaiemen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoitt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontejo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoran2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorsberger1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuir2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNazerLewis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolle1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNitkinMerritt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorthThomas1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorthrup2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOber2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOberScheidelShawSanclemente2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOchiengʼ1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgot1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkeowo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalais1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanzer1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPargasRoşu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParish1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParish2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattisson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeabody1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerbi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerson-Lynn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Bengtsen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinnellKelly2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinto1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPole1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollak2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPostanMiller1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPostma2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrakash1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrakash1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuackenbush2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaychaudhuriHabib1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResendez2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReséndez2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRheeYang\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_GellatelyBen_Kiernan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez2007a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinstein2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyall2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSage2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalisbury2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantosuosso2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchafer1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheidel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScholten2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebastian2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSellers1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFServices\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShell1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShillington2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverio2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingerJacobs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlavery_and_Social_Death_:_A_Comparative_Study1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSleightholmeIndrani1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSowell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpence1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpiegel1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrebrnik2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStampp1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStengers1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStreissguth2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubrahmanyam1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubtelny2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyed2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzasz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTannenbaumDudley1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTierney1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToppin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrenchard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTutton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValenstein2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeenhoven1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeenhovenEwingSamenlevingen1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeraGordon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVink1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVorenberg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinsteinGatellSarasohn1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWendy_Warren2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestermann1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteWhiteKorgen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWise2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoltjer1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorthington-SmithDeburg1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXuCaveLeiboidMunro2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhao1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Sande2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŽižek2018\"] = 1,\n [\"Types\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"African diaspora\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Anti-Slavery Society Convention 1840\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"CAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Suppression of the Slave Trade\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 217,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 55,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 120,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Discrimination\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Employment\"] = 1,\n [\"FRG\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 4,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"GER\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 117,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 34,\n [\"ITA\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Incarceration\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"KOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 33,\n [\"Lang-mnc\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NIE Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"PUR\"] = 1,\n [\"Particular human rights\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"RUS\"] = 1,\n [\"Racism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 13,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Self-published source\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 35,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Slave narrative\"] = 1,\n [\"Slavery\"] = 1,\n [\"Social class\"] = 1,\n [\"TUR\"] = 1,\n [\"Toclimit\"] = 1,\n [\"UK\"] = 5,\n [\"USA\"] = 15,\n [\"Unfree labour\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"World view\"] = 1,\n [\"§l\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","360","12.3"],["?","340","11.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","9.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","220","7.5"],["type","160","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","160","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","5.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","100","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","3.4"],["[others]","900","30.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-vx6kp","timestamp":"20241130013636","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Slavery","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slavery","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8463","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8463","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-19T16:21:14Z","dateModified":"2024-11-28T23:54:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9e\/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png","headline":"system under which people are treated as property to be bought and sold, and are forced to work"}</script> </body> </html>