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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senior_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senior_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Senior leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senior_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_Command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_Command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Air Command </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_Command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-No._1_Group_(Air_Combat)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No._1_Group_(Air_Combat)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 No. 1 Group (Air Combat) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No._1_Group_(Air_Combat)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No._2_Group_(Air_Combat_Support)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No._2_Group_(Air_Combat_Support)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 No. 2 Group (Air Combat Support) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No._2_Group_(Air_Combat_Support)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No._11_Group_(Multi-domain_operations)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No._11_Group_(Multi-domain_operations)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 No. 11 Group (Multi-domain operations) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No._11_Group_(Multi-domain_operations)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No._22_Group_(Training)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No._22_Group_(Training)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 No. 22 Group (Training) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No._22_Group_(Training)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Stations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Overseas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Squadrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Squadrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Squadrons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Squadrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Flights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_wings_and_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_wings_and_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Support wings and units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_wings_and_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expeditionary_Air_Wings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeditionary_Air_Wings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Expeditionary Air Wings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeditionary_Air_Wings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Training schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flying_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flying_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.1 Flying training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flying_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-flying_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-flying_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.2 Non-flying training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-flying_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialist_training_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialist_training_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.3 Specialist training and education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialist_training_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Personnel </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personnel subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Officers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Other ranks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ranks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aircraft </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aircraft-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aircraft subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Combat_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Combat air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typhoon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typhoon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Typhoon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typhoon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lightning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lightning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Lightning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lightning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence,_surveillance,_target_acquisition,_and_reconnaissance_(ISTAR)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence,_surveillance,_target_acquisition,_and_reconnaissance_(ISTAR)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (ISTAR) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence,_surveillance,_target_acquisition,_and_reconnaissance_(ISTAR)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_patrol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_patrol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Maritime patrol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_patrol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_mobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_mobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Air mobility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_mobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helicopters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helicopters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Helicopters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helicopters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Training aircraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Initial training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elementary_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elementary_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.2 Elementary training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elementary_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_fast_jet_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_fast_jet_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.3 Basic fast jet training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_fast_jet_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_fast_jet_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_fast_jet_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Advanced fast jet training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_fast_jet_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-engine_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-engine_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Multi-engine training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-engine_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rotary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8.1 Rotary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Future aircraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols,_flags,_emblems_and_uniform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols,_flags,_emblems_and_uniform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Symbols, flags, emblems and uniform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols,_flags,_emblems_and_uniform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremonial_functions_and_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonial_functions_and_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Ceremonial functions and display </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ceremonial_functions_and_display-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ceremonial functions and display subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ceremonial_functions_and_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red_Arrows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Arrows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Red Arrows </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_Arrows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Air_Force_Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Air_Force_Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Royal Air Force Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Air_Force_Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trooping_the_Colour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trooping_the_Colour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Trooping the Colour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trooping_the_Colour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Footnotes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Footnotes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-RAF_ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RAF_ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 RAF ranks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RAF_ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Other notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Royal Air Force</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" > 64 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britse_Lugmag" title="Britse Lugmag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Britse Lugmag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A" title="سلاح الجو الملكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلاح الجو الملكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kral_H%C9%99rbi_Hava_Q%C3%BCvv%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Kral Hərbi Hava Qüvvələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kral Hərbi Hava Qüvvələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="রয়্যাল এয়ার ফোর্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রয়্যাল এয়ার ফোর্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кралски военновъздушни сили – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралски военновъздушни сили" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Awyrlu_Brenhinol" title="Yr Awyrlu Brenhinol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Awyrlu Brenhinol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurbritannia_kuninglik_%C3%B5huv%C3%A4gi" title="Suurbritannia kuninglik õhuvägi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suurbritannia kuninglik õhuvägi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF)" title="Βασιλική Πολεμική Αεροπορία (Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασιλική Πολεμική Αεροπορία (Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Fuerza_A%C3%A9rea_(Reino_Unido)" title="Real Fuerza Aérea (Reino Unido) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Real Fuerza Aérea (Reino Unido)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Da_Aerarmeo" title="Reĝa Aerarmeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝa Aerarmeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نیروی هوایی پادشاهی بریتانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروی هوایی پادشاهی بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD_%EC%99%95%EB%A6%BD_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B5%B0" title="영국 왕립 공군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국 왕립 공군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="रॉयल एयर फोर्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रॉयल एयर फोर्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevske_zra%C4%8Dne_snage" title="Kraljevske zračne snage – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevske zračne snage" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Udara_Britania_Raya" title="Angkatan Udara Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Angkatan Udara Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99" title="חיל האוויר המלכותי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיל האוויר המלכותי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadya_Anggegana_Radya" title="Wadya Anggegana Radya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wadya Anggegana Radya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სამეფო სამხედრო-საჰაერო ძალები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამეფო სამხედრო-საჰაერო ძალები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Esman%C3%AE_y%C3%AAn_Br%C3%AEtanyay%C3%AA" title="Hêzên Esmanî yên Brîtanyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hêzên Esmanî yên Brîtanyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaliskie_Gaisa_sp%C4%93ki" title="Karaliskie Gaisa spēki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karaliskie Gaisa spēki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Kir%C3%A1lyi_L%C3%A9gier%C5%91" title="Brit Királyi Légierő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brit Királyi Légierő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="रॉयल एर फोर्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉयल एर फोर्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentera_Udara_Diraja_British" title="Tentera Udara Diraja British – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tentera Udara Diraja British" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D" title="イギリス空軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス空軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DB%81" title="شاہی فضائیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شاہی فضائیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7a_A%C3%A9rea_Real" title="Força Aérea Real – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Força Aérea Real" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Королевские военно-воздушные силы Великобритании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевские военно-воздушные силы Великобритании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryal_Air_Force" title="Ryal Air Force – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ryal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="රාජකීය ගුවන් හමුදාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රාජකීය ගුවන් හමුදාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Royal Air Force" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevo_vojno_letalstvo" title="Kraljevo vojno letalstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kraljevo vojno letalstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="ھێزی ئاسمانیی شاھانە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێزی ئاسمانیی شاھانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Краљевско ратно ваздухопловство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевско ратно ваздухопловство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevske_zra%C4%8Dne_snage" title="Kraljevske zračne snage – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevske zračne snage" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdistyneen_kuningaskunnan_ilmavoimat" title="Yhdistyneen kuningaskunnan ilmavoimat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdistyneen kuningaskunnan ilmavoimat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storbritanniens_flygvapen" title="Storbritanniens flygvapen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Storbritanniens flygvapen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="กองทัพอากาศสหราชอาณาจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กองทัพอากาศสหราชอาณาจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Air and space warfare force of the United Kingdom</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"RAF" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/RAF_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="RAF (disambiguation)">RAF (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Royal Air Force (disambiguation)">Royal Air Force (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Royal Air Force</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:RAF-Badge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/RAF-Badge.svg/220px-RAF-Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/RAF-Badge.svg/330px-RAF-Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/RAF-Badge.svg/440px-RAF-Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="603" /></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Badge_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Badge of the Royal Air Force">Badge of the Royal Air Force</a> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Royal_Air_Force.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Logo_of_the_Royal_Air_Force.svg/220px-Logo_of_the_Royal_Air_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Logo_of_the_Royal_Air_Force.svg/330px-Logo_of_the_Royal_Air_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Logo_of_the_Royal_Air_Force.svg/440px-Logo_of_the_Royal_Air_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="249" /></a></li><li>Logo of the Royal Air Force<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 1918; 106 years ago (1918-04-01)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">space force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">space warfare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>31,025 active personnel<a href="#cite_note-qsps-3">[3]</a></li><li>3,028 reserve personnel<a href="#cite_note-qsps-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a></li><li>404 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-IISS1-5">[4]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Air Staff Offices</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Motto(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/Per_Ardua_ad_Astra" class="mw-redirect" title="Per Ardua ad Astra">Per Ardua ad Astra</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>) (Through Adversity to the Stars)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data">Red, white, blue <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">March</th><td class="infobox-data">Quick: "<a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_March_Past" title="Royal Air Force March Past">Royal Air Force March Past</a>" Slow: "Saeculum"<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Anniversaries</th><td class="infobox-data">1 April</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland campaign (1920)">Somaliland Campaign</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pinks_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinks War">Pink’s War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1936-1939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Palestine Emergency</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Arab-Israeli War">1948 Arab-Israeli War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Vittles" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vittles">Operation Vittles</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Rebellion">Mau Mau Rebellion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Anvil_(Mau_Mau_Uprising)" title="Operation Anvil (Mau Mau Uprising)">Operation Anvil</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Musketeer_(1956)" title="Operation Musketeer (1956)">Operation Musketeer</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia-Malaysia_confrontation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Claret" title="Operation Claret">Operation Claret</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Banner" title="Operation Banner">Operation Banner</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a> </li><li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Corporate" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Corporate">Operation Corporate</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Granby" title="Operation Granby">Operation Granby</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> (Operation Engadine)</li><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001-2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)">War in Afghanistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Herrick" title="Operation Herrick">Operation Herrick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Toral" title="Operation Toral">Operation Toral</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">Global War on Terrorism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Invasion of Iraq">2003 Invasion of Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Telic" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Telic">Operation Telic</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Ellamy" title="Operation Ellamy">Operation Ellamy</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against the Islamic State</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">Operation Shader</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Serval" title="Operation Serval">Operation Serval</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barkhane" title="Operation Barkhane">Operation Newcombe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prosperity_Guardian" title="Operation Prosperity Guardian">Operation Prosperity Guardian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_missile_strikes_in_Yemen" title="2024 missile strikes in Yemen">Operation Poseidon Archer</a></li></ul></div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raf.mod.uk/">www.raf.mod.uk</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165862#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_British_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of the British Armed Forces">Head of the Armed Forces</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/25px-Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/38px-Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/50px-Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Secretary of State for Defence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_the_British_Secretary_of_State_for_Defence.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_British_Secretary_of_State_for_Defence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_the_British_Secretary_of_State_for_Defence.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_British_Secretary_of_State_for_Defence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_the_British_Secretary_of_State_for_Defence.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_British_Secretary_of_State_for_Defence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/John_Healey_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Healey (politician)">Rt Hon John Healey MP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Air Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/UK-Air-OF9-Flag.svg/25px-UK-Air-OF9-Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/UK-Air-OF9-Flag.svg/38px-UK-Air-OF9-Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/UK-Air-OF9-Flag.svg/50px-UK-Air-OF9-Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="210" /> <a href="/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Chief Marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Knighton" title="Richard Knighton">Sir Richard Knighton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Commander_Capability" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Commander Capability">Deputy Chief of the Air Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/UK-Air-OF8-Flag.svg/25px-UK-Air-OF8-Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/UK-Air-OF8-Flag.svg/38px-UK-Air-OF8-Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/UK-Air-OF8-Flag.svg/50px-UK-Air-OF8-Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="210" /> <a href="/wiki/Air_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Marshal">Air Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lloyd_(RAF_officer)" title="Paul Lloyd (RAF officer)">Paul Lloyd</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Commander_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Commander Operations">Air and Space Commander</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/UK-Air-OF8-Flag.svg/25px-UK-Air-OF8-Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/UK-Air-OF8-Flag.svg/38px-UK-Air-OF8-Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/UK-Air-OF8-Flag.svg/50px-UK-Air-OF8-Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="210" /> <a href="/wiki/Air_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Marshal">Air Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Allan_Marshall_(RAF_officer)" title="Allan Marshall (RAF officer)">Allan Marshall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Warrant Officer of the Royal Air Force">Warrant Officer of the Royal Air Force</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Chief_of_the_Air_Staff%27s_Warrant_Officer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/British_Chief_of_the_Air_Staff%27s_Warrant_Officer.svg/25px-British_Chief_of_the_Air_Staff%27s_Warrant_Officer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/British_Chief_of_the_Air_Staff%27s_Warrant_Officer.svg/38px-British_Chief_of_the_Air_Staff%27s_Warrant_Officer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/British_Chief_of_the_Air_Staff%27s_Warrant_Officer.svg/50px-British_Chief_of_the_Air_Staff%27s_Warrant_Officer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_(United_Kingdom)#Royal_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant Officer (United Kingdom)">Warrant Officer</a> <a href="/wiki/Murugesvaran_Subramaniam" title="Murugesvaran Subramaniam">Murugesvaran Subramaniam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft_insignia" title="Military aircraft insignia">Roundel</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/80px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/120px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/160px-Roundel_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:RAF_Lowvis_Army_roundel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/RAF_Lowvis_Army_roundel.svg/80px-RAF_Lowvis_Army_roundel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/RAF_Lowvis_Army_roundel.svg/120px-RAF_Lowvis_Army_roundel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/RAF_Lowvis_Army_roundel.svg/160px-RAF_Lowvis_Army_roundel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Fin_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fin flash">Fin flash</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF-Finflash-Noncombat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/RAF-Finflash-Noncombat.svg/80px-RAF-Finflash-Noncombat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/RAF-Finflash-Noncombat.svg/120px-RAF-Finflash-Noncombat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/RAF-Finflash-Noncombat.svg/160px-RAF-Finflash-Noncombat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Fin_flash_of_the_United_Kingdom_Low_Visibility.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fin_flash_of_the_United_Kingdom_Low_Visibility.svg/80px-Fin_flash_of_the_United_Kingdom_Low_Visibility.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fin_flash_of_the_United_Kingdom_Low_Visibility.svg/120px-Fin_flash_of_the_United_Kingdom_Low_Visibility.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fin_flash_of_the_United_Kingdom_Low_Visibility.svg/160px-Fin_flash_of_the_United_Kingdom_Low_Visibility.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Ensign" title="Royal Air Force Ensign">Ensign</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/164px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/246px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/328px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Aircraft flown</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">Attack</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper" title="General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper">MQ-9 Reaper</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper#Protector" title="General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper">Protector RG1</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighter</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Typhoon FGR4</a> <a href="/wiki/F-35_Lightning_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35 Lightning II">F-35B Lightning</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopter</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Chinook_(UK_variants)" title="Boeing Chinook (UK variants)">Chinook HC5/6/6A</a> <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_SA_330_Puma" title="Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma">Puma HC2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_aircraft" title="Surveillance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon" title="Boeing P-8 Poseidon">Poseidon MRA1</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_RC-135#RC-135W_Rivet_Joint_(Project_Airseeker)" title="Boeing RC-135">Airseeker R1</a> <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air" title="Beechcraft Super King Air">Shadow R1/1A</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Trainer_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trainer (aircraft)">Trainer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/BAE_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="BAE Hawk">Hawk T1/2</a> <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_T-6_Texan_II" title="Beechcraft T-6 Texan II">Texan T1</a> <a href="/wiki/Embraer_Phenom_100" title="Embraer Phenom 100">Phenom T1</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Typhoon T3</a> <a href="/wiki/Grob_G103a_Twin_II" title="Grob G103a Twin II">Viking T1</a> <a href="/wiki/Grob_G_120TP" title="Grob G 120TP">Prefect T1</a> <a href="/wiki/Grob_G_115" title="Grob G 115">Tutor T1</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Helicopters_EC135" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus Helicopters EC135">Juno HT1</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Helicopters_EC145" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus Helicopters EC145">Jupiter HT1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Cargo_aircraft" title="Cargo aircraft">Transport</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330_MRTT" title="Airbus A330 MRTT">Voyager KC2/3</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A400M_Atlas" title="Airbus A400M Atlas">Atlas C1</a> <a href="/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III" class="mw-redirect" title="C-17 Globemaster III">C-17 Globemaster</a> <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_900" title="Dassault Falcon 900">Envoy IV CC1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">Tanker</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330_MRTT" title="Airbus A330 MRTT">Voyager KC2/3</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/125px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/188px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/250px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="line-height:1.0em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal Air Force</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.2em;padding:0.25em;background-color:#efefef"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal Air Force</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Air_Command" title="RAF Air Command">Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Space_Command" title="United Kingdom Space Command">Space Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Regiment" title="RAF Regiment">Royal Air Force Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Air Force Reserve">Royal Air Force Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Medical_Services" title="RAF Medical Services">Royal Air Force Medical Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary%27s_Royal_Air_Force_Nursing_Service" title="Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service">Nursing Service (PMRAFNS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Chaplains_Branch" title="Royal Air Force Chaplains Branch">Chaplaincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Police" title="Royal Air Force Police">Royal Air Force Police</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li>Special Forces</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Special_Forces_Aviation_Wing" title="Joint Special Forces Aviation Wing">Aviation Wing</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.2em;padding:0.25em;background-color:#efefef"> History and future</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="History of the Royal Air Force">History of the Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Future of the Royal Air Force">Future of the Royal Air Force</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.2em;padding:0.25em;background-color:#efefef"> Aircraft</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_Kingdom_military_aircraft" title="List of active United Kingdom military aircraft">Current aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force">Historic aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.2em;padding:0.25em;background-color:#efefef"> Personnel</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Air Force Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Uniforms of the Royal Air Force">Uniforms</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/RAF_officer_ranks" title="RAF officer ranks">Officer</a> / <a href="/wiki/RAF_other_ranks" title="RAF other ranks">other rank insignia</a></div></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.2em;padding:0.25em;background-color:#efefef"> Organisation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Structure of the Royal Air Force">Structure of the Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_stations" title="List of Royal Air Force stations">List of Royal Air Force stations</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.2em;padding:0.25em;background-color:#efefef"> Auxiliary services</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Auxiliary_Air_Force" title="Royal Auxiliary Air Force">Royal Auxiliary Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Auxiliary_Air_Force" title="Royal Auxiliary Air Force">Royal Auxiliary Air Force Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Air_Force_sidebar" title="Template:Royal Air Force sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Air_Force_sidebar" title="Template talk:Royal Air Force sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Air_Force_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Air Force sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">space force</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> It was formed towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> on 1 April 1918, on the merger of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a> (RFC) and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Naval Air Service">Royal Naval Air Service</a> (RNAS).<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> victory over the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> in 1918, the RAF emerged as the largest air force in the world at the time.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Since its formation, the RAF has played <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="History of the Royal Air Force">a significant role</a> in <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">British military history</a>. In particular, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the RAF established <a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">air superiority</a> over <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, and led the Allied <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a> effort.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> The RAF's mission is to support the objectives of the British <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> (MOD), which are to "provide the capabilities needed to ensure the security and defence of the United Kingdom and overseas territories, including against terrorism; to support the Government's foreign policy objectives particularly in promoting international peace and security".<a href="#cite_note-RAF_–_Frequently_Asked_Questions-13">[12]</a> The RAF describes its mission statement as "... [to provide] an agile, adaptable and capable Air Force that, person for person, is second to none, and that makes a decisive air power contribution in support of the UK Defence Mission".<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> The mission statement is supported by the RAF's definition of <a href="/wiki/Air_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Air power">air power</a>, which guides its strategy. Air power is defined as "the ability to <a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">project power</a> from the air and space to influence the behaviour of people or the course of events".<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Today, the Royal Air Force maintains an <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_Kingdom_military_aircraft" title="List of active United Kingdom military aircraft">operational fleet</a> of various types of aircraft,<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> described by the RAF as being "leading-edge" in terms of technology.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> This largely consists of fixed-wing aircraft, including those in the following roles: <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strike_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike aircraft">strike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">airborne early warning and control</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISTAR" class="mw-redirect" title="ISTAR">intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance</a> (ISTAR), <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> (SIGINT), maritime patrol, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">air-to-air refueling</a> (AAR) and <a href="/wiki/Strategic_airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic airlift">strategic</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tactical_airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical airlift">tactical transport</a>. The majority of the RAF's rotary-wing aircraft form part of the tri-service <a href="/wiki/Joint_Aviation_Command" title="Joint Aviation Command">Joint Aviation Command</a> in support of ground forces. Most of the RAF's aircraft and personnel are based in the UK, with many others serving on <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_operations" title="List of Royal Air Force operations">global operations</a> (principally <a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">over Iraq and Syria</a>) or at long-established overseas bases (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Cyprus" title="British Forces Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Gibraltar" title="RAF Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Mount_Pleasant" title="RAF Mount Pleasant">Falkland Islands</a>). Although the RAF is the principal British air power arm, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_Air_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)">Army Air Corps</a> also operate armed aircraft. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_operations" title="List of Royal Air Force operations">List of Royal Air Force operations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="History of the Royal Air Force">History of the Royal Air Force</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%">Air Force (Constitution) Act 1917</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1482" /><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to make provision for the establishment, administration, and discipline of an Air Force, the establishment of an Air Council, and for purposes connected therewith.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/7_%26_8_Geo._5" class="mw-redirect" title="7 & 8 Geo. 5">7 & 8 Geo. 5</a>. c. 51</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 November 1917</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1927" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1927">Statute Law Revision Act 1927</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_Forces_Act_1953&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auxiliary Forces Act 1953 (page does not exist)">Auxiliary Forces Act 1953</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revision_of_the_Army_and_Air_Force_Acts_(Transitional_Provisions)_Act_1955&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revision of the Army and Air Force Acts (Transitional Provisions) Act 1955 (page does not exist)">Revision of the Army and Air Force Acts (Transitional Provisions) Act 1955</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Discipline_Act_1957" title="Naval Discipline Act 1957">Naval Discipline Act 1957</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defence_(Transfer_of_Functions)_Act_1964&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defence (Transfer of Functions) Act 1964 (page does not exist)">Defence (Transfer of Functions) Act 1964</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_(Repeals)_Act_1976" title="Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1976">Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1976</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_Act_1981&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armed Forces Act 1981 (page does not exist)">Armed Forces Act 1981</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Act_2006" title="Armed Forces Act 2006">Armed Forces Act 2006</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ccffcc;">Status: Current legislation</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/7-8/51/contents/enacted">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/id?title=Air+Force+%28Constitution%29+Act+1917">Text of the Air Force (Constitution) Act 1917</a> as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>.</th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> The Royal Air Force was formed towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> on 1 April 1918, becoming the second independent air force in the world after the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force" title="Finnish Air Force">Finnish Air Force</a> (established 6 March 1918),<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> by merging the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a> (RFC) and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Naval Air Service">Royal Naval Air Service</a> (RNAS).<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> This was done as recommended in a report prepared by the South African statesman and general <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> At that time it was the largest air force in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> Its headquarters was located in the former <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Cecil_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Cecil (London)">Hotel Cecil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> After the war, the RAF was drastically cut and its inter-war years were relatively quiet. The RAF was put in charge of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Iraq_Command" title="RAF Iraq Command">British military activity in Iraq</a>, and carried out minor activities in other parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, including establishing bases to protect <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Naval_Base" title="Singapore Naval Base">Singapore</a> and Malaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer202062,_63-22">[21]</a> The RAF's naval aviation branch, the <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a>, was founded in 1924 but handed over to <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> control on 24 May 1939.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The RAF adopted the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a>, which led to the construction of long-range bombers and became its main bombing strategy in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spitfire_P7350_(front)_flies_alongside_Hurricane_LF363_(back).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Spitfire_P7350_%28front%29_flies_alongside_Hurricane_LF363_%28back%29.jpg/220px-Spitfire_P7350_%28front%29_flies_alongside_Hurricane_LF363_%28back%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Spitfire_P7350_%28front%29_flies_alongside_Hurricane_LF363_%28back%29.jpg/330px-Spitfire_P7350_%28front%29_flies_alongside_Hurricane_LF363_%28back%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Spitfire_P7350_%28front%29_flies_alongside_Hurricane_LF363_%28back%29.jpg/440px-Spitfire_P7350_%28front%29_flies_alongside_Hurricane_LF363_%28back%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Spitfire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hurricane</a>, which both played major roles in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Royal Air Force underwent rapid expansion prior to and during the Second World War. Under the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan" title="British Commonwealth Air Training Plan">British Commonwealth Air Training Plan</a> of December 1939, the air forces of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a> countries trained and formed "<a href="/wiki/Article_XV_squadrons" title="Article XV squadrons">Article XV squadrons</a>" for service with RAF formations. Many individual personnel from these countries, and exiles from <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Europe">occupied Europe</a>, also served with RAF squadrons. By the end of the war the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> had contributed more than 30 squadrons to serve in RAF formations, similarly, approximately a quarter of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">Bomber Command's</a> personnel were Canadian.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> represented around nine per cent of all RAF personnel who served in the European and Mediterranean theatres.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> in 1940, the RAF defended the skies over Britain against the numerically superior German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>. In what is perhaps the most prolonged and complicated air campaign in history, the Battle of Britain contributed significantly to the delay and subsequent indefinite postponement of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">Operation Sea Lion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler's</a> plans for an invasion of the UK. In the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> on 20 August, prompted by the ongoing efforts of the RAF, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> made a speech to the nation, where he said "<a href="/wiki/Never_was_so_much_owed_by_so_many_to_so_few" title="Never was so much owed by so many to so few">Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163640.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163640.jpg/220px-100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163640.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163640.jpg/330px-100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163640.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163640.jpg/440px-100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163640.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="3734" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a> heavy bomber was extensively used during the strategic bombing of Germany.</figcaption></figure> The largest RAF effort during the war was the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a> campaign against Germany by Bomber Command. While RAF bombing of Germany began almost immediately upon the outbreak of war at first it was ineffectual; it was only later, particularly under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal" title="Air chief marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Travers_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Travers Harris">Harris</a>, that these attacks became increasingly devastating, from early 1943 onward, as new technology and greater numbers of superior aircraft became available.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The RAF adopted night-time <a href="/wiki/Area_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Area bombing">area bombing</a> on German cities such as <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden">Dresden</a>. Night time area bombing constituted the great bulk of the RAF's bombing campaign, mainly due to Harris, but it also developed precision bombing techniques for specific operations, such as the infamous <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastise" title="Operation Chastise">"Dambusters" raid</a> by <a href="/wiki/No._617_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 617 Squadron RAF">No. 617 Squadron</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> or the Amiens prison raid known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jericho" title="Operation Jericho">Operation Jericho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War_era">Cold War era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cold War era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Royal_Air_Force_in_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of the Royal Air Force in 1989">Structure of the Royal Air Force in 1989</a></div> Following victory in the Second World War, the RAF underwent significant re-organisation, as technological advances in air warfare saw the arrival of jet fighters and bombers. During the early stages of the Cold War, one of the first major operations undertaken by the RAF was the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Airlift">Berlin Airlift</a>, codenamed Operation Plainfire. Between 26 June 1948 and the lifting of the Russian blockade of the city on 12 May 1949, the RAF provided 17% of the total supplies delivered, using <a href="/wiki/Avro_York" title="Avro York">Avro Yorks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Dakota">Douglas Dakotas</a> flying to <a href="/wiki/Gatow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatow Airport">Gatow Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Short_Sunderland" title="Short Sunderland">Short Sunderlands</a> flying to Lake Havel.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The RAF saw its first post-war engagements in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>: during the withdrawal of the former <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> in May 1948 where British <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire FR.18s</a> shot down four <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force" title="Egyptian Air Force">Royal Egyptian Air Force</a> Spitfire LF.9s after the REAF mistakenly attacked <a href="/wiki/Ramat_David_Airbase" title="Ramat David Airbase">RAF Ramat David</a>;<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> and during encounters with the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> which saw the loss of a single <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">de Havilland Mosquito PR.34</a> in November 1948 and four Spitfire FR.18s and a single <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Tempest" title="Hawker Tempest">Hawker Tempest F.6</a> in January 1949.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Before Britain developed its own <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>, the RAF was provided with American nuclear weapons under <a href="/wiki/Project_E" title="Project E">Project E</a>. However, following the development of its own arsenal, the British Government elected on 16 February 1960 to share the country's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom">nuclear deterrent</a> between the RAF and submarines of the Royal Navy, first deciding to concentrate solely on the air force's <a href="/wiki/V_bomber" title="V bomber">V bomber</a> fleet. These were initially armed with nuclear <a href="/wiki/Gravity_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity bomb">gravity bombs</a>, later being equipped with the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Steel_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Steel missile">Blue Steel missile</a>. Following the development of the Royal Navy's <a href="/wiki/Polaris_(UK_nuclear_programme)" title="Polaris (UK nuclear programme)">Polaris submarines</a>, the strategic nuclear deterrent passed to the navy's submarines on 30 June 1969.<a href="#cite_note-RAF_1960-69-35">[34]</a> With the introduction of Polaris, the RAF's strategic nuclear role was reduced to a tactical one, using <a href="/wiki/WE.177" title="WE.177">WE.177</a> gravity bombs. This tactical role was continued by the V bombers into the 1980s and until 1998 by the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Tornado_GR1" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Tornado GR1">Panavia Tornado GR1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-strategicdefencereview-37">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163618.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163618.jpg/220px-100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163618.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163618.jpg/330px-100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163618.jpg/440px-100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4480" data-file-height="2684" /></a><figcaption>The RAF <a href="/wiki/V_bomber" title="V bomber">V bomber force</a> was used to carry both conventional and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear bombs">nuclear bombs</a>.</figcaption></figure> For much of the Cold War the primary role of the RAF was the defence of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> against potential attack by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, with many <a href="/wiki/RAF_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Germany">squadrons based in West Germany</a>. The main RAF bases in RAF(G) were <a href="/wiki/RAF_Br%C3%BCggen" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Brüggen">RAF Brüggen</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_G%C3%BCtersloh" title="RAF Gütersloh">RAF Gutersloh</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Laarbruch" title="RAF Laarbruch">RAF Laarbruch</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Wildenrath" title="RAF Wildenrath">RAF Wildenrath</a> – the only air defence base in RAF(G). With the decline of the British Empire, global operations were scaled back, and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Far_East_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Far East Air Force">RAF Far East Air Force</a> was disbanded on 31 October 1971.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Despite this, the RAF fought in many battles in the Cold War period. In June 1948, the RAF commenced <a href="/wiki/Operation_Firedog" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Firedog">Operation Firedog</a> against Malayan pro-independence fighters during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Operations continued for the next 12 years until 1960 with aircraft flying out of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Tengah" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Tengah">RAF Tengah</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Butterworth" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Butterworth">RAF Butterworth</a>. The RAF played a minor role in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a> taking part.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> From 1953 to 1956 the RAF Avro Lincoln squadrons carried out anti-<a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau</a> operations in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> using its base at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Eastleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Eastleigh">RAF Eastleigh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> in 1956 saw a large RAF role, with aircraft operating from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Akrotiri" title="RAF Akrotiri">RAF Akrotiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Nicosia" title="RAF Nicosia">RAF Nicosia</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Luqa" title="RAF Luqa">RAF Luqa</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Hal_Far" title="RAF Hal Far">RAF Hal Far</a> on <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Musketeer_(1956)" title="Operation Musketeer (1956)">Operation Musketeer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> The RAF suffered its most recent loss to an enemy aircraft during the Suez Crisis, when an <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">English Electric Canberra PR7</a> was shot down over <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> In 1957, the RAF participated heavily during the <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a> in Oman, operating both <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Venom" title="De Havilland Venom">de Havilland Venom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avro_Shackleton" title="Avro Shackleton">Avro Shackleton</a> aircraft. The RAF made 1,635 raids, dropping 1,094 tons and firing 900 rockets at the interior of Oman between July and December 1958, targeting insurgents, mountain top villages and water channels in a war that remained under low profile.<a href="#cite_note-GR-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-OmansInsurgencies-45">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Konfrontasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Konfrontasi">Konfrontasi</a> against Indonesia in the early 1960s did see use of RAF aircraft, but due to a combination of deft diplomacy and selective ignoring of certain events by both sides, it never developed into a full-scale war.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The RAF played a large role in the <a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a> between 1963 and 1967. <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">Hawker Hunter FGA.9s</a> based at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Khormaksar" title="RAF Khormaksar">RAF Khormaksar</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Aden" title="State of Aden">Aden</a>, were regularly called in by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> as <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> to carry out strikes on rebel positions.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Radfan_Campaign" title="Radfan Campaign">Radfan Campaign</a> (Operation Nutcracker) in early 1964 was successful in suppressing the revolt in Radfa, however it did nothing to end the insurgency with the British withdrawing from Aden in November 1967.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> One of the largest actions undertaken by the RAF during the Cold War was the air campaign during the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, in which the RAF operated alongside the <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a>. During the war, RAF aircraft were deployed in the mid-Atlantic at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">RAF Ascension Island</a> and a detachment from <a href="/wiki/No._1_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 1 Squadron RAF">No. 1 Squadron</a> was deployed with the Royal Navy, operating from the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hermes_(R12)" title="HMS Hermes (R12)">HMS Hermes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ashworth_p26-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Evans_p74-5-50">[49]</a> RAF pilots also flew missions using the Royal Navy's <a href="/wiki/Sea_Harrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Harrier">Sea Harriers</a> in the air-to-air combat role, in particular <a href="/wiki/Flight_lieutenant" title="Flight lieutenant">Flight Lieutenant</a> Dave Morgan the highest scoring pilot of the war.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Following a British victory, the RAF remained in the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic">South Atlantic</a> to provide air defence to the Falkland Islands, with the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_Phantom_in_UK_service" title="McDonnell Douglas Phantom in UK service">McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR2</a> based at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Mount_Pleasant" title="RAF Mount Pleasant">RAF Mount Pleasant</a> which was built in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Cold_War">Post-Cold War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Cold War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panavia_Tornado_GR4_3_(5969081340).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Panavia_Tornado_GR4_3_%285969081340%29.jpg/220px-Panavia_Tornado_GR4_3_%285969081340%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Panavia_Tornado_GR4_3_%285969081340%29.jpg/330px-Panavia_Tornado_GR4_3_%285969081340%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Panavia_Tornado_GR4_3_%285969081340%29.jpg/440px-Panavia_Tornado_GR4_3_%285969081340%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Tornado</a> played an integral part in RAF operations from 1991 until its retirement in 2019</figcaption></figure> With the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the RAF's focus returned to <a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">expeditionary air power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Since 1990, the RAF has been involved in several large-scale operations, including the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> the 2001 <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">war in Iraq</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> the 2011 <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">intervention in Libya</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> and from 2014 onwards has been involved in the <a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">war against the Islamic State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The RAF began conducting <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Remotely-piloted Air System (RPAS)</a> operations in 2004, with No. 1115 Flight carrying out missions in Afghanistan and Iraq with the <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator" title="General Atomics MQ-1 Predator">General Atomics MQ-1 Predator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Initially embedded with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>, the RAF formed its own RPAS squadron in 2007 when <a href="/wiki/No._39_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 39 Squadron RAF">No. 39 Squadron</a> was stood up as a <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper" title="General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper">General Atomics MQ-9A Reaper</a> unit at <a href="/wiki/Creech_Air_Force_Base" title="Creech Air Force Base">Creech AFB</a>, Nevada.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The RAF's 90th anniversary was commemorated on 1 April 2008 by a flypast of the RAF's Aerobatic Display Team the <a href="/wiki/Red_Arrows" title="Red Arrows">Red Arrows</a> and four <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoons</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">River Thames</a>, in a straight line from just south of <a href="/wiki/London_City_Airport" title="London City Airport">London City Airport</a> Tower Bridge, the <a href="/wiki/London_Eye" title="London Eye">London Eye</a>, the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Memorial">RAF Memorial</a> and (at 13.00) the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Main_Building" title="Ministry of Defence Main Building">Ministry of Defence building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Four major defence reviews have been conducted since the end of the Cold War: the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Options_for_Change" title="Options for Change">Options for Change</a>, the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defence_Review" title="Strategic Defence Review">Strategic Defence Review</a>, the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Delivering_Security_in_a_Changing_World" title="Delivering Security in a Changing World">Delivering Security in a Changing World</a> and the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2010" title="Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010">Strategic Defence and Security Review</a> (SDSR). All four defence reviews have resulted in steady reductions in manpower and numbers of aircraft, especially combat aircraft such as fast-jets. As part of the latest 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review, the <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Nimrod_MRA4" title="BAE Systems Nimrod MRA4">BAE Systems Nimrod MRA4</a> maritime patrol aircraft was cancelled due to over spending and missing deadlines.<a href="#cite_note-defensenews-65">[64]</a> Other reductions saw total manpower reduced by 5,000 personnel to a trained strength of 33,000 and the early retirement of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Force_Harrier" title="Joint Force Harrier">Joint Force Harrier</a> aircraft, the <a href="/wiki/BAE_Harrier_II" class="mw-redirect" title="BAE Harrier II">BAE Harrier GR7/GR9</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MOD_MOD_45143423.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MOD_MOD_45143423.jpg/220px-MOD_MOD_45143423.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MOD_MOD_45143423.jpg/330px-MOD_MOD_45143423.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MOD_MOD_45143423.jpg/440px-MOD_MOD_45143423.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Westland_Sea_King" title="Westland Sea King">Sea King</a> was operated by the RAF in the <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">SAR</a> role from 1978 until 2015 when <a href="/wiki/RAF_Search_and_Rescue" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Search and Rescue">RAF Search and Rescue</a> was disbanded.</figcaption></figure> In recent years, fighter aircraft on <a href="/wiki/Quick_Reaction_Alert" title="Quick Reaction Alert">Quick Reaction Alert</a> (QRA) have been increasingly required to <a href="/wiki/Scrambling_(military)" title="Scrambling (military)">scramble</a> in response to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a> aircraft approaching British airspace.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> On 24 January 2014, in the Houses of Parliament, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> MP and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_the_Armed_Forces" title="Minister of State for the Armed Forces">Minister of State for the Armed Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Robathan" title="Andrew Robathan">Andrew Robathan</a>, announced that the RAF's QRA force had been scrambled almost thirty times in the last three years: eleven times during 2010, ten times during 2011 and eight times during 2012.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/RAF_Coningsby" title="RAF Coningsby">RAF Coningsby</a> in Lincolnshire and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Lossiemouth" title="RAF Lossiemouth">RAF Lossiemouth</a> in Moray both provide QRA aircraft, and scramble their Typhoons within minutes to meet or intercept aircraft which give cause for concern. Lossiemouth generally covers the northern sector of UK airspace, while Coningsby covers the southern sector. Typhoon pilot Flight Lieutenant Noel Rees describes how QRA duty works. "At the start of the scaled QRA response, civilian air traffic controllers might see on their screens an aircraft behaving erratically, not responding to their radio calls, or note that it's transmitting a distress signal through its transponder. Rather than scramble Typhoons at the first hint of something abnormal, a controller has the option to put them on a higher level of alert, 'a call to cockpit'. In this scenario the pilot races to the hardened aircraft shelter and does everything short of starting his engines".<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_47_Squadron_Centenary_Tail_Art_(9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Number_47_Squadron_Centenary_Tail_Art_%289%29.jpg/220px-Number_47_Squadron_Centenary_Tail_Art_%289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Number_47_Squadron_Centenary_Tail_Art_%289%29.jpg/330px-Number_47_Squadron_Centenary_Tail_Art_%289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Number_47_Squadron_Centenary_Tail_Art_%289%29.jpg/440px-Number_47_Squadron_Centenary_Tail_Art_%289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>The RAF operated the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_C-130J_Super_Hercules" title="Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules">Hercules</a> since 1967. The C-130J model was in service between 1998 and 2023</figcaption></figure> On 4 October 2015, a final stand-down saw the end of more than 70 years of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Search_and_Rescue" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Search and Rescue">RAF Search and Rescue</a> provision in the UK. The RAF and Royal Navy's <a href="/wiki/Westland_Sea_King" title="Westland Sea King">Westland Sea King</a> fleets, after over 30 years of service, were retired. A civilian contractor, <a href="/wiki/Bristow_Helicopters" title="Bristow Helicopters">Bristow Helicopters</a>, took over responsibility for UK Search and Rescue, under a <a href="/wiki/Private_Finance_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Finance Initiative">Private Finance Initiative</a> with newly purchased <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-92" title="Sikorsky S-92">Sikorsky S-92</a> and <a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW189" title="AgustaWestland AW189">AgustaWestland AW189</a> aircraft. The new contract means that all UK SAR coverage is now provided by Bristow aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-Farewell_to_RAF_UK_Search_&_Rescue-70">[69]</a> In 2018, the RAF's vision of a future constellation of imagery satellites was initiated through the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Carbonite-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonite-2">Carbonite-2</a> technology demonstrator. The 100 kg Carbonite-2 uses <a href="/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf" title="Commercial off-the-shelf">commercial off-the-shelf</a> (COTS) components to deliver high-quality imagery and 3D video footage from space.<a href="#cite_note-ukdefencejournal-20180301-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-thereg-20180301-72">[71]</a> The Royal Air Force celebrated its 100th anniversary on 1 April 2018.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> It marked the occasion on 10 July 2018 with a flypast over London consisting of 103 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Between March 2020 and 2022, the RAF assisted with the response efforts to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rescript" title="Operation Rescript">Operation Rescript</a>. This saw the service provide repatriation flights and aeromedical evacuations of COVID-19 patients, drivers and call-handlers to support ambulance services and medics to assist with the staffing of hospitals, testing units and vaccination centres.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Operation_Broadshare" title="Operation Broadshare">Operation Broadshare</a>, the RAF has also been involved with COVID-19 relief operations overseas, repatriating stranded nationals and delivering medical supplies and vaccines to British Overseas Territories and military installations.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The UK's 20-year long operations in Afghanistan came to an end in August 2021, seeing the largest airlift since the Berlin Blockade take place. As part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pitting" title="Operation Pitting">Operation Pitting</a>, the RAF helped evacuate over 15,000 people in two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Between April and May 2023, the RAF helped evacuate over 2,300 people from Sudan due to the <a href="/wiki/2023_Sudan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Sudan conflict">2023 Sudan conflict</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_foreign_nationals_during_the_2023_Sudan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Evacuation of foreign nationals during the 2023 Sudan conflict">Operation Polarbear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> In April 2024, Typhoon FGR4s operating from RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus, engaged and destroyed Iranian drones over Iraqi and Syrian airspace during <a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">Iran's strikes against Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Structure of the Royal Air Force">Structure of the Royal Air Force</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senior_leadership">Senior leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Senior leadership">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Richard_Knighton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sir_Richard_Knighton.jpg/220px-Sir_Richard_Knighton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sir_Richard_Knighton.jpg/330px-Sir_Richard_Knighton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sir_Richard_Knighton.jpg/440px-Sir_Richard_Knighton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of Air Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal" title="Air chief marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Knighton" title="Richard Knighton">Sir Richard Knighton</a></figcaption></figure> The professional head and highest-ranking officer of the Royal Air Force is the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Air Staff</a> (CAS). He reports to the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Defence Staff</a>, who is the professional head of the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> The incumbent Chief of the Air Staff is <a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal" title="Air chief marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Knighton" title="Richard Knighton">Sir Richard Knighton</a> who was appointed in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The management of the RAF is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Board" title="Air Force Board">Air Force Board</a>, a sub-committee of the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Defence Council of the United Kingdom">Defence Council</a> which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> and body legally responsible for the defence of the United Kingdom and its <a href="/wiki/British_overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British overseas territory">overseas territories</a>. The Chief of the Air Staff chairs the Air Force Board Standing Committee (AFBSC) which decides on the policy and actions required for the RAF to meet the requirements of the Defence Council and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">His Majesty's Government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyman2013134–135-86">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Air Staff</a> is supported by several other senior commanders: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Royal Air Force senior management positions<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Title </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO" title="Ranks and insignia of NATO">NATO rank scale</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Air Staff</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal" title="Air chief marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> </td> <td>OF-9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)">Deputy Chief of the Air Staff</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_marshal" title="Air marshal">Air Marshal</a> </td> <td>OF-8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_and_Space_Commander" title="Air and Space Commander">Air and Space Commander</a> </td> <td>Air Marshal </td> <td>OF-8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Air Officer Northern Ireland </td> <td>Air Marshal </td> <td>OF-8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Chief_of_the_Air_Staff" title="Assistant Chief of the Air Staff">Assistant Chief of the Air Staff</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_vice-marshal" title="Air vice-marshal">Air Vice-Marshal</a> </td> <td>OF-7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_Officer_Scotland" title="Air Officer Scotland">Air Officer Scotland</a> </td> <td>Air Vice-Marshal </td> <td>OF-7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Plans) </td> <td>Air Vice-Marshal </td> <td>OF-7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_Secretary" title="Air Secretary">Chief of Staff Personnel and Air Secretary</a> </td> <td>Air Vice-Marshal </td> <td>OF-7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commandant General Royal Auxiliary Air Force </td> <td>Air Vice-Marshal </td> <td>OF-7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Director of Legal Services </td> <td>Air Vice-Marshal </td> <td>OF-7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_Member_for_Materiel" title="Air Member for Materiel">Air Member for Materiel and Chief of Materiel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">Vice Admiral</a> </td> <td>OF-8<a href="#cite_note-appoints-88">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaplain-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaplain-in-Chief">Chaplain-in-Chief</a> </td> <td>Air Vice-Marshal </td> <td>OF-7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Air Officer Wales </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_commodore" title="Air commodore">Air Commodore</a> </td> <td>OF-6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Director of Resources </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Civilian </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Warrant Officer of the Royal Air Force">Warrant Officer of the Royal Air Force</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer#Royal_Air_Force" title="Warrant officer">Warrant Officer</a> </td> <td>OR-9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_Command">Air Command</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Air Command">edit</a>]</div> Administrative and operational command of the RAF is delegated by the Air Force Board to <a href="/wiki/RAF_Air_Command" title="RAF Air Command">Headquarters Air Command</a>, based at <a href="/wiki/RAF_High_Wycombe" title="RAF High Wycombe">RAF High Wycombe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a>. Air Command was formed on 1 April 2007 by combining <a href="/wiki/RAF_Strike_Command" title="RAF Strike Command">RAF Strike Command</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Personnel_and_Training_Command" title="RAF Personnel and Training Command">RAF Personnel and Training Command</a>, resulting in a single command covering the whole RAF, led by the Chief of the Air Staff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyman2013136-89">[88]</a> Through its subordinate <a href="/wiki/Group_(military_unit)" title="Group (military unit)">groups</a>, Air Command oversees the whole spectrum of RAF aircraft and operations.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Space_Command" title="United Kingdom Space Command">United Kingdom Space Command</a> (UKSC), established 1 April 2021 under the command of Air Vice-Marshal <a href="/wiki/Paul_Godfrey_(RAF_officer)" title="Paul Godfrey (RAF officer)">Paul Godfrey</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare" title="Joint warfare">joint</a> command, but sits "under the Royal Air Force."<a href="#cite_note-SmythAFT-91">[90]</a> Godfrey is of equal rank to the commanders of 1, 2, 11, and 22 Groups. The new command has "responsibility for not just operations, but also generating, training and growing the force, and also owning the money and putting all the programmatic rigour into delivering new ..capabilities."<a href="#cite_note-SmythAFT-91">[90]</a> UKSC headquarters is at <a href="/wiki/RAF_High_Wycombe" title="RAF High Wycombe">RAF High Wycombe</a> co-located with Air Command.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groups">Groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_groups" title="List of Royal Air Force groups">List of Royal Air Force groups</a></div><a href="/wiki/Group_(military_aviation_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (military aviation unit)">Groups</a> are the subdivisions of operational commands and are responsible for certain types of capabilities or for operations in limited geographical areas. There are five groups subordinate to Air Command, of which four are functional and one is geographically focused: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="No._1_Group_(Air_Combat)">No. 1 Group (Air Combat)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: No. 1 Group (Air Combat)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/No._1_Group_RAF" title="No. 1 Group RAF">No. 1 Group</a> is responsible for combat aircraft (comprising the <a href="/wiki/Lightning_Force_HQ" title="Lightning Force HQ">Lightning Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Typhoon</a> Force) and the RAF's <a href="/wiki/Intelligence,_surveillance,_target_acquisition,_and_reconnaissance" title="Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance">intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance</a> (ISTAR) capabilities. It oversees stations at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Coningsby" title="RAF Coningsby">RAF Coningsby</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Waddington" title="RAF Waddington">RAF Waddington</a> in Lincolnshire, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Lossiemouth" title="RAF Lossiemouth">RAF Lossiemouth</a> in Moray and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Marham" title="RAF Marham">RAF Marham</a> in Norfolk. The group's <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon_variants" title="Eurofighter Typhoon variants">Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4</a> aircraft protect UK and NATO airspace by providing a continuous <a href="/wiki/Quick_Reaction_Alert" title="Quick Reaction Alert">Quick Reaction Alert</a> capability.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="No._2_Group_(Air_Combat_Support)">No. 2 Group (Air Combat Support)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: No. 2 Group (Air Combat Support)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/No._2_Group_RAF" title="No. 2 Group RAF">No. 2 Group</a> controls the Air Mobility Force which provides <a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">strategic and tactical airlift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">air-to-air refuelling</a> and command support air transport (CSAT). The group is also responsible for the RAF Medical Services, RAF Support Force, consisting of the RAF's engineering, logistics, intelligence, signals, musical and mountain rescue assets, RAF's Combat and Readiness Force, comprising the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Regiment" title="RAF Regiment">RAF Regiment</a>, and the Air Security Force, comprising <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Police" title="Royal Air Force Police">RAF Police</a>. It oversees stations at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Benson" title="RAF Benson">RAF Benson</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton" title="RAF Brize Norton">RAF Brize Norton</a> in Oxfordshire, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Henlow" title="RAF Henlow">RAF Henlow</a> in Bedfordshire, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Honington" title="RAF Honington">RAF Honington</a> in Suffolk, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Odiham" title="RAF Odiham">RAF Odiham</a> in Hampshire and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Northolt" title="RAF Northolt">RAF Northolt</a> in West London.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="No._11_Group_(Multi-domain_operations)">No. 11 Group (Multi-domain operations)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: No. 11 Group (Multi-domain operations)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/No._11_Group_RAF" title="No. 11 Group RAF">No. 11 Group</a> is responsible for integrating operations across the <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">cyber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">space</a> domains whilst responding to new and evolving threats. It includes the RAF's Battlespace Management Force which controls the UK Air Surveillance and Control System (ASACS). The group oversees stations at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Boulmer" title="RAF Boulmer">RAF Boulmer</a> in Northumberland, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Fylingdales" title="RAF Fylingdales">RAF Fylingdales</a> in North Yorkshire and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Spadeadam" title="RAF Spadeadam">RAF Spadeadam</a> in Cumbria.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="No._22_Group_(Training)">No. 22 Group (Training)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: No. 22 Group (Training)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/No._22_Group_RAF" title="No. 22 Group RAF">No. 22 Group</a> is responsible for the supply of qualified and skilled personnel to the RAF and provides flying and non-flying training to all three British armed services. It is the end-user of the <a href="/wiki/UK_Military_Flying_Training_System" title="UK Military Flying Training System">UK Military Flying Training System</a> which is provided by civilian contractor <a href="/wiki/Ascent_Flight_Training" title="Ascent Flight Training">Ascent Flight Training</a>. The group oversees stations at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Cranwell" title="RAF Cranwell">RAF College Cranwell</a> in Lincolnshire, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Cosford" title="RAF Cosford">RAF Cosford</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Shawbury" title="RAF Shawbury">RAF Shawbury</a> in Shropshire, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Halton" title="RAF Halton">RAF Halton</a> in Buckinghamshire, <a href="/wiki/MOD_St_Athan" title="MOD St Athan">MOD St Athan</a> in the Vale of Glamorgan, <a href="/wiki/RAF_St_Mawgan" title="RAF St Mawgan">RAF St Mawgan</a> in Cornwall and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Valley" title="RAF Valley">RAF Valley</a> on Anglesey.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/No._22_Group_RAF" title="No. 22 Group RAF">No. 22 Group</a> also manages the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Air_Cadets" title="Royal Air Force Air Cadets">Royal Air Force Air Cadets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stations">Stations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Stations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_stations" title="List of Royal Air Force stations">List of Royal Air Force stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Royal_Air_Force_stations" title="List of former Royal Air Force stations">List of former Royal Air Force stations</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Air Force is located in the United Kingdom"><img alt="Royal Air Force is located in the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="464" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/450px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/600px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="2083" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.981%;left:79.078%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Cranwell & Barkston Heath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/8px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/12px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/16px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Cranwell & Barkston Heath</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.197%;left:75.032%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Benson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/8px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/16px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Benson</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.484%;left:71.187%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Boulmer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/8px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/12px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/16px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Boulmer</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.5%;left:71.336%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Brize Norton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/8px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/16px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Brize Norton</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.891%;left:82.075%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Coningsby" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/8px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/16px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Coningsby</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.625%;left:66.246%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Cosford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/8px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/12px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/16px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Cosford</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.414%;left:79.672%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Royal Air Force" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/8px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/12px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/16px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.343%;left:78.26%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Fylingdales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/8px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/12px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/16px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Fylingdales</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.736%;left:77.757%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Halton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/8px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/12px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/16px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Halton</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.87%;left:81.035%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Henlow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/8px-Location_dot_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/12px-Location_dot_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/16px-Location_dot_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Henlow</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.146%;left:89.19%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Honington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/8px-Location_dot_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/12px-Location_dot_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/16px-Location_dot_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Honington</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.896%;left:71.7%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Leeming" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/8px-Location_dot_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/12px-Location_dot_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/16px-Location_dot_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Leeming</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.456%;left:58.037%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Lossiemouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/8px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/16px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Lossiemouth</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.597%;left:87.504%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Marham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/8px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/16px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Marham</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.725%;left:80.164%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Northolt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/8px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/16px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Northolt</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.382%;left:76.191%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Odiham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/8px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/16px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Odiham</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.35%;left:63.121%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Shawbury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/8px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/12px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/16px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Shawbury</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:88.044%;left:45.356%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="St. Mawgan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/8px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/12px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/16px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>St. Mawgan</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.6%;left:48.975%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Valley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/8px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/12px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/16px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Valley</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.229%;left:79.312%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Waddington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/8px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/16px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Waddington</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.896%;left:79.724%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Wittering" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/8px-Location_dot_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/12px-Location_dot_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/16px-Location_dot_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Wittering</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.819%;left:60.185%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Woodvale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/8px-Location_dot_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/12px-Location_dot_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/16px-Location_dot_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Woodvale</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.023%;left:82.517%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Wyton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/8px-Location_dot_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/12px-Location_dot_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/16px-Location_dot_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Wyton</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:United Kingdom relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Map of the Royal Air Force's main stations. <a href="/wiki/File:Location_dot_red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/8px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/16px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> Front-line flying station <a href="/wiki/File:Location_dot_orange.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/8px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/12px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/16px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> Training station <a href="/wiki/File:Location_dot_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/8px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/12px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/16px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> Battlespace management <a href="/wiki/File:Location_dot_green.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/8px-Location_dot_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/12px-Location_dot_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Location_dot_green.svg/16px-Location_dot_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> Support station</div></div></div> An RAF station is ordinarily subordinate to a group and is commanded by a <a href="/wiki/Group_captain" title="Group captain">group captain</a>. Each station typically hosts several flying and non-flying <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_aircraft_squadrons" title="List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons">squadrons</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_units_%26_establishments" title="List of Royal Air Force units & establishments">units</a> which are supported by administrative and support wings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyman2013145-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> Front-line flying operations are focused at eight stations:<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Coningsby" title="RAF Coningsby">RAF Coningsby</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Marham" title="RAF Marham">RAF Marham</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Lossiemouth" title="RAF Lossiemouth">RAF Lossiemouth</a> (Air Combat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Waddington" title="RAF Waddington">RAF Waddington</a> (ISTAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton" title="RAF Brize Norton">RAF Brize Norton</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Northolt" title="RAF Northolt">RAF Northolt</a> (Air Transport)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Benson" title="RAF Benson">RAF Benson</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Odiham" title="RAF Odiham">RAF Odiham</a> (Support Helicopter Force operating under <a href="/wiki/Joint_Aviation_Command" title="Joint Aviation Command">Joint Aviation Command</a>)</li></ul> Flying training takes places at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Barkston_Heath" title="RAF Barkston Heath">RAF Barkston Heath</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_College_Cranwell" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF College Cranwell">RAF College Cranwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Shawbury" title="RAF Shawbury">RAF Shawbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Valley" title="RAF Valley">RAF Valley</a>, each forming part of the <a href="/wiki/UK_Military_Flying_Training_System" title="UK Military Flying Training System">UK Military Flying Training System</a> which is dedicated to training aircrew for all three UK armed services. Specialist ground crew training is focused at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Cosford" title="RAF Cosford">RAF Cosford</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_St_Mawgan" title="RAF St Mawgan">RAF St Mawgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/MOD_St_Athan" title="MOD St Athan">MOD St. Athan</a>. Operations are supported by numerous other flying and non-flying stations, with activity focussed at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Honington" title="RAF Honington">RAF Honington</a> which coordinates <a href="/wiki/RAF_Force_Protection_Force_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Force Protection Force Headquarters">Force Protection</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Leeming" title="RAF Leeming">RAF Leeming</a> & <a href="/wiki/RAF_Wittering" title="RAF Wittering">RAF Wittering</a> which have a support enabler role. A <a href="/wiki/Control_and_Reporting_Centre" title="Control and Reporting Centre">Control and Reporting Centre</a> (CRC) at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Boulmer" title="RAF Boulmer">RAF Boulmer</a> is tasked with compiling a <a href="/wiki/Recognized_Air_Picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognized Air Picture">Recognised Air Picture</a> of UK air space and providing tactical control of the <a href="/wiki/Quick_Reaction_Alert" title="Quick Reaction Alert">Quick Reaction Alert Force</a>. In order to achieve this Boulmer is supported by a network of eight Remote <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> Heads (RRHs) spread the length of the UK.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overseas">Overseas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Overseas">edit</a>]</div> The UK operates permanent military airfields (known as Permanent Joint Operating Bases) in four <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a>. These bases contribute to the physical defence and maintenance of sovereignty of the British Overseas Territories and enable the UK to conduct <a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">expeditionary military operations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Although command and oversight of the bases is provided by <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Command_(United_Kingdom)" title="Strategic Command (United Kingdom)">Strategic Command</a>, the airfield elements are known as RAF stations.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Akrotiri" title="RAF Akrotiri">RAF Akrotiri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Base_Areas_of_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">RAF Ascension Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cuhna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Mount_Pleasant" title="RAF Mount Pleasant">RAF Mount Pleasant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Gibraltar" title="RAF Gibraltar">RAF Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>)</li></ul> Four RAF squadrons are based overseas. <a href="/wiki/No._17_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 17 Squadron RAF">No. 17 Test and Evaluation Squadron</a> is based at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>, California, in the United States and works in close cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17Sqn-103">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/No._80_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 80 Squadron RAF">No. 80 Squadron</a> is part of the Australia, Canada and United Kingdom Reprogramming Laboratory (ACURL) at <a href="/wiki/Eglin_Air_Force_Base" title="Eglin Air Force Base">Eglin Air Force Base</a>, Florida, and is tasked with compiling and testing the Mission Data File Sets (MDFS) for the F-35.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/No._84_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 84 Squadron RAF">No. 84 Squadron</a> is located at RAF Akrotiri, operating the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_SA_330_Puma" title="Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma">Westland Puma HC2</a> for search and rescue.<a href="#cite_note-84Sqn-105">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/No._230_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 230 Squadron RAF">No. 230 Squadron</a>, based at <a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Brunei" title="British Forces Brunei">Medicina Lines</a>, Brunei, also operate the Puma HC2.<a href="#cite_note-230Sqn-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Squadrons">Squadrons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Squadrons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_aircraft_squadrons" title="List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons">List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons</a></div>A flying squadron is an aircraft unit which carries out the primary tasks of the RAF. RAF squadrons are somewhat analogous to the regiments of the British Army in that they have histories and traditions going back to their formation, regardless of where they are based or which aircraft they are operating. They can be awarded <a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">standards</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_battle_honours" title="RAF battle honours">battle honours</a> for meritorious service. Most flying squadrons are commanded by a <a href="/wiki/Wing_commander" title="Wing commander">wing commander</a> and, for a fast-jet squadron, have an establishment of around twelve aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-RAFstation-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flights">Flights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Flights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_aircraft_independent_flights" title="List of Royal Air Force aircraft independent flights">List of Royal Air Force aircraft independent flights</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Pleasant_Airport_-_Donald_Morrison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mount_Pleasant_Airport_-_Donald_Morrison.jpg/220px-Mount_Pleasant_Airport_-_Donald_Morrison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mount_Pleasant_Airport_-_Donald_Morrison.jpg/330px-Mount_Pleasant_Airport_-_Donald_Morrison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mount_Pleasant_Airport_-_Donald_Morrison.jpg/440px-Mount_Pleasant_Airport_-_Donald_Morrison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RAF_Mount_Pleasant" title="RAF Mount Pleasant">RAF Mount Pleasant</a>, home to <a href="/wiki/No._1435_Flight_RAF" title="No. 1435 Flight RAF">No. 1435 Flight</a> providing air defence for the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>.</figcaption></figure> Independent flights are so designated because they are explicitly smaller in size than a squadron. Many independent flights are, or have been, front-line flying units. For example, <a href="/wiki/No._1435_Flight_RAF" title="No. 1435 Flight RAF">No. 1435 Flight</a> carries out air defence duties for the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, with four Eurofighter Typhoon fighters based at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Mount_Pleasant" title="RAF Mount Pleasant">RAF Mount Pleasant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_wings_and_units">Support wings and units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Support wings and units">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wings_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="List of wings of the Royal Air Force">List of wings of the Royal Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_units_%26_establishments" title="List of Royal Air Force units & establishments">List of Royal Air Force units & establishments</a></div> Support capabilities are provided by several specialist wings and other units. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Warfare_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Warfare Centre">Air Warfare Centre</a> (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Waddington" title="RAF Waddington">RAF Waddington</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._1_Parachute_Training_School_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 1 Parachute Training School RAF">Airborne Delivery Wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton" title="RAF Brize Norton">RAF Brize Norton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Meteorological_Unit" title="Mobile Meteorological Unit">Mobile Meteorological Unit</a> (RAF Waddington)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Communications_Wing_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical Communications Wing RAF">Tactical Communications Wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Leeming" title="RAF Leeming">RAF Leeming</a>)</li> <li>Tactical Medical Wing (RAF Brize Norton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Supply_Wing_RAF" title="Tactical Supply Wing RAF">Tactical Supply Wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Stafford" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Stafford">MOD Stafford</a>)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._1_Air_Control_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 1 Air Control Centre">No. 1 Air Control Centre</a> (RAF Boulmer)</li> <li>No. 1 Air Mobility Wing (RAF Brize Norton)</li> <li>No. 1 Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing (RAF Waddington)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._42_(Expeditionary_Support)_Wing_RAF" title="No. 42 (Expeditionary Support) Wing RAF">No. 42 (Expeditionary Support) Wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Wittering" title="RAF Wittering">RAF Wittering</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._85_(Expeditionary_Logistics)_Wing_RAF" title="No. 85 (Expeditionary Logistics) Wing RAF">No. 85 (Expeditionary Logistics) Wing</a> (RAF Wittering)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._90_Signals_Unit_RAF" title="No. 90 Signals Unit RAF">No. 90 Signals Unit</a> (RAF Leeming)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expeditionary_Air_Wings">Expeditionary Air Wings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Expeditionary Air Wings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_Air_Wing" title="Expeditionary Air Wing">Expeditionary Air Wing</a></div> Command, control, and support for overseas operations is typically provided through <a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_Air_Wing" title="Expeditionary Air Wing">Expeditionary Air Wings</a> (EAWs). Each wing is brought together as and when required and comprises the deployable elements of its home station as well as other support elements from throughout the RAF.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <ul><li>No. 34 Expeditionary Air Wing (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Waddington" title="RAF Waddington">RAF Waddington</a>) – <a href="/wiki/ISTAR" class="mw-redirect" title="ISTAR">ISTAR</a> operations<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a></li> <li>No. 38 Expeditionary Air Wing (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton" title="RAF Brize Norton">RAF Brize Norton</a>) – air transport operations<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></li> <li>No. 121 Expeditionary Air Wing (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Coningsby" title="RAF Coningsby">RAF Coningsby</a>) – multi-role operations<a href="#cite_note-wings-112">[111]</a></li> <li>No. 135 Expeditionary Air Wing (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Leeming" title="RAF Leeming">RAF Leeming</a>) – fighter operations<a href="#cite_note-wings-112">[111]</a></li> <li>No. 138 Expeditionary Air Wing (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Marham" title="RAF Marham">RAF Marham</a>) – fighter operations<a href="#cite_note-wings-112">[111]</a></li> <li>No. 140 Expeditionary Air Wing (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Lossiemouth" title="RAF Lossiemouth">RAF Lossiemouth</a>) – fighter operations<a href="#cite_note-wings-112">[111]</a></li></ul> Several <a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_Air_Wing" title="Expeditionary Air Wing">Expeditionary Air Wings</a> are based overseas:<a href="#cite_note-:0-113">[112]</a> <ul><li>No. 901 Expeditionary Air Wing (<a href="/wiki/Al_Udeid_Air_Base" title="Al Udeid Air Base">Al Udeid Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>) – Communication and information systems support</li> <li>No. 902 Expeditionary Air Wing (Middle East) – Helicopter support</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._903_Expeditionary_Air_Wing" title="No. 903 Expeditionary Air Wing">No. 903 Expeditionary Air Wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Akrotiri" title="RAF Akrotiri">RAF Akrotiri</a>, Cyprus) – Supports <a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">Operation Shader</a></li> <li>No. 905 Expeditionary Air Wing (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Mount_Pleasant" title="RAF Mount Pleasant">RAF Mount Pleasant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falklands_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Falklands Islands">Falklands Islands</a>) – Protection of <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> in the South Atlantic</li> <li>No. 906 Expeditionary Air Wing (Middle East) – Air transport support</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training_schools">Training schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Training schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_schools" title="List of Royal Air Force schools">List of Royal Air Force schools</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flying_training">Flying training</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Flying training">edit</a>]</div> The RAF Schools consist of the squadrons and support apparatus that train new aircrew to join front-line squadrons. The schools separate individual streams, but group together units with similar responsibility or that operate the same aircraft type. Some schools operate with only one squadron, and have an overall training throughput which is relatively small; some, like <a href="/wiki/No._3_Flying_Training_School_RAF" title="No. 3 Flying Training School RAF">No. 3 Flying Training School</a>, have responsibility for all Elementary Flying Training (EFT) in the RAF, and all RAF aircrew will pass through its squadrons when they start their flying careers. <a href="/wiki/No._2_Flying_Training_School_RAF" title="No. 2 Flying Training School RAF">No. 2 Flying Training School</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._6_Flying_Training_School_RAF" title="No. 6 Flying Training School RAF">No. 6 Flying Training School</a> do not have a front-line training responsibility – their job is to group the <a href="/wiki/University_Air_Squadron" title="University Air Squadron">University Air Squadrons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Gliding_Squadron" title="Volunteer Gliding Squadron">Volunteer Gliding Squadrons</a> together. The commanding officer of No. 2 FTS holds the only full-time flying appointment for a Group Captain in the RAF, and is a reservist. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Flying_School" title="Central Flying School">Central Flying School</a> (RAF Cranwell) – standardises flying training across the air force and ensures standards and safety are maintained.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._1_Flying_Training_School_RAF" title="No. 1 Flying Training School RAF">No. 1 Flying Training School</a> (RAF Shawbury) – basic and advanced helicopter training.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._2_Flying_Training_School_RAF" title="No. 2 Flying Training School RAF">No. 2 Flying Training School</a> (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Syerston" title="RAF Syerston">RAF Syerston</a>) – gliding training provided by <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Gliding_Squadron" title="Volunteer Gliding Squadron">Volunteer Gliding Squadrons</a> based at airfields throughout the UK.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._3_Flying_Training_School_RAF" title="No. 3 Flying Training School RAF">No. 3 Flying Training School</a> (RAF Cranwell) – Elementary Flying Training (EFT) for RAF, Fleet Air Arm and Army Air Corps crews, also operates from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Wittering" title="RAF Wittering">RAF Wittering</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Barkston_Heath" title="RAF Barkston Heath">RAF Barkston Heath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._4_Flying_Training_School_RAF" title="No. 4 Flying Training School RAF">No. 4 Flying Training School</a> (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Valley" title="RAF Valley">RAF Valley</a>) – Basic Fast Jet Training (BFJT) and Advanced Fast Jet Training (AFJT).<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._6_Flying_Training_School_RAF" title="No. 6 Flying Training School RAF">No. 6 Flying Training School</a> (RAF Cranwell) – Initial training provided by <a href="/wiki/University_Air_Squadron" title="University Air Squadron">University Air Squadrons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_Experience_Flight" title="Air Experience Flight">Air Experience Flights</a> based at airfields throughout the UK.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-flying_training">Non-flying training</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Non-flying training">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleven_retired_Royal_Air_Force_(RAF)_SEPECAT_Jaguar_GR3As,_formerly_of_No._6_Squadron,_now_used_as_ground_instructional_airframes_to_train_tomorrows%27_RAF_aircraft_technicians_and_engineers,_at_RAF_Cosford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Eleven_retired_Royal_Air_Force_%28RAF%29_SEPECAT_Jaguar_GR3As%2C_formerly_of_No._6_Squadron%2C_now_used_as_ground_instructional_airframes_to_train_tomorrows%27_RAF_aircraft_technicians_and_engineers%2C_at_RAF_Cosford.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Eleven_retired_Royal_Air_Force_%28RAF%29_SEPECAT_Jaguar_GR3As%2C_formerly_of_No._6_Squadron%2C_now_used_as_ground_instructional_airframes_to_train_tomorrows%27_RAF_aircraft_technicians_and_engineers%2C_at_RAF_Cosford.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Eleven_retired_Royal_Air_Force_%28RAF%29_SEPECAT_Jaguar_GR3As%2C_formerly_of_No._6_Squadron%2C_now_used_as_ground_instructional_airframes_to_train_tomorrows%27_RAF_aircraft_technicians_and_engineers%2C_at_RAF_Cosford.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar" title="SEPECAT Jaguar">Jaguar</a> aircraft used for training by <a href="/wiki/No._1_School_of_Technical_Training_RAF" title="No. 1 School of Technical Training RAF">No.1 School of Technical Training</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Cosford" title="RAF Cosford">RAF Cosford</a></figcaption></figure> The British military operate a number of joint training organisations, with Air Command leading the provision of technical training through the Defence College of Technical Training (DCTT).<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> It provides training in aeronautical engineering, electro and mechanical engineering, and communication and information systems.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._1_School_of_Technical_Training_RAF" title="No. 1 School of Technical Training RAF">No. 1 School of Technical Training</a> is based at RAF Cosford and provides RAF personnel with mechanical, avionics, weapons and survival equipment training. Also based at Cosford is the Aerosystems Engineer and Management Training School. Both are part of the Defence School of Aeronautical Engineering.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a></li> <li>No. 4 School of Technical Training is part of the Defence School of Electronic and Mechanical Engineering (DSEME) and is based at MOD St Athan. It provides training to non-aircraft ground engineering technicians.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a></li> <li>No. 1 Radio School and the Aerial Erectors School are based at Cosford and RAF Digby respectively and are part of the <a href="/wiki/Defence_College_of_Communications_and_Information_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence College of Communications and Information Systems">Defence School of Communications and Information Systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Specialist_training_and_education">Specialist training and education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Specialist training and education">edit</a>]</div> The Royal Air Force operates several units and centres for the provision of non-generic training and education. These include the Royal Air Force Leadership Centre and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Centre_for_Air_Power_Studies" title="Royal Air Force Centre for Air Power Studies">RAF Centre for Air Power Studies</a>, both based at RAF Cranwell,<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Air_Warfare_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Warfare Centre">Air Warfare Centre</a>, based at RAF Waddington and RAF Cranwell.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Non-commissioned officer training and developmental courses occur at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Halton" title="RAF Halton">RAF Halton</a> and officer courses occur at the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Services_Command_and_Staff_College" title="Joint Services Command and Staff College">Joint Services Command and Staff College</a> at Shrivenham.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Personnel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_personnel" title="List of Royal Air Force personnel">List of Royal Air Force personnel</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks" title="List of comparative military ranks">List of comparative military ranks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_Regiment_(8658943968)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/RAF_Regiment_%288658943968%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-RAF_Regiment_%288658943968%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/RAF_Regiment_%288658943968%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-RAF_Regiment_%288658943968%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/RAF_Regiment_%288658943968%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-RAF_Regiment_%288658943968%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4925" data-file-height="3284" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Regiment" title="RAF Regiment">RAF Regiment</a> on parade, 2013</figcaption></figure> At its height in 1944 during the Second World War, more than 1,100,000 personnel were serving in the RAF. The longest-lived founding member of the RAF was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Allingham" title="Henry Allingham">Henry Allingham</a>, who died on 18 July 2009 aged 113.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> As of 1 January 2015, the RAF numbered some 34,200 Regular<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> and 1,940 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Auxiliary_Air_Force" title="Royal Auxiliary Air Force">Royal Auxiliary Air Force</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> personnel, giving a combined component strength of 36,140 personnel. In addition to the active elements of the RAF, (Regular and Royal Auxiliary Air Force), all ex-Regular personnel remain liable to be recalled for duty in <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">a time of need</a>, this is known as the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)" title="Regular Reserve (United Kingdom)">Regular Reserve</a>. In 2007, there were 33,980 RAF Regular Reserves, of which 7,950 served under a fixed-term reserve contract.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Publications since April 2013 no-longer report the entire strength of the Regular Reserve, instead they only give a figure for Regular Reserves who serve under a fixed-term reserve contract.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> They had a strength of 7,120 personnel in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-DASA-Reserves-135">[134]</a> Figures provided by the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> from 2012 showed that RAF pilots achieve a relatively high number of flying hours per year when compared with other major <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> allies such as France and Germany. RAF pilots achieve 210 to 290 flying hours per year.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> French and <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a> pilots achieved 180 and 150 flying hours across their fleets respectively.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Officers">Officers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Officers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command,_1942-1945._CH20901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CH20901.jpg/220px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CH20901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CH20901.jpg/330px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CH20901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CH20901.jpg/440px-Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CH20901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Princess Elizabeth</a> with RAF personnel during World War II</figcaption></figure> Officers hold a <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">commission</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">Sovereign</a>, which provides the legal authority for them to issue orders to subordinates. The commission of a regular officer is granted after successfully completing the 24-week-long Initial Officer Training course at the <a href="/wiki/RAF_College_Cranwell" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF College Cranwell">RAF College, Cranwell</a>, Lincolnshire.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> To emphasise the merger of both military and naval aviation when the RAF was formed, many of the titles of officers were deliberately chosen to be of a naval character, such as <a href="/wiki/Flight_lieutenant" title="Flight lieutenant">flight lieutenant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wing_Commander_(rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing Commander (rank)">wing commander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_captain" title="Group captain">group captain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Air_commodore" title="Air commodore">air commodore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ranks">Other ranks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other ranks">edit</a>]</div> Other ranks attend the Recruit Training Squadron at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Halton" title="RAF Halton">RAF Halton</a> for basic training.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The titles and insignia of other ranks in the RAF were based on that of the Army, with some alterations in terminology. Over the years, this structure has seen significant changes: for example, there was once a separate system for those in technical trades, and the ranks of <a href="/wiki/Chief_technician" title="Chief technician">chief technician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junior_technician" title="Junior technician">junior technician</a> continue to be held only by personnel in technical trades. RAF other ranks fall into four categories: Warrant Officers, Senior Non-Commissioned Officers, Junior Non-Commissioned Officers and Airmen. All Warrant Officers in the RAF are equal in terms of rank, but the most senior Non-Commissioned appointment is known as the <a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Warrant Officer of the Royal Air Force">Warrant Officer of the Royal Air Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Warrant_Officer_of_the_Royal_Air_Force-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranks">Ranks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ranks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/RAF_officer_ranks" title="RAF officer ranks">RAF officer ranks</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_other_ranks" title="RAF other ranks">RAF other ranks</a></div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; text-align:center; padding:5px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="13" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/RAF_officer_ranks" title="RAF officer ranks">Royal Air Force officer rank</a> insignia </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <th width="12%"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> code </th> <td width="7%"><a href="/wiki/OF-10" class="mw-redirect" title="OF-10">OF-10</a> </td> <td width="7%"><a href="/wiki/Military_star_ranking#Four-star" title="Military star ranking">OF-9</a> </td> <td width="7%"><a href="/wiki/OF-8" class="mw-redirect" title="OF-8">OF-8</a> </td> <td width="7%"><a href="/wiki/OF-7" class="mw-redirect" title="OF-7">OF-7</a> </td> <td width="7%"><a href="/wiki/OF-6" class="mw-redirect" title="OF-6">OF-6</a> </td> <td width="8%"><a href="/wiki/OF-5" class="mw-redirect" title="OF-5">OF-5</a> </td> <td width="8%"><a href="/wiki/OF-4" class="mw-redirect" title="OF-4">OF-4</a> </td> <td width="8%"><a href="/wiki/OF-3" class="mw-redirect" title="OF-3">OF-3</a> </td> <td width="8%"><a href="/wiki/OF-2" class="mw-redirect" title="OF-2">OF-2</a> </td> <td width="14%" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/OF-1" class="mw-redirect" title="OF-1">OF-1</a> </td> <td width="7%"><a href="/wiki/Officer_candidate" title="Officer candidate">OF(D)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal Air Force</a> epaulette rank insignia </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-10-collected.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-10-collected.svg/100px-United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-10-collected.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-10-collected.svg/150px-United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-10-collected.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-10-collected.svg/200px-United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-10-collected.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="191" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-9-collected.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-9-collected.svg/100px-United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-9-collected.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-9-collected.svg/150px-United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-9-collected.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-9-collected.svg/200px-United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-9-collected.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="191" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-8-collected.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-8-collected.svg/100px-United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-8-collected.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-8-collected.svg/150px-United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-8-collected.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-8-collected.svg/200px-United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-8-collected.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="191" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-7-collected.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-7-collected.svg/100px-United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-7-collected.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-7-collected.svg/150px-United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-7-collected.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-7-collected.svg/200px-United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-7-collected.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="191" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-6-collected.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-6-collected.svg/100px-United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-6-collected.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-6-collected.svg/150px-United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-6-collected.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-6-collected.svg/200px-United_Kingdom-Air_force-OF-6-collected.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="191" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_OF-5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/British_RAF_OF-5.svg/50px-British_RAF_OF-5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/British_RAF_OF-5.svg/75px-British_RAF_OF-5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/British_RAF_OF-5.svg/100px-British_RAF_OF-5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="153" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_OF-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/British_RAF_OF-4.svg/50px-British_RAF_OF-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/British_RAF_OF-4.svg/75px-British_RAF_OF-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/British_RAF_OF-4.svg/100px-British_RAF_OF-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="153" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_OF-3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/British_RAF_OF-3.svg/50px-British_RAF_OF-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/British_RAF_OF-3.svg/75px-British_RAF_OF-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/British_RAF_OF-3.svg/100px-British_RAF_OF-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="153" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_OF-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/British_RAF_OF-2.svg/50px-British_RAF_OF-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/British_RAF_OF-2.svg/75px-British_RAF_OF-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/British_RAF_OF-2.svg/100px-British_RAF_OF-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="153" /></a> </td> <td width="7%"><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_OF-1b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/British_RAF_OF-1b.svg/50px-British_RAF_OF-1b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/British_RAF_OF-1b.svg/75px-British_RAF_OF-1b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/British_RAF_OF-1b.svg/100px-British_RAF_OF-1b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="153" /></a> </td> <td width="7%"><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_OF-1a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/British_RAF_OF-1a.svg/50px-British_RAF_OF-1a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/British_RAF_OF-1a.svg/75px-British_RAF_OF-1a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/British_RAF_OF-1a.svg/100px-British_RAF_OF-1a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="153" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:UK-RAF-OFD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/UK-RAF-OFD.svg/50px-UK-RAF-OFD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/UK-RAF-OFD.svg/75px-UK-RAF-OFD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/UK-RAF-OFD.svg/100px-UK-RAF-OFD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="84" data-file-height="120" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>rank title<a href="#cite_note-ranks-142">[141]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Marshal of the Royal Air Force">Marshal of the Royal Air Force</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal" title="Air chief marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_marshal" title="Air marshal">Air Marshal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_vice-marshal" title="Air vice-marshal">Air Vice-Marshal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_commodore" title="Air commodore">Air Commodore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_captain" title="Group captain">Group Captain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wing_commander" title="Wing commander">Wing Commander</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Squadron_leader" title="Squadron leader">Squadron Leader</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flight_lieutenant" title="Flight lieutenant">Flight Lieutenant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flying_officer" title="Flying officer">Flying Officer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pilot_officer" title="Pilot officer">Pilot Officer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer_Cadet#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer Cadet">Officer cadet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>abbreviation </th> <td>MRAF<a href="#cite_note-mrafhon-143">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>Air Chf Mshl </td> <td>Air Mshl </td> <td>AVM </td> <td>Air Cdre </td> <td>Gp Capt </td> <td>Wg Cdr </td> <td>Sqn Ldr </td> <td>Flt Lt </td> <td>Fg Off </td> <td>Plt Off </td> <td>Off Cdt </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; text-align:center; padding:5px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="12" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/RAF_other_ranks" title="RAF other ranks">Royal Air Force other rank insignia</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <th width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO" title="Ranks and insignia of NATO">NATO rank</a> code </th> <td colspan="2">OR-9 </td> <td colspan="2">OR-7 </td> <td>OR-6 </td> <td>OR-5 </td> <td>OR-4 </td> <td>OR-3 </td> <td colspan="3">OR-2 </td> <td>OR-1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal Air Force</a> rank insignia (<a href="/wiki/Template:RAF_Other_Ranks" title="Template:RAF Other Ranks">view</a>) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_OR-9b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/British_RAF_OR-9b.svg/65px-British_RAF_OR-9b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/British_RAF_OR-9b.svg/98px-British_RAF_OR-9b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/British_RAF_OR-9b.svg/130px-British_RAF_OR-9b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="79" data-file-height="89" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_OR-9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/British_RAF_OR-9.svg/65px-British_RAF_OR-9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/British_RAF_OR-9.svg/98px-British_RAF_OR-9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/British_RAF_OR-9.svg/130px-British_RAF_OR-9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="83" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_OR-7b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/British_RAF_OR-7b.svg/65px-British_RAF_OR-7b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/British_RAF_OR-7b.svg/98px-British_RAF_OR-7b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/British_RAF_OR-7b.svg/130px-British_RAF_OR-7b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="79" data-file-height="89" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_OR-7a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/British_RAF_OR-7a.svg/65px-British_RAF_OR-7a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/British_RAF_OR-7a.svg/98px-British_RAF_OR-7a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/British_RAF_OR-7a.svg/130px-British_RAF_OR-7a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="83" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_OR-6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/British_RAF_OR-6.svg/65px-British_RAF_OR-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/British_RAF_OR-6.svg/98px-British_RAF_OR-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/British_RAF_OR-6.svg/130px-British_RAF_OR-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="83" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_OR-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/British_RAF_OR-4.svg/65px-British_RAF_OR-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/British_RAF_OR-4.svg/98px-British_RAF_OR-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/British_RAF_OR-4.svg/130px-British_RAF_OR-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="83" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_OR-3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/British_RAF_OR-3.svg/65px-British_RAF_OR-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/British_RAF_OR-3.svg/98px-British_RAF_OR-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/British_RAF_OR-3.svg/130px-British_RAF_OR-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="83" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_OR-2c.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_RAF_OR-2c.svg/65px-British_RAF_OR-2c.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_RAF_OR-2c.svg/98px-British_RAF_OR-2c.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_RAF_OR-2c.svg/130px-British_RAF_OR-2c.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="83" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_OR-2b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/British_RAF_OR-2b.svg/65px-British_RAF_OR-2b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/British_RAF_OR-2b.svg/98px-British_RAF_OR-2b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/British_RAF_OR-2b.svg/130px-British_RAF_OR-2b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="83" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_OR-2a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/British_RAF_OR-2a.svg/65px-British_RAF_OR-2a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/British_RAF_OR-2a.svg/98px-British_RAF_OR-2a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/British_RAF_OR-2a.svg/130px-British_RAF_OR-2a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="83" /></a> </td> <td>no insignia<hr style="height:4px" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th>rank title<a href="#cite_note-ranks1-144">[142]</a> </th> <td width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Warrant Officer of the Royal Air Force">Warrant Officer of the Royal Air Force</a> </td> <td width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_Kingdom)#Royal_Air_Force" title="Warrant officer (United Kingdom)">Warrant Officer</a> </td> <td width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Flight_sergeant" title="Flight sergeant">Flight Sergeant</a> </td> <td width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Chief_technician" title="Chief technician">Chief Technician</a> </td> <td width="9%" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sergeant#United_Kingdom" title="Sergeant">Sergeant</a> </td> <td width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Corporal#United_Kingdom" title="Corporal">Corporal</a> </td> <td width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Lance_corporal#Royal_Air_Force" title="Lance corporal">Lance Corporal</a> (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Regiment" title="RAF Regiment">RAF Regiment</a>) </td> <td width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Senior_aircraftman_technician" title="Senior aircraftman technician">Air Specialist (Class 1) Technician</a> </td> <td width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Senior_aircraftman" title="Senior aircraftman">Air Specialist (Class 1)</a> </td> <td width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Leading_aircraftman" title="Leading aircraftman">Air Specialist (Class 2)</a> </td> <td width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraftman" title="Aircraftman">Air Recruit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>abbreviation </th> <td>WORAF </td> <td>WO </td> <td>FS </td> <td>Chf Tech </td> <td colspan="2">Sgt </td> <td>Cpl </td> <td>LCpl </td> <td>AS1(T) </td> <td>AS1 </td> <td>AS2 </td> <td>AR </td></tr> <tr> <th><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> Aircrew rank insignia </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_(Aircrew)_OR-9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-9.svg/65px-British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-9.svg/98px-British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-9.svg/130px-British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="79" data-file-height="89" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_(Aircrew)_OR-7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-7.svg/65px-British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-7.svg/98px-British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-7.svg/130px-British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="79" data-file-height="89" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:British_RAF_(Aircrew)_OR-6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-6.svg/65px-British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-6.svg/98px-British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-6.svg/130px-British_RAF_%28Aircrew%29_OR-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="79" data-file-height="89" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="6">no equivalent<hr style="height:4px" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th>rank title </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Master_aircrew" title="Master aircrew">Master Aircrew</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flight_sergeant" title="Flight sergeant">Flight Sergeant Aircrew</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">Sergeant Aircrew</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>abbreviation </th> <td colspan="2">MAcr </td> <td colspan="2">FSAcr </td> <td colspan="2">SAcr </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Aircraft">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft of the RAF">List of aircraft of the RAF</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_Kingdom_military_aircraft" title="List of active United Kingdom military aircraft">List of active United Kingdom military aircraft</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combat_air">Combat air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Combat air">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Typhoon">Typhoon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Typhoon">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurofighter_Typhoon_FIA_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Eurofighter_Typhoon_FIA_2012.jpg/220px-Eurofighter_Typhoon_FIA_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Eurofighter_Typhoon_FIA_2012.jpg/330px-Eurofighter_Typhoon_FIA_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Eurofighter_Typhoon_FIA_2012.jpg/440px-Eurofighter_Typhoon_FIA_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Typhoon FGR4</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-35B_(52298898734).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/F-35B_%2852298898734%29.jpg/220px-F-35B_%2852298898734%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/F-35B_%2852298898734%29.jpg/330px-F-35B_%2852298898734%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/F-35B_%2852298898734%29.jpg/440px-F-35B_%2852298898734%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3502" data-file-height="2334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">F-35B Lightning</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4</a> is the RAF's primary multi-role air defence and ground attack fighter aircraft,<a href="#cite_note-RAFTYPH-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> following the retirement of the <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado_ADV" title="Panavia Tornado ADV">Panavia Tornado F3</a> in late March 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Retirement-147">[145]</a> With the completion of 'Project Centurion' upgrades, the Typhoon FGR4 took over ground attack duties from the <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado_GR4" class="mw-redirect" title="Panavia Tornado GR4">Panavia Tornado GR4</a>, which was retired on 1 April 2019.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> The Typhoon is tasked to defend UK airspace, while also frequently deploying in support of NATO air defence missions in the Baltic (Operation Azotize), Black Sea (Operation Biloxi), and Iceland (<a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Air_Policing" title="Icelandic Air Policing">Icelandic Air Policing</a>).<a href="#cite_note-RAFTYPH-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> The RAF has seven front-line Typhoon squadrons, plus an <a href="/wiki/Operational_Conversion_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational Conversion Unit">Operational Conversion Unit</a> (OCU), and <a href="/wiki/Operational_Evaluation_Unit" title="Operational Evaluation Unit">Operational Evaluation Unit</a> (OEU); <a href="/wiki/No._3_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 3 Squadron RAF">No. 3 (Fighter) Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._11_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 11 Squadron RAF">No. XI (F) Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._12_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 12 Squadron RAF">No. 12 Squadron</a> (joint RAF / <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar Air Force">Qatar Air Force</a>), <a href="/wiki/No._29_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 29 Squadron RAF">No. 29 Squadron</a> (OCU), and <a href="/wiki/No._41_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 41 Squadron RAF">No. 41 Test and Evaluation Squadron</a> (OEU) based at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Coningsby" title="RAF Coningsby">RAF Coningsby</a>; with <a href="/wiki/1_Squadron_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Squadron RAF">No. 1 (F) Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._2_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 2 Squadron RAF">No. II (Army Cooperation) Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._6_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 6 Squadron RAF">No. 6 Squadron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/No._9_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 9 Squadron RAF">No. IX (Bomber) Squadron</a> based at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Lossiemouth" title="RAF Lossiemouth">RAF Lossiemouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RAFTYPH-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Additionally, four Typhoons (Faith, Hope, Charity, and Desperation<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a>) are based at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Mount_Pleasant" title="RAF Mount Pleasant">RAF Mount Pleasant</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, forming <a href="/wiki/No._1435_Flight_RAF" title="No. 1435 Flight RAF">No. 1435 Flight</a>, where they provide air defence.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> It was originally suggested that an eighth front-line Typhoon squadron could be formed,<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> however, the <a href="/wiki/Defence_in_a_Competitive_Age" title="Defence in a Competitive Age">2021 Defence Command Paper</a> announced the retirement of 24 Tranche 1 Typhoons by 2025, and a commitment to seven front-line squadrons.<a href="#cite_note-2021DCP-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> The Typhoon made its combat debut in support of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ellamy" title="Operation Ellamy">Operation Ellamy</a> in 2011, and has been supporting <a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">Operation Shader</a> since December 2015.<a href="#cite_note-RAFTYPH-145">[143]</a> Typhoons have also been supporting <a href="/wiki/2024_missile_strikes_in_Yemen" title="2024 missile strikes in Yemen">Operation Poseidon Archer</a> since January 2024.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> The Typhoon made its first air-to-air kill in December 2021, shooting down a small hostile drone near <a href="/wiki/Al-Tanf_(U.S._military_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tanf (U.S. military base)">Al-Tanf base</a>, Syria, with an <a href="/wiki/ASRAAM" title="ASRAAM">ASRAAM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lightning">Lightning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Lightning">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning II</a> is a single-seat, single-engine, all-weather <a href="/wiki/Stealth_aircraft" title="Stealth aircraft">stealth</a> <a href="/wiki/Multirole_combat_aircraft" title="Multirole combat aircraft">multirole combat aircraft</a>. It is intended to perform both <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority_fighter" title="Air superiority fighter">air superiority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">strike</a> missions while also providing <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">electronic warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intelligence,_surveillance,_and_reconnaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance">intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance</a> capabilities. It will be jointly operated by the RAF and the Royal Navy and with its ability to perform <a href="/wiki/STOVL" title="STOVL">short take-offs and vertical-landings</a> (STOVL), can operate from the Royal Navy's <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier">Queen Elizabeth-class</a> aircraft carriers.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Originally a total of 138 Lightnings were planned,<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> however the 2021 Defence Command Paper amended this to a commitment to increase the fleet beyond the current order of 48.<a href="#cite_note-2021DCP-156">[154]</a> By March 2024, 35 F-35Bs had been delivered to the RAF<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> (though one crashed in November 2021).<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> The F-35B has an out of service date (OSD) of 2069.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> The first RAF squadron to operate the F-35B was <a href="/wiki/No._17_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 17 Squadron RAF">No. 17 Test and Evaluation Squadron</a> at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards AFB</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, accepting its first aircraft in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-17Sqn-103">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/No._617_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 617 Squadron RAF">No. 617 (The Dambusters) Squadron</a> officially reformed on 18 April 2018 as the first operational RAF Lightning squadron.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> The first four aircraft arrived at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Marham" title="RAF Marham">RAF Marham</a> from the United States in June 2018,<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> with a further five arriving in August 2018.<a href="#cite_note-itv.com2-171">[169]</a> The Lightning was declared combat ready in January 2019.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> The second UK based F-35B squadron to be formed was <a href="/wiki/No._207_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 207 Squadron RAF">No. 207 Squadron</a> on 1 August 2019 as the OCU for both RAF and Royal Navy pilots.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence,_surveillance,_target_acquisition,_and_reconnaissance_(ISTAR)">Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (ISTAR)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (ISTAR)">edit</a>]</div> Six <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air" title="Beechcraft Super King Air">Hawker Beechcraft Shadow R1s</a> (with two more to be converted) are operated by <a href="/wiki/No._14_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 14 Squadron RAF">No. 14 Squadron</a> from RAF Waddington, these aircraft are King Air 350CERs that have been specially converted for the ISTAR role.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> Four Shadow R1s were originally ordered in 2007 due to an <a href="/wiki/Urgent_Operational_Requirement" title="Urgent Operational Requirement">Urgent Operational Requirement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> and began the conversion process to the ISTAR role in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-shadow-177">[175]</a> ZZ416 was the first Shadow R1 to be delivered in May 2009 to <a href="/wiki/No._5_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 5 Squadron RAF">No. V (AC) Squadron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> A further Shadow was procured and delivered in December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> The Shadow fleet was transferred over to the newly reformed No. 14 Squadron in October 2011.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> Following the 2015 SDSR, three more Shadows were ordered and the fleet was given an OSD of 2030.<a href="#cite_note-SDSR2015-181">[179]</a> Ten <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper" title="General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper">General Atomics MQ-9A Reaper</a> unmanned aerial vehicles are operated by <a href="/wiki/No._13_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 13 Squadron RAF">No. XIII Squadron</a> at RAF Waddington.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> Three <a href="/wiki/Boeing_RC-135" title="Boeing RC-135">Boeing RC-135W Rivet Joints</a> (also known in RAF service as Airseeker) replaced the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod_R1" title="Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R1">Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R1</a> fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> role under the Airseeker Programme and are flown by <a href="/wiki/No._51_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 51 Squadron RAF">No. 51 Squadron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> The Nimrod fleet was retired in 2011, the RAF co-manned aircraft of the US Air Force until the three RC-135s entered service between 2014 and 2017.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> The aircraft were <a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker" title="Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker">Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker</a> tankers converted to RC-135W standard in the most complex combined <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Military_Sales" title="Foreign Military Sales">Foreign Military Sales</a> case and co-operative support arrangement that the UK had undertaken with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> since the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> The Rivet Joint received its first operational deployment in August 2014, when it was deployed to the Middle East to fly missions over <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> as part of Operation Shader.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> The RC-135W's OSD is 2035.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> The General Atomics Protector RG1 is currently being introduced into RAF service, with operational flying scheduled to begin in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> On 5 October 2015, it was announced that the Scavenger programme had been replaced by "Protector", a new requirement for at least 20 <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Protector-190">[188]</a> On 7 October 2015, it was revealed that Protector would be a <a href="/wiki/Type_certificate" title="Type certificate">certifiable</a> derivative of the <a href="/wiki/MQ-9_Reaper" class="mw-redirect" title="MQ-9 Reaper">MQ-9B SkyGuardian</a> with enhanced range and endurance.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> In 2016, it was indicated that at least sixteen aircraft would be purchased with a maximum of up to twenty-six.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> In July 2018, a <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics" title="General Atomics">General Atomics</a> US civil-registered SkyGuardian was flown from North Dakota to RAF Fairford for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_International_Air_Tattoo" title="Royal International Air Tattoo">Royal International Air Tattoo</a> where it was given RAF markings. In July 2020, the Ministry of Defence signed a contract for three Protectors with an option on an additional thirteen aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> The 2021 Defence Command Paper confirmed the order for 16 Protectors,<a href="#cite_note-2021DCP-156">[154]</a> despite the fact that the 2015 SDSR originally laid out plans for more than 20.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> The first Protector RG1 (PR009) was delivered to RAF Waddington in September 2023.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/No._31_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 31 Squadron RAF">No. 31 Squadron</a> was reformed as the first Protector squadron on 11 October 2023,<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> having been earmarked for the role in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Based at RAF Waddington, <a href="/wiki/No._54_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 54 Squadron RAF">No. 54 Squadron</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._56_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 56 Squadron RAF">No. 56 Squadron</a> act as the OCU and OEU for the ISTAR fleet respectively.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RC-135W_Rivet_Joint_MOD_45159809.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Airseeker R1"><img alt="Airseeker R1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/RC-135W_Rivet_Joint_MOD_45159809.jpg/282px-RC-135W_Rivet_Joint_MOD_45159809.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/RC-135W_Rivet_Joint_MOD_45159809.jpg/422px-RC-135W_Rivet_Joint_MOD_45159809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/RC-135W_Rivet_Joint_MOD_45159809.jpg/563px-RC-135W_Rivet_Joint_MOD_45159809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_RC-135" title="Boeing RC-135">Airseeker R1</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shadow_R1_5(AC)_Sqdn_RAF_Waddington_this_morning.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shadow R1"><img alt="Shadow R1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Shadow_R1_5%28AC%29_Sqdn_RAF_Waddington_this_morning.jpg/295px-Shadow_R1_5%28AC%29_Sqdn_RAF_Waddington_this_morning.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Shadow_R1_5%28AC%29_Sqdn_RAF_Waddington_this_morning.jpg/442px-Shadow_R1_5%28AC%29_Sqdn_RAF_Waddington_this_morning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Shadow_R1_5%28AC%29_Sqdn_RAF_Waddington_this_morning.jpg/590px-Shadow_R1_5%28AC%29_Sqdn_RAF_Waddington_this_morning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3784" data-file-height="2311" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air" title="Beechcraft Super King Air">Shadow R1</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Reaper_UAV_Takes_to_the_Skies_of_Southern_Afghanistan_MOD_45151418.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MQ-9A Reaper"><img alt="MQ-9A Reaper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Reaper_UAV_Takes_to_the_Skies_of_Southern_Afghanistan_MOD_45151418.jpg/266px-Reaper_UAV_Takes_to_the_Skies_of_Southern_Afghanistan_MOD_45151418.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Reaper_UAV_Takes_to_the_Skies_of_Southern_Afghanistan_MOD_45151418.jpg/398px-Reaper_UAV_Takes_to_the_Skies_of_Southern_Afghanistan_MOD_45151418.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Reaper_UAV_Takes_to_the_Skies_of_Southern_Afghanistan_MOD_45151418.jpg/531px-Reaper_UAV_Takes_to_the_Skies_of_Southern_Afghanistan_MOD_45151418.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2035" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper" title="General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper">MQ-9A Reaper</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAT_2018_-_Static_display_IMGP2662_(28679706407).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Protector RG1"><img alt="Protector RG1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RIAT_2018_-_Static_display_IMGP2662_%2828679706407%29.jpg/271px-RIAT_2018_-_Static_display_IMGP2662_%2828679706407%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RIAT_2018_-_Static_display_IMGP2662_%2828679706407%29.jpg/407px-RIAT_2018_-_Static_display_IMGP2662_%2828679706407%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RIAT_2018_-_Static_display_IMGP2662_%2828679706407%29.jpg/542px-RIAT_2018_-_Static_display_IMGP2662_%2828679706407%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper#Protector" title="General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper">Protector RG1</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_patrol">Maritime patrol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Maritime patrol">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_RAF_Poseidon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/First_RAF_Poseidon.jpg/220px-First_RAF_Poseidon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/First_RAF_Poseidon.jpg/330px-First_RAF_Poseidon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/First_RAF_Poseidon.jpg/440px-First_RAF_Poseidon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4582" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon" title="Boeing P-8 Poseidon">Poseidon MRA1</a></figcaption></figure> Nine <a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon" title="Boeing P-8 Poseidon">Boeing Poseidon MRA1</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> were ordered by the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> in November 2015 in its <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2015" title="Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015">Strategic Defence and Security Review</a> for surveillance, anti-submarine and anti-surface ship warfare, filling a capability gap in maritime patrol that had been left since the cancellation of the <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Nimrod_MRA4" title="BAE Systems Nimrod MRA4">BAE Systems Nimrod MRA4</a> programme in the 2010 SDSR.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> On 13 July 2017, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/No._120_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 120 Squadron RAF">No. 120 Squadron</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._201_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 201 Squadron RAF">No. 201 Squadron</a>, both former <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod" title="Hawker Siddeley Nimrod">Nimrod MR2</a> squadrons, would operate the Poseidon and be based at RAF Lossiemouth.<a href="#cite_note-Poseidon-202">[200]</a> No. 120 Squadron was stood up on 1 April 2018,<a href="#cite_note-Poseidon-202">[200]</a> with No. 201 Squadron reforming on 7 August 2021.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> No. 54 Squadron was the OCU for the Poseidon fleet between 2020 and 2023.<a href="#cite_note-P8Lossie-204">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/No._42_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 42 Squadron RAF">No. 42 (Torpedo Bomber) Squadron</a> has been the OCU for the Poseidon since September 2023.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> The first production Poseidon MRA1 ZP801 made its initial flight on 13 July 2019.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> ZP801 arrived at <a href="/wiki/Kinloss_Barracks" title="Kinloss Barracks">Kinloss Barracks</a>, the former home of the Nimrod, on 4 February 2020, filling a decade long gap in maritime capability.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> The Poseidon was declared combat ready in April 2020.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> The Poseidon carried out its first operational mission on 3 August 2020, when the Russian warship <a href="/wiki/Russian_patrol_boat_Vasily_Bykov" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian patrol boat Vasily Bykov">Vasily Bykov</a> was tracked.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> A Poseidon MRA1 arrived at RAF Lossiemouth for the first time in October 2020.<a href="#cite_note-P8Lossie-204">[202]</a> The ninth, and final Poseidon arrived at RAF Lossiemouth on 11 January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_mobility">Air mobility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Air mobility">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/AirTanker_Services" title="AirTanker Services">AirTanker Services</a></div> <a href="/wiki/No._99_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 99 Squadron RAF">No. 99 Squadron</a> operate eight <a href="/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III" class="mw-redirect" title="C-17 Globemaster III">Boeing C-17A Globemaster III</a> in the heavy strategic airlift role from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton" title="RAF Brize Norton">RAF Brize Norton</a>, Oxfordshire. Four C-17A were originally leased from <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> in 2000,<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> These four were subsequently purchased outright,<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> followed by a fifth delivered on 7 April 2008 and a sixth delivered on 11 June 2008.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> The MOD said there was "a stated departmental requirement for eight" C-17s and a seventh was subsequently ordered, to be delivered in December 2010.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> In February 2012 the purchase of an eighth C-17 was confirmed;<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> the aircraft arrived at RAF Brize Norton in May 2012.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A400M_Atlas" title="Airbus A400M Atlas">Airbus Atlas C1</a> (A400M) replaced the RAF's fleet of C-130 Hercules, initially replacing the C1/C3 (C-130K) which were withdrawn from use on 28 October 2013, having originally entered service in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-Hercules-217">[215]</a> Based at RAF Brize Norton, the Atlas fleet is operated by <a href="/wiki/No._30_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 30 Squadron RAF">No. 30 Squadron</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._70_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 70 Squadron RAF">No. LXX Squadron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> The first Atlas C1 (ZM400) was delivered to the RAF in November 2014.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> Originally, twenty-five A400Ms were ordered in the initial batch; the total initial purchase then dropped to twenty-two.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> The final aircraft in the initial order of 22 aircraft was delivered in May 2023.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-222">[220]</a> In February 2023, the Chief of the Air Staff indicated that up to six additional aircraft were planned for delivery by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-WOTC-223">[221]</a> The C-130J Hercules was retired from RAF service on 30 June 2023.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/No._24_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 24 Squadron RAF">No. XXIV Squadron</a> acts as the Air Mobility OCU (AMOCU) for the Globemaster and Atlas,<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> while <a href="/wiki/No._206_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 206 Squadron RAF">No. 206 Squadron</a> is the OEU.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> Air transport tasks are also carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330_MRTT" title="Airbus A330 MRTT">Airbus Voyager KC2/3</a>, flown by <a href="/wiki/No._10_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 10 Squadron RAF">No. 10 Squadron</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._101_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 101 Squadron RAF">No. 101 Squadron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> The first Voyager (ZZ330) arrived in the UK for testing at <a href="/wiki/MoD_Boscombe_Down" class="mw-redirect" title="MoD Boscombe Down">MOD Boscombe Down</a> in April 2011,<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> and entered service in April 2012.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> The Voyager received approval from the MOD on 16 May 2013 to begin air-to-air refuelling flights and made its first operational tanker flight on 20 May 2013 as part of a training sortie with Tornado GR4s. By 21 May 2013, the Voyager fleet had carried over 50,000 passengers and carried over 3,000 tons of cargo.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> A total of fourteen Voyagers form the fleet, with nine allocated to sole RAF use (three KC2s and six KC3s).<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> As the Voyagers lack a <a href="/wiki/Refueling_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Refueling boom">refuelling boom</a>, the RAF has requested a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> allowing the UK access to tankers equipped with refuelling booms for its <a href="/wiki/Boeing_RC-135" title="Boeing RC-135">RC-135W Rivet Joint</a> .<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_900" title="Dassault Falcon 900">Dassault Falcon 900XLs</a> were procured in early 2022 to replace the RAF's fleet of four <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_146" title="British Aerospace 146">BAe 146s</a> (two CC2s and two C3s) in the Command Support Air Transport role.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> Known as the Envoy IV CC1 in British service, the aircraft are based at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Northolt" title="RAF Northolt">RAF Northolt</a> and are operated by a mixed civilian and <a href="/wiki/No._32_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 32 Squadron RAF">No. 32 (The Royal) Squadron</a> crew. This arrangement will remain until 2026 when the fleet will be placed on the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_military_aircraft_registration_number" title="United Kingdom military aircraft registration number">military register</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:C17_Transport_Aircraft_Taking_Off_from_RAF_Brize_Norton_MOD_45156519.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="C-17A Globemaster III"><img alt="C-17A Globemaster III" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/C17_Transport_Aircraft_Taking_Off_from_RAF_Brize_Norton_MOD_45156519.jpg/225px-C17_Transport_Aircraft_Taking_Off_from_RAF_Brize_Norton_MOD_45156519.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/C17_Transport_Aircraft_Taking_Off_from_RAF_Brize_Norton_MOD_45156519.jpg/338px-C17_Transport_Aircraft_Taking_Off_from_RAF_Brize_Norton_MOD_45156519.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/C17_Transport_Aircraft_Taking_Off_from_RAF_Brize_Norton_MOD_45156519.jpg/450px-C17_Transport_Aircraft_Taking_Off_from_RAF_Brize_Norton_MOD_45156519.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III" class="mw-redirect" title="C-17 Globemaster III">C-17A Globemaster III</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_A400M_Lands_at_RAF_Brize_Norton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlas C1 (A400M)"><img alt="Atlas C1 (A400M)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/RAF_A400M_Lands_at_RAF_Brize_Norton.jpg/255px-RAF_A400M_Lands_at_RAF_Brize_Norton.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/RAF_A400M_Lands_at_RAF_Brize_Norton.jpg/382px-RAF_A400M_Lands_at_RAF_Brize_Norton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/RAF_A400M_Lands_at_RAF_Brize_Norton.jpg/509px-RAF_A400M_Lands_at_RAF_Brize_Norton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A400M_Atlas" title="Airbus A400M Atlas">Atlas C1 (A400M)</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force,_ZZ330,_Airbus_KC2_Voyager_(42524680970).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Voyager KC2 (A330 MRTT)"><img alt="Voyager KC2 (A330 MRTT)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Royal_Air_Force%2C_ZZ330%2C_Airbus_KC2_Voyager_%2842524680970%29.jpg/270px-Royal_Air_Force%2C_ZZ330%2C_Airbus_KC2_Voyager_%2842524680970%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Royal_Air_Force%2C_ZZ330%2C_Airbus_KC2_Voyager_%2842524680970%29.jpg/405px-Royal_Air_Force%2C_ZZ330%2C_Airbus_KC2_Voyager_%2842524680970%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Royal_Air_Force%2C_ZZ330%2C_Airbus_KC2_Voyager_%2842524680970%29.jpg/540px-Royal_Air_Force%2C_ZZ330%2C_Airbus_KC2_Voyager_%2842524680970%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330_MRTT" title="Airbus A330 MRTT">Voyager KC2 (A330 MRTT)</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:G-ZAHS,_Envoy_IV_CC1_(Dassault_Falcon_900LX)_of_32_Sqn_RAF_at_RAF_Northolt,_in_its_%27Global_Britain%27_livery_-_2022-12-06-1247-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Envoy IV CC1"><img alt="Envoy IV CC1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/G-ZAHS%2C_Envoy_IV_CC1_%28Dassault_Falcon_900LX%29_of_32_Sqn_RAF_at_RAF_Northolt%2C_in_its_%27Global_Britain%27_livery_-_2022-12-06-1247-01.jpg/255px-G-ZAHS%2C_Envoy_IV_CC1_%28Dassault_Falcon_900LX%29_of_32_Sqn_RAF_at_RAF_Northolt%2C_in_its_%27Global_Britain%27_livery_-_2022-12-06-1247-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/G-ZAHS%2C_Envoy_IV_CC1_%28Dassault_Falcon_900LX%29_of_32_Sqn_RAF_at_RAF_Northolt%2C_in_its_%27Global_Britain%27_livery_-_2022-12-06-1247-01.jpg/382px-G-ZAHS%2C_Envoy_IV_CC1_%28Dassault_Falcon_900LX%29_of_32_Sqn_RAF_at_RAF_Northolt%2C_in_its_%27Global_Britain%27_livery_-_2022-12-06-1247-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/G-ZAHS%2C_Envoy_IV_CC1_%28Dassault_Falcon_900LX%29_of_32_Sqn_RAF_at_RAF_Northolt%2C_in_its_%27Global_Britain%27_livery_-_2022-12-06-1247-01.jpg/509px-G-ZAHS%2C_Envoy_IV_CC1_%28Dassault_Falcon_900LX%29_of_32_Sqn_RAF_at_RAF_Northolt%2C_in_its_%27Global_Britain%27_livery_-_2022-12-06-1247-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="2480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_900" title="Dassault Falcon 900">Envoy IV CC1</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helicopters">Helicopters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Helicopters">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18_SQUADRON_MOUNTAIN_TRAINING_MOD_45166840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/18_SQUADRON_MOUNTAIN_TRAINING_MOD_45166840.jpg/220px-18_SQUADRON_MOUNTAIN_TRAINING_MOD_45166840.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/18_SQUADRON_MOUNTAIN_TRAINING_MOD_45166840.jpg/330px-18_SQUADRON_MOUNTAIN_TRAINING_MOD_45166840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/18_SQUADRON_MOUNTAIN_TRAINING_MOD_45166840.jpg/440px-18_SQUADRON_MOUNTAIN_TRAINING_MOD_45166840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Chinook_(UK_variants)" title="Boeing Chinook (UK variants)">Boeing Chinook HC6A</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westland_Puma_HC.2_%E2%80%98XW214%E2%80%99_(31330894991).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Westland_Puma_HC.2_%E2%80%98XW214%E2%80%99_%2831330894991%29.jpg/220px-Westland_Puma_HC.2_%E2%80%98XW214%E2%80%99_%2831330894991%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Westland_Puma_HC.2_%E2%80%98XW214%E2%80%99_%2831330894991%29.jpg/330px-Westland_Puma_HC.2_%E2%80%98XW214%E2%80%99_%2831330894991%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Westland_Puma_HC.2_%E2%80%98XW214%E2%80%99_%2831330894991%29.jpg/440px-Westland_Puma_HC.2_%E2%80%98XW214%E2%80%99_%2831330894991%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4110" data-file-height="2740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_SA_330_Puma" title="Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma">Aérospatiale Puma HC2</a></figcaption></figure> RAF helicopters support the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> by moving troops and equipment to and around the battlefield. Helicopters are also used in a variety of other roles, including in support of RAF ground units and heavy-lift support for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a>. The support helicopters are organised into the tri-service <a href="/wiki/Joint_Aviation_Command" title="Joint Aviation Command">Joint Aviation Command</a> (JAC), along with helicopters from the British Army and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/No._22_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 22 Squadron RAF">No. 22 Squadron</a>, based at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Benson" title="RAF Benson">RAF Benson</a>, is the OEU for JAC.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> The large twin-rotor <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Chinook_(UK_variants)" title="Boeing Chinook (UK variants)">Boeing Chinook</a> is the RAF's heavy-lift support helicopter.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> Originally ordered in 1978,<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> with subsequent orders in 1995,<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> 2011,<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> and 2018 (yet to be finalised),<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> the Chinook is operated by <a href="/wiki/No._7_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 7 Squadron RAF">No. 7 Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._18_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 18 Squadron RAF">No. 18 (B) Squadron</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._27_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 27 Squadron RAF">No. 27 Squadron</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Odiham" title="RAF Odiham">RAF Odiham</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._28_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 28 Squadron RAF">No. 28 (AC) Squadron</a> (Support Helicopter OCU) at RAF Benson.<a href="#cite_note-Chinook-243">[241]</a> Since being first delivered in 1980,<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> the Chinook has been involved in numerous operations: the Falklands War (1982); <a href="/wiki/Operation_Granby" title="Operation Granby">Operation Granby</a> (1991); <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Operation Engadine</a> (1999); <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barras" title="Operation Barras">Operation Barras</a> (2000); <a href="/wiki/Operation_Herrick" title="Operation Herrick">Operation Herrick</a> (2002–2014); <a href="/wiki/Operation_Telic" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Telic">Operation Telic</a> (2003–2011); <a href="/wiki/Operation_RUMAN" title="Operation RUMAN">Operation Ruman</a> (2017); and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barkhane" title="Operation Barkhane">Operation Newcombe</a> (2018–2022).<a href="#cite_note-Chinook-243">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> The 60-strong fleet of Chinooks currently has an OSD in the 2040s.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> The <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_SA_330_Puma" title="Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma">Westland Puma HC2</a> is the RAF's medium-lift support helicopter. It is operated by <a href="/wiki/No._33_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 33 Squadron RAF">No. 33 Squadron</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._28_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 28 Squadron RAF">No. 28 (AC) Squadron</a> (Support Helicopter OCU) at RAF Benson.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/No._230_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 230 Squadron RAF">No. 230 Squadron</a>, the RAF's <a href="/wiki/NATO_Tiger_Association" title="NATO Tiger Association">"tiger squadron"</a>,<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> operate the Puma from <a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Brunei" title="British Forces Brunei">Medicina Lines</a>, Brunei, having relocated from RAF Benson in May 2023.<a href="#cite_note-230Sqn-106">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/No._84_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 84 Squadron RAF">No. 84 Squadron</a> based at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Akrotiri" title="RAF Akrotiri">RAF Akrotiri</a> in the Cyprus <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Sovereign Base Areas</a> operate three Pumas as an emergency response platform after the <a href="/wiki/Bell_412" title="Bell 412">Bell Griffin HAR2</a> was retired in April 2023.<a href="#cite_note-84Sqn-105">[104]</a> The first two Puma HC1s (XW198 and XW199), of an eventual forty-eight, were delivered in January 1971,<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> which were supplemented by a captured <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Army" title="Argentine Army">Argentine Army</a> SA 330J in 2001 and six ex-<a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a> SA 330Ls in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> Twenty-four Puma HC1s underwent upgrades to HC2 standard between 2012 and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> The Puma HC2 OSD is currently March 2028, having been extended from March 2025.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training_aircraft">Training aircraft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Training aircraft">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/UK_Military_Flying_Training_System" title="UK Military Flying Training System">UK Military Flying Training System</a></div> The UK's military flying training has been privatised through a <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">public-private partnership</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/UK_Military_Flying_Training_System" title="UK Military Flying Training System">UK Military Flying Training System</a> (UKMFTS). Training is provided by <a href="/wiki/Ascent_Flight_Training" title="Ascent Flight Training">Ascent Flight Training</a>, a consortium of <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babcock_International" title="Babcock International">Babcock International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> New aircraft were procured to reduce the training gap between the older generation <a href="/wiki/Grob_G_115" title="Grob G 115">Grob Tutor T1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_Tucano" title="Short Tucano">Short Tucano T1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_King_Air" title="Beechcraft King Air">Beechcraft King Air T1</a> aircraft, and the RAF's modern front-line aircraft, including advanced systems and <a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">glass cockpits</a>. UKMFTS also relies far more on <a href="/wiki/Flight_simulator" title="Flight simulator">synthetic training</a> to prepare aircrew for the front line, where advanced synthetic training is commonplace.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_training">Initial training</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Initial training">edit</a>]</div> The Grob Tutor T1 equips fifteen <a href="/wiki/University_Air_Squadron" title="University Air Squadron">University Air Squadrons</a>, which provide university students an opportunity to undertake an RAF training syllabus, which includes first solo, as well as air navigation, aerobatics and formation flying. These units are co-located with <a href="/wiki/Air_Experience_Flight" title="Air Experience Flight">Air Experience Flights</a>, which share the same aircraft and facilities and provide air experience flying to the <a href="/wiki/Air_Training_Corps" title="Air Training Corps">Air Training Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combined_Cadet_Force" title="Combined Cadet Force">Combined Cadet Force</a>. The Tutor is also flown by <a href="/wiki/No._16_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 16 Squadron RAF">No. 16 Squadron</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._115_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 115 Squadron RAF">No. 115 Squadron</a> based at RAF Wittering.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Gliding_Squadron" title="Volunteer Gliding Squadron">Volunteer Gliding Squadrons</a> also provide air experience flying to cadets using the <a href="/wiki/Grob_G103a_Twin_II" title="Grob G103a Twin II">Grob Viking T1</a> conventional glider. Due to an airworthiness issue in April 2014, the Viking fleet and the <a href="/wiki/Grob_G109" class="mw-redirect" title="Grob G109">Grob Vigilant T1</a> fleet were grounded for a two-year period, although Viking operations have subsequently resumed.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> The Vigilant was unexpectedly withdrawn from service in May 2018, a year earlier than planned. A contract tender was initiated in February 2018 to replace this capability from 2022 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elementary_training">Elementary training</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Elementary training">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Grob_G_120TP" title="Grob G 120TP">Grob Prefect T1</a> was introduced to RAF service in 2016 as its elementary trainer. The 23-strong fleet is based at RAF Cranwell and RAF Barkston Heath in Lincolnshire where they are operated by <a href="/wiki/No._57_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 57 Squadron RAF">No. 57 Squadron</a>. On completion of elementary training, aircrew are then streamed to either fast jet, multi-engine, or rotary training.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basic_fast_jet_training">Basic fast jet training</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Basic fast jet training">edit</a>]</div> Basic fast jet training is provided on the <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_T-6_Texan_II" title="Beechcraft T-6 Texan II">Beechcraft Texan T1</a>, which replaced the Short Tucano T1 in November 2019. The Texan is a tandem-seat <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> aircraft, featuring a digital <a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">glass cockpit</a>. It is operated by <a href="/wiki/No._72_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 72 Squadron RAF">No. 72 (F) Squadron</a> based at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Valley" title="RAF Valley">RAF Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> which provides lead-in training for RAF and Royal Navy fighter pilots prior to advanced training on the <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Hawk" title="BAE Systems Hawk">BAE Hawk T2</a>. The first two Texans were delivered in February 2018 and by December 2018 ten aircraft had arrived at RAF Valley.<a href="#cite_note-afm361-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> Four additional Texans were delivered on 3 November 2020.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_fast_jet_training">Advanced fast jet training</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Advanced fast jet training">edit</a>]</div> The BAE Hawk T2 is flown by <a href="/wiki/No._4_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 4 Squadron RAF">No. IV Squadron</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._25_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 25 Squadron RAF">No. XXV (F) Squadron</a> based at RAF Valley. The latter provides initial Advanced Fast Jet Training (AFJT), while pilots who graduate on to the former squadron learn tactical and weapons training.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> After advanced training aircrew go on to an <a href="/wiki/Operational_Conversion_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational Conversion Unit">Operational Conversion Unit</a> (OCU) where they are trained to fly either the Typhoon FGR4 (<a href="/wiki/No._29_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 29 Squadron RAF">No. 29 Squadron</a> at RAF Coningsby) or F-35B Lightning (<a href="/wiki/No._207_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 207 Squadron RAF">No. 207 Squadron</a> at RAF Marham) in preparation for service with a front-line squadron. The OCUs use operational aircraft alongside <a href="/wiki/Flight_simulator" title="Flight simulator">simulators</a> and ground training, although in the case of the Typhoon a two-seater training variant exists which is designated the Typhoon T3.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> On 15 October 2020, it was announced a joint RAF-Qatari Air Force Hawk squadron (similar to <a href="/wiki/No._12_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 12 Squadron RAF">No. 12 Squadron</a>) would be formed in the future.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> On 1 April 2021, it was further elaborated that this squadron would be stood up in September 2021 at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Leeming" title="RAF Leeming">RAF Leeming</a>, North Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> The Joint Hawk Training Squadron received its first two Hawk Mk.167s at RAF Leeming on 1 September 2021.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> On 24 November 2021, the Joint Hawk Training Squadron became <a href="/wiki/11_Squadron_(Qatar)" title="11 Squadron (Qatar)">11 Squadron QEAF</a> when it reformed at RAF Leeming.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-engine_training">Multi-engine training</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Multi-engine training">edit</a>]</div> Multi-Engine aircrew, weapon systems officer (WSO) and weapon systems operator (WSOp) students are trained on the <a href="/wiki/Embraer_Phenom_100" title="Embraer Phenom 100">Embraer Phenom T1</a>. It is operated by <a href="/wiki/No._45_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 45 Squadron RAF">No. 45 Squadron</a> based at RAF Cranwell. Multi-engine aircrew then go to their Operational Conversion Unit or front-line squadron.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Grob_G-103A_Viking_TX1_Lofting-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Viking T1"><img alt="Viking T1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Air_Force_Grob_G-103A_Viking_TX1_Lofting-1.jpg/272px-Royal_Air_Force_Grob_G-103A_Viking_TX1_Lofting-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Air_Force_Grob_G-103A_Viking_TX1_Lofting-1.jpg/407px-Royal_Air_Force_Grob_G-103A_Viking_TX1_Lofting-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Air_Force_Grob_G-103A_Viking_TX1_Lofting-1.jpg/543px-Royal_Air_Force_Grob_G-103A_Viking_TX1_Lofting-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="849" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grob_G103a_Twin_II" title="Grob G103a Twin II">Viking T1</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Grob_G_115E_EA-3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tutor T1"><img alt="Tutor T1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Grob_G_115E_EA-3.JPG/252px-Grob_G_115E_EA-3.JPG" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Grob_G_115E_EA-3.JPG/378px-Grob_G_115E_EA-3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Grob_G_115E_EA-3.JPG/504px-Grob_G_115E_EA-3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="1361" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grob_Tutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Grob Tutor">Tutor T1</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EGVA_-_Grob_G120TP_Prefect_T1_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZM307_(48385816261).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prefect T1"><img alt="Prefect T1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/EGVA_-_Grob_G120TP_Prefect_T1_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZM307_%2848385816261%29.jpg/279px-EGVA_-_Grob_G120TP_Prefect_T1_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZM307_%2848385816261%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/EGVA_-_Grob_G120TP_Prefect_T1_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZM307_%2848385816261%29.jpg/419px-EGVA_-_Grob_G120TP_Prefect_T1_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZM307_%2848385816261%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/EGVA_-_Grob_G120TP_Prefect_T1_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZM307_%2848385816261%29.jpg/558px-EGVA_-_Grob_G120TP_Prefect_T1_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZM307_%2848385816261%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5497" data-file-height="3546" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grob_G_120TP" title="Grob G 120TP">Prefect T1</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawker_Beechcraft_T-6C_Texan_II_N2824B_(35871033230).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Texan T1"><img alt="Texan T1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hawker_Beechcraft_T-6C_Texan_II_N2824B_%2835871033230%29.jpg/270px-Hawker_Beechcraft_T-6C_Texan_II_N2824B_%2835871033230%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hawker_Beechcraft_T-6C_Texan_II_N2824B_%2835871033230%29.jpg/405px-Hawker_Beechcraft_T-6C_Texan_II_N2824B_%2835871033230%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hawker_Beechcraft_T-6C_Texan_II_N2824B_%2835871033230%29.jpg/539px-Hawker_Beechcraft_T-6C_Texan_II_N2824B_%2835871033230%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5796" data-file-height="3870" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_T-6_Texan_II" title="Beechcraft T-6 Texan II">Texan T1</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_BAE_Systems_Hawk_T2_Lofting-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hawk T2"><img alt="Hawk T2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/RAF_BAE_Systems_Hawk_T2_Lofting-1.jpg/272px-RAF_BAE_Systems_Hawk_T2_Lofting-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/RAF_BAE_Systems_Hawk_T2_Lofting-1.jpg/407px-RAF_BAE_Systems_Hawk_T2_Lofting-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/RAF_BAE_Systems_Hawk_T2_Lofting-1.jpg/543px-RAF_BAE_Systems_Hawk_T2_Lofting-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="849" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/BAE_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="BAE Hawk">Hawk T2</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EGVA_-_Embraer_500_Phenom_100_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZM335_(48385967192).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phenom T1"><img alt="Phenom T1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EGVA_-_Embraer_500_Phenom_100_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZM335_%2848385967192%29.jpg/280px-EGVA_-_Embraer_500_Phenom_100_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZM335_%2848385967192%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EGVA_-_Embraer_500_Phenom_100_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZM335_%2848385967192%29.jpg/420px-EGVA_-_Embraer_500_Phenom_100_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZM335_%2848385967192%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EGVA_-_Embraer_500_Phenom_100_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZM335_%2848385967192%29.jpg/560px-EGVA_-_Embraer_500_Phenom_100_-_Royal_Air_Force_-_ZM335_%2848385967192%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5852" data-file-height="3767" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Embraer_Phenom_100" title="Embraer Phenom 100">Phenom T1</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurofighter_Typhoon_T.3_%E2%80%98ZK382_-_BG%E2%80%99_(30750294326).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typhoon T3"><img alt="Typhoon T3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Eurofighter_Typhoon_T.3_%E2%80%98ZK382_-_BG%E2%80%99_%2830750294326%29.jpg/270px-Eurofighter_Typhoon_T.3_%E2%80%98ZK382_-_BG%E2%80%99_%2830750294326%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Eurofighter_Typhoon_T.3_%E2%80%98ZK382_-_BG%E2%80%99_%2830750294326%29.jpg/405px-Eurofighter_Typhoon_T.3_%E2%80%98ZK382_-_BG%E2%80%99_%2830750294326%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Eurofighter_Typhoon_T.3_%E2%80%98ZK382_-_BG%E2%80%99_%2830750294326%29.jpg/540px-Eurofighter_Typhoon_T.3_%E2%80%98ZK382_-_BG%E2%80%99_%2830750294326%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4238" data-file-height="2825" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Typhoon T3</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rotary">Rotary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Rotary">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/No._1_Flying_Training_School_RAF" title="No. 1 Flying Training School RAF">No. 1 Flying Training School</a> (No. 1 FTS) (formerly the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Helicopter_Flying_School" title="Defence Helicopter Flying School">Defence Helicopter Flying School</a>) is based at RAF Shawbury in Shropshire and provides basic helicopter pilot training for all UK armed forces. It flies twenty-nine <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_EC135" title="Eurocopter EC135">Airbus Juno HT1</a>. No. 1 FTS comprises two main elements, 2 Maritime Air Wing (2 MAW) and No. 9 Regiment.<a href="#cite_note-:02-273">[271]</a> 2 MAW includes <a href="/wiki/No._660_Squadron_AAC" title="No. 660 Squadron AAC">No. 660 Squadron</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Air_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)">Army Air Corps</a> (AAC) and <a href="/wiki/705_Naval_Air_Squadron" title="705 Naval Air Squadron">705 Naval Air Squadron</a> and provide basic helicopter flying training. No. 9 Regiment comprises <a href="/wiki/No._60_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 60 Squadron RAF">No. 60 Squadron</a> of the RAF and <a href="/wiki/No._670_Squadron_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 670 Squadron RAF">No. 670 Squadron</a> of the AAC in the advanced helicopter flying training. <a href="/wiki/No._202_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 202 Squadron RAF">No. 202 Squadron</a> is also part of No. 1 FTS and operates the <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_EC145" title="Eurocopter EC145">Airbus Jupiter HT1</a> at RAF Valley.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Royal_International_Air_Tattoo_1P4A8375_(48387276351).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juno HT1"><img alt="Juno HT1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2019_Royal_International_Air_Tattoo_1P4A8375_%2848387276351%29.jpg/270px-2019_Royal_International_Air_Tattoo_1P4A8375_%2848387276351%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2019_Royal_International_Air_Tattoo_1P4A8375_%2848387276351%29.jpg/405px-2019_Royal_International_Air_Tattoo_1P4A8375_%2848387276351%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2019_Royal_International_Air_Tattoo_1P4A8375_%2848387276351%29.jpg/540px-2019_Royal_International_Air_Tattoo_1P4A8375_%2848387276351%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_EC135" title="Eurocopter EC135">Juno HT1</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:H-145_Jupiter_-_RIAT_2018_(41932985800).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jupiter HT1"><img alt="Jupiter HT1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/H-145_Jupiter_-_RIAT_2018_%2841932985800%29.jpg/270px-H-145_Jupiter_-_RIAT_2018_%2841932985800%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/H-145_Jupiter_-_RIAT_2018_%2841932985800%29.jpg/405px-H-145_Jupiter_-_RIAT_2018_%2841932985800%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/H-145_Jupiter_-_RIAT_2018_%2841932985800%29.jpg/540px-H-145_Jupiter_-_RIAT_2018_%2841932985800%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_EC145" title="Eurocopter EC145">Jupiter HT1</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_aircraft">Future aircraft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Future aircraft">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Future of the Royal Air Force">Future of the Royal Air Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E-7A_Wedgetail_-_RIAT_2018_(43230634064).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/E-7A_Wedgetail_-_RIAT_2018_%2843230634064%29.jpg/220px-E-7A_Wedgetail_-_RIAT_2018_%2843230634064%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/E-7A_Wedgetail_-_RIAT_2018_%2843230634064%29.jpg/330px-E-7A_Wedgetail_-_RIAT_2018_%2843230634064%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/E-7A_Wedgetail_-_RIAT_2018_%2843230634064%29.jpg/440px-E-7A_Wedgetail_-_RIAT_2018_%2843230634064%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3499" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_AEW%26C" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737 AEW&C">Boeing E-7 Wedgetail</a> </figcaption></figure> In July 2014, the House of Commons <a href="/wiki/Defence_Select_Committee" title="Defence Select Committee">Defence Select Committee</a> released a report on the RAF future force structure that envisaged a mixture of unmanned and manned platforms, including further F-35, Protector RG1, a service life extension for the Typhoon (which would otherwise end its service in 2030) or a possible new manned aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> In July 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Farnborough_Airshow" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnborough Airshow">Farnborough Airshow</a>, the Defence Secretary announced a £2bn investment for BAE Systems, <a href="/wiki/MBDA" title="MBDA">MBDA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(company)" title="Leonardo (company)">Leonardo</a> to develop a new British 6th Generation Fighter to replace Typhoon in 2035 under <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Tempest" title="BAE Systems Tempest">Project Tempest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> On 22 March 2019, the Defence Secretary announced the UK had signed a $1.98 billion deal to procure five <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_AEW%26C" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737 AEW&C">Boeing E-7 Wedgetails</a> to replace the ageing <a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-3_Sentry" title="Boeing E-3 Sentry">Boeing E-3D Sentry AEW1</a> fleet in the Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) role.<a href="#cite_note-Wedgetail-277">[275]</a> As of May 2020, the first E-7 is expected to enter RAF service in 2023 with the final aircraft arriving in late 2025 or early 2026.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> In December 2020, it was announced that the Wedgetail AEW1 will be based at RAF Lossiemouth.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> The 2021 Defence Command Paper cut the Wedgetail order down to three aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-2021DCP-156">[154]</a> The Sentry AEW1s were officially withdrawn on 28 September 2021.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> In March 2021, the Defence and Security Industrial Strategy paper was published which announced the aim to procure a <a href="/wiki/New_Medium_Helicopter" title="New Medium Helicopter">New Medium Helicopter</a> (NMH) in order to replace the Puma HC2, Griffin HAR2 (in RAF service) and the AAC's <a href="/wiki/Bell_212" title="Bell 212">Bell 212 AH1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_AS365_Dauphin" title="Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin">Eurocopter Dauphin AH1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> In May 2022, the MoD announced the beginning of the NMH competition, with the aim to acquire up to 44 helicopters.<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> By November 2022, four companies qualified for the MoD's requirements: Airbus (<a href="/wiki/Airbus_Helicopters_H175" title="Airbus Helicopters H175">H175M</a>); Boeing (<a href="/wiki/Boeing_MH-139_Grey_Wolf" title="Boeing MH-139 Grey Wolf">MH-139 Grey Wolf</a>); Leonardo (<a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW149" title="AgustaWestland AW149">AW149</a>); and Sikorsky / Lockheed Martin (<a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk" title="Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk">S-70 Black Hawk</a>).<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Defence_Procurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State for Defence Procurement">Minister of State for Defence Procurement</a> opened bidding for the competition, between Airbus Helicopters UK, Leonardo Helicopters UK and Lockheed Martin UK, in February 2024.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols,_flags,_emblems_and_uniform">Symbols, flags, emblems and uniform</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Symbols, flags, emblems and uniform">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_roundels" title="Royal Air Force roundels">Royal Air Force roundels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Uniforms of the Royal Air Force">Uniforms of the Royal Air Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/220px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/330px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/440px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Ensign" title="Royal Air Force Ensign">Royal Air Force Ensign</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_Coat_of_Arms_at_RAF_College_Cranwell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_407985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RAF_Coat_of_Arms_at_RAF_College_Cranwell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_407985.jpg/220px-RAF_Coat_of_Arms_at_RAF_College_Cranwell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_407985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RAF_Coat_of_Arms_at_RAF_College_Cranwell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_407985.jpg/330px-RAF_Coat_of_Arms_at_RAF_College_Cranwell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_407985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RAF_Coat_of_Arms_at_RAF_College_Cranwell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_407985.jpg/440px-RAF_Coat_of_Arms_at_RAF_College_Cranwell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_407985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Badge_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Badge of the Royal Air Force">badge of the Royal Air Force</a> on the gates of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_College_Cranwell" title="Royal Air Force College Cranwell">RAF College Cranwell</a></figcaption></figure> Following the tradition of the other British armed services, the RAF has adopted symbols to represent it, use as rallying devices for members and promote <a href="/wiki/Esprit_de_corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Esprit de corps">esprit de corps</a>. British aircraft in the early stages of the First World War carried the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> as an identifying feature; however, this was easily confused with Germany's <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> motif. In October 1914, therefore, the French system of three concentric rings was adopted, with the colours reversed to a red disc surrounded by a white ring and an outer blue ring.<a href="#cite_note-robertson89-285">[283]</a> The relative sizes of the rings have changed over the years and during the Second World War an outer yellow ring was added to the fuselage roundel. Aircraft serving in the Far East during the Second World War had the <a href="/wiki/File:RAF_Far_East_Command_roundel.svg" title="File:RAF Far East Command roundel.svg">red disc removed</a> to prevent <a href="/wiki/File:Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force_roundel.svg" title="File:Japan Air Self-Defense Force roundel.svg">confusion</a> with Japanese aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-round-286">[284]</a> Since the 1970s, camouflaged aircraft carry low-visibility roundels, either red and blue on dark camouflage, or washed-out pink and light blue on light colours. Most non-camouflaged training and transport aircraft retain the traditional red-white-blue roundel.<a href="#cite_note-round-286">[284]</a> The RAF's motto is <a href="/wiki/Per_Ardua_ad_Astra" class="mw-redirect" title="Per Ardua ad Astra">Per Ardua ad Astra</a> and is usually translated from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as "Through Adversity to the Stars",<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-287">[285]</a> but the RAF's official translation is "Through Struggle to the Stars".<a href="#cite_note-RAF_–_Frequently_Asked_Questions-13">[12]</a> The choice of motto is attributed to a junior officer named J S Yule, in response to a request for suggestions from a commander of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sykes" title="Frederick Sykes">Colonel Sykes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Badge_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Badge of the Royal Air Force">badge of the Royal Air Force</a> was first used in August 1918. In <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldic</a> terms, it is: "In front of a circle inscribed with the motto Per Ardua ad Astra and ensigned by the Imperial Crown an eagle volant and affronté head lowered and to the sinister".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-287">[285]</a> Although there have been debates among airmen over the years about whether the bird was originally meant to be an albatross or an eagle, the consensus is that it was always an eagle.<a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ceremonial_functions_and_display">Ceremonial functions and display</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Ceremonial functions and display">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_Arrows">Red Arrows</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Red Arrows">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Red_Arrows" title="Red Arrows">Red Arrows</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAT_2016_F-35B_Typhoons_Red_Arrows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/RIAT_2016_F-35B_Typhoons_Red_Arrows.jpg/220px-RIAT_2016_F-35B_Typhoons_Red_Arrows.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/RIAT_2016_F-35B_Typhoons_Red_Arrows.jpg/330px-RIAT_2016_F-35B_Typhoons_Red_Arrows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/RIAT_2016_F-35B_Typhoons_Red_Arrows.jpg/440px-RIAT_2016_F-35B_Typhoons_Red_Arrows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The Red Arrows in formation with an F-35B and a pair of Typhoons at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_International_Air_Tattoo" title="Royal International Air Tattoo">Royal International Air Tattoo</a> in 2016</figcaption></figure> The Red Arrows, officially known as the Royal Air Force Aerobatic Team, is the <a href="/wiki/Aerobatics" title="Aerobatics">aerobatics</a> display team of the Royal Air Force based at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Waddington" title="RAF Waddington">RAF Waddington</a>. The team was formed in late 1964 as an all-RAF team, replacing a number of unofficial teams that had been sponsored by RAF commands.<a href="#cite_note-red-290">[288]</a> The Red Arrows badge shows the aircraft in their trademark Diamond Nine formation, with the motto Éclat, a French word meaning "brilliance" or "excellence".<a href="#cite_note-red-290">[288]</a> Initially, they were equipped with seven <a href="/wiki/Folland_Gnat" title="Folland Gnat">Folland Gnat</a> trainers inherited from the RAF <a href="/wiki/Yellowjacks" title="Yellowjacks">Yellowjacks</a> display team. This aircraft was chosen because it was less expensive to operate than front-line <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a>. In their first season, they flew at sixty-five shows across Europe. In 1966, the team was increased to nine members, enabling them to develop their Diamond Nine formation. In late 1979, they switched to the <a href="/wiki/BAE_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="BAE Hawk">BAE Hawk</a> trainer. The Red Arrows have performed over 4,700 displays in fifty-six countries worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Air_Force_Music">Royal Air Force Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Royal Air Force Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Music_Services" title="Royal Air Force Music Services">Royal Air Force Music Services</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_Music_Services" title="Headquarters Music Services">Headquarters Royal Air Force Music Services</a>, located at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Northolt" title="RAF Northolt">RAF Northolt</a>, supports professional musicians who perform at events around the globe in support of the RAF. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Band_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Central Band of the Royal Air Force">Central Band of the Royal Air Force</a> was established in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> Other bands include the <a href="/wiki/Band_of_the_Royal_Air_Force_College" title="Band of the Royal Air Force College">Band of the Royal Air Force College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Band_of_the_Royal_Air_Force_Regiment" title="Band of the Royal Air Force Regiment">Band of the Royal Air Force Regiment</a> and the Band of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trooping_the_Colour">Trooping the Colour</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Trooping the Colour">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour" title="Trooping the Colour">Trooping the Colour</a></div> The Royal Air Force, and its predecessor, the Royal Flying Corps, has provided the <a href="/wiki/Flypast" title="Flypast">flypast</a> for Trooping the Colour since 1913. The RFC performed its first flypast for <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a>'s <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Official_Birthday" title="King's Official Birthday">Official Birthday</a> over Laffin's Plain, Aldershot.<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_all_aircraft_current_and_former_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of all aircraft current and former of the United Kingdom">List of all aircraft current and former of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_operational_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of military aircraft operational during World War II">List of military aircraft operational during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_stations" title="List of Royal Air Force stations">List of Royal Air Force stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Structure of the Royal Air Force">Structure of the Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Air_Cadets" title="Royal Air Force Air Cadets">Royal Air Force Air Cadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum" title="Royal Air Force Museum">Royal Air Force Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_News" title="RAF News">RAF News</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RAF_ranks">RAF ranks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: RAF ranks">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mrafhon-143"><a href="#cite_ref-mrafhon_143-0">^</a> Marshal of the Royal Air Force has become an honorary/posthumous rank, war time rank; ceremonial rank. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_notes">Other notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Other notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Since April 2013, MoD publications no longer report the entire strength of the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)" title="Regular Reserve (United Kingdom)">Regular Reserve</a>, instead, only Regular Reserves serving under a fixed-term reserve contract are counted. These contracts are similar in nature to the Royal Auxiliary Air Force. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240924182503/https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/forces_branding/response/132711/attach/4/Page%2027%20RAF%20Branding%20Guidelines.jpg?cookie_passthrough=1">"4.1 The Royal Air Force logotype"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft.atitle=Accident+English+Electric+Canberra+PR.7+WH799%2C+06+Nov+1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fwikibase%2F21034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR-44"><a href="#cite_ref-GR_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/sep/08/britains-secret-wars-oman">"Britain's secret wars | Ian Cobain"</a>. The Guardian. 8 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106172444/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/sep/08/britains-secret-wars-oman">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2021. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/1435squadron.cfm">the original</a> on 22 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+1435+Squadron&rft.pub=MOD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fhistory%2F1435squadron.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2017" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Trevor (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Wc9DwAAQBAJ&q=Expeditionary%20Air%20Wing%202006&pg=PT314">"5"</a>. Sustaining Air Power: Royal Air Force Logistics since 1918. Fonthill Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-635-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-635-1"><bdi>978-1-78155-635-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818005940/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Wc9DwAAQBAJ&q=Expeditionary%20Air%20Wing%202006&pg=PT314">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021. 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Retrieved 9 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Air+Force&rft.atitle=No+83+Expeditionary+Air+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-21321362">"Robert Smith-Barry: The man who taught the world to fly"</a>. BBC. 23 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024101229/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-21321362">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Smith-Barry%3A+The+man+who+taught+the+world+to+fly&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2013-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-21321362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raf.mod.uk/rafshawbury/">"Welcome to RAF Shawbury"</a>. RAF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017215848/https://www.raf.mod.uk/rafshawbury/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2017. 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Retrieved 23 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Air+Force&rft.atitle=Royal+Air+Force&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140215013510/http://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive/new-gliding-school-launches-for-air-cadets-31012014">"New Gliding School Launches for Air Cadets"</a>. Air Cadets. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive/new-gliding-school-launches-for-air-cadets-31012014">the original</a> on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Gliding+School+Launches+for+Air+Cadets&rft.pub=Air+Cadets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Fnew-gliding-school-launches-for-air-cadets-31012014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/our-organisation/the-fighting-arms/fleet-air-arm/support-and-training/703-naval-air-squadron/elementary-flying-training">"Elementary Flying Training"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elementary+Flying+Training&rft.pub=Royal+Navy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavy.mod.uk%2Four-organisation%2Fthe-fighting-arms%2Ffleet-air-arm%2Fsupport-and-training%2F703-naval-air-squadron%2Felementary-flying-training&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131540/http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/stations.cfm?selectStation=9E02704F-0229-3061-1A4FA2D1B685D50F">"RAF Cranwell"</a>. Royal Air Force. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/stations.cfm?selectStation=9E02704F-0229-3061-1A4FA2D1B685D50F">the original</a> on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RAF+Cranwell&rft.pub=Royal+Air+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Forganisation%2Fstations.cfm%3FselectStation%3D9E02704F-0229-3061-1A4FA2D1B685D50F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228164806/https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/stations/raf-valley/">"RAF Valley"</a>. Royal Air Force. 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Flightglobal. 5 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151008015040/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/protector-uav-fleet-to-replace-raf-reapers-417391/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Protector%27+UAV+fleet+to+replace+RAF+Reapers&rft.date=2015-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fprotector-uav-fleet-to-replace-raf-reapers-417391%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mod-reveals-reaper-derivative-will-be-chosen-for-pro-417509/">"MoD reveals Reaper derivative will be chosen for Protector"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+approves+sale+of+up+to+26+Protector+UAVs+to+UK+%26%23124%3B+News&rft.pub=Flight+Global&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fcivil-uavs%2Fus-approves-sale-of-up-to-26-protector-uavs-to-uk%2F122336.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/mod-signs-65-million-contract-for-protector-aircraft">"MOD signs £65 million contract for Protector aircraft"</a>. UK Ministry of Defence. 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Retrieved 12 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=AWACS%3A+Written+question+%E2%80%93+41916&rft.date=2020-05-11&rft.aulast=Quin&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fpublications%2Fwritten-questions-answers-statements%2Fwritten-question%2FCommons%2F2020-05-01%2F41916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/articles/raf-surveillance-fleet-to-be-based-in-moray/">"RAF surveillance fleet to be based in Moray"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Future+UK+military+helicopter+reaches+next+competition+stage&rft.date=2024-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Ffuture-uk-military-helicopter-reaches-next-competition-stage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-robertson89-285"><a href="#cite_ref-robertson89_285-0">^</a> Robertson 1967, p 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-round-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-round_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-round_286-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704214650/https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/theroyalairforceroundel.cfm">"The RAF Roundel"</a>. RAF. 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Retrieved 31 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+RAF+Roundel&rft.pub=RAF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fhistory%2Ftheroyalairforceroundel.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_287-1">b</a> Air Ministry Orders A.666/49, 15 September 1949 </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201132050/https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/theroyalairforcemotto.cfm">"The Royal Air Force Motto"</a>. RAF. 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Royal Air Force Arrows. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703025808/https://www.raf.mod.uk/reds/teamhistory/history.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Team+History&rft.pub=Royal+Air+Force+Arrows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Freds%2Fteamhistory%2Fhistory.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/reds/aboutus/">"Red Arrows"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mod.uk/ceremonialandheritage/household/trooping.htm">the original</a> on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 16 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=army.mod.uk&rft.atitle=Trooping+the+Colour+%28The+Queen%27s+Birthday+Parade%29&rft.date=2005-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mod.uk%2Fceremonialandheritage%2Fhousehold%2Ftrooping.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Aloni, Shlomo. "Arab–Israeli Air Wars 1947–82" (2001)</li> <li>Biddle, Tami Davis. 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British Air Power in Peripheral Conflict, 1919–1976 (RAND, 1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA221996">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728115956/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a221996.pdf">Archived</a> 28 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, with bibliography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="IISS2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (2010). Hackett, James (ed.). The Military Balance 2010. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857435573" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857435573"><bdi>978-1857435573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2010&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1857435573&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="IISS2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (2012). Hackett, James (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militarybalance20000unse_z1h4">The Military Balance 2012</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857436426" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857436426"><bdi>978-1857436426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2012&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1857436426&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilitarybalance20000unse_z1h4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lee, David. Eastward: a history of the Royal Air Force in the Far East, 1945–1972 (Seven Hills Books, 1984).</li> <li>Lee, David. Flight from the Middle East: A History of the Royal Air Force in the Arabian Peninsula and Adjacent Territories, 1945–1972 (HM Stationery Office, 1980).</li> <li>Maiolo, Joseph. Cry Havoc: How the arms race drove the world to war, 1931–1941 (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Miller" title="Russell Miller">Miller, Russell</a>. Boom: The Life of Viscount Trenchard, Father of the Royal Air Force (Weidenfeld, 2016) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-29787-105-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-29787-105-7">978-0-29787-105-7</a></li> <li>Philpott, Ian, ed. Royal Air Force History: Royal Air Force – an Encyclopaedia of the Inter-War Years (2 vol 2008)</li> <li>Rawlings, John D.R. The History of the Royal Air Force (1984) well illustrated.</li> <li>Richards, Denis, and David Pilgrim. Royal Air Force, 1939–1945: The fight at odds (1954), the official history.</li> <li>Ritchie, Sebastian. "The RAF, Small Wars and Insurgencies: Later Colonial Operations, 1945–1975" (2011)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1967" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Bruce (1967). Aircraft Markings of the World 1912–1967. London: Harleyford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0900435096" title="Special:BookSources/978-0900435096"><bdi>978-0900435096</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Markings+of+the+World+1912%E2%80%931967&rft.pub=London%3A+Harleyford&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0900435096&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Saunders, Hilary. Per Ardua: The Rise of British Air Power, 1911–1939 (Oxford UP, 1945).</li> <li>Sinnott, Colin S. The RAF and Aircraft Design: Air Staff Operational Requirements 1923-1939 (Routledge, 2014).</li> <li>Smith, Malcolm. British Air Strategy Between the Wars (Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1984).</li> <li>Smith, Gordon Scott. RAF War Plans and British Foreign Policy 1935–1940 (MIT Dept. of Political Science, 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/49582">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2020" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, Alex M (2020). British Imperial Air Power: The Royal Air Forces and the Defense of Australia and New Zealand Between the World Wars. Indiana: Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-940-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-940-3"><bdi>978-1-55753-940-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Imperial+Air+Power%3A+The+Royal+Air+Forces+and+the+Defense+of+Australia+and+New+Zealand+Between+the+World+Wars&rft.place=Indiana&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-940-3&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Alex+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Air+Force" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Werrell, Kenneth P. "The strategic bombing of Germany in World War II: Costs and accomplishments." Journal of American History 73.3 (1986): 702–713. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902984">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Air_Force" title="Template:Royal Air Force"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Air_Force" title="Template talk:Royal Air Force"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Air_Force" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Air Force"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_Air_Force" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal Air Force</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">formations and units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_commands" title="List of Royal Air Force commands">Commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_groups" title="List of Royal Air Force groups">Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wings_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="List of wings of the Royal Air Force">Wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_aircraft_squadrons" title="List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons">Squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_aircraft_independent_flights" title="List of Royal Air Force aircraft independent flights">Flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conversion_units_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="List of conversion units of the Royal Air Force">Conversion units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_Operational_Training_Units" title="List of Royal Air Force Operational Training Units">Operational Training units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_schools" title="List of Royal Air Force schools">Schools / Training units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ferry_units_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="List of ferry units of the Royal Air Force">Ferry units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_Glider_units" title="List of Royal Air Force Glider units">Glider units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_units_%26_establishments" title="List of Royal Air Force units & establishments">Misc units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_stations" title="List of Royal Air Force stations">Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Royal_Air_Force_stations" title="List of former Royal Air Force stations">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_Satellite_Landing_Grounds" title="List of Royal Air Force Satellite Landing Grounds">Satellite Landing Grounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Regiment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAF_Regiment_units" title="List of RAF Regiment units">Wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAF_Regiment_units" title="List of RAF Regiment units">Squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAF_Regiment_units" title="List of RAF Regiment units">Flights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">branches and components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Board" title="Air Force Board">Air Force Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Regiment" title="RAF Regiment">RAF Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Chaplains_Branch" title="Royal Air Force Chaplains Branch">RAF Chaplains Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Intelligence" title="RAF Intelligence">RAF Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Legal_Branch" title="RAF Legal Branch">RAF Legal Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Medical_Services" title="RAF Medical Services">RAF Medical Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary%27s_Royal_Air_Force_Nursing_Service" title="Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service">Princess Mary's RAF Nursing Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Police" title="Royal Air Force Police">RAF Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_ground_trades" title="List of Royal Air Force ground trades">RAF ground trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Music_Services" title="Royal Air Force Music Services">RAF Music Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Search_and_Rescue_Force" title="RAF Search and Rescue Force">RAF Search and Rescue Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Mountain_Rescue_Service" title="Royal Air Force Mountain Rescue Service">RAF Mountain Rescue Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Marine_Branch" title="Royal Air Force Marine Branch">RAF Marine Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Air_Cadets" title="Royal Air Force Air Cadets">RAF Air Cadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_operations" title="List of Royal Air Force operations">Operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">reserve forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Auxiliary_Air_Force" title="Royal Auxiliary Air Force">Royal Auxiliary Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Volunteer_Reserve" title="Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve">RAF Volunteer Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force">List of RAF aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_Kingdom_military_aircraft" title="List of active United Kingdom military aircraft">current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Future of the Royal Air Force">future</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles_of_the_RAF" title="List of missiles of the RAF">List of RAF missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_RAF_Regiment" title="List of equipment of the RAF Regiment">List of equipment of the RAF Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAF_officer_ranks" title="RAF officer ranks">Officer ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_other_ranks" title="RAF other ranks">Other ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_personnel" title="List of Royal Air Force personnel">List of notable personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_senior_officers_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="List of serving senior officers of the Royal Air Force">List of serving senior officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_numbers_in_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Personnel numbers in the Royal Air Force">Personnel numbers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">appointments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of Air Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Chief_of_the_Air_Staff" title="Assistant Chief of the Air Staff">Assistant Chief of the Air Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Member_for_Personnel" title="Air Member for Personnel">Air Member for Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Secretary" title="Air Secretary">Air Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Member_for_Materiel" title="Air Member for Materiel">Air Member for Materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandant-General_of_the_RAF_Regiment" title="Commandant-General of the RAF Regiment">Commandant-General of the RAF Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Warrant Officer of the Royal Air Force">Warrant Officer of the RAF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">symbols and uniform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Ensign" title="Royal Air Force Ensign">Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badge_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Badge of the Royal Air Force">Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_roundels" title="Royal Air Force roundels">Roundels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Uniforms of the Royal Air Force">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badges_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Heraldic badges of the Royal Air Force">Heraldic badges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">associated civil organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Training_Corps" title="Air Training Corps">Air Training Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Cadet_Force" title="Combined Cadet Force">Combined Cadet Force (RAF section)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Forces_Association" title="Royal Air Forces Association">RAF Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Centre_of_Aviation_Medicine" title="RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine">RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Benevolent_Fund" title="RAF Benevolent Fund">RAF Benevolent Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Football_Association" title="Royal Air Force Football Association">RAF Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum" title="Royal Air Force Museum">RAF Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="History of the Royal Air Force">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Timeline of the Royal Air Force">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Future of the Royal Air Force">future</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Royal_Air_Force" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Royal Air Force">commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Armed_Forces" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Armed_Forces" title="Template:British Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:British Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief_of_the_British_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-chief of the British Armed Forces">Head of the Armed Forces</a> — <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> — <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Sir Keir Starmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Secretary of State for Defence</a> — <a href="/wiki/John_Healey" title="John Healey">John Healey</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Defence Staff</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tony_Radakin" title="Tony Radakin">Admiral Sir Tony Radakin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)">Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Nesmith" title="Sharon Nesmith">General Dame Sharon Nesmith</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:2%;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-top:0.5em;width:20em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/55px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/83px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/110px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Sea_Lord_and_Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff">1SL & CNS</a>) </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.5em;width:20em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/55px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/83px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/110px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="406" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">CGS</a>) </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.5em;width:20em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/55px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/83px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/110px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal Air Force</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)">CAS</a>) </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Scotland" title="Armed forces in Scotland">Use in Scotland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Wales" title="Armed forces in Wales">in Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_in_the_British_Armed_Forces" title="Irish in the British Armed Forces">by the Irish</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministry_of_Defence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Template:Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Template talk:Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministry_of_Defence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Main_Building" title="Ministry of Defence Main Building">Main Building, Whitehall</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Service branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">Naval Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eee;">By <a href="/wiki/Nations_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nations of the United Kingdom">nation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Scotland" title="Armed forces in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Wales" title="Armed forces in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_in_the_British_Armed_Forces" title="Irish in the British Armed Forces">the Irish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Defence_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Defence Council of the United Kingdom">Defence Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)#Senior_officials" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Secretary of State for Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_the_Armed_Forces" title="Minister of State for the Armed Forces">Minister of State for the Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Defence_Procurement_and_Industry" title="Minister of State for Defence Procurement and Industry">Minister of State for Defence Procurement and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Defence" title="Minister of State for Defence">Minister of State for Defence</a> (House of Lords)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Veterans_and_People" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Veterans and People">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Veterans and People</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chiefs of Staff Committee">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Defence Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)">Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sea_Lord" title="First Sea Lord">First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Air Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Strategic_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Strategic Command">Commander Strategic Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_People" title="Chief of Defence People">Chief of Defence People</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence">Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Scientific_Adviser_to_the_Ministry_of_Defence" title="Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence">Chief Scientific Adviser</a></li> <li>Director-General Finance</li> <li>Director-General Head Office and Commissioning Services</li> <li>Director-General Nuclear</li> <li>Director-General Security Policy</li> <li>Lead Non-Executive Board Member</li> <li>Non-Executive Defence Board Member and Chair of the People Committee</li> <li>Non-Executive Defence Board Member and Chair of the Defence Audit Committee</li> <li>Non-Executive Defence Board Member and Chair of the Defence Equipment and Support Board</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Service boards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Board_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty Board (United Kingdom)">Admiralty Board</a> (<a href="/wiki/Navy_Board_(1964%E2%80%93present)" title="Navy Board (1964–present)">Navy Board</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Board" title="Army Board">Army Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Board" title="Air Force Board">Air Force Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Service commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Command_(Royal_Navy)" title="Navy Command (Royal Navy)">Navy Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Headquarters_(United_Kingdom)" title="Army Headquarters (United Kingdom)">Army Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Air_Command" title="RAF Air Command"> Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Command_(United_Kingdom)" title="Strategic Command (United Kingdom)">Strategic Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arm's-length bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Equipment_and_Support" title="Defence Equipment and Support">Defence Equipment and Support</a> (DE&S)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Laboratory" title="Defence Science and Technology Laboratory">Defence Science and Technology Laboratory</a> (DSTL)</li> <li>Submarine Delivery Agency (SDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Hydrographic_Office" title="United Kingdom Hydrographic Office">United Kingdom Hydrographic Office</a> (UKHO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Top-level budget agencies managed on an arm's-length basis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Business_Services" title="Defence Business Services">Defence Business Services</a> (DBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Infrastructure_Organisation" title="Defence Infrastructure Organisation">Defence Infrastructure Organisation</a> (DIO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Digital">Defence Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Nuclear_Organisation" title="Defence Nuclear Organisation">Defence Nuclear Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Police" title="Ministry of Defence Police">Ministry of Defence Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulatory organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Safety_Authority" title="Defence Safety Authority">Defence Safety Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Source_Regulations_Office" title="Single Source Regulations Office">Single Source Regulations Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">Defence Intelligence</a> (under Strategic Command)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretariat_19" title="Defence Secretariat 19">Defence Secretariat 19</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">Non-departmental public bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Army_Museum" title="National Army Museum">National Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="National Museum of the Royal Navy">National Museum of the Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum" title="Royal Air Force Museum">Royal Air Force Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Public corporations">Public corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Pipelines_Agency" title="Oil and Pipelines Agency">Oil and Pipelines Agency</a> (OPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Forgemasters" title="Sheffield Forgemasters">Sheffield Forgemasters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Category:Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Air_forces_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Air_forces_in_Europe" title="Template:Air forces in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Air_forces_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Air forces in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Air_forces_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Air forces in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Air_forces_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air forces</a> in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Air_Force" title="Albanian Air Force">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Air_Force" title="Armenian Air Force">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Air_Force" title="Austrian Air Force">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Air_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Air Forces">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Air_Force" title="Belarusian Air Force">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Air_Component" title="Belgian Air Component">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_and_Anti-Aircraft_Defence_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Air Force and Anti-Aircraft Defence of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Air_Force" title="Bulgarian Air Force">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Air_Force" title="Croatian Air Force">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Air_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus Air Forces">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Air_Force" title="Czech Air Force">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Air_Force" title="Royal Danish Air Force">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Air_Force" title="Estonian Air Force">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force" title="Finnish Air Force">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Air_Force" title="Georgian Air Force">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Air_Force" title="Hungarian Air Force">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Air_Corps" title="Irish Air Corps">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Air_Force" title="Italian Air Force">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Air_Defense_Forces" title="Kazakh Air Defense Forces">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Air_Force" title="Latvian Air Force">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Air_Force" title="Lithuanian Air Force">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Wing_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Malta" title="Air Wing of the Armed Forces of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Air_Force" title="Moldovan Air Force">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Air_Force" title="Montenegrin Air Force">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force" title="Royal Netherlands Air Force">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_Air_Brigade" title="North Macedonia Air Brigade">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Air_Force" title="Royal Norwegian Air Force">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Force" title="Polish Air Force">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Air_Force" title="Portuguese Air Force">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Air_Force" title="Romanian Air Force">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Air_Force_and_Air_Defence" title="Serbian Air Force and Air Defence">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Air_Force" title="Slovak Air Force">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Air_Force_and_Air_Defence" title="Slovenian Air Force and Air Defence">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force" title="Swedish Air Force">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Air_Force" title="Swiss Air Force">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force" title="Ukrainian Air Force">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Air_Force" title="Abkhazian Air Force">Abkhazia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_sovereign_states" title="List of former sovereign states">Historical states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Aviation_Troops" title="Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Air_Force" title="Czechoslovak Air Force">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Forces_of_the_National_People%27s_Army" title="Air Forces of the National People's Army">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Luftstreitkräfte">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Aviation_Squadrons" title="Ottoman Aviation Squadrons">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska_Air_Force" title="Republika Srpska Air Force">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Air_Service" title="Imperial Russian Air Service">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Air Force of Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_air_forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Air_forces" title="Template:Air forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Air_forces" title="Template talk:Air forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Air_forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Air forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_air_forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_forces" title="List of air forces">List of</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">air forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Air_Force" title="Abkhazian Air Force">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Air_Force" title="Afghan Air Force">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Air_Force" title="Albanian Air Force">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Air_Force" title="Algerian Air Force">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Air_Force_of_Angola" title="National Air Force of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_Defence_Force_Air_Wing" title="Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force Air Wing">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Air_Force" title="Argentine Air Force">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Air_Force" title="Armenian Air Force">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Air_Force" title="Austrian Air Force">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Air_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Air Forces">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bahamas_Defence_Force" title="Royal Bahamas Defence Force">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bahraini_Air_Force" title="Royal Bahraini Air Force">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force" title="Bangladesh Air Force">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Air_Force" title="Belarusian Air Force">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Air_Component" title="Belgian Air Component">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize_Defence_Force_Air_Wing" title="Belize Defence Force Air Wing">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Air_Force" title="Benin Air Force">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Air_Force" title="Bolivian Air Force">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_and_Anti-Aircraft_Defence_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Air Force and Anti-Aircraft Defence of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force_Air_Wing" title="Botswana Defence Force Air Wing">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Air_Force" title="Royal Brunei Air Force">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Air_Force" title="Bulgarian Air Force">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Air_Force" title="Royal Cambodian Air Force">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_Air_Force" title="Cameroon Air Force">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Air_Force" title="Central African Republic Air Force">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Air_Force" title="Chadian Air Force">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Air_Force" title="Chilean Air Force">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Aerospace_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Aerospace Force">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Air_Force" title="Congolese Air Force">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Air_Force" title="Croatian Air Force">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Air_and_Air_Defense_Force" title="Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Air_Command" title="Cyprus Air Command">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Air_Force" title="Czech Air Force">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Air_Force" title="Royal Danish Air Force">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_Air_Force" title="Djibouti Air Force">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Air_Force" title="Dominican Air Force">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Air_Force" title="Ecuadorian Air Force">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force" title="Egyptian Air Force">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Air_Force" title="Salvadoran Air Force">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Air_Force" title="Eritrean Air Force">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Air_Force" title="Estonian Air Force">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force" title="Finnish Air Force">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Air_Force" title="Gabonese Air Force">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Air_Force" title="Georgian Air Force">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Air_Force" title="Ghana Air Force">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Air_Force" title="Guatemalan Air Force">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Air_Force" title="Guinea-Bissau Air Force">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti_Air_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiti Air Corps">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Air_Force" title="Honduran Air Force">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Air_Force" title="Hungarian Air Force">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Air_Policing" title="Icelandic Air Policing">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force" title="Indonesian Air Force">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Air_Corps" title="Irish Air Corps">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Air_Force" title="Italian Air Force">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Jordanian_Air_Force" title="Royal Jordanian Air Force">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Air_Defense_Forces" title="Kazakh Air Defense Forces">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Air_Force" title="Kenya Air Force">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Air_Force" title="Kuwait Air Force">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Air_Force" title="Kyrgyz Air Force">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="Lao People's Liberation Army Air Force">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Air_Force" title="Latvian Air Force">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Air_Force" title="Lebanese Air Force">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Armed_Forces#Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberian Armed Forces">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force" title="Libyan Air Force">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Air_Force" title="Lithuanian Air Force">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Air_Force" title="Malagasy Air Force">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Air_Force" title="Royal Malaysian Air Force">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Air_Force" title="Malian Air Force">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Wing_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Malta" title="Air Wing of the Armed Forces of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania_Islamic_Air_Force" title="Mauritania Islamic Air Force">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Air_Force" title="Mexican Air Force">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Air_Force" title="Moldovan Air Force">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Air_Force" title="Mongolian Air Force">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Air_Force" title="Montenegrin Air Force">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Air_Force" title="Royal Moroccan Air Force">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Air_Force" title="Mozambique Air Force">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Air_Force" title="Myanmar Air Force">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Air_Force" title="Namibian Air Force">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force" title="Royal Netherlands Air Force">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Air_Force" title="Nicaraguan Air Force">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Air_Force" title="Nigerian Air Force">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army_Air_Force" title="Korean People's Army Air Force">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_Air_Brigade" title="North Macedonia Air Brigade">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Air_Force" title="Royal Norwegian Air Force">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_of_Oman" title="Royal Air Force of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Air_Force" title="Paraguayan Air Force">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Air_Force" title="Peruvian Air Force">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Force" title="Polish Air Force">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Air_Force" title="Portuguese Air Force">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Emiri_Air_Force" title="Qatar Emiri Air Force">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Air_Force" title="Romanian Air Force">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Air_Force" title="Rwandan Air Force">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Air_Force" title="Senegalese Air Force">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Air_Force_and_Air_Defence" title="Serbian Air Force and Air Defence">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Air_Force" title="Republic of Singapore Air Force">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Air_Force" title="Slovak Air Force">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Air_Force_and_Air_Defence" title="Slovenian Air Force and Air Defence">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Air_Force" title="Somali Air Force">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force" title="Republic of Korea Air Force">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Air_Force" title="South Sudan Air Force">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force" title="Sri Lanka Air Force">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Air_Force" title="Sudanese Air Force">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_Air_Force" title="Suriname Air Force">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force" title="Swedish Air Force">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Air_Force" title="Swiss Air Force">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force" title="Republic of China Air Force">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Air_Force" title="Tajik Air Force">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_Air_Force_Command" title="Tanzania Air Force Command">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Armed_Forces" title="Togolese Armed Forces">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Air_Wing" title="Tongan Air Wing">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Air_Force" title="Tunisian Air Force">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Air_Force" title="Turkmen Air Force">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Air_Force" title="Uganda Air Force">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force" title="Ukrainian Air Force">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Air_Force" title="United Arab Emirates Air Force">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Air_Force" title="Uruguayan Air Force">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_Air_and_Air_Defence_Forces" title="Uzbekistan Air and Air Defence Forces">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Air Force">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Air_Force" title="Yemeni Air Force">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Air_Force" title="Zambian Air Force">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_of_Zimbabwe" title="Air Force of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_space_forces_and_space_commands" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_forces" title="Template:Space forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_forces" title="Template talk:Space forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_space_forces_and_space_commands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="List of space forces">List of</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">space forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">space commands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air and Space force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Aerospace_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Aerospace Force">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air forces</a> with space units and formations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force" title="Royal Netherlands Air Force">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army_Air_Force" title="Korean People's Army Air Force">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force" title="Republic of Korea Air Force">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space commands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Command" title="Defence Space Command">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Operations_Command" title="Aerospace Operations Command">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Operations_Command_(Italy)" title="Space Operations Command (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Operations_Group" title="Space Operations Group">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Space_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Space Centre">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Aerospace_Research_and_Development" title="National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Command" title="Russian Space Command">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Defense_Development" title="Agency for Defense Development">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Space_Command" title="United Kingdom Space Command">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_space_forces" title="Ranks and insignia of space forces">Ranks and insignia of space forces</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Allied_Air_Command" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Allied_Air_Command" title="Template:Allied Air Command"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allied_Air_Command" title="Template talk:Allied Air Command"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allied_Air_Command" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allied Air Command"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Allied_Air_Command" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Allied_Air_Command" title="Allied Air Command">Allied Air Command</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Air_Operations_Centre" title="Combined Air Operations Centre">Combined Air Operations Centre</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Allied_Air_Command.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Allied Air Command"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Allied_Air_Command.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Allied_Air_Command.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Allied_Air_Command.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Allied_Air_Command.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Allied_Air_Command.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Allied_Air_Command.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="432" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">space forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Air_Force" title="Albanian Air Force">Albanian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Air_Component" title="Belgian Air Component">Belgian Air Component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Air_Force" title="Bulgarian Air Force">Bulgarian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Air_Force" title="Croatian Air Force">Croatian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Air_Force" title="Czech Air Force">Czech Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Air_Force" title="Royal Danish Air Force">Royal Danish Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Air_Force" title="Estonian Air Force">Estonian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force" title="Finnish Air Force">Finnish Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">French Air and Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Hellenic Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Air_Force" title="Hungarian Air Force">Hungarian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Air_Force" title="Italian Air Force">Italian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Air_Force" title="Latvian Air Force">Latvian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Air_Force" title="Lithuanian Air Force">Lithuanian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Air_Force" title="Montenegrin Air Force">Montenegrin Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force" title="Royal Netherlands Air Force">Royal Netherlands Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_Air_Brigade" title="North Macedonia Air Brigade">North Macedonia Air Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Air_Force" title="Royal Norwegian Air Force">Royal Norwegian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Force" title="Polish Air Force">Polish Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Air_Force" title="Portuguese Air Force">Portuguese Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Air_Force" title="Romanian Air Force">Romanian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Air_Force" title="Slovak Air Force">Slovak Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Air_Force_and_Air_Defence" title="Slovenian Air Force and Air Defence">Slovenian Air Force and Air Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">Spanish Air and Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force" title="Swedish Air Force">Swedish Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165862#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165862#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165862#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121646511">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1528149198360774940003">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/34802-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80125861">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13906255d">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13906255d">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0007999&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261904105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3f20fb46-a6dd-43bc-baef-687ef39fbfb1">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028377761">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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