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Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">105 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bywoord" title="Bywoord – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bywoord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B0%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%A8_%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5" title="ተውሳከ ግሥ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ተውሳከ ግሥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%81_(%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88)" title="ظرف (نحو) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ظرف (نحو)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alverbiu" title="Alverbiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alverbiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%99rf_(qrammatika)" title="Zərf (qrammatika) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zərf (qrammatika)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruna_katerangan" title="Kruna katerangan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kruna katerangan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="ক্রিয়াবিশেষণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রিয়াবিশেষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Рәүеш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рәүеш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B5" title="Прыслоўе – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прыслоўе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B5" title="Прыслоўе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прыслоўе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="क्रिया-विशेषण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्रिया-विशेषण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Наречие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Наречие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Adverb" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbi" title="Adverbi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adverbi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%94%C3%A7%D1%85%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Ĕçхĕлтеш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ĕçхĕлтеш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADslovce" title="Příslovce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Příslovce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachini%C5%8Bdipahira" title="Bachiniŋdipahira – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bachiniŋdipahira" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biord" title="Biord – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adverb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4%C3%A4rs%C3%B5na" title="Määrsõna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Määrsõna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Επίρρημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επίρρημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbio" title="Adverbio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adverbio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbo" title="Adverbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Adverbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adberbio" title="Adberbio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adberbio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="قید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbe" title="Adverbe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adverbe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bywurd" title="Bywurd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bywurd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobhriathar" title="Dobhriathar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dobhriathar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-ghn%C3%AComhair" title="Co-ghnìomhair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Co-ghnìomhair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbio" title="Adverbio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Adverbio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A3" title="ક્રિયાવિશેષણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ક્રિયાવિશેષણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%82%AC_(%ED%92%88%EC%82%AC)" title="부사 (품사) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부사 (품사)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayanau" title="Bayanau – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bayanau" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Մակբայ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մակբայ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="क्रिया विशेषण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रिया विशेषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prilozi" title="Prilozi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prilozi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbia" title="Adverbia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adverbia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbio" title="Adverbio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Adverbio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%C3%A6%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Фæрсдзырд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фæрсдзырд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atviksor%C3%B0" title="Atviksorð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Atviksorð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avverbio" title="Avverbio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Avverbio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C" title="תואר הפועל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תואר הפועל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembung_katrangan" title="Tembung katrangan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tembung katrangan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%CA%8Bs%CA%8By%CA%8B_maal%C9%9B%C9%A3z%C9%A9%C9%A3" title="Yʋsʋyʋ maalɛɣzɩɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Yʋsʋyʋ maalɛɣzɩɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ზმნიზედა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზმნიზედა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Үстеу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үстеу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vielezi" title="Vielezi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vielezi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoker" title="Hoker – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hoker" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%87" title="Тактооч – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тактооч" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbium" title="Adverbium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Adverbium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apst%C4%81k%C4%BCa_v%C4%81rds" title="Apstākļa vārds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apstākļa vārds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prieveiksmis" title="Prieveiksmis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prieveiksmis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijwoord" title="Bijwoord – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bijwoord" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilandi" title="Lilandi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lilandi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averbo" title="Averbo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Averbo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averbi" title="Averbi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Averbi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%C3%A1roz%C3%B3sz%C3%B3" title="Határozószó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Határozószó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Прилог – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прилог" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambinteny" title="Tambinteny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tambinteny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ക്രിയാവിശേഷണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിയാവിശേഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="क्रियाविशेषण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्रियाविशेषण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverba" title="Adverba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Adverba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijwoord" title="Bijwoord – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bijwoord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E8%A9%9E" title="副詞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="副詞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Куцдош – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Куцдош" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Adverb" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Adverb" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adv%C3%A8rbi" title="Advèrbi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Advèrbi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravish" title="Ravish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ravish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A3" title="ਕਿਰਿਆ-ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿਰਿਆ-ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82_%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84" title="متعلق فعل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="متعلق فعل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="قید – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قید" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="គុណកិរិយា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គុណកិរិយា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przys%C5%82%C3%B3wek" title="Przysłówek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przysłówek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Επίρρημαν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Επίρρημαν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adv%C3%A9rbio" title="Advérbio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Advérbio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adverb" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinarimana" title="Hinarimana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hinarimana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Наречие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наречие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Define:Adverb" title="Define:Adverb – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Define:Adverb" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndajfolja" title="Ndajfolja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndajfolja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Adverb" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%81" title="ظرف – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ظرف" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADslovka" title="Príslovka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Príslovka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prislov" title="Prislov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prislov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ئاوەڵکار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاوەڵکار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_(%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8)" title="Прилог (врста речи) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прилог (врста речи)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prilog_(gramatika)" title="Prilog (gramatika) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prilog (gramatika)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbi" title="Adverbi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Adverbi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adverb" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang-abay" title="Pang-abay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pang-abay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="வினையடை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வினையடை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88_(%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%B7_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5)" title="Рәвеш (сүз төркеме) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рәвеш (сүз төркеме)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C" title="คำกริยาวิเศษณ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คำกริยาวิเศษณ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Зарф (дастури забон) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зарф (дастури забон)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarf_(dilbilgisi)" title="Zarf (dilbilgisi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zarf (dilbilgisi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Наречие – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Наречие" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Прислівник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прислівник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Trạng từ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trạng từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adviebe" title="Adviebe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Adviebe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adberyo" title="Adberyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Adberyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E8%A9%9E" title="副詞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="副詞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of words</div><p>An <b>adverb</b> is a word or an expression that generally <a href="/wiki/Modifier_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modifier (grammar)">modifies</a> a <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>, another adverb, a <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiner</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a>. Adverbs typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, or level of certainty by answering questions such as <i>how</i>, <i>in what way</i>, <i>when</i>, <i>where</i>, <i>to what extent</i>. This is called the <a href="/wiki/Adverbial" title="Adverbial">adverbial</a> function and may be performed by an individual adverb, by an <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_phrase" title="Adverbial phrase">adverbial phrase</a>, or by an <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_clause" title="Adverbial clause">adverbial clause</a>. </p><p>Adverbs are traditionally regarded as one of the <a href="/wiki/Parts_of_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts of speech">parts of speech</a>. Modern linguists note that the term <i>adverb</i> has come to be used as a kind of "catch-all" category, used to classify words with various types of <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> behavior, not necessarily having much in common except that they do not fit into any of the other available categories (noun, adjective, preposition, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverb&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word <i>adverb</i> derives (through French) from Latin <i>adverbium</i>, from <i>ad-</i> ('to'), <i>verbum</i> ('word', 'verb'), and the nominal suffix <i>-<span class="nowrap"> </span>ium</i>. The term implies that the principal function of adverbs is to act as <a href="/wiki/Modifier_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modifier (grammar)">modifiers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">verb phrases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stud_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stud-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An adverb used in this way may provide information about the manner, place, time, frequency, certainty, or other circumstances of the activity denoted by the verb or verb phrase. Some examples: </p> <ul><li>She sang <b>loudly</b> (<i>loudly</i> modifies the verb <i>sang</i>, indicating the manner of singing)</li> <li>We left it <b>here</b> (<i>here</i> modifies the verb phrase <i>left it</i>, indicating place)</li> <li>I worked <b>yesterday</b> (<i>yesterday</i> modifies the verb <i>worked</i>, indicating time)</li> <li>You <b>often</b> make mistakes (<i>often</i> modifies the verb phrase <i>make mistakes</i>, indicating frequency)</li> <li>He <b>undoubtedly</b> did it (<i>undoubtedly</i> modifies the verb phrase <i>did it</i>, indicating certainty)</li></ul> <p>Adverbs can also be used as modifiers of <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, and of other adverbs, often to indicate degree. Examples: </p> <ul><li>You are <b>quite</b> right (the adverb <i>quite</i> modifies the adjective <i>right</i>)</li> <li>She sang <b>very</b> loudly (the adverb <i>very</i> modifies another adverb – <i>loudly</i>)</li></ul> <p>They can also modify <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional phrase">prepositional phrases</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-stud_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stud-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or whole <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clauses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentences</a>, as in the following examples: </p> <ul><li>I bought <b>practically</b> the only fruit (<i>practically</i> modifies the determiner <i>the </i> in the <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a>, "the only fruit" wherein <i>only</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>)</li> <li>She drove us <b>almost</b> to the station (<i>almost</i> modifies the prepositional phrase <i>to the station</i>)</li> <li><b>Certainly</b> we need to act (<i>certainly</i> modifies the sentence as a whole)</li></ul> <p>Adverbs thus perform a wide range of modifying functions. The major exception is the function of modifier of <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, which is performed instead by adjectives (compare <i>she sang loudly</i> with <i>her loud singing disturbed me</i>; here the verb <i>sang</i> is modified by the adverb <i>loudly</i>, whereas the noun <i>singing</i> is modified by the adjective <i>loud</i>). However, because some adverbs and adjectives are <a href="/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym">homonyms</a>, their respective functions are sometimes conflated: </p> <ul><li><b>Even</b> numbers are divisible by two</li> <li>The camel <b>even</b> drank.</li></ul> <p>The word <i>even</i> in the first sentence is an adjective, since it is a <a href="/wiki/Prepositive" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositive">prepositive</a> modifier that modifies the noun <i>numbers</i>. The word "even" in the second sentence is a prepositive adverb that modifies the verb "drank." </p><p>Although it is possible for an adverb to precede or to follow a noun or a noun phrase, the adverb nonetheless does <i>not</i> modify either in such cases, as in: </p> <ul><li><b>Internationally</b> there is a shortage of protein for animal feeds</li> <li>There is a shortage <b>internationally</b> of protein for animal feeds</li> <li>There is an <b>international</b> shortage of protein for animal feeds</li></ul> <p>In the first sentence, "Internationally" is a prepositive adverb that modifies the clause, "there is ..." In the second sentence, "internationally" is a postpositive adverb that modifies the clause, "There is ..." By contrast, the third sentence contains "international" as a prepositive adjective that modifies the noun, "shortage." </p><p>Adverbs can sometimes be used as <a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">predicative expressions</a>; in English, this applies especially to adverbs of location: </p> <ul><li>Your seat is <b>there</b>.</li> <li><b>Here</b> is my boarding pass (wherein "boarding pass" is the subject and "here" is the predicate in a syntax that entails a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb_inversion_in_English" title="Subject–verb inversion in English">subject-verb inversion</a>).</li></ul> <p>When the function of an adverb is performed by an expression consisting of more than one word, it is called an <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_phrase" title="Adverbial phrase">adverbial phrase</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_clause" title="Adverbial clause">adverbial clause</a>, or simply an <a href="/wiki/Adverbial" title="Adverbial">adverbial</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_comparison">Formation and comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverb&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation and comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, adverbs of manner (answering the question <i>how?</i>) are often formed by adding <i>-ly</i> to adjectives, but <a href="/wiki/Flat_adverb" title="Flat adverb">flat adverbs</a> (such as in <i>drive fast</i>, <i>drive slow</i>, and <i>drive friendly</i>) have the same form as the corresponding adjective. Other languages often have similar methods for deriving adverbs from adjectives (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, for example, uses the suffix <i>-ment</i>), or else use the same form for both adjectives and adverbs, as in German and Dutch, where for example <i>schnell</i> or <i>snel</i>, respectively, mean either "quick" or "quickly" depending on the context. Many other adverbs, however, are not related to adjectives in this way; they may be derived from other words or phrases, or may be single <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a>. Examples of such adverbs in English include <i>here, there, together, yesterday, aboard, very, almost</i>, etc. </p><p>Where the meaning permits, adverbs may undergo <a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">comparison</a>, taking <a href="/wiki/Comparative" title="Comparative">comparative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Superlative">superlative</a> forms. In English this is usually done by adding <i>more</i> and <i>most</i> before the adverb (<i>more slowly, most slowly</i>), although there are a few adverbs that take <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> forms, such as <i>well</i>, for which <i>better</i> and <i>best</i> are used. </p><p>For more information about the formation and use of adverbs in English, see <a href="/wiki/English_adverbs" title="English adverbs">English adverbs</a>. For other languages, see <a href="#In_specific_languages">§ In specific languages</a> below, and the articles on individual languages and their grammars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_"catch-all"_category"><span id="As_a_.22catch-all.22_category"></span>As a "catch-all" category</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverb&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As a "catch-all" category"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adverbs are considered a <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">part of speech</a> in traditional English grammar, and are still included as a part of speech in grammar taught in schools and used in dictionaries. However, modern grammarians recognize that words traditionally grouped together as adverbs serve a number of different functions. Some describe adverbs as a "catch-all" category that includes all words that do not belong to one of the other parts of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A logical approach to dividing words into classes relies on recognizing which words can be used in a certain context. For example, the only type of word that can be inserted in the following template to form a grammatical sentence is a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>: </p> <dl><dd>The _____ is red. (For example, "The hat is red".)</dd></dl> <p>When this approach is taken, it is seen that adverbs fall into a number of different categories. For example, some adverbs can be used to modify an entire sentence, whereas others cannot. Even when a sentential adverb has other functions, the meaning is often not the same. For example, in the sentences <i>She gave birth naturally</i> and <i>Naturally, she gave birth</i>, the word <i>naturally</i> has different meanings: in the first sentence, as a verb-modifying adverb, it means "in a natural manner", while in the second sentence, as a sentential adverb, it means something like "of course". </p><p>Words like <i>very</i> afford another example. We can say <i>Perry is very fast</i>, but not <i>Perry very won the race</i>. These words can modify adjectives but not verbs. On the other hand, there are words like <i>here</i> and <i>there</i> that cannot modify adjectives. We can say <i>The sock looks good there</i> but not <i>It is a there beautiful sock</i>. The fact that many adverbs can be used in more than one of these functions can confuse the issue, and it may seem like splitting hairs to say that a single adverb is really two or more words that serve different functions. However, this distinction can be useful, especially when considering adverbs like <i>naturally</i> that have different meanings in their different functions. <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Huddleston" title="Rodney Huddleston">Rodney Huddleston</a> distinguishes between a <i>word</i> and a <i>lexicogrammatical-word</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grammarians find difficulty categorizing <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_and_negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Affirmative and negative">negating words</a>, such as the English <i>not</i>. Although traditionally listed as an adverb, this word does not behave grammatically like any other, and it probably should be placed in a class of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_languages">In other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverb&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> adverbs have the basic form of their corresponding <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> and are not inflected (though they sometimes can be <a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">compared</a>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> the term <i>Adverb</i> is defined differently from its use in the English language. German adverbs form a group of uninflectable words (though a few can be <a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">compared</a>). An English <i>adverb</i> which is derived from an adjective is arranged in German under the adjectives with <i>adverbial use</i> in the sentence. The others are also called adverbs in the German language.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian languages">Scandinavian languages</a>, adverbs are typically derived from adjectives by adding the suffix '-t', which makes it identical to the adjective's neuter form. Scandinavian adjectives, like English ones, are inflected in terms of comparison by adding '-ere'/'-are' (comparative) or '-est'/'-ast' (superlative). In inflected forms of adjectives, the '-t' is absent. <a href="/wiki/Periphrastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Periphrastic">Periphrastic</a> comparison is also possible.</li> <li>In most <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, many adverbs are formed from adjectives (often the feminine form) by adding '-mente' (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) or '-ment' (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>) (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>mens, mentis</i>: mind, intelligence, or <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> <i>-mentum</i>, result or way of action), while other adverbs are single forms which are invariable. In <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, almost all adverbs are simply the masculine singular form of the corresponding adjective, one notable exception being <i>bine</i> ("well") / <i>bun</i> ("good"). However, there are some Romanian adverbs built from certain masculine singular nouns using the suffix <i>"-ește"</i>, such as the following ones: <i>băieț-ește</i> (boyishly), <i>tiner-ește</i> (youthfully), <i>bărbăt-ește</i> (manly), <i>frăț-ește</i> (brotherly), etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a> also forms adverbs by adding '-mente' to the adjective. If an adjective ends in <i>c</i>, the adverbial ending is '-amente'. A few short, invariable adverbs, such as <i>ben</i> ("well"), and <i>mal</i> ("badly"), are available and widely used.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, adverbs are not formed from adjectives but are made by adding '-e' directly to the word root. Thus, from <i>bon</i> are derived <i>bone</i>, "well", and <i>bona</i>, "good". See also: <a href="/wiki/Special_Esperanto_adverbs" title="Special Esperanto adverbs">special Esperanto adverbs</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> adverbs are formed from adjectives of any degree through the suffixes <i>-ul/ül</i> and <i>-an/en</i> depending on the adjective: <i>szép</i> (beautiful) → <i>szépen</i> (beautifully) or the comparative <i>szebb</i> (more beautiful) → <i>szebben</i> (more beautifully)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> forms adverbs by adding the indefinite accusative ending '-an' to the root: <i>kathiir-</i>, "many", becomes <i>kathiiran</i> "much". However, Arabic often avoids adverbs by using a <a href="/wiki/Cognate_accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognate accusative">cognate accusative</a> followed by an adjective.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> generally form <a href="/wiki/Comparative" title="Comparative">comparative</a> adverbs by repeating the root (as in <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">WikiWiki</a>) as with the plural noun.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> forms adverbs from verbal adjectives by adding /ku/ (く) to the stem (haya- "swift" hayai "quick/early", hayakatta "was quick", hayaku "quickly") and from <a href="/wiki/Nominal_(linguistics)" title="Nominal (linguistics)">nominal</a> adjectives by placing /ni/ (に) after the adjective instead of the copula /na/ (な) or /no/ (の) (rippa "splendid", rippa ni "splendidly"). The derivations are quite productive, but for a few adjectives, adverbs may not be derived.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a>, an adverbial form is often made by preceding the adjective with a preposition: <i>go</i> in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> or <i>gu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, meaning 'until'. In <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, <i>yn</i> is used, meaning 'in'.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>, an adverb is most commonly made by adding the endings <-α> or <-ως> to the root of an adjective. Often, the adverbs formed from a common root using each of these endings have slightly different meanings. So, <τέλειος> (<téleios>, meaning "perfect" and "complete") yields <τέλεια> (<téleia>, "perfectly") and <τελείως> (<teleíos>, "completely"). Not all adjectives can be transformed into adverbs by using both endings. <Γρήγορος> (<grígoros>, "swift") becomes <γρήγορα> (<grígora>, "swiftly"), but not normally *<γρηγόρως> (*<grigóros>). When the <-ως> ending is used to transform an adjective whose stress accent is on the third syllable from the end, such as <επίσημος> (<epísimos>, "official"), the corresponding adverb is accented on the second syllable from the end; compare <επίσημα> (<epísima>) and <επισήμως> (<episímos>), which both mean "officially". There are also other endings with particular and restricted use as <-ί>, <-εί>, <-ιστί>, etc. For example, <ατιμωρητί> (<atimorití>, "with impunity") and <ασυζητητί> (<asyzitití>, "indisputably"); <αυτολεξεί> (<aftolexí> "word for word") and <αυτοστιγμεί> (<aftostigmí>, "in no time"); <αγγλιστί> [<anglistí> "in English (language)"] and <παπαγαλιστί> (<papagalistí>, "by rote"); etc.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, an adverb is formed from an adjective by changing the masculine or feminine adjective endings -s and -a to -i. "Labs", meaning "good", becomes "labi" for "well". Latvian adverbs have a particular use in expressions meaning "to speak" or "to understand" a language. Rather than use the noun meaning "Latvian/English/Russian", the adverb formed from these words is used. "Es runāju latviski/angliski/krieviski" means "I speak Latvian/English/Russian" or, literally, "I speak Latvianly/Englishly/Russianly". If a noun is required, the expression used means literally "language of the Latvians/English/Russians", "latviešu/angļu/krievu valoda".</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, and analogously in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Language">Ukrainian</a> and some other <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, most adverbs are formed by removing the adjectival suffixes "-ий" "-а" or "-е" from an adjective, and replacing them with the adverbial "-о". For example, in Ukrainian, "швидкий", "гарна", and "смачне" (fast, nice, tasty) become "швидко", "гарно", and "смачно" (quickly, nicely, tastily), while in Russian, "быстрый", "хороший" and "прекрасный" (quick, good, wonderful) become "быстро", "хорошо", "прекрасно" (quickly, well, wonderfully). Another wide group of adverbs are formed by gluing a <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a> to an oblique case form. In Ukrainian, for example, (<b>до</b> <i>onto</i>) + (<b>долу</b> <i>bottom</i>) → (<b>додолу</b> <i>downwards</i>); (<b>з</b> <i>off</i>) + (<b>далеку</b> <i>afar</i>) → (<b>здалеку</b> <i>afar-off</i>) . As well, adverbs are mostly placed before the verbs they modify: "Добрий син гарно співає." (A good son sings nicely/well). There is no specific word order in East Slavic languages.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, adverbs are commonly formed by replacing the -다 ending of the dictionary form of a descriptive verb with 게. So, 쉽다 (easy) becomes 쉽게 (easily). They are also formed by replacing the 하다 of some compound verbs with 히, e.g. 안녕하다 (peaceful) > 안녕히 (peacefully).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, the same word usually serves as adjective and adverb: <i>iyi bir kız</i> ("a good girl"), <i>iyi anlamak</i> ("to understand well<i>).</i></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, adverbs are not a separate class. Adjectives become adverbs when they are marked by an adverbial suffix, for example 地 de（e.g., 孩子們快樂地唱歌 haizimen kuaile.de changge 'the children happily sing a song'), or when adjectives are preceded by a verbal suffix such as 得 de (e.g., 她說漢語說得很好 ta shuo hanyu shuo.de henhao 'she speaks Chinese very well').</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, many adjectives and adverbs have the same form such as "خوب", "سریع", "تند" so there is no obvious way to recognise them out of context. The only exceptions are Arabic adverbs with a "اً" suffix such as "ظاهراً" and "واقعاً".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverb&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_adverb" title="Flat adverb">Flat adverb</a> (as in <i>drive fast</i>, <i>drive slow</i>, <i>drive friendly</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adverbs_by_type" title="Category:Adverbs by type">Category:Adverbs by type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_adverb" title="Prepositional adverb">Prepositional adverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronominal_adverb" title="Pronominal adverb">Pronominal adverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">Grammatical conjunction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverb&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: Thomas Edward Payne, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books">? id=LC3DfjWfCiwC Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguists</a></i>, CUP 1997, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stud-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stud_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stud_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney D. Huddleston, Geoffrey K. Pullum, <i>A Student's Introduction to English Grammar</i>, CUP 2005, p. 122ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: Thomas Edward Payne, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LC3DfjWfCiwC">Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguists</a></i>, CUP 1997, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHuddleston1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Huddleston" title="Rodney Huddleston">Huddleston, Rodney</a> (1988). <i>English Grammar: An Outline</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-32311-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-32311-8"><bdi>0-521-32311-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Grammar%3A+An+Outline&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-521-32311-8&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdverb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Cinque" title="Guglielmo Cinque">Cinque, Guglielmo</a>. 1999. <i>Adverbs and functional heads—a cross linguistic perspective</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haegeman, Liliane. 1995. <i>The syntax of negation</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverb&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ernst, Thomas. 2002. <i>The syntax of adjuncts</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Jackendoff, Ray. 1972. <i>Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar</i>. MIT Press,</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverb&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/adverb" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/adverb">adverb</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odlt.org">The Online Dictionary of Language 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lexical_categories" title="Template:Lexical categories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lexical_categories" title="Template talk:Lexical categories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lexical_categories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lexical categories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lexical_categories_and_their_features" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Lexical categories</a> and their features</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract / Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjectival_noun_(Japanese)" title="Adjectival noun (Japanese)">Adjectival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_nouns" title="Bare nouns">Bare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Countable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial-stress-derived_noun" title="Initial-stress-derived noun">Initial-stress-derived</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">Noun adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_and_common_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper and common nouns">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_noun" title="Relational noun">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_noun" title="Strong noun">Strong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Weak_noun" title="Weak noun">Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">Attributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converb" title="Converb">Converb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">Finite</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nonfinite_verb" title="Nonfinite verb">Nonfinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">Gerund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">Gerundive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">Participle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supine" title="Supine">Supine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_(linguistics)" title="Transgressive (linguistics)">Transgressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal noun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambitransitive_verb" title="Ambitransitive verb">Ambitransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andative_and_venitive" title="Andative and venitive">Andative / Venitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticausative_verb" title="Anticausative verb">Anticausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocausative_verb" title="Autocausative verb">Autocausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captative_verb" title="Captative verb">Captative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenative_verb" title="Catenative verb">Catenative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_verb" title="Defective verb">Defective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denominal_verb" title="Denominal verb">Denominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">Deponent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_verb" title="Dynamic verb">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_case-marking" title="Exceptional case-marking">Exceptional case-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequentative" title="Frequentative">Frequentative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">Impersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchoative_verb" title="Inchoative verb">Inchoative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labile_verb" title="Labile verb">Labile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_verb" title="Lexical verb">Lexical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_verb" title="Light verb">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performative_verb" title="Performative verb">Performative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_verb" title="Predicative verb">Predicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_verbs" title="Pure verbs">Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_and_irregular_verbs" title="Regular and irregular verbs">Regular / Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">Separable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">Stative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_verb" title="Stretched verb">Stretched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">Transitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccusative_verb" title="Unaccusative verb">Unaccusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unergative_verb" title="Unergative verb">Unergative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Anti-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_adjective" title="Collateral adjective">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalized_adjective" title="Nominalized adjective">Nominalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Non-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositive_adjective" title="Postpositive adjective">Postpositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Pure intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Relative subsective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Subsective</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adverb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjunctive_adverb" title="Conjunctive adverb">Conjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_adverb" title="Flat adverb">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_genitive" title="Adverbial genitive">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_adverb" title="Locative adverb">Locative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_adverb" title="Prepositional adverb">Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronominal_adverb" title="Pronominal adverb">Pronominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bound_variable_pronoun" title="Bound variable pronoun">Bound variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunctive_pronoun" title="Disjunctive pronoun">Disjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_pronoun" title="Distributive pronoun">Distributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_sentence" title="Donkey sentence">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">Formal / Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">Gender-neutral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gender-specific_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-specific pronoun">Gender-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Inclusive / Exclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pronoun" title="Intensive pronoun">Intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_pronoun" title="Reciprocal pronoun">Reciprocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resumptive_pronoun" title="Resumptive pronoun">Resumptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak pronoun">Strong / Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">Subject</a> / <a href="/wiki/Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_pronoun" title="Prepositional pronoun">Prepositional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Adposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casally_modulated_preposition" title="Casally modulated preposition">Casally modulated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">Inflected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preposition_stranding" title="Preposition stranding">Stranded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">Determiner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Quantifier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">Particle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_marker" title="Discourse marker">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_particle" title="Modal particle">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_particle" title="Noun particle">Noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementizer" title="Complementizer">Complementizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">Conjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverb" title="Coverb">Coverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">Interjection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideophone" title="Ideophone">Ideophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">Onomatopoeia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">Preverb</a></li> <li><a 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