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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_Romanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_Romanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Common Romanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_Romanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Romanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Romanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Old Romanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Romanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Romanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Romanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern Romanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Romanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Pre-modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Contemporary period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history_of_Romanian_in_Bessarabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history_of_Romanian_in_Bessarabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Modern history of Romanian in Bessarabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history_of_Romanian_in_Bessarabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Historical grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>In Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Moldova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Moldova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>In Moldova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Moldova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>In Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vojvodina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vojvodina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3.1</span> <span>Vojvodina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vojvodina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timok_Valley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timok_Valley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3.2</span> <span>Timok Valley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timok_Valley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_language_status_in_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_language_status_in_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Regional language status in Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_language_status_in_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_countries_and_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_countries_and_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>In other countries and organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_countries_and_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_second_and_foreign_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_second_and_foreign_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>As a second and foreign language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_second_and_foreign_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romance_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Romance language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romance_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkan_language_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan_language_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Balkan language area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan_language_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Slavic influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Other influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French,_Italian,_and_English_loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French,_Italian,_and_English_loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>French, Italian, and English loanwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French,_Italian,_and_English_loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Lexis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonetic_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetic_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Phonetic changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetic_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romanian_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Romanian alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation_and_capitalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation_and_capitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Punctuation and capitalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation_and_capitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academy_spelling_recommendations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academy_spelling_recommendations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Academy spelling recommendations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academy_spelling_recommendations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_Romanian_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_Romanian_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Examples of Romanian text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_Romanian_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Romanian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 175 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-175" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">175 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemeens" title="Roemeens – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Roemeens" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A4nische_Sprache" title="Rumänische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rumänische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A9%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ሩማንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሩማንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रोमानियाई भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रोमानियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C7%A3nisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Rumǣnisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rumǣnisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Арумын бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Арумын бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الرومانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الرومانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_rumano" title="Idioma rumano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma rumano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܡܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܡܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_rom%C3%A3neasc%C3%A3" title="Limba romãneascã – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Limba romãneascã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumen" title="Roumen – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Roumen" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_rumanu" title="Idioma rumanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma rumanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rruma%C3%B1a%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Rrumañañe’ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rrumañañe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C4%B1n_dili" title="Rumın dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rumın dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رومانی دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رومانی دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="রোমানীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোমানীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania-g%C3%AD" title="Romania-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Romania-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Румын теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Румын теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Румынская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Румынская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Румынская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Румынская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumano" title="Rumano – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rumano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Румънски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Румънски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunski_jezik" title="Rumunski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rumunski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumaneg" title="Roumaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Roumaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%C3%A8s" title="Romanès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Romanès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Румын чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Румын чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Rumano" title="Pinulongang Rumano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Rumano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumun%C5%A1tina" title="Rumunština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rumunština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_rumena" title="Lingua rumena – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua rumena" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwmaneg" title="Rwmaneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rwmaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A6nsk_(sprog)" title="Rumænsk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rumænsk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الرومانية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الرومانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniagiella" title="Romaniagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Romaniagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A4nische_Sprache" title="Rumänische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rumänische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumun%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Rumunšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rumunšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumeenia_keel" title="Rumeenia keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rumeenia keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ρουμανική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρουμανική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%AAn" title="Rumên – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Rumên" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Румынэнь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Румынэнь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_rumano" title="Idioma rumano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma rumano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumana_lingvo" title="Rumana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rumana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_rumana" title="Luenga rumana – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga rumana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errumaniera" title="Errumaniera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errumaniera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان رومانیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان رومانیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_bhasa" title="Romanian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Romanian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumenskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Rumenskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rumenskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumain" title="Roumain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roumain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemeensk" title="Roemeensk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Roemeensk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_rumene" title="Lenghe rumene – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe rumene" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%B3m%C3%A1inis" title="An Rómáinis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Rómáinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaanish" title="Romaanish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Romaanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C4%B1n_dili" title="Romın dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Romın dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A0inis" title="Romàinis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Romàinis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_romanesa" title="Lingua romanesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua romanesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="रुमानियन भास – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="रुमानियन भास" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania-ng%C3%AE" title="Romania-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Romania-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="루마니아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루마니아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Lom%C4%81nia" title="ʻŌlelo Lomānia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Lomānia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ռումիներեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռումիներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रोमानियाई भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोमानियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumun%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Rumunšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rumunšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunjski_jezik" title="Rumunjski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rumunjski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumana_linguo" title="Rumana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rumana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Rumano" title="Pagsasao a Rumano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Rumano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Rumania" title="Bahasa Rumania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Rumania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_romanian" title="Lingua romanian – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua romanian" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Румынаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Румынаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulwimi_lwesiRomania" title="Ulwimi lwesiRomania – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ulwimi lwesiRomania" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAmenska" title="Rúmenska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rúmenska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_romena" title="Lingua romena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua romena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רומנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רומנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Rumania" title="Basa Rumania – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Rumania" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Румын тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Румын тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რუმინული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუმინული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%B9%C5%84sczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Rumùńsczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Rumùńsczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Румын тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Румын тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumanek" title="Roumanek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Roumanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiromania" title="Kiromania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiromania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Румын кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Румын кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_woumen" title="Lang woumen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang woumen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_r%C3%BBmen%C3%AE" title="Zimanê rûmenî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê rûmenî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Румын тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Румын тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5" title="ພາສາລູມານີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາລູມານີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Dacoromanica" title="Lingua Dacoromanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Dacoromanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C4%81%C5%86u_valoda" title="Rumāņu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rumāņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumun%C5%B3_kalba" title="Rumunų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rumunų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_romenn-a" title="Lengua romenn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua romenn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemeens" title="Roemeens – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Roemeens" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_(lingua)" title="Romanian (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Romanian (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_r%C3%BCmena" title="Lengua rümena – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua rümena" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n_nyelv" title="Román nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Román nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Романски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Романски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_romaniana" title="Fiteny romaniana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny romaniana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="റൊമാനിയൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റൊമാനിയൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Romeinia" title="Reo Romeinia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Romeinia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रोमेनियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोमेनियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რუმინული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუმინული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه رومانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه رومانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="رومانیایی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رومانیایی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Romania" title="Bahasa Romania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Romania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯔꯣꯃꯥꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯔꯣꯃꯥꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Romania-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Romania-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemeens" title="Roemeens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roemeens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रोमानियन भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रोमानियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="ルーマニア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーマニア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Румынийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Румынийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumeensk_spriak" title="Rumeensk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rumeensk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romainyan" title="Romainyan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Romainyan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumensk" title="Rumensk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rumensk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumensk" title="Rumensk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rumensk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumain" title="Roumain – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Roumain" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanum" title="Rumanum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Rumanum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%C3%A9s" title="Romanés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Romanés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Румын йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Румын йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumin_tili" title="Rumin tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rumin tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="رومانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رومانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumano" title="Rumano – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Rumano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="رومانیایي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رومانیایي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Ромын кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ромын кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8" title="ភាសារូម៉ានី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសារូម៉ានី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumain" title="Roumain – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Roumain" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_rumen-a" title="Lenga rumen-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga rumen-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A4%C3%A4nsche_Spraak" title="Rumäänsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rumäänsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_rumu%C5%84ski" title="Język rumuński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język rumuński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_romena" title="Língua romena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua romena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C4%B1n_tili" title="Rumın tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rumın tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romen_tili" title="Romen tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Romen tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba română – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba română" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunikani_chhib" title="Rumunikani chhib – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Rumunikani chhib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_rumena" title="Lingua rumena – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua rumena" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanya_simi" title="Rumanya simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rumanya simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Румуньскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Румуньскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Румынский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Румынский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Romania" title="Faʻa Romania – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Romania" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_romuna" title="Limba romuna – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba romuna" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumains_leid" title="Roumains leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roumains leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_rumune" title="Gjuha rumune – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha rumune" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_rumena" title="Lingua rumena – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua rumena" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Romanian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumun%C4%8Dina" title="Rumunčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rumunčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romun%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Romunščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Romunščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BC%EA%99%91%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Роумꙑньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Роумꙑньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%AFm%C5%AF%C5%84sko_godka" title="Růmůńsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Růmůńsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Romani" title="Af-Romani – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Romani" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زمانی ڕۆمانیایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ڕۆمانیایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Румунски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Румунски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunski_jezik" title="Rumunski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rumunski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_kieli" title="Romanian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Romanian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A4nska" title="Rumänska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rumänska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Rumano" title="Wikang Rumano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Rumano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="உருமானிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருமானிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Румын теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Румын теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาโรมาเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาโรมาเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%91%D3%A3" title="Забони румониёӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони румониёӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumence" title="Rumence – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rumence" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniya_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="Romaniya (a̱lyem) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Romaniya (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Румын кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Румын кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Румунська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Румунська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رومانیائی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رومانیائی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="رومان تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رومان تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_rumena" title="Łéngua rumena – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua rumena" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Rom%C3%A2nia" title="Tiếng România – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng România" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Rumänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Rumänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumin_(lingaedje)" title="Roumin (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Roumin (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemeens" title="Roemeens – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Roemeens" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumano" title="Rumano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rumano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="罗马尼亚语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗马尼亚语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9" title="רומעניש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רומעניש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Roman%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Èdè Romaníà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Romaníà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%87" title="羅馬尼亞文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅馬尼亞文" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Eastern Romance language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a> languages.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Romanian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Daco-Romanian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">limba română</i></span>, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">românește</i></span>, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">română</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[roˈmɨnə]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(including <a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">25 million (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Northern Romanian</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-a_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romanian</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-a_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Romanian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet">Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a> (historical)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian Braille</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></i> (<span style="font-size:85%;">as "<a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan</a>"</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flags_of_Vojvodina.svg/23px-Flags_of_Vojvodina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flags_of_Vojvodina.svg/35px-Flags_of_Vojvodina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flags_of_Vojvodina.svg/46px-Flags_of_Vojvodina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2223" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">both as Romanian and "<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Serbia" title="Romanian language in Serbia">Vlach</a>"</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ro">ro</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=376">rum</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=376">ron</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ron" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ron">ron</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/roma1327">roma1327</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAD-c">(varieties: 51-AAD-ca to -ck) 51-AAD-c (varieties: 51-AAD-ca to -ck)</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Roumanophone_World.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Map_Roumanophone_World.png/320px-Map_Roumanophone_World.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Map_Roumanophone_World.png/480px-Map_Roumanophone_World.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Map_Roumanophone_World.png/640px-Map_Roumanophone_World.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Blue: region where Romanian is the dominant language. Cyan: areas with a notable minority of Romanian speakers.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_rumano.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Idioma_rumano.PNG/320px-Idioma_rumano.PNG" decoding="async" width="320" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Idioma_rumano.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="347" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of the Romanian language in Romania, Moldova and surroundings</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm/220px--Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="96" data-mwtitle="Native_from_Bucharest,_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Native_from_Bucharest,_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm/Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm/Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm/Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm/Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm/Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm/Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm/Native_from_Bucharest%2C_Romania_speaking_Romanian.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Native from <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, speaking Romanian. The Romanian dialect from Bucharest is standard Romanian (from the region of <a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a>, part of the historical <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Romanian</b> (obsolete spelling: <b>Roumanian</b>; <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: <i lang="ro">limba română</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[ˈlimba<span class="wrap"> </span>roˈmɨnə]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a7\/Ro-Limba_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83.ogg\/Ro-Limba_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ro-Limba Rom\u00e2n\u0103.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Ro-Limba_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83.ogg/Ro-Limba_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ro-Limba_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83.ogg" title="File:Ro-Limba Română.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, or <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">românește</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[romɨˈneʃte]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">in Romanian</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is the official and main language of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>. Romanian is part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance</a> sub-branch of <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, a linguistic group that evolved from several dialects of <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> which separated from the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Western Romance</a> languages in the course of the period from the 5th to the 8th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To distinguish it within the Eastern Romance languages, in comparative linguistics it is called <i><a href="#Dialects">Daco-Romanian</a></i> as opposed to its closest relatives, <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a>. It is also spoken as a <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> by stable communities in the countries surrounding Romania (<a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Bulgaria" title="Romanians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Hungary" title="Romanians in Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Serbia" title="Romanians in Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Ukraine" title="Romanians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a>), and by the large <a href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora">Romanian diaspora</a>. In total, it is spoken by 25 million people as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e27_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romanian was also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan</a></i> in Moldova, although the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Moldova" title="Constitutional Court of Moldova">Constitutional Court of Moldova</a> ruled in 2013 that "the official language of Moldova is Romanian".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 March 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldovan Parliament">Moldovan Parliament</a> approved a law on referring to the national language as Romanian in all legislative texts and the constitution. On 22 March, the president of Moldova, <a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a>, promulgated the law.<sup id="cite_ref-romanian-law-prom_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanian-law-prom-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of the Romanian language started in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_Line" title="Jireček Line">Jireček Line</a> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> but there are 3 main hypotheses about its exact territory: the autochthony thesis (it developed in left-Danube Dacia only), the discontinuation thesis (it developed in right-Danube provinces only), and the "as-well-as" thesis that supports the language development on both sides of the Danube.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 6th and 8th century, following the accumulated tendencies inherited from the vernacular spoken in this large area and, to a much smaller degree, the influences from <a href="/wiki/Substrate_in_Romanian" title="Substrate in Romanian">native dialects</a>, and in the context of a lessened power of the Roman central authority the language evolved into <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-language</a> then came into close contact with the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations_to_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe">Slavic languages</a> and subsequently divided into <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a>, and Daco-Romanian.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to limited attestation between the 6th and 16th century, entire stages from its history are re-constructed by researchers, often with proposed relative chronologies and loose limits.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 12th or 13th century, official documents and religious texts were written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>, a language that had a similar role to <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> in Western Europe. The oldest dated text in Romanian is <a href="/wiki/Neac%C8%99u%27s_letter" title="Neacșu's letter">a letter</a> written in 1521 with <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic letters</a>, and until late 18th century, including during the development of printing, the same alphabet was used. The period after 1780, starting with the writing of its first grammar books, represents the modern age of the language, during which time the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabet</a> became official, the literary language was standardized, and a large number of words from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Modern Latin</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> entered the lexis. </p><p>In the process of language evolution from fewer than 2500 attested words from <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Romanian_lexis" title="Romanian lexis">lexicon</a> of over 150,000 words in its contemporary form,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanian showed a high degree of lexical permeability, reflecting contact with <a href="/wiki/Thraco-Dacian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thraco-Dacian">Thraco-Dacian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, and to languages that served as cultural models during and after the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lexical permeability is continuing today with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> words.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Grammar_of_Romanian_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Grammar_of_Romanian-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet while the overall lexis was enriched with foreign words and internal constructs, in accordance with the history and development of the society and the diversification in semantic fields, the fundamental lexicon—the core <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a> used in everyday conversation—remains governed by inherited elements from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> provinces bordering <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, without which no coherent sentence can be made.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romanian_language" title="History of the Romanian language">History of the Romanian language</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_Romanian">Common Romanian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Common Romanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Romanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Romanian language">Proto-Romanian language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_superstratum_in_Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic superstratum in Romanian">Slavic superstratum in Romanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substrate_in_Romanian" title="Substrate in Romanian">Substrate in Romanian</a></div> <p>Romanian descended from the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> north of the <a href="/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_Line" title="Jireček Line">Jireček Line</a> (a hypothetical boundary between the dominance of Latin and Greek influences). </p><p>Most scholars agree that two major dialects developed from Common Romanian by the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daco-Romanian (the official language of Romania and Moldova) and <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a> (a language spoken by no more than 2,000 people in <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>) descended from the northern dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other languages, <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, developed from the southern version of Common Romanian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two languages are now spoken in lands to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_Line" title="Jireček Line">Jireček Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreoseRenzi2013287_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreoseRenzi2013287-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the features that individualize Common Romanian, inherited from Latin or subsequently developed, of particular importance are:<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ro_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ro-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>appearance of the ă vowel;</li> <li>growth of the plural inflectional ending -uri for the neuter gender;</li> <li>analytic present conditional (ex: Daco-Romanian <i>aș cânta</i>);</li> <li>analytic future with an auxiliary derived from Latin volo (ex: Aromanian <i>va s-cântu</i>);</li> <li>enclisis of the definite article (ex. Istro-Romanian <i>câre – cârele</i>);</li> <li>nominal declension with two case forms in the singular feminine.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Romanian">Old Romanian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Old Romanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Romanian" title="Old Romanian">Old Romanian</a></div> <p>The use of the denomination <i>Romanian</i> (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">română</i></span>) for the language and use of the demonym <i>Romanians</i> (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Români</i></span>) for speakers of this language predates the foundation of the modern Romanian state. Romanians always used the general term <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">rumân</i></span>/<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">român</i></span> or regional terms like <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ardeleni</i></span> (or <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ungureni</i></span>), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">moldoveni</i></span> or <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">munteni</i></span> to designate themselves. Both the name of <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">rumână</i></span> or <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">rumâniască</i></span> for the Romanian language and the self-designation <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">rumân/român</i></span> are attested as early as the 16th century, by various foreign travelers into the Carpathian Romance-speaking space,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in other historical documents written in Romanian at that time such as <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letopise%C8%9Bul_%C8%9A%C4%83rii_Moldovei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Letopisețul Țării Moldovei (page does not exist)">Cronicile Țării Moldovei</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letopise%C8%9Bul_%C8%9A%C4%83rii_Moldovei" class="extiw" title="ro:Letopisețul Țării Moldovei">ro</a>]</span></i></span> (<i>The Chronicles of the land of Moldova</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Ureche" title="Grigore Ureche">Grigore Ureche</a>. </p><p>The few allusions to the use of Romanian in writing as well as common words, anthroponyms, and toponyms preserved in the Old Church Slavonic religious writings and chancellery documents, attested prior to the 16th century, along with the analysis of graphemes show that the writing of Romanian with the Cyrillic alphabet started in the second half of the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Dindelegan(ed.)_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dindelegan(ed.)-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neac%C5%9Fu%27s_letter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Neac%C5%9Fu%27s_letter.jpg/220px-Neac%C5%9Fu%27s_letter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Neac%C5%9Fu%27s_letter.jpg/330px-Neac%C5%9Fu%27s_letter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Neac%C5%9Fu%27s_letter.jpg/440px-Neac%C5%9Fu%27s_letter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Neacșu's letter is the oldest surviving document written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Romanian" title="Old Romanian">Old Romanian</a> that can be precisely dated</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest extant document in Romanian precisely dated is <a href="/wiki/Neac%C8%99u%27s_letter" title="Neacșu's letter">Neacșu's letter</a> (1521) and was written using the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a>, which was used until the late 19th century. The letter is the oldest testimony of Romanian epistolary style and uses a prevalent lexis of Latin origin.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, dating by <a href="/wiki/Watermark" title="Watermark">watermarks</a> has shown the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurmuzaki_Psalter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurmuzaki Psalter (page does not exist)">Hurmuzaki Psalter</a> is a copy from around the turn of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Dindelegan(ed.)_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dindelegan(ed.)-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slow process of Romanian establishing itself as an official language, used in the public sphere, in literature and ecclesiastically, began in the late 15th century and ended in the early decades of the 18th century, by which time Romanian had begun to be regularly used by the Church. The oldest Romanian texts of a literary nature are religious manuscripts (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Codicele Voronețean</i></span>, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Psaltirea Scheiană</i></span>), translations of essential Christian texts. These are considered either propagandistic results of confessional rivalries, for instance between <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, or as initiatives by Romanian monks stationed at <a href="/wiki/S%C4%83p%C3%A2n%C8%9Ba" title="Săpânța">Peri Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a> to distance themselves from the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Mukacheve" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukacheve">Mukacheve</a> eparchy in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language spoken during this period had a phonological system of seven vowels and twenty-nine consonants. Particular to <a href="/wiki/Old_Romanian" title="Old Romanian">Old Romanian</a> are the distribution of /z/, as the allophone of /dz/ from <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a>, in the Wallachian and south-east Transylvanian varieties, the presence of palatal sonorants /ʎ/ and /ɲ/, nowadays preserved only regionally in <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a>, and the beginning of devoicing of asyllabic [u] after consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-Dindelegan(ed.)_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dindelegan(ed.)-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Text analysis revealed words that are now lost from modern vocabulary or used only in local varieties. These words were of various provenience for example: Latin (<i>cure</i> - to run, <i>mâneca</i>- to leave), Old Church Slavonic (<i>drăghicame</i> - gem, precious stone, <i>prilăsti</i> - to trick, to cheat), Hungarian (<i>bizăntui</i> - to bear witness).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Romanian">Modern Romanian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern Romanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Romanian" title="Modern Romanian">Modern Romanian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuil_Micu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Samuil_Micu.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Samuil Micu-Klein</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The modern age of Romanian starts in 1780 with the printing in Vienna of a very important grammar book<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ro_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ro-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> titled <i><a href="/wiki/Elementa_linguae_daco-romanae_sive_valachicae" title="Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae">Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae</a></i>. The author of the book, <a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Samuil Micu-Klein</a>, and the revisor, <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Gheorghe Șincai</a>, both members of the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a>, chose to use <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as the language of the text and presented the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">phonetical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">grammatical</a> features of Romanian in comparison to its ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Modern age of Romanian language can be further divided into three phases: pre-modern or modernizing between 1780 and 1830, modern phase between 1831 and 1880, and contemporary from 1880 onwards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-modern_period">Pre-modern period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning with the printing in 1780 of <i>Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae</i>, the pre-modern phase was characterized by the publishing of school textbooks, appearance of first normative works in Romanian, numerous translations, and the beginning of a conscious stage of <a href="/wiki/Re-latinization_of_Romanian" title="Re-latinization of Romanian">re-latinization</a> of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ro_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ro-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable contributions, besides that of the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a>, are the activities of <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Laz%C4%83r" title="Gheorghe Lazăr">Gheorghe Lazăr</a>, founder of the first Romanian school, and <a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Ion Heliade Rădulescu</a>. The end of this period is marked by the first printing of magazines and newspapers in Romanian, in particular <a href="/wiki/Curierul_Rom%C3%A2nesc" title="Curierul Românesc">Curierul Românesc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albina_Rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83" title="Albina Românească">Albina Românească</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SuarezWoudhuysen2013_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SuarezWoudhuysen2013-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosenthal_Rosetti_Phrygian.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rosenthal_Rosetti_Phrygian.jpeg/280px-Rosenthal_Rosetti_Phrygian.jpeg" decoding="async" width="280" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rosenthal_Rosetti_Phrygian.jpeg/420px-Rosenthal_Rosetti_Phrygian.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rosenthal_Rosetti_Phrygian.jpeg/560px-Rosenthal_Rosetti_Phrygian.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">Lithograph</a> of a group portrait by <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Daniel_Rosenthal" title="Constantin Daniel Rosenthal">Constantin Daniel Rosenthal</a>, showing Paris-based revolutionaries during the early 1840s. From left: Rosenthal (wearing a <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a>), <a href="/wiki/C._A._Rosetti" title="C. A. Rosetti">C. A. Rosetti</a>, anonymous Wallachian</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting from 1831 and lasting until 1880 the modern phase is characterized by the development of literary styles: scientific, administrative, and <a href="/wiki/Belletristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Belletristic">belletristic</a>. It quickly reached a high point with the printing of <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Literar%C4%83" title="Dacia Literară">Dacia Literară</a>, a journal founded by <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu" title="Mihail Kogălniceanu">Mihail Kogălniceanu</a> and representing a literary society, which together with other publications like <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Propășirea</i></span> and <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/Gazeta_de_Transilvania" title="Gazeta de Transilvania">Gazeta de Transilvania</a></i></span> spread the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a> and later contributed to the formation of other societies that took part in the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>. Their members and those that shared their views are collectively known in Romania as "of '48"(<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">pașoptiști</i></span>), a name that was extended to the literature and writers around this time such as <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Alecsandri" title="Vasile Alecsandri">Vasile Alecsandri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Alexandrescu" title="Grigore Alexandrescu">Grigore Alexandrescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_B%C4%83lcescu" title="Nicolae Bălcescu">Nicolae Bălcescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timotei_Cipariu" title="Timotei Cipariu">Timotei Cipariu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1830 and 1860 "transitional alphabets" were used, adding Latin letters to the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a>. The Latin alphabet became official at different dates in Wallachia and Transylvania - 1860, and Moldova -1862.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">unification of Moldavia and Wallachia</a> further studies on the language were made, culminating with the founding of <span title="Romanian-language text"><span lang="ro" style="font-style: normal;">Societatea Literară Română</span></span> on 1 April 1866 on the initiative of <a href="/wiki/C._A._Rosetti" title="C. A. Rosetti">C. A. Rosetti</a>, an academic society that had the purpose of standardizing the orthography, formalizing the grammar and (via a dictionary) vocabulary of the language, and promoting literary and scientific publications. This institution later became the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ion_Creanga-Foto03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ion_Creanga-Foto03.jpg/220px-Ion_Creanga-Foto03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ion_Creanga-Foto03.jpg/330px-Ion_Creanga-Foto03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ion_Creanga-Foto03.jpg/440px-Ion_Creanga-Foto03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ion_Creang%C4%83_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Creangă (writer)">Ion Creangă</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_period">Contemporary period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contemporary period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third phase of the modern age of Romanian language, starting from 1880 and continuing to this day, is characterized by the prevalence of the supradialectal form of the language, standardized with the express contribution of the school system and Romanian Academy, bringing a close to the process of literary language modernization and development of literary styles.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Grammar_of_Romanian_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Grammar_of_Romanian-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is distinguished by the activity of Romanian literature classics in its early decades: <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Mihai Eminescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Luca_Caragiale" title="Ion Luca Caragiale">Ion Luca Caragiale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Creang%C4%83_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Creangă (writer)">Ion Creangă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Slavici" title="Ioan Slavici">Ioan Slavici</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current orthography, with minor reforms to this day and using Latin letters, was fully implemented in 1881, regulated by the Romanian Academy on a fundamentally phonological principle, with few morpho-syntactic exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_history_of_Romanian_in_Bessarabia">Modern history of Romanian in Bessarabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern history of Romanian in Bessarabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Romanian grammar</a> was published in Vienna in 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-Elementa_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elementa-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1812)">annexation of Bessarabia by Russia</a> in 1812, Moldavian was established as an official language in the governmental institutions of <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, used along with Russian,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publishing works established by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Gavril_B%C4%83nulescu-Bodoni" title="Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni">Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni</a> were able to produce books and liturgical works in Moldavian between 1815 and 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bessarabia during the 1812–1918 era witnessed the gradual development of <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a>. Russian continued to develop as the official language of privilege, whereas Romanian remained the principal vernacular.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The period from 1905 to 1917 was one of increasing linguistic conflict spurred by an increase in Romanian nationalism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1905 and 1906, the Bessarabian <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Zemstvo" title="Zemstvo">zemstva</a></i></span> asked for the re-introduction of Romanian in schools as a "compulsory language", and the "liberty to teach in the mother language (Romanian language)". At the same time, Romanian-language newspapers and journals began to appear, such as <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Basarabia</i></span> (1906), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Viața Basarabiei</i></span> (1907), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Moldovanul</i></span> (1907), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Luminătorul</i></span> (1908), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Cuvînt moldovenesc</i></span> (1913), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Glasul Basarabiei</i></span> (1913). From 1913, the synod permitted that "the churches in <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> use the Romanian language". Romanian finally became the official language with the <a href="/wiki/1923_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1923 Constitution of Romania">Constitution of 1923</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_grammar">Historical grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historical grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romanian has preserved a part of the Latin <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a>, but whereas <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> had six <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>, from a morphological viewpoint, Romanian has only three: the <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, and marginally the <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a>. Romanian nouns also preserve the neuter <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, although instead of functioning as a separate gender with its own forms in adjectives, the Romanian neuter became a mixture of masculine and feminine. The <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> morphology of Romanian has shown the same move towards a compound <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future tense</a> as the other Romance languages. Compared with the other <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, during its evolution, Romanian simplified the original Latin <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Romanian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Romanian is an official language">List of countries and territories where Romanian is an official language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian Americans</a></div> <p>Romanian is spoken mostly in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-Eastern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, although speakers of the language can be found all over the world, mostly due to emigration of Romanian nationals and the return of immigrants to Romania back to their original countries. Romanian speakers account for 0.5% of the world's population,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 4% of the Romance-speaking population of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romanian is the single official and national language in Romania and Moldova, although it shares the official status at regional level with other languages in the Moldovan autonomies of <a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>. Romanian is also an official language of the <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Autonomous Province of Vojvodina</a> in Serbia along with five other languages. Romanian minorities are encountered in Serbia (<a href="/wiki/Timok_Valley" title="Timok Valley">Timok Valley</a>), Ukraine (<a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa</a> <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblasts</a>), and Hungary (<a href="/wiki/Gyula,_Hungary" title="Gyula, Hungary">Gyula</a>). Large immigrant communities are found in Italy, Spain, France, and Portugal. </p><p>In 1995, the largest Romanian-speaking community in the Middle East was found in Israel, where Romanian was spoken by 5% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanian is also spoken as a second language by people from Arabic-speaking countries who have studied in Romania. It is estimated that almost half a million Middle Eastern Arabs studied in Romania during the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small Romanian-speaking communities are to be found in Kazakhstan and Russia. Romanian is also spoken within communities of Romanian and Moldovan immigrants in the United States, Canada and Australia, although they do not make up a large homogeneous community statewide. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Geographic distribution of Romanian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Speakers <br /> (%) </th> <th>Speakers <br />(native) </th> <th>Country Population </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">World </th></tr> <tr> <td>World </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.33% </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>23,623,890</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,035,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">official: </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Countries where Romanian is an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Romania" title="Demographics of Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">90.65% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,263,561<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,043,767 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Moldova" title="Demographics of Moldova">Moldova</a> <sup>2</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">82.1% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,184,065 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,681,735 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Transnistria">Transnistria</a> (Moldova)<sup>3</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33.0% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">156,600 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">475,665 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Serbia" title="Romanians in Serbia">Vojvodina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Serbia" title="Romanian language in Serbia">Serbia</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.04% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,038<sup id="cite_ref-Dissemination_database_search_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissemination_database_search-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,740,230<sup id="cite_ref-Dissemination_database_search_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissemination_database_search-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">minority regional co-official language: </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Ukraine" title="Romanians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <sup>5</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.8% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">327,703 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,457,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">not official: </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Other neighboring European states (except for <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> where Romanian is not official) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.14% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,886<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,937,628 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vlachs_of_Serbia" title="Vlachs of Serbia">Timok Valley (Serbia)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.39% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,702<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,664,007 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Bulgaria" title="Romanians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.06% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,575<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,364,570 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">114,050,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">not official: </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Russia</a> <sup>1</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.06% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">92,675<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">142,856,536 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Demographics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <sup>1</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,666 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,953,126 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Asia (excluding <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> countries) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.11% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">~82,300<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,412,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,106,427 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Singapore </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.02% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,400<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,535,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.002% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,185<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">126,659,683 </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Korea </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.0006% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">300<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,004,441 </td></tr> <tr> <td>China </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.0008% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,376,049,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">The Americas </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">not official: </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian American">United States</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.049% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">154,625<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">315,091,138 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Canadian">Canada</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.289% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100,610<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,767,250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Argentina </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.03% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40,117,096 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Venezuela </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.036% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27,150,095 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.002% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">190,732,694 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Oceania </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">not official: </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Australian">Australia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.046% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,251<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,482,413 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.08% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,100<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,027,947 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Africa </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">not official: </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Africa </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.007% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,819,778 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:left;"> <p><sup>1</sup> Many are Moldavians who were deported<br /> <sup>2</sup> Data only for the districts on the right bank of Dniester (without Transnistria and the city of Tighina). In Moldova, it is sometimes referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan language</a>"<br /> <sup>3</sup> In Transnistria, it is officially called "<a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan language</a>" and is written in <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet">Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet</a>.<br /> <sup>4</sup> Officially divided into Vlachs and Romanians<br /> <sup>5</sup> Most in Northern Bukovina and Southern Bessarabia; according to a <i>Moldova Noastră</i> study (based on the latest Ukrainian census).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Romania">In Romania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania" title="Constitution of Romania">Constitution of Romania</a> of 1991, as revised in 2003, Romanian is the official language of the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romania mandates the use of Romanian in official government publications, public education and legal contracts. Advertisements as well as other public messages must bear a translation of foreign words,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while trade signs and logos shall be written predominantly in Romanian.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romanian Language Institute (Institutul Limbii Române), established by the Ministry of Education of Romania, promotes Romanian and supports people willing to study the language, working together with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' Department for Romanians Abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Language_Day" title="Romanian Language Day">Romanian Language Day</a> is celebrated on every <a href="/wiki/31_August" class="mw-redirect" title="31 August">31 August</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Moldova">In Moldova</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In Moldova"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan language</a></div> <p>Romanian is the official language of the Republic of Moldova. The 1991 <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Moldovan Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> named the official language Romanian,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Moldova" title="Constitution of Moldova">Constitution of Moldova</a> as originally adopted in 1994 named the state language of the country <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan</a>. In December 2013, a decision of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Moldova" title="Constitutional Court of Moldova">Constitutional Court of Moldova</a> ruled that the Declaration of Independence took precedence over the Constitution and the state language should be called Romanian.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the Moldovan parliament passed a law officially adopting the designation "Romanian" in all legal instruments, implementing the 2013 court decision.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars agree that Moldovan and Romanian are the same language, with the <a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">glottonym</a> "Moldovan" used in certain political contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been the sole official language since the adoption of the Law on State Language of the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian SSR">Moldavian SSR</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law mandates the use of Moldovan in all the political, economic, cultural and social spheres, as well as asserting the existence of a "linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used in schools, mass media, education and in the colloquial speech and writing. Outside the political arena the language is most often called "Romanian". In the breakaway territory of Transnistria, it is co-official with <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> and Russian. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2014_Moldovan_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Moldovan Census">2014 census</a>, out of the 2,804,801 people living in Moldova, 24% (652,394) stated Romanian as their most common language, whereas 56% stated Moldovan. While in the urban centers speakers are split evenly between the two names (with the capital <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a> showing a strong preference for the name "Romanian", i.e. 3:2), in the countryside hardly a quarter of Romanian/Moldovan speakers indicated Romanian as their native language.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unofficial results of this census first showed a stronger preference for the name Romanian, however the initial reports were later dismissed by the Institute for Statistics, which led to speculations in the media regarding the forgery of the census results.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Serbia">In Serbia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Serbia" title="Romanian language in Serbia">Romanian language in Serbia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vojvodina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vojvodina_romanian_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vojvodina_romanian_map.png/260px-Vojvodina_romanian_map.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vojvodina_romanian_map.png/390px-Vojvodina_romanian_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vojvodina_romanian_map.png/520px-Vojvodina_romanian_map.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Official usage of Romanian language in <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, Serbia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanian_and_Vlach_language_in_Serbia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Romanian_and_Vlach_language_in_Serbia.png/180px-Romanian_and_Vlach_language_in_Serbia.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Romanian_and_Vlach_language_in_Serbia.png/270px-Romanian_and_Vlach_language_in_Serbia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Romanian_and_Vlach_language_in_Serbia.png/360px-Romanian_and_Vlach_language_in_Serbia.png 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="2034" /></a><figcaption>Romanian language in entire Serbia (see also <a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Serbia" title="Romanians in Serbia">Romanians in Serbia</a>), census 2002 <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DFB5F7; color:black;"> </span> 1–5%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D094EE; color:black;"> </span> 5–10%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B366FF; color:black;"> </span> 10–15%</div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#903CC4; color:white;"> </span> 15–25%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6B0194; color:white;"> </span> 25–35%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#490165; color:white;"> </span> over 35%</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Republic of Serbia">Constitution of the Republic of Serbia</a> determines that in the regions of the Republic of Serbia inhabited by national minorities, their own languages and scripts shall be officially used as well, in the manner established by law.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Statute of the Autonomous Province of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> determines that, together with the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian language</a> and the Cyrillic script, and the Latin script as stipulated by the law, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, Romanian and <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn languages</a> and their scripts, as well as languages and scripts of other nationalities, shall simultaneously be officially used in the work of the bodies of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, in the manner established by the law.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bodies of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina are: the Assembly, the Executive Council and the provincial administrative bodies. </p><p>The Romanian language and script are officially used in eight municipalities: <a href="/wiki/Alibunar" title="Alibunar">Alibunar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bela_Crkva,_Banat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bela Crkva, Banat">Bela Crkva</a> (<i>Biserica Albă</i>), <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDiti%C5%A1te" title="Žitište">Žitište</a> (<i>Sângeorgiu de Bega</i>), <a href="/wiki/Zrenjanin" title="Zrenjanin">Zrenjanin</a> (<i>Becicherecu Mare</i>), <a href="/wiki/Kova%C4%8Dica" title="Kovačica">Kovačica</a> (<i>Covăcița</i>), <a href="/wiki/Kovin" title="Kovin">Kovin</a> (<i>Cuvin</i>), <a href="/wiki/Plandi%C5%A1te" title="Plandište">Plandište</a> (<i>Plandiște</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Se%C4%8Danj" title="Sečanj">Sečanj</a> (<i>Seceani</i>). In the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Vr%C5%A1ac" title="Vršac">Vršac</a> (<i>Vârșeț</i>), Romanian is official only in the villages of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodinci" title="Vojvodinci">Vojvodinci</a> (<i>Voivodinț</i>), <a href="/wiki/Markovac_(Vr%C5%A1ac)" title="Markovac (Vršac)">Markovac</a> (<i>Marcovăț</i>), <a href="/wiki/Stra%C5%BEa,_Vr%C5%A1ac" title="Straža, Vršac">Straža</a> (<i>Straja</i>), <a href="/wiki/Mali_%C5%BDam" title="Mali Žam">Mali Žam</a> (<i>Jamu Mic</i>), <a href="/wiki/Malo_Sredi%C5%A1te" title="Malo Središte">Malo Središte</a> (<i>Srediștea Mică</i>), <a href="/wiki/Mesi%C4%87_(Vr%C5%A1ac)" title="Mesić (Vršac)">Mesić</a> (<i>Mesici</i>), <a href="/wiki/Jablanka" title="Jablanka">Jablanka</a> (<i>Iablanca</i>), <a href="/wiki/So%C4%8Dica" title="Sočica">Sočica</a> (<i>Sălcița</i>), <a href="/wiki/Riti%C5%A1evo" title="Ritiševo">Ritiševo</a> (<i>Râtișor</i>), <a href="/wiki/Ore%C5%A1ac_(Vr%C5%A1ac)" title="Orešac (Vršac)">Orešac</a> (<i>Oreșaț</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%A1tilj" title="Kuštilj">Kuštilj</a> (<i>Coștei</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2002 Census, the last carried out in Serbia, 1.5% of Vojvodinians stated Romanian as their native language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Timok_Valley">Timok Valley</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Timok Valley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vlachs_of_Serbia" title="Vlachs of Serbia">Vlachs of Serbia</a> are considered to speak Romanian as well.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional_language_status_in_Ukraine">Regional language status in Ukraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Regional language status in Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In parts of Ukraine where <a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Ukraine" title="Romanians in Ukraine">Romanians</a> constitute a significant share of the local population (districts in <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia</a> <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblasts</a>) Romanian is taught in schools as a primary language and there are Romanian-language newspapers, TV, and radio broadcasting.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chernivtsi" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chernivtsi">University of Chernivtsi</a> in western Ukraine trains teachers for Romanian schools in the fields of Romanian philology, mathematics and physics.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hertsa_Raion" title="Hertsa Raion">Hertsa Raion</a> of Ukraine as well as in other villages of <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi Oblast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a>, Romanian has been declared a "regional language" alongside Ukrainian as per the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Legislation_on_languages_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislation on languages in Ukraine">legislation on languages in Ukraine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_other_countries_and_organizations">In other countries and organizations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In other countries and organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora">Romanian diaspora</a></div> <p>Romanian is an official or administrative language in various communities and organisations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Romanian is also one of the five languages in which religious services are performed in the autonomous monastic state of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>, spoken in the monastic communities of <a href="/wiki/Prodromos_(Mount_Athos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodromos (Mount Athos)">Prodromos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakkoskiti" title="Lakkoskiti">Lakkoskiti</a>. In the unrecognised state of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, Moldovan is one of the official languages. However, unlike all other dialects of Romanian, <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet">this variety of Moldovan is written in Cyrillic script</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram%C4%83LimbaRom%C3%A2n%C4%83.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Diagram%C4%83LimbaRom%C3%A2n%C4%83.png/260px-Diagram%C4%83LimbaRom%C3%A2n%C4%83.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Diagram%C4%83LimbaRom%C3%A2n%C4%83.png/390px-Diagram%C4%83LimbaRom%C3%A2n%C4%83.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Diagram%C4%83LimbaRom%C3%A2n%C4%83.png/520px-Diagram%C4%83LimbaRom%C3%A2n%C4%83.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of first-language native Romanian speakers by country. <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Voivodina</a> is an autonomous province of northern <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> bordering Romania, while <i>Altele</i> means "Other"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_second_and_foreign_language">As a second and foreign language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: As a second and foreign language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romanian is taught in some areas that have Romanian minority communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> in Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine and Hungary. The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cultural_Institute" title="Romanian Cultural Institute">Romanian Cultural Institute</a> (ICR) has since 1992 organised summer courses in Romanian for language teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also non-Romanians who study Romanian as a foreign language, for example the Nicolae Bălcescu High-school in <a href="/wiki/Gyula,_Hungary" title="Gyula, Hungary">Gyula</a>, Hungary. </p><p>Romanian is taught as a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign language</a> in tertiary institutions, mostly in European countries such as Germany, France and Italy, and the Netherlands, as well as in the United States. Overall, it is taught as a foreign language in 43 countries around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knowledge_Romanian_Eastern_EU.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Knowledge_Romanian_Eastern_EU.png/220px-Knowledge_Romanian_Eastern_EU.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Knowledge_Romanian_Eastern_EU.png/330px-Knowledge_Romanian_Eastern_EU.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Knowledge_Romanian_Eastern_EU.png/440px-Knowledge_Romanian_Eastern_EU.png 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Romanian as secondary or foreign language in Central and Eastern Europe <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00005B; color:white;"> </span> Native</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1111FF; color:white;"> </span> Above 3%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6C6CFF; color:black;"> </span> 1–3%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B0B0FF; color:black;"> </span> Under 1%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CDC3CC; color:black;"> </span> N/A</div> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romanian has become popular in other countries through movies and songs performed in the Romanian language. Examples of Romanian acts that had a great success in non-Romanophone countries are the bands <a href="/wiki/O-Zone" title="O-Zone">O-Zone</a> (with their No. 1 single <a href="/wiki/Dragostea_Din_Tei" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragostea Din Tei">Dragostea Din Tei</a>, also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Numa_Numa_(video)" title="Numa Numa (video)">Numa Numa</a>,</i> across the world in 2003–2004), <a href="/wiki/Akcent" title="Akcent">Akcent</a> (popular in the Netherlands, Poland and other European countries), <a href="/wiki/Activ_(band)" title="Activ (band)">Activ</a> (successful in some Eastern European countries), <a href="/wiki/DJ_Project" title="DJ Project">DJ Project</a> (popular as clubbing music) <a href="/wiki/SunStroke_Project" title="SunStroke Project">SunStroke Project</a> (known by viral video "<a href="/wiki/Run_Away_(SunStroke_Project_and_Olia_Tira_song)" title="Run Away (SunStroke Project and Olia Tira song)">Epic Sax Guy</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Stan" title="Alexandra Stan">Alexandra Stan</a> (worldwide no.1 hit with "<a href="/wiki/Mr._Saxobeat" title="Mr. Saxobeat">Mr. Saxobeat</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Inna_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inna (singer)">Inna</a> as well as high-rated movies like <i><a href="/wiki/4_Months,_3_Weeks_and_2_Days" title="4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days">4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Mr._Lazarescu" title="The Death of Mr. Lazarescu">The Death of Mr. Lazarescu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/12:08_East_of_Bucharest" title="12:08 East of Bucharest">12:08 East of Bucharest</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/California_Dreamin%27_(film)" title="California Dreamin' (film)">California Dreamin'</a></i> (all of them with awards at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>). </p><p>Also some artists wrote songs dedicated to the Romanian language. The multi-platinum pop trio <a href="/wiki/O-Zone" title="O-Zone">O-Zone</a> (originally from Moldova) released a song called <span title="Romanian-language text"><span lang="ro" style="font-style: normal;">"Nu mă las de limba noastră"</span></span> ("I won't forsake our language"). The final verse of this song, <span title="Romanian-language text"><span lang="ro" style="font-style: normal;">"Eu nu mă las de limba noastră, de limba noastră cea română"</span></span>, is translated in English as "I won't forsake our language, our Romanian language". Also, the Moldovan musicians <a href="/wiki/Doina_and_Ion_Aldea_Teodorovici" title="Doina and Ion Aldea Teodorovici">Doina and Ion Aldea Teodorovici</a> performed a song called "The Romanian language". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">Romanian dialects</a></div> <p>Romanian is also called Daco-Romanian in comparative linguistics to distinguish from the other dialects of <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a>. The origin of the term "Daco-Romanian" can be traced back to the first printed book of Romanian grammar in 1780,<sup id="cite_ref-Elementa_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elementa-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuil Micu">Samuil Micu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Gheorghe Șincai</a>. There, the Romanian dialect spoken north of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> is called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lingua Daco-Romana</i></span> to emphasize its origin and its area of use, which includes the former <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>, although it is spoken also south of the Danube, in <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Timok_Valley" title="Timok Valley">Timok Valley</a> and northern Bulgaria. </p><p>This article deals with the Romanian (i.e. Daco-Romanian) language, and thus only its dialectal variations are discussed here. The differences between the regional varieties are small, limited to regular phonetic changes, few grammar aspects, and lexical particularities. There is a single written and spoken standard (literary) Romanian language used by all speakers, regardless of region. Like most natural languages, Romanian dialects are part of a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>. The dialects of Romanian are also referred to as 'sub-dialects' and are distinguished primarily by phonetic differences. Romanians themselves speak of the differences as 'accents' or 'speeches' (in Romanian: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">accent</i></span> or <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">grai</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the criteria used for classifying these dialects, fewer or more are found, ranging from 2 to 20, although the most widespread approaches give a number of five dialects. These are grouped into two main types, southern and northern, further divided as follows: </p> <ul><li>The southern type has only one member: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian dialect</a>, spoken in the southern part of Romania, in the historical regions of <a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a> and the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a>, but also extending in the southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>The northern type consists of several dialects: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian dialect</a>, spoken in the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, now split among Romania, the Republic of Moldova, and Ukraine (<a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>), as well as northern part of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat dialect</a>, spoken in the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, including parts of Serbia;</li> <li>a group of finely divided and transition-like <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian varieties</a>, among which two are most often distinguished, those of <a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Over the last century, however, regional accents have been weakened due to mass communication and greater mobility. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Argot" class="mw-redirect" title="Argot">argots</a> and speech forms have also arisen from the Romanian language. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Gumu%C8%9Beasca" title="Gumuțeasca">Gumuțeasca</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/M%C4%83rg%C4%83u" title="Mărgău">Mărgău</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Totoiana" title="Totoiana">Totoiana</a>, an inverted "version" of Romanian spoken in <a href="/wiki/Totoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Totoi">Totoi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance_language">Romance language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Romance language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romance_languages_diagram_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Romance_languages_diagram_en.svg/500px-Romance_languages_diagram_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Romance_languages_diagram_en.svg/750px-Romance_languages_diagram_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Romance_languages_diagram_en.svg/1000px-Romance_languages_diagram_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Romanian language, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance</a> sub-branch of Romance languages, alongside and related to <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a>. All of these Eastern Romance languages are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Romanian is a Romance language, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>, having much in common with languages such as Italian, Spanish, French and Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoica1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoica1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared with the other Romance languages, the closest relative of Romanian is Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoica1_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoica1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanian has had a greater share of foreign influence than some other Romance languages such as Italian in terms of vocabulary and other aspects. A study conducted by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Pei" title="Mario Pei">Mario Pei</a> in 1949 which analyzed the degree of differentiation of languages from their parental language (in the case of <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> to <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> comparing <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a>) produced the following percentages (the higher the percentage, the greater the distance from Latin):<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>: 8%</li> <li>Italian: 12%</li> <li>Spanish: 20%</li> <li>Romanian: 23.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>: 25%</li> <li>Portuguese: 31%</li> <li>French: 44%</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lexical_similarity" title="Lexical similarity">lexical similarity</a> of Romanian with Italian has been estimated at 77%, followed by French at 75%, Sardinian 74%, Catalan 73%, Portuguese and <a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a> 72%, Spanish 71%.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romanian vocabulary became predominantly influenced by French and, to a lesser extent, Italian in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkan_language_area">Balkan language area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Balkan language area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While most of Romanian grammar and morphology are based on Latin, there are some features that are shared only with other languages of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and not found in other Romance languages. The shared features of Romanian and the other languages of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan language area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, Greek, and <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>) include a suffixed <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">definite article</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism_(linguistics)" title="Syncretism (linguistics)">syncretism</a> of genitive and dative case and the formation of the future and the alternation of infinitive with subjunctive constructions.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a well-established scholarly theory, most Balkanisms could be traced back to the development of the Balkan Romance languages; these features were adopted by other languages due to <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic_influence">Slavic influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Slavic influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_influence_on_Romanian" title="Slavic influence on Romanian">Slavic influence on Romanian</a></div> <p>Slavic influence on Romanian is especially noticeable in its vocabulary, with words of Slavic origin constituting about 10–15% of modern Romanian lexicon,<sup id="cite_ref-VRLR_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VRLR-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with further influences in its phonetics, morphology and syntax. The greater part of its Slavic vocabulary comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Macrea_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macrea-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dindelegan_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dindelegan-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was the official written language of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> from the 14th to the 18th century (although not understood by most people), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitchins2014_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchins2014-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HillAlboiu2016_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HillAlboiu2016-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, much Romanian vocabulary dealing with religion, ritual, and hierarchy is Slavic.<sup id="cite_ref-Comrie2009_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comrie2009-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hitchins2014_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchins2014-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of high-frequency Slavic-derived words is also believed to indicate contact or cohabitation with <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavic</a> tribes from around the 6th century, though it is disputed where this took place (see <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Origin of the Romanians</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hitchins2014_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchins2014-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Words borrowed in this way tend to be more vernacular (compare <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sf%C3%A2r%C8%99i" class="extiw" title="wikt:sfârși">sfârși</a></i>, "to end", with <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/s%C4%83v%C3%A2r%C8%99i" class="extiw" title="wikt:săvârși">săvârși</a></i>, "to commit").<sup id="cite_ref-Comrie2009_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comrie2009-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been argued that Slavic borrowing was a key factor in the development of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]</span> (<i>î</i> and <i>â</i>) as a separate <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Renwick2014_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renwick2014-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_influences">Other influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even before the 19th century, Romanian came in contact with several other languages. Notable examples of lexical borrowings include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i>cartof</i> < <i>Kartoffel</i> "potato", <i>bere</i> < <i>Bier</i> "beer", <i>șurub</i> < <i>Schraube</i> "screw", <i>turn</i> < <i>Turm</i> "tower", <i>ramă</i> < <i>Rahmen</i> "frame", <i>muștiuc</i> < <i>Mundstück</i> "mouth piece", <i>bormașină</i> < <i>Bohrmaschine</i> "drilling machine", <i>cremșnit</i> < <i>Kremschnitte</i> "cream slice", <i>șvaițer</i> < <i>Schweizer</i> "Swiss cheese", <i>șlep</i> < <i>Schleppkahn</i> "barge", <i>șpriț</i> < <i>Spritzer</i> "wine with soda water", <i>abțibild</i> < <i>Abziehbild</i> "decal picture", <i>șnițel</i> < <i>(Wiener) Schnitzel</i> "a battered cutlet", <i>șmecher</i> < <i>Schmecker</i> "taster (not interested in buying)",<i> șuncă</i> < dialectal <i>Schunke</i> (<i>Schinken</i>) "ham", <i>punct</i> < <i>Punkt</i> "point", <i>maistru</i> < <i>Meister</i> "master", <i>rundă</i> < <i>Runde</i> "round".</li></ul> <p>Furthermore, during the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg</a> and, later on, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> rule of <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, a large number of words were borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian High German</a>, in particular in fields such as the military, administration, social welfare, economy, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Dama_2006_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dama_2006-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, German terms have been taken out of science and technics, like: <i>șină</i> < <i>Schiene</i> "rail", <i>știft</i> < <i>Stift</i> "peg", <i>liță</i> < <i>Litze</i> "braid", <i>șindrilă</i> < <i>Schindel</i> "shingle", <i>ștanță</i> < <i>Stanze</i> "punch", <i>șaibă</i> < <i>Scheibe</i> "washer", <i>ștangă</i> < <i>Stange</i> "crossbar", <i>țiglă</i> < <i>Ziegel</i> "tile", <i>șmirghel</i> < <i>Schmirgelpapier</i> "emery paper"; </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <i>folos</i> < <i>ófelos</i> "use", <i>buzunar</i> < <i>buzunára</i> "pocket", <i>proaspăt</i> < <i>prósfatos</i> "fresh", <i>cutie</i> < <i>cution</i> "box", <i>portocale</i> < <i>portokalia</i> "oranges". While Latin borrowed words of Greek origin, Romanian obtained Greek loanwords on its own. Greek entered Romanian through the <i><a href="/wiki/Apoikia" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoikia">apoikiai</a></i> (colonies) and <i><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">emporia</a></i> (trade stations) founded in and around <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a>, through the presence of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in north of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> during Bulgarian Empires that converted Romanians to Orthodox Christianity, and after the Greek Civil War, when thousands of Greeks fled Greece.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i>a cheltui</i> < <i>költeni</i> "to spend", <i>a făgădui</i> < <i>fogadni</i> "to promise", <i>a mântui</i> < <i>menteni</i> "to save", <i>oraș</i> < <i>város</i> "city";</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i>papuc</i> < <i>pabuç</i> "slipper", <i>ciorbă</i> < <i>çorba</i> "wholemeal soup, sour soup", <i>bacșiș</i> < <i>bahşiş</i> "tip" (ultimately from Persian <i><a href="/wiki/Baksheesh" title="Baksheesh">baksheesh</a></i>);</li> <li>Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a> has provided a series of slang words to Romanian such as: <i>mișto</i> "good, beautiful, cool" < <i>mišto</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>gagică</i> "girlie, girlfriend" < <i><a href="/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadjo (non-Romani)">gadji</a></i>, <i>a hali</i> "to devour" < <i>halo</i>, <i>mandea</i> "yours truly" < <i>mande</i>, <i>a mangli</i> "to pilfer" < <i>manglo</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French,_Italian,_and_English_loanwords"><span id="French.2C_Italian.2C_and_English_loanwords"></span>French, Italian, and English loanwords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: French, Italian, and English loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Re-latinization_of_Romanian" title="Re-latinization of Romanian">Re-latinization of Romanian</a></div> <p>Since the 19th century, many literary or learned words were borrowed from the other Romance languages, especially from French and Italian (for example: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">birou</i></span> "desk, office", <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">avion</i></span> "airplane", <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">exploata</i></span> "exploit"). It was estimated that about 38% of words in Romanian are of French and/or Italian origin (in many cases both languages); and adding this to Romanian's native stock, about 75%–85% of Romanian words can be traced to Latin. The use of these Romanianized French and Italian learned loans has tended to increase at the expense of previous loanwords, many of which have become rare or fallen out of use. As second or third languages, French and Italian themselves are better known in Romania than in Romania's neighbors. Along with the switch to the Latin alphabet in Moldova, the re-latinization of the vocabulary has tended to reinforce the Latin character of the language. </p><p>In the process of lexical modernization, much of the native Latin stock have acquired doublets from other <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, thus forming a further and more modern and literary lexical layer. Typically, the native word is a noun and the learned loan is an adjective. Some examples of doublets: </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Latin and native doublets in Romanian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Latin </th> <th scope="col">Native stock </th> <th scope="col">Learned loan </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/agilis#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:agilis">agilis</a></i> 'quick’ </th> <td><i lang="ro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ager#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ager">ager</a></i> 'astute’ </td> <td><i lang="ro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/agil#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:agil">agil</a></i> 'agile' (< French, Italian <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">agile</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aqua#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:aqua">aqua</a></i> </th> <td><i lang="ro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ap%C4%83#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:apă">apă</a></i> 'water’ </td> <td><i lang="ro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acvatic#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:acvatic">acvatic</a></i> 'aquatic' (< Fr <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">aquatique</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dens#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:dens">dens</a></i>, <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dentem#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:dentem">dentem</a></i> </th> <td><i lang="ro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dinte#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:dinte">dinte</a></i> 'tooth’ </td> <td><i lang="ro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dentist#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:dentist">dentist</a></i> 'dentist' (< Fr <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">dentiste</i></span>, It <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">dentista</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/directus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:directus">directus</a></i> </th> <td><i lang="ro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drept#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:drept">drept</a></i> 'straight; right’ </td> <td><i lang="ro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/direct#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:direct">direct</a></i> 'direct' (< Fr <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">direct</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frigidus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:frigidus">frigidus</a></i> 'cold' (adj.) </th> <td><i lang="ro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frig#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:frig">frig</a></i> 'cold' (noun) </td> <td><i lang="ro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frigid#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:frigid">frigid</a></i> 'frigid' (< Fr <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">frigide</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rapidus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:rapidus">rapidus</a></i> </th> <td><i lang="ro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/repede#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:repede">repede</a></i> 'quick’ </td> <td><i lang="ro"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rapid#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:rapid">rapid</a></i> 'quick' (< Fr <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">rapide</i></span>, It <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">rapido</i></span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the 20th century, an increasing number of English words have been borrowed (such as: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">gem</i></span> < jam; <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">interviu</i></span> < interview; <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">meci</i></span> < match; <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">manager</i></span> < manager; <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">fotbal</i></span> < football; <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">sandviș</i></span> < sandwich; <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">bișniță</i></span> < business; <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">chec</i></span> < cake; <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">veceu</i></span> < WC; <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">tramvai</i></span> < tramway). These words are assigned grammatical gender in Romanian and handled according to Romanian rules; thus "the manager" is <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">managerul</i></span>. Some borrowings, for example in the computer field, appear to have awkward (perhaps contrived and ludicrous) 'Romanisation,' such as <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">cookie-uri</i></span> which is the plural of the Internet term <i>cookie.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexis">Lexis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Lexis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CuvinteleLimbiiRomane.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/CuvinteleLimbiiRomane.svg/300px-CuvinteleLimbiiRomane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/CuvinteleLimbiiRomane.svg/450px-CuvinteleLimbiiRomane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/CuvinteleLimbiiRomane.svg/600px-CuvinteleLimbiiRomane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Romanian's core lexicon (2,581 words); Marius Sala, <i>VRLR</i> (1988)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_lexis" title="Romanian lexis">Romanian lexis</a></div> <p>A 1988 statistic by Marius Sala is based on 2,581 words chosen on the criteria of frequency, semantic richness and productivity, which also contain words formed on the territory of the Romanian language. This statistic gives the percentages below:<sup id="cite_ref-VRLR_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VRLR-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>30.33% – words inherited from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Latin</a>;</li> <li>15.26% – academic <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Latin</a>;</li> <li>22.12% – <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> loans;</li> <li>9.18% – loans from <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>;</li> <li>3.95% – loans from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>;</li> <li>3.91% – words formed in Romanian;</li> <li>2.71% – words of uncertain origin;</li> <li>2.6% – loans from <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>;</li> <li>2.47% – loans from <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian High German</a>);</li> <li>1.7% – loans from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>;</li> <li>1.43% – loans from <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>;</li> <li>1.12% – loans from <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>;</li> <li>0.96% – words inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Thracian" title="Classification of Thracian">Thraco-Dacian</a> substratum;</li> <li>0.85% – loans from <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>;</li> <li>0.73% – loans from <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> <p>If the analysis is restricted to a core vocabulary of 2,500 frequent, semantically rich and productive words, then the Latin inheritance comes first, followed by Romance and classical Latin neologisms, whereas the Slavic borrowings come third. </p> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Romanian according to word origin<sup id="cite_ref-VRLR_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VRLR-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> and Latin</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:78%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">78%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightgreen; width:14%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">14%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gold; width:2.54%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.54%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Greek</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:1.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:5.49%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.49%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Although they are rarely used nowadays, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar" title="Romanian calendar">Romanian calendar</a> used to have the traditional Romanian month names, unique to the language.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Longest_word_in_Romanian" title="Longest word in Romanian">longest word in Romanian</a> is <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcaniconioză</i></span>, with 44 letters,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the longest one admitted by the <i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionarul_explicativ_al_limbii_rom%C3%A2ne" title="Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române">Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române</a></i> ("Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language", DEX) is <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">electroglotospectrografie</i></span>, with 25 letters.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Romanian grammar</a></div> <p>Romanian nouns are characterized by gender (feminine, masculine, and neuter), and <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declined</a> by number (singular and plural) and case (<a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>). The articles, as well as most adjectives and pronouns, <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agree</a> in gender, number and case with the noun they modify. </p><p>Romanian is the only major Romance language where <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">definite articles</a> are <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitic</a>: that is, attached to the end of the noun (as in <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">The Scandinavian Languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>), instead of in front (<a href="/wiki/Proclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclitic">proclitic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were formed, as in other Romance languages, from the Latin demonstrative pronouns. </p><p>As in all Romance languages, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_verbs" title="Romanian verbs">Romanian verbs</a> are highly inflected for person, number, tense, mood, and voice. The usual word order in sentences is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> (SVO). Romanian has four verbal <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugations</a> which further split into ten conjugation patterns. Romanian verbs are conjugated for five <a href="/wiki/Mood_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood (linguistics)">moods</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a>/<a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">optative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presumptive_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Presumptive mood">presumptive</a>) and four non-finite forms (<a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supine" title="Supine">supine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian phonology</a></div> <p>Romanian has seven <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>. Additionally, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ø/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span> may appear in some <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">borrowed words</a>. Arguably, the diphthongs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e̯a/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o̯a/</span> are also part of the phoneme set. There are twenty-two consonants. The two <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximants</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> can appear before or after any vowel, creating a large number of glide-vowel sequences which are, strictly speaking, not <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>. </p><p>In final positions after consonants, a short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> can be deleted, surfacing only as the <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> of the preceding consonant (e.g., <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mʲ]</span>). Similarly, a deleted <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> may prompt <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialization</a> of a preceding consonant, though this has ceased to carry any morphological meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetic_changes">Phonetic changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Phonetic changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin-to-Romanian_sound_changes" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin-to-Romanian sound changes">Latin-to-Romanian sound changes</a></div> <p>Owing to its isolation from the other Romance languages, the phonetic evolution of Romanian was quite different, but the language does share a few changes with Italian, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kl]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kj]</span> (Lat. <b>cl</b>arus → Rom. <b>chià</b>r, Ital. <b>chi</b>aro, Lat. clamare → Rom. <b>che</b>mare, Ital. <b>chia</b>mare) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡl]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡj]</span> (Lat. *<b>gl</b>acia (<b>gl</b>acies) → Rom. <b>ghé</b>ață, Ital. <b>ghi</b>accia, <b>ghi</b>accio, Lat. *un<b>gl</b>a (ungula) → Rom. un<b>ghi</b>e, Ital. un<b>ghi</b>a), although this did not go as far as it did in Italian with other similar clusters (Rom. <b>plà</b>ce, Ital. <b>pi</b>ace). </p><p>Another similarity with Italian is the change from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ke]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ki]</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃe]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃi]</span> (Lat. pax, pa<b>ce</b>m → Rom. and Ital. pa<b>ce</b>, Lat. dul<b>ce</b>m → Rom. dul<b>ce</b>, Ital. dol<b>ce</b>, Lat. <b>ci</b>rcus → Rom. <b>ce</b>rc, Ital. <b>ci</b>rco) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡe]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡi]</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒe]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒi]</span> (Lat. <b>ge</b>lu → Rom. <b>gè</b>r, Ital. <b>ge</b>lo, Lat. mar<b>gi</b>nem → Rom. and Ital. mar<b>gi</b>ne, Lat. <b>ge</b>mere → Rom. <b>gè</b>m (<b>ge</b>mere), Ital. <b>ge</b>mere). </p><p>There are also a few changes shared with <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a>, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡn/</span> (probably phonetically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋn]</span>) → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mn]</span> (Lat. co<b>gn</b>atus → Rom. cu<b>mn</b>at, Dalm. co<b>mn</b>ut) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ps]</span> in some situations (Lat. coxa → Rom. có<b>ps</b>ă, Dalm. co<b>ps</b>a). </p><p>Among the notable phonetic changes are: </p> <ul><li>diphthongization of e and o → ea and oa, before ă (or e as well, in the case of o) in the next syllable:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Lat. c<b>e</b>ra → Rom. c<b>é</b>ră (wax)</li> <li>Lat. s<b>o</b>le → Rom. s<b>ó</b>re (sun)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iotation" title="Iotation">iotation</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ie]</span> in the beginning of the word</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Lat. h<b>e</b>rba → Rom. ĭ<b>a</b>rbă (grass, herb)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>velar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ]</span> → labial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p<span class="wrap"> </span>b<span class="wrap"> </span>m]</span> before alveolar consonants and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> (e.g. <b>ngu</b> → <b>mb</b>):</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Lat. o<b>ct</b>o → Rom. o<b>pt</b> (eight)</li> <li>Lat. li<b>ng</b>ua → Rom. lì<b>mb</b>ă (tongue, language)</li> <li>Lat. si<b>gn</b>um → Rom. sè<b>mn</b> (sign)</li> <li>Lat. co<b>x</b>a → Rom. có<b>ps</b>ă (thigh)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhotacism_(sound_change)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotacism (sound change)">rhotacism</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> between vowels</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Lat. cae<b>l</b>um → Rom. cè<b>r</b> (sky)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Alveolars <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d<span class="wrap"> </span>t]</span> assibilated to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[(d)z]<span class="wrap"> </span>[(t)s]</span> when before short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> or long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː]</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Lat. <b>d</b>eus → Rom. <b>ḑ</b>èŭ → <b>z</b>èŭ (god)</li> <li>Lat. <b>t</b>enem → Rom. <b>ț</b>ine (hold)</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Romanian has entirely lost Latin <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kw/</span> (<b>qu</b>), turning it either into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> (Lat. <b>qu</b>attuor → Rom. <i>pàtru</i>, "four"; cf. It. <i>quattro</i>) or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> (Lat. <b>qu</b>ando → Rom. <i>când</i>, "when"; Lat. <b>qu</b>ale → Rom. <i>càre</i>, "which"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psaltire_Hurmuzaki1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Psaltire_Hurmuzaki1.JPG/220px-Psaltire_Hurmuzaki1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Psaltire_Hurmuzaki1.JPG/330px-Psaltire_Hurmuzaki1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Psaltire_Hurmuzaki1.JPG/440px-Psaltire_Hurmuzaki1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="2423" /></a><figcaption>Hurmuzaki Psalter, written around 1500</figcaption></figure> <p>The first written record about a <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a> spoken in the Middle Ages in the Balkans is from 587. A Vlach muleteer accompanying the Byzantine army noticed that the load was falling from one of the animals and shouted to a companion <i>Torna, torna, fratre!</i> (meaning "Return, return, brother!"). <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_Confessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophanes Confessor">Theophanes Confessor</a> recorded it as part of a 6th-century military expedition by <a href="/wiki/Comentiolus" title="Comentiolus">Comentiolus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a> against the Avars and Slovenes.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest surviving written text in Romanian is a letter from late June 1521,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Neacșu of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mpulung" title="Câmpulung">Câmpulung</a> wrote to the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a> about an imminent attack of the Turks. It was written using the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a>, like most early Romanian writings. The earliest surviving writing in Latin script was a late 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvanian</a> text which was written with the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">Hungarian alphabet</a> conventions. </p><p>In the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvanian</a> scholars noted the Latin origin of Romanian and adapted the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> to the Romanian language, using some orthographic rules from <a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">Italian</a>, recognized as Romanian's closest relative. The Cyrillic alphabet remained in (gradually decreasing) use until 1860, when Romanian writing was first officially regulated. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian SSR">Soviet Republic of Moldova</a>, the Russian-derived <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet">Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet</a> was used until 1989, when the Romanian Latin alphabet was introduced; in the breakaway territory of Transnistria the Cyrillic alphabet remains in use.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanian_alphabet">Romanian alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Romanian alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian braille">Romanian braille</a></div> <p>The Romanian alphabet is as follows: </p> <dl><dd><table class="center wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="31"><a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">Capital letters</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">Ă</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">Â</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">Î</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C8%98" title="Ș">Ș</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C8%9A" title="Ț">Ț</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="31"><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Lower case letters</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">ă</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">â</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">î</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C8%98" title="Ș">ș</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C8%9A" title="Ț">ț</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="31">Phonemes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span>,<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span>,<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">e̯</a>/</span>,<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span>,<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span>,<br />mute </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span>,<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span>,<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ʲ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span>,<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">o̯</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span>,<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span>,<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span>,<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/,<br />/ɡz/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span>,<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>K, Q, W and Y, not part of the native alphabet; they were officially introduced in the Romanian alphabet in 1982 and are mostly used to write loanwords like <i>kilogram</i>, <i>quasar</i>, <i>watt</i>, and <i>yoga</i>. </p><p>The Romanian alphabet is based on the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> with five additional letters <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">Ă</a></i></span>, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">Â</a></i></span>, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">Î</a></i></span>, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/%C8%98" title="Ș">Ș</a></i></span>, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/%C8%9A" title="Ț">Ț</a></i></span>. Formerly, there were as many as 12 additional letters, but some of them were abolished in subsequent reforms. Also, until the early 20th century, a breve marker was used, which survives only in ă. </p><p>Today the Romanian alphabet is largely <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic</a>. However, the letters <i>â</i> and <i>î</i> both represent the same <a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">close central unrounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span>. <i>Â</i> is used only inside words; <i>î</i> is used at the beginning or the end of non-compound words and in the middle of compound words. Another exception from a completely phonetic writing system is the fact that <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> and their respective <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowels</a> are not distinguished in writing. In dictionaries the distinction is marked by separating the entry word into <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> for words containing a <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a>. </p><p>Stressed vowels also are not marked in writing, except very rarely in cases where by misplacing the stress a word might change its meaning and if the meaning is not obvious from the context. For example, <i>trei copíi</i> means "three children" while <i>trei cópii</i> means "three copies". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanian_keyboard_letters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Romanian_keyboard_letters.jpg/200px-Romanian_keyboard_letters.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Romanian_keyboard_letters.jpg/300px-Romanian_keyboard_letters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Romanian_keyboard_letters.jpg/400px-Romanian_keyboard_letters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1844" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption>A close shot of some keys with Romanian characters on the keyboard of a laptop</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet#Î_versus_Â" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian alphabet § Î versus Â</a></div> <ul><li><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">h</i></span> is not silent like in other Romance languages such as Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Catalan and French, but represents the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>, except in the digraphs <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ch</i></span> /k/ and <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">gh</i></span> /g/ (see below)</li> <li><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">j</i></span> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span>, as in French, Catalan or Portuguese (the sound spelled with <i>s</i> in the English words "vision, pleasure, treasure").</li> <li>There are two letters with a comma below, <a href="/wiki/%C8%98" title="Ș">Ș</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C8%9A" title="Ț">Ț</a>, which represent the sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span>. However, the allographs with a cedilla instead of a comma, <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E" title="Ş">Ş</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%A2" title="Ţ">Ţ</a></i>, became widespread when pre-<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> and early Unicode <a href="/wiki/Character_sets" class="mw-redirect" title="Character sets">character sets</a> did not include the standard form.</li> <li><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ă</i></span> represents the <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>.</li> <li><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">î</i></span> and <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">â</i></span> both represent the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span>. In rapid speech (for example in the name of the country) the <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">â</i></span> sound may sound similar to a casual listener to the short <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> sound <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ă</i></span> (in fact, <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a> does merge the two, writing them <span title="Aromanian-language text"><i lang="rup">ã</i></span>) but careful speakers will distinguish the sound. The nearest equivalent is the vowel in the last syllable of the word <i>roses</i> for some English dialects which distinguish it from <i>Rosa's</i> or the second syllable of the word "rhythm". It is also roughly equivalent to European Portuguese <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span>, the Polish <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">y</i></span> or the Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru" style="font-style: normal;">ы</span></span>.</li> <li>The letter <i>e</i> generally represents the <a href="/wiki/Mid_front" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid front">mid front unrounded</a> vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span>, somewhat like in the English word <i>s<b>e</b>t</i>. However, the letter <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">e</i></span> is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[je]</span> ([j] sounds like 'y' in 'you') when it is the first letter of any form of the verb <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">a fi</i></span> "to be", or of a personal pronoun, for instance <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">este</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jeste/</span> "is" and <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">el</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jel/</span> "he".<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This addition of the semivowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> does not occur in more recent loans and their derivatives, such as <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">eră</i></span> "era", <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">electric</i></span> "electric" etc. Some words (such as <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">iepure</i></span> "hare", formerly spelled <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">epure</i></span>) are now written with the initial <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">i</i></span> to indicate the semivowel.</li> <li><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">x</i></span> represents either the phoneme sequence <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> as in <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">expresie</i></span> = expression, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡz/</span> as in <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">exemplu</i></span> = example, as in English.</li> <li>As in Italian, the letters <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">c</i></span> and <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">g</i></span> represent the affricates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span> before <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">i</i></span> and <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">e</i></span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> elsewhere. When <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> are followed by vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> (or their corresponding <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowels</a> or the final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲ/</span>) the digraphs <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ch</i></span> and <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">gh</i></span> are used instead of <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">c</i></span> and <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">g</i></span>, as shown in the table below. Unlike Italian, however, Romanian uses <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ce-</i></span> and <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ge-</i></span> to write <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span> before a central vowel instead of <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">ci-</i></span> and <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">gi-</i></span>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group </th> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Pronunciation </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ce</i></span>, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ci</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> </td> <td><i>ch</i> in <b>chest</b>, <b>cheek</b> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">cerc</i></span> (circle), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ceașcă</i></span> (cup), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">cercel</i></span> (earring), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">cină</i></span> (dinner), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ciocan</i></span> (hammer) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">che</i></span>, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">chi</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td><i>k</i> in <b>kettle</b>, <b>kiss</b> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">cheie</i></span> (key), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">chelner</i></span> (waiter), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">chioșc</i></span> (kiosk), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">chitară</i></span> (guitar), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ureche</i></span> (ear) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ge</i></span>, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">gi</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span> </td> <td><i>j</i> in <b>jelly</b>, <b>jigsaw</b> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ger</i></span> (frost), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">gimnast</i></span> (gymnast), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">gem</i></span> (jam), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">girafă</i></span> (giraffe), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">geantă</i></span> (bag) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ghe</i></span>, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ghi</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> </td> <td><i>g</i> in <b>get</b>, <b>give</b> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ghețar</i></span> (glacier), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ghid</i></span> (guide), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ghindă</i></span> (acorn), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ghidon</i></span> (handle bar), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">stingher</i></span> (lonely) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation_and_capitalization">Punctuation and capitalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Punctuation and capitalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uses of punctuation peculiar to Romanian are: </p> <ul><li>Quotation marks use one of the <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark,_non-English_usage#Polish" class="mw-redirect" title="Quotation mark, non-English usage">Polish quotation formats</a>, specifically „quote «inside» quote”, that is, „…” for a normal quotation, and «…» for a quotation inside a quotation.</li> <li>Proper quotations which span multiple paragraphs do not start each paragraph with quotation marks; quotation marks are placed only at the beginning and the end of the entire quotation, regardless of how many paragraphs it contains.</li> <li>Dialogues use <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark,_non-English_usage#Quotation_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="Quotation mark, non-English usage">quotation dashes</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Serial_comma" title="Serial comma">Oxford comma</a> before "and" is considered incorrect ("red, yellow and blue" is the proper format).</li> <li>Punctuation signs which follow a text in parentheses always follow the final bracket.</li> <li>In titles, only the first letter of the first word is capitalized, the rest of the title using sentence capitalization (with all its rules: proper names are capitalized as usual, etc.).</li> <li>Names of months and days are not capitalized (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ianuarie</i></span> "January", <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">joi</i></span> "Thursday").</li> <li>Adjectives derived from proper names are not capitalized (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Germania</i></span> "Germany", but <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">german</i></span> "German").</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academy_spelling_recommendations">Academy spelling recommendations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Academy spelling recommendations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1993, new spelling rules were proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a>. In 2000, the Moldovan Academy recommended adopting the same spelling rules,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2010 the Academy launched a schedule for the transition to the new rules that was intended to be completed by publications in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 October 2016, the Moldovan minister of education signed Order No. 872, adopting the revised spelling rules as recommended by the Moldovan Academy of Sciences, and giving the following two school years as a transition period. Thus the spelling used by institutions under Moldova's ministry of education has been brought in line with the Romanian Academy's 1993 recommendation. This order, however, did not apply to other government institutions, and Law 3462 of 1989 (which provided for the means of transliterating Cyrillic to Latin) has not been amended to reflect the ministry of education's changes either; thus, most Moldovan government institutions, along with most Moldovans, prefer to use the spelling adopted in 1989 (when the use of Latin script became official). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_Romanian_text">Examples of Romanian text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Examples of Romanian text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</i> <dl><dd><i>(<a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>)</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The sentence in contemporary Romanian. Words inherited directly from Latin are highlighted: </p> <dl><dd><b>Toate</b> <b>ființele</b> umane <b>se</b> <b>nasc</b> libere <b>și</b> egale <b>în</b> demnitate <b>și</b> <b>în</b> <b>drepturi</b>. <b>Ele</b> <b>sunt</b> <b>înzestrate</b> <b>cu</b> rațiune <b>și</b> conștiință <b>și</b> trebuie <b>să</b> <b>se</b> comporte <b>unele</b> <b>față</b> <b>de</b> <b>altele</b> <b>în</b> spiritul fraternității.</dd></dl> <p>The same sentence, with French and Italian <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> highlighted instead: </p> <dl><dd>Toate ființele <b>umane</b> se nasc <b>libere</b> și <b>egale</b> în <b>demnitate</b> și în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu <b>rațiune</b> și <b>conștiință</b> și trebuie să se <b>comporte</b> unele față de altele în <b>spiritul</b> <b>fraternității</b>.</dd></dl> <p>The sentence rewritten to exclude French and Italian loanwords. Slavic loanwords are highlighted: </p> <dl><dd>Toate ființele omenești se nasc <b>slobode</b> și <b>deopotrivă</b> în <b>destoinicie</b> și în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu înțelegere și cuget și <b>trebuie</b> să se poarte unele față de altele în <b>duh</b> de frățietate.</dd></dl> <p>The sentence rewritten to exclude all loanwords. The meaning is unchanged: </p> <dl><dd><b>Toate ființele omenești se nasc nesupuse și asemenea în prețuire și în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu înțelegere și cuget și se cuvine să se poarte unele față de altele frățește.</b></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neac%C8%99u%27s_letter" title="Neacșu's letter">Neacșu's letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_lexis" title="Romanian lexis">Romanian lexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Romanian grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature" title="Romanian literature">Romanian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_transitional_alphabet" title="Romanian transitional alphabet">Romanian transitional alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%83rt%C4%83ria_tablets" title="Tărtăria tablets">Tărtăria tablets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Moldova–Romania relations">Moldova–Romania relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">Romanian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversy_over_ethnic_and_linguistic_identity_in_Moldova" title="Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova">Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">лимба ромынэ in <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet">Moldovan Cyrillic</a>, uniquely used in <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The internal classification of the Eastern Romance languages presented in Petrucci (1999) proposes a bipartite split into Northern and Southern branches, with the Northern branch splitting into Istro-Romanian and Daco-Romanian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the classification presented within <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> v4.8 proposes a bipartite split between Aromanian and Northern Romanian, the latter of which is further split into Istro-Romanian and Eastern Romanian, from which Daco-Romanian and Megleno-Romanian are hypothesized to have split from.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The constitution of the Republic of Moldova referred to the country's language as <i>Moldovan</i>, whilst the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Moldovan Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> named the official language <i>Romanian</i>. In December 2013, an official decision of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Moldova" title="Constitutional Court of Moldova">Constitutional Court of Moldova</a> ruled that the Declaration of Independence takes precedence over the Constitution and that the state language is therefore Romanian, not 'Moldovan'. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/12/05/moldovan-court-rules-official-language-is-romanian-replacing-soviet-flavored/">"Moldovan court rules official language is 'Romanian,' replacing Soviet-flavored 'Moldovan'"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German-based influence and English loanwords</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ron">Romanian</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrucci1999">Petrucci 1999</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m" title="Harald Hammarström">Hammarström, Harald</a>; 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1">the original</a> on 7 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cdep.ro&rft.atitle=ARTICOLUL+13+%E2%80%93+Constitutia+Rom%C3%A2niei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdep.ro%2Fpls%2Fdic%2Fsite.page%3Fden%3Dact2_1%26par1%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://protv.md/actualitate/modificat-si-in-constitutie-limba-de-stat-a-republicii-moldova-este-limba-romana-foto---2648619.html">"Modificat și în Constituție: "Limba de stat a Republicii Moldova este limba română" – FOTO"</a> (in Romanian). <a href="/wiki/ProTV_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="ProTV Chișinău">ProTV Chișinău</a>. 30 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331075620/https://protv.md/actualitate/modificat-si-in-constitutie-limba-de-stat-a-republicii-moldova-este-limba-romana-foto---2648619.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Modificat+%C8%99i+%C3%AEn+Constitu%C8%9Bie%3A+%22Limba+de+stat+a+Republicii+Moldova+este+limba+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83%22+%E2%80%93+FOTO&rft.date=2023-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprotv.md%2Factualitate%2Fmodificat-si-in-constitutie-limba-de-stat-a-republicii-moldova-este-limba-romana-foto---2648619.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUntila2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Untila, Stela (14 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsmaker.md/ro/cat-exista-transnistria-va-exista-limba-moldoveneasca-krasnoselski-despre-posibile-divergente-cu-chisinaul/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Cât există Transnistria, va exista "limba moldovenească". Krasnoselski, despre posibile divergențe cu Chișinăul"</a>. <i>NewsMaker</i> (in Romanian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402182649/https://newsmaker.md/ro/cat-exista-transnistria-va-exista-limba-moldoveneasca-krasnoselski-despre-posibile-divergente-cu-chisinaul/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Network to Promote Linguistic Diversity. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npld.eu/news/latest-news/60/latest-council-of-europe-report-on-regional-or-minority-languages-in-serbia-published-/">the original</a> on 26 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latest+Council+of+Europe+report+on+regional+or+minority+Languages+in+Serbia+published&rft.pub=The+Network+to+Promote+Linguistic+Diversity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npld.eu%2Fnews%2Flatest-news%2F60%2Flatest-council-of-europe-report-on-regional-or-minority-languages-in-serbia-published-%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Istoria limbii române" ("History of the Romanian Language"), II, Academia Română, Bucharest, 1969</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-romanian-law-prom-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-romanian-law-prom_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://presedinte.md/rom/comunicate-de-presa/presedinta-maia-sandu-a-promulgat-legea-care-confirma-ca-limba-de-stat-a-republicii-moldova-este-cea-romna">"Președinta Maia Sandu a promulgat Legea care confirmă că limba de stat a Republicii Moldova este cea română"</a> (in Romanian). Presidency of the Republic of Moldova. <q>Astăzi am promulgat Legea care confirmă un adevăr istoric și incontestabil: limba de stat a Republicii Moldova este cea română.</q> [Today I have promulgated the law that confirms a historical and indisputable truth: the state language of the Republic of Moldova is Romanian.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pre%C8%99edinta+Maia+Sandu+a+promulgat+Legea+care+confirm%C4%83+c%C4%83+limba+de+stat+a+Republicii+Moldova+este+cea+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpresedinte.md%2From%2Fcomunicate-de-presa%2Fpresedinta-maia-sandu-a-promulgat-legea-care-confirma-ca-limba-de-stat-a-republicii-moldova-este-cea-romna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreu2022" class="citation web cs1">Breu, Walter (23 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-449">"Romance in Contact with Slavic in Southern and South-Eastern Europe"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedias</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.449">10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.449</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938465-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926064340/https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-449">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedias&rft.atitle=Romance+in+Contact+with+Slavic+in+Southern+and+South-Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.449&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938465-5&rft.aulast=Breu&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Flinguistics%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199384655-e-449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSala2012" class="citation book cs1">Sala, Marius (2012). <i>De la Latină la Română]</i> [<i>From Latin to Romanian</i>]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-647-435-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-647-435-1"><bdi>978-606-647-435-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+Latin%C4%83+la+Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83%5D&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Editura+Pro+Universitaria&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-606-647-435-1&rft.aulast=Sala&rft.aufirst=Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrâncuș2005" class="citation book cs1">Brâncuș, Grigore (2005). <i>Introducere în istoria limbii române]</i> [<i>Introduction to the History of Romanian Language</i>]. Editura Fundației România de Mâine. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-725-219-5" title="Special:BookSources/973-725-219-5"><bdi>973-725-219-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducere+%C3%AEn+istoria+limbii+rom%C3%A2ne%5D&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Editura+Funda%C8%9Biei+Rom%C3%A2nia+de+M%C3%A2ine&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=973-725-219-5&rft.aulast=Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99&rft.aufirst=Grigore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Pan%C4%83_Dindelegan" title="Gabriela Pană Dindelegan">Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DlrPPUCQmk4C"><i>The Grammar of Romanian</i></a>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-964492-6, pages 3 and 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSala2012" class="citation book cs1">Sala, Marius (2012). <i>De la Latină la Română]</i> [<i>From Latin to Romanian</i>]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-647-435-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-647-435-1"><bdi>978-606-647-435-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+Latin%C4%83+la+Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83%5D&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Editura+Pro+Universitaria&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-606-647-435-1&rft.aulast=Sala&rft.aufirst=Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulte2009" class="citation book cs1">Schulte, Kim (2009). "Loanwords in Romanian". In Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (eds.). <i>Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook</i>. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 231–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021843-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021843-5"><bdi>978-3-11-021843-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Loanwords+in+Romanian&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+the+World%27s+Languages%3A+A+Comparative+Handbook&rft.pages=231-250&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-021843-5&rft.aulast=Schulte&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Grammar_of_Romanian-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Grammar_of_Romanian_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Grammar_of_Romanian_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DlrPPUCQmk4C"><i>The Grammar of Romanian</i></a>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-964492-6, page 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSala2012" class="citation book cs1">Sala, Marius (2012). <i>De la Latină la Română]</i> [<i>From Latin to Romanian</i>]. Editura Pro Universitaria. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-647-435-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-647-435-1"><bdi>978-606-647-435-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+Latin%C4%83+la+Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83%5D&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Editura+Pro+Universitaria&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-606-647-435-1&rft.aulast=Sala&rft.aufirst=Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreoseRenzi2013287-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreoseRenzi2013287_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreoseRenzi2013">Andreose & Renzi 2013</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.ro-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.ro_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.ro_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.ro_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DlrPPUCQmk4C"><i>The Grammar of Romanian</i></a>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-964492-6, page 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ștefan Pascu, <i>Documente străine despre români</i>, ed. Arhivelor statului, București 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-95711-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/973-95711-2-3">973-95711-2-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dindelegan(ed.)-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dindelegan(ed.)_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dindelegan(ed.)_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dindelegan(ed.)_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimotinStanMaiden2016" class="citation web cs1">Timotin, Emanuela; Stan, Camelia; Maiden, Martin (3 March 2016). Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198712350.003.0001">"The Syntax of Old Romanian - Introduction"</a>. <i>Oxford Academic</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198712350.003.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198712350.003.0001</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Academic&rft.atitle=The+Syntax+of+Old+Romanian+-+Introduction&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198712350.003.0001&rft.aulast=Timotin&rft.aufirst=Emanuela&rft.au=Stan%2C+Camelia&rft.au=Maiden%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198712350.003.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceeol-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/search/viewpdf?id=547112">Romanian letter-writing: a cultural-rhetorical perspective</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunteanu" class="citation magazine cs1">Munteanu, Eugen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12163793">"Dinamica istorică a cultivării instituționalizate a limbii române"</a>. <i>Revista română</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227183015/https://www.academia.edu/12163793">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rft.atitle=Dinamica+istoric%C4%83+a+cultiv%C4%83rii+institu%C8%9Bionalizate+a+limbii+rom%C3%A2ne&rft.aulast=Munteanu&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12163793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span>, în Iași, vol. IV, no. 4 (34), December 2003, p. 6 (I), no. 1 (35), March 2004, p. 7 (II); no. 2, June 2004, p. 6 (III); no. 3, October 2004, p. 6 (IV); no. 4 (38), December 2004, p. 6 (V). Retrieved 11 May 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVîrban2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vîrban, Floarea (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230905194900/http://dspace.bcu-iasi.ro/static/web/viewer.html?file=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.bcu-iasi.ro%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F30667%2FVirban%2C%20Floarea%2C%20Aspecte%20privind%20structura%20vocabularului%20in%20cel%20mai%20vechi%20octoih%20in%20limba%20romana%20%28I%29%2C%20LR%2C%202015%2C%20An.%2064%2C%20Nr.%201%2C%20p.%2099-110.pdf.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&isAllowed=y">"Aspecte privind structura vocabularului în cel mai vechi octoih în limba română"</a>. <i>dspace.bcu-iasi.ro</i> (in Romanian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.bcu-iasi.ro/static/web/viewer.html?file=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.bcu-iasi.ro%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F30667%2FVirban%2C%20Floarea%2C%20Aspecte%20privind%20structura%20vocabularului%20in%20cel%20mai%20vechi%20octoih%20in%20limba%20romana%20%28I%29%2C%20LR%2C%202015%2C%20An.%2064%2C%20Nr.%201%2C%20p.%2099-110.pdf.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&isAllowed=y">the original</a> on 5 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dspace.bcu-iasi.ro&rft.atitle=Aspecte+privind+structura+vocabularului+%C3%AEn+cel+mai+vechi+octoih+%C3%AEn+limba+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=V%C3%AErban&rft.aufirst=Floarea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.bcu-iasi.ro%2Fstatic%2Fweb%2Fviewer.html%3Ffile%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fdspace.bcu-iasi.ro%252Fbitstream%252Fhandle%252F123456789%252F30667%252FVirban%252C%2520Floarea%252C%2520Aspecte%2520privind%2520structura%2520vocabularului%2520in%2520cel%2520mai%2520vechi%2520octoih%2520in%2520limba%2520romana%2520%2528I%2529%252C%2520LR%252C%25202015%252C%2520An.%252064%252C%2520Nr.%25201%252C%2520p.%252099-110.pdf.pdf%253Fsequence%253D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.limbaromana.md/index.php?go=articole&n=3889">"N. Felecan – Considerations on the First Books of Romanian Grammar"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024212115/https://www.limbaromana.md/index.php?go=articole&n=3889">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N.+Felecan+%E2%80%93+Considerations+on+the+First+Books+of+Romanian+Grammar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.limbaromana.md%2Findex.php%3Fgo%3Darticole%26n%3D3889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SuarezWoudhuysen2013-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SuarezWoudhuysen2013_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_J._F._SuarezH._R._Woudhuysen2013" class="citation book cs1">Michael J. F. Suarez; H. R. Woudhuysen (24 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=odDYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT753"><i>The Book: A Global History</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 753–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166875-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166875-3"><bdi>978-0-19-166875-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=753-&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013-10-24&rft.isbn=978-0-19-166875-3&rft.au=Michael+J.+F.+Suarez&rft.au=H.+R.+Woudhuysen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DodDYAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSala2012" class="citation book cs1">Sala, Marius (2012). <i>De la Latină la Română]</i> [<i>From Latin to Romanian</i>]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-647-435-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-647-435-1"><bdi>978-606-647-435-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+Latin%C4%83+la+Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83%5D&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Editura+Pro+Universitaria&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-606-647-435-1&rft.aulast=Sala&rft.aufirst=Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedgewayMaiden2016" class="citation book cs1">Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin, eds. (30 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001"><i>The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages</i></a>. Oxford University PressOxford. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199677108.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967710-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967710-8"><bdi>978-0-19-967710-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Romance+Languages&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Oxford+University+PressOxford&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199677108.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967710-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199677108.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acad.ro/institutia/istoric.html">History of Romanian Academy</a></i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSala2012" class="citation book cs1">Sala, Marius (2012). <i>De la Latină la Română]</i> [<i>From Latin to Romanian</i>]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-647-435-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-647-435-1"><bdi>978-606-647-435-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+Latin%C4%83+la+Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83%5D&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Editura+Pro+Universitaria&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-606-647-435-1&rft.aulast=Sala&rft.aufirst=Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DlrPPUCQmk4C"><i>The Grammar of Romanian</i></a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-964492-6, page 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elementa-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elementa_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elementa_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicuȘincai1780" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Micu, Samuil; Șincai, Gheorghe (1780). <i>Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae</i> (in Latin). Vienna.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elementa+linguae+daco-romanae+sive+valachicae&rft.place=Vienna&rft.date=1780&rft.aulast=Micu&rft.aufirst=Samuil&rft.au=%C8%98incai%2C+Gheorghe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span><i>Charter for the organization of the Bessarabian Oblast</i>, 29 April 1818, in "Печатается по изданию: Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Собрание первое.", Vol 35. <i>1818</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankt Petersburg">Sankt Petersburg</a>, 1830, pg. 222–227. Available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.info/dokum/moldav1818.html">hrono.info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120924141759/http://www.hrono.info/dokum/moldav1818.html">Archived</a> 24 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2000" class="citation book cs1">King, Charles (2000). <i>The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture</i>. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/08-1799-792-X" title="Special:BookSources/08-1799-792-X"><bdi>08-1799-792-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moldovans%3A+Romania%2C+Russia%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Culture&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=08-1799-792-X&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD’hulstCoeneAvram2004" class="citation book cs1">D’hulst, Yves; Coene, Martine; Avram, Larisa (2004). "Syncretic and Analytic Tenses in Romanian: The Balkan Setting of Romance". In Mišeska Tomić, Olga (ed.). <i>Balkan Syntax and Semantics</i>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fla.67.18dhu">10.1075/la.67.18dhu</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2790-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2790-4"><bdi>978-90-272-2790-4</bdi></a>. <q>general absence of consecutio temporum.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syncretic+and+Analytic+Tenses+in+Romanian%3A+The+Balkan+Setting+of+Romance&rft.btitle=Balkan+Syntax+and+Semantics&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fla.67.18dhu&rft.isbn=978-90-272-2790-4&rft.aulast=D%E2%80%99hulst&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.au=Coene%2C+Martine&rft.au=Avram%2C+Larisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110128011831/http://dtil.unilat.org/LI/2005/ro/rezultatele_detaliate.htm">"Latin Union – Languages and cultures online 2005"</a>. Dtil.unilat.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dtil.unilat.org/LI/2005/ro/rezultatele_detaliate.htm">the original</a> on 28 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+Union+%E2%80%93+Languages+and+cultures+online+2005&rft.pub=Dtil.unilat.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdtil.unilat.org%2FLI%2F2005%2Fro%2Frezultatele_detaliate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029104855/http://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html">"Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People"</a>. <i>MSN Encarta</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN+Encarta&rft.atitle=Languages+Spoken+by+More+Than+10+Million+People&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fmedia_701500404%2FLanguages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the 1993 <i>Statistical Abstract of Israel</i> there were 250,000 Romanian speakers in Israel, of a population of 5,548,523 in 1995 (census).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831192934/http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=110">"Reports of about 300,000 Jews that left the country after WW2"</a>. Eurojewcong.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=110">the original</a> on 31 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reports+of+about+300%2C000+Jews+that+left+the+country+after+WW2&rft.pub=Eurojewcong.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurojewcong.org%2Fejc%2Fnews.php%3Fid_article%3D110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaslau2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laslau, Andi (27 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224113558/http://www.evz.ro/article.php?artid=185041">"Arabii din Romania, radiografie completa"</a>. <i>Evz.ro</i> (in Romanian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.evz.ro/article.php?artid=185041">the original</a> on 24 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evz.ro&rft.atitle=Arabii+din+Romania%2C+radiografie+completa&rft.date=2005-04-27&rft.aulast=Laslau&rft.aufirst=Andi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evz.ro%2Farticle.php%3Fartid%3D185041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225050749/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/TS5.pdf">"Tab5. Populatia stabila dupa principalele limbi materne la recensamantul din anul 2011 - rezultate preliminar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/TS5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tab5.+Populatia+stabila+dupa+principalele+limbi+materne+la+recensamantul+din+anul+2011+-+rezultate+preliminar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recensamantromania.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F08%2FTS5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dissemination_database_search-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dissemination_database_search_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dissemination_database_search_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.stat.gov.rs/Home/Result/3104020302?languageCode=en-US">"Dissemination database search"</a>. <i>data.stat.gov.rs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.stat.gov.rs&rft.atitle=Dissemination+database+search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.stat.gov.rs%2FHome%2FResult%2F3104020302%3FlanguageCode%3Den-US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717211318/http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/nepsz2011/nepsz_orsz_2011.pdf">"Hungarian Census 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Associated Press. 25 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/12/05/moldovan-court-rules-official-language-is-romanian-replacing-soviet-flavored/">the original</a> on 9 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interfax&rft.atitle=Moldovan+president+promulgates+law+replacing+name+of+state+language+in+country%27s+constitution+with+%27Romanian%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finterfax.com%2Fnewsroom%2Ftop-stories%2F88948%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511204743/http://www.realitatea.net/marian-lupu--romana-si-moldoveneasca-sunt-aceeasi-limba_288666.html">"Marian Lupu: Româna și moldoveneasca sunt aceeași limbă"</a>. Realitatea .NET. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realitatea.net/marian-lupu--romana-si-moldoveneasca-sunt-aceeasi-limba_288666.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marian+Lupu%3A+Rom%C3%A2na+%C8%99i+moldoveneasca+sunt+aceea%C8%99i+limb%C4%83&rft.pub=Realitatea+.NET&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realitatea.net%2Fmarian-lupu--romana-si-moldoveneasca-sunt-aceeasi-limba_288666.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Dalby, Andrew</a> (1998). <i>Dictionary of Languages</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/07-4753-117-X" title="Special:BookSources/07-4753-117-X"><bdi>07-4753-117-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Languages&rft.pages=518&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=07-4753-117-X&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iatp.md/ladom/downloads/M3.doc">Legea cu privire la functionarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenesti Nr.3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr.9/217, 1989</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219024839/http://www.iatp.md/ladom/downloads/M3.doc">Archived</a> 19 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova): "Moldavian RSS supports the desire of the Moldavian that live across the borders of the Republic, and – considering the existing Moldo-Romanian linguistic identity – of the Romanians that live on the territory of the USSR, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their maternal language."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=ro&idc=479">Census 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171030171529/http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=ro&idc=479">Archived</a> 30 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://independent.md/biroul-national-de-statistica-acuzat-ca-falsificat-rezultatele-recensamantului/">"Biroul Național de Statistică, acuzat că a falsificat rezultatele recensământului"</a>. <i>Independent</i> (in Romanian). 29 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227183027/https://independent.md/biroul-national-de-statistica-acuzat-ca-falsificat-rezultatele-recensamantului/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=Biroul+Na%C8%9Bional+de+Statistic%C4%83%2C+acuzat+c%C4%83+a+falsificat+rezultatele+recens%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findependent.md%2Fbiroul-national-de-statistica-acuzat-ca-falsificat-rezultatele-recensamantului%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official Gazette of Republic of Serbia, No.1/90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 24, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/Strana.aspx?s=statut&j=EN">"The Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019112141/http://www.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/Strana.aspx?s=statut&j=EN">Archived</a> 19 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, published in the <i>Official Gazette of AP Vojvodina</i> No.20/2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puma.vojvodina.gov.rs/etext.php?ID_mat=207%3Flang%3D7">"Official Use of Languages and Scripts in the AP Vojvodina"</a>. <i>Provincial Secretariat for Education, Regulations, Administration and National Minorities – National Communities</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227183017/http://www.puma.vojvodina.gov.rs/etext.php?ID_mat=207%3Flang%3D7">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Provincial+Secretariat+for+Education%2C+Regulations%2C+Administration+and+National+Minorities+%E2%80%93+National+Communities&rft.atitle=Official+Use+of+Languages+and+Scripts+in+the+AP+Vojvodina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.puma.vojvodina.gov.rs%2Fetext.php%3FID_mat%3D207%253Flang%253D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Provincial Secretariat for Regulations, Administration and National Minorities: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puma.vojvodina.gov.rs/dokumenti/sljezik.xls">"Official use of the Romanian language in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (APV)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111201426/http://www.puma.vojvodina.gov.rs/dokumenti/sljezik.xls">Archived</a> 11 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorescu-MarinkovićHuțanu2018" class="citation book cs1">Sorescu-Marinković, Annemarie; Huțanu, Monica (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/5795">"Non-Dominant Varieties of Romanian in Serbia: Between Pluricentricity and Division"</a>. In Muhr, Rudolf; Meisnitzer, Benjamin (eds.). <i>Pluricentric Languages and Non-Dominant Varieties Worldwide: New Pluricentric Languages – Old Problems</i>. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Verlag. pp. 233–246. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107%2Frcub_dais_5795">21.15107/rcub_dais_5795</a></span> – via DAIS – Digital Archive of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Non-Dominant+Varieties+of+Romanian+in+Serbia%3A+Between+Pluricentricity+and+Division&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages+and+Non-Dominant+Varieties+Worldwide%3A+New+Pluricentric+Languages+%E2%80%93+Old+Problems&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pages=233-246&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Verlag&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.15107%2Frcub_dais_5795&rft.aulast=Sorescu-Marinkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft.au=Hu%C8%9Banu%2C+Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdais.sanu.ac.rs%2F123456789%2F5795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930202020/http://www.ucipr.kiev.ua/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=3384&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0">"Регіональний портрет України. 2003 р. Чернівецька область"</a>. Ukrainian Center for Independent Political Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucipr.kiev.ua/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=3384&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0">the original</a> on 30 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8.+2003+%D1%80.+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Center+for+Independent+Political+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucipr.kiev.ua%2Fmodules.php%3Fop%3Dmodload%26name%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D3384%26mode%3Dthread%26order%3D0%26thold%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120427132707/http://www.ucipr.kiev.ua/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=3377&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucipr.kiev.ua/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=3377&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0">the original</a> on 27 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucipr.kiev.ua%2Fmodules.php%3Fop%3Dmodload%26name%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D3377%26mode%3Dthread%26order%3D0%26thold%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514084325/http://www.saske.sk/cas/1-2000/gulpa-petrisce.html">"Internetový časopis človek a spoločnosť"</a>. <i>www.clovekaspolocnost.sk</i>. 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Chnu.cv.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723195813/http://www.chnu.cv.ua/index.php?page=ua/gradinf/rules/02bac_d">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Chernivtsi&rft.pub=Chnu.cv.ua&rft.au=Kramar+Andriy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chnu.cv.ua%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dua%2Fgradinf%2Frules%2F02bac_d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ziua.net/display.php?id=183071&data=2005-08-19&ziua=f08bdeacd2583ee59a42d5f08d1fba7e">"Cursuri de perfecționare"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070225040246/http://www.ziua.net/display.php?id=183071&data=2005-08-19&ziua=f08bdeacd2583ee59a42d5f08d1fba7e">Archived</a> 25 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ziua" title="Ziua">Ziua</a></i>, 19 August 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilr.ro/plr.php?lmb=1">"Data concerning the teaching of the Romanian language abroad"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101207173432/http://www.ilr.ro/plr.php?lmb=1">Archived</a> 7 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Romanian Language Institute.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelyusto2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Delyusto, Maryna (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/research/article/view/3523">"Mul'tilingval'nyy atlas mezhdurech'ya Dnestra i Dunaya: Istochniki i priyemy sozdaniya" <bdi lang="ru">Мультилингвальный атлас междуречья Днестра и Дуная:источники и приемы создания</bdi></a> [Multi-Lingual Atlas of Dialects Spread Between the Danube and the Dniester Rivers: Sources and Tools of Creation]. <i>Journal of Danubian Studies and Research</i> (in Russian). <b>6</b> (1): 362–369. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040837/http://journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/research/article/view/3523">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Danubian+Studies+and+Research&rft.atitle=Mul%27tilingval%27nyy+atlas+mezhdurech%27ya+Dnestra+i+Dunaya%3A+Istochniki+i+priyemy+sozdaniya+%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8F+%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%3A%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=362-369&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Delyusto&rft.aufirst=Maryna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.univ-danubius.ro%2Findex.php%2Fresearch%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArjocu2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arjocu, Florin (29 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stiriromania.ro/locul-din-romania-unde-se-vorbeste-o-limba-secreta-talauzesti-gumuteasca/">"Satul din România unde se vorbește o limbă secretă. Tălăuzești gumuțeasca?"</a>. <i>Știri România</i> (in Romanian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411143023/https://stiriromania.ro/locul-din-romania-unde-se-vorbeste-o-limba-secreta-talauzesti-gumuteasca/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C8%98tiri+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft.atitle=Satul+din+Rom%C3%A2nia+unde+se+vorbe%C8%99te+o+limb%C4%83+secret%C4%83.+T%C4%83l%C4%83uze%C8%99ti+gumu%C8%9Beasca%3F&rft.date=2020-06-29&rft.aulast=Arjocu&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstiriromania.ro%2Flocul-din-romania-unde-se-vorbeste-o-limba-secreta-talauzesti-gumuteasca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorea2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Florea, Sorin (1 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shtiu.ro/care-este-satul-din-romania-unde-se-vorbeste-o-limba-secreta-17934.html">"Care este satul din România unde se vorbește o limbă secretă?"</a>. <i>Shtiu</i> (in Romanian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411143023/https://www.shtiu.ro/care-este-satul-din-romania-unde-se-vorbeste-o-limba-secreta-17934.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shtiu&rft.atitle=Care+este+satul+din+Rom%C3%A2nia+unde+se+vorbe%C8%99te+o+limb%C4%83+secret%C4%83%3F&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft.aulast=Florea&rft.aufirst=Sorin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shtiu.ro%2Fcare-este-satul-din-romania-unde-se-vorbeste-o-limba-secreta-17934.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realitatea.net/stiri/ultimele-stiri/in-localitatea-totoi-judetul-alba-se-vorbeste-o-limba-specifica-locului_5dcc919c406af85273c9bb5e">"În localitatea Totoi, județul Alba, se vorbește o limbă specifică locului"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Realitatea_TV" title="Realitatea TV">Realitatea TV</a></i> (in Romanian). 19 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412124024/https://www.realitatea.net/stiri/ultimele-stiri/in-localitatea-totoi-judetul-alba-se-vorbeste-o-limba-specifica-locului_5dcc919c406af85273c9bb5e">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Realitatea+TV&rft.atitle=%C3%8En+localitatea+Totoi%2C+jude%C8%9Bul+Alba%2C+se+vorbe%C8%99te+o+limb%C4%83+specific%C4%83+locului&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realitatea.net%2Fstiri%2Fultimele-stiri%2Fin-localitatea-totoi-judetul-alba-se-vorbeste-o-limba-specifica-locului_5dcc919c406af85273c9bb5e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsenie2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arsenie, Dan (9 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greatnews.ro/totoiana-messengerul-de-pe-ulita-o-limba-inventata-de-romani/">"Totoiana – messengerul de pe uliță. Povestea unei limbi inventate de români"</a>. <i>GreatNews.ro</i> (in Romanian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412124028/https://greatnews.ro/totoiana-messengerul-de-pe-ulita-o-limba-inventata-de-romani/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GreatNews.ro&rft.atitle=Totoiana+%E2%80%93+messengerul+de+pe+uli%C8%9B%C4%83.+Povestea+unei+limbi+inventate+de+rom%C3%A2ni&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft.aulast=Arsenie&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreatnews.ro%2Ftotoiana-messengerul-de-pe-ulita-o-limba-inventata-de-romani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziare.com/alba-iulia/stiri-actualitate/limba-intoarsa-vorbita-in-totoi-1036814">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Limba intoarsă' vorbită în Totoi"</a>. <i>Ziare.com</i> (in Romanian). 2 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412124025/https://ziare.com/alba-iulia/stiri-actualitate/limba-intoarsa-vorbita-in-totoi-1036814">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ziare.com&rft.atitle=%27Limba+intoars%C4%83%27+vorbit%C4%83+%C3%AEn+Totoi&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fziare.com%2Falba-iulia%2Fstiri-actualitate%2Flimba-intoarsa-vorbita-in-totoi-1036814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoica1-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stoica1_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoica1_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoica1919" class="citation book cs1">Stoica, Vasile (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7314/view/1/50/"><i>The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands</i></a>. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Printing Company. p. 50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229112601/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/7314/view/1/50/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roumanian+Question%3A+The+Roumanians+and+their+Lands&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Pittsburgh+Printing+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Stoica&rft.aufirst=Vasile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F7314%2Fview%2F1%2F50%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPei1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Pei" title="Mario Pei">Pei, Mario</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.74047"><i>Story of Language</i></a>. Lippincott. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/03-9700-400-1" title="Special:BookSources/03-9700-400-1"><bdi>03-9700-400-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story+of+Language&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=03-9700-400-1&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.74047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnologue, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ron">Romanian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525155837/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ron">Archived</a> 25 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandiuc2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sandiuc, Corina (1 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040644/https://doaj.org/article/6eb325ddd1ea4f5eb41f3119f6ea3485">"Languages and cultures in contact: The French language and the maritime terminology"</a>. <i>Diversitate Si Identitate Culturala in Europa</i>. <b>11</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2067-0931">2067-0931</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doaj.org/article/6eb325ddd1ea4f5eb41f3119f6ea3485">the original</a> on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diversitate+Si+Identitate+Culturala+in+Europa&rft.atitle=Languages+and+cultures+in+contact%3A+The+French+language+and+the+maritime+terminology&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2014-11-01&rft.issn=2067-0931&rft.aulast=Sandiuc&rft.aufirst=Corina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoaj.org%2Farticle%2F6eb325ddd1ea4f5eb41f3119f6ea3485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMišeska_Tomić2006" class="citation book cs1">Mišeska Tomić, Olga (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkansprachbund00tomi"><i>Balkan Sprachbund Morpho-Syntactic Features</i></a></span>. Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkansprachbund00tomi/page/n45">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4487-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4487-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-4487-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Sprachbund+Morpho-Syntactic+Features&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4487-8&rft.aulast=Mi%C5%A1eska+Tomi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkansprachbund00tomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulte2009" class="citation book cs1">Schulte, Kim (2009). 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De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 230–259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021843-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021843-5"><bdi>978-3-11-021843-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Loanwords+in+Romanian&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+the+World%27s+Languages%3A+A+Comparative+Handbook&rft.pages=230-259&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-021843-5&rft.aulast=Schulte&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindstedt2000" class="citation book cs1">Lindstedt, J. (2000). "Linguistic Balkanization: Contact-induced change by mutual reinforcement". In D. G. Gilbers; et al. (eds.). <i>Languages in Contact</i>. Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics, 28. Amsterdam & Atlanta, GA: Rodopi. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-4201-322-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-4201-322-2"><bdi>90-4201-322-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linguistic+Balkanization%3A+Contact-induced+change+by+mutual+reinforcement&rft.btitle=Languages+in+Contact&rft.place=Amsterdam+%26+Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.series=Studies+in+Slavic+and+General+Linguistics%2C+28&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-4201-322-2&rft.aulast=Lindstedt&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VRLR-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VRLR_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VRLR_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VRLR_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marius Sala (coord), Mihaela Bîrlădeanu, Maria Iliescu, Liliana Macarie, Ioana Nichita, Mariana Ploae-Hanganu, Maria Theban, Ioana Vintilă-Rădulescu, <i>Vocabularul reprezentativ al limbilor romanice</i> (VRLR) (Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1988).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulte" class="citation cs1">Schulte, Kim. <i>Loanwords in Romanian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+Romanian&rft.aulast=Schulte&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, published in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_HaspelmathUri_Tadmor2009" class="citation book cs1">Martin Haspelmath; Uri Tadmor (22 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HnKeVbwTwyYC&pg=PA243"><i>Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021844-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021844-2"><bdi>978-3-11-021844-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+the+World%27s+Languages%3A+A+Comparative+Handbook&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009-12-22&rft.isbn=978-3-11-021844-2&rft.au=Martin+Haspelmath&rft.au=Uri+Tadmor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHnKeVbwTwyYC%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macrea-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macrea_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacrea1961" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Macrea, Dimitrie (1961). "Originea și structura limbii române (7–45)". <i>Probleme de lingvistică română</i> (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Științifică. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Originea+%C8%99i+structura+limbii+rom%C3%A2ne+%287%E2%80%9345%29&rft.btitle=Probleme+de+lingvistic%C4%83+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Editura+%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Macrea&rft.aufirst=Dimitrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dindelegan-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dindelegan_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPană_Dindelegan2013" class="citation book cs1">Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela, ed. (2013). <i>The Grammar of Romanian</i> (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199644926" title="Special:BookSources/9780199644926"><bdi>9780199644926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grammar+of+Romanian&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199644926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitchins2014-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitchins2014_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitchins2014_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitchins2014_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Hitchins2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Hitchins" title="Keith Hitchins">Keith Hitchins</a> (20 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j1ytAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19"><i>A Concise History of Romania</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87238-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87238-6"><bdi>978-0-521-87238-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Romania&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-02-20&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87238-6&rft.au=Keith+Hitchins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj1ytAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HillAlboiu2016-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HillAlboiu2016_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia_HillGabriela_Alboiu2016" class="citation book cs1">Virginia Hill; Gabriela Alboiu (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6VU0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15"><i>Verb Movement and Clause Structure in Old Romanian</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873650-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873650-9"><bdi>978-0-19-873650-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verb+Movement+and+Clause+Structure+in+Old+Romanian&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873650-9&rft.au=Virginia+Hill&rft.au=Gabriela+Alboiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VU0CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comrie2009-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comrie2009_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comrie2009_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Comrie2009" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Comrie (13 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DR-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA266"><i>The World's Major Languages</i></a>. Routledge. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26156-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26156-7"><bdi>978-1-134-26156-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft.isbn=978-1-134-26156-7&rft.au=Bernard+Comrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DR-AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renwick2014-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Renwick2014_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_E._L._Renwick2014" class="citation book cs1">Margaret E. L. Renwick (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gDToBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA37"><i>The Phonetics and Phonology of Contrast: The Case of the Romanian Vowel System</i></a>. De Gruyter. pp. 44–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-036277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-036277-0"><bdi>978-3-11-036277-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonetics+and+Phonology+of+Contrast%3A+The+Case+of+the+Romanian+Vowel+System&rft.pages=44-5&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-11-036277-0&rft.au=Margaret+E.+L.+Renwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgDToBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dama_2006-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dama_2006_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDama2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dama, Hans (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012715/https://www.philologica-jassyensia.ro/upload/II_1_Dama.pdf">"Lexikale Einflüsse im Rumänischen aus dem österreichischen Deutsch"</a> [Lexical influences of 'Austrian'-German on the Romanian language] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Philologica Jassyensia</i> (in German). <b>2</b> (1): 105–110. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philologica-jassyensia.ro/upload/II_1_Dama.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philologica+Jassyensia&rft.atitle=Lexikale+Einfl%C3%BCsse+im+Rum%C3%A4nischen+aus+dem+%C3%B6sterreichischen+Deutsch&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-110&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dama&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philologica-jassyensia.ro%2Fupload%2FII_1_Dama.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZafiu2009" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zafiu, Rodica (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921115041/http://www.romlit.ro/index.pl/mito_i_legenda_bastonului">"Mișto și legenda bastonului"</a>. <i>România literară</i> (in Romanian). No. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romlit.ro/index.pl/mito_i_legenda_bastonului">the original</a> on 21 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2018</span>. <q>There is no doubt among linguists about the Romany etymology of the Romanian word <i>mișto</i>, but a fairly widespread folk etymology and urban legend maintains that the German phrase <i>mit Stock</i> 'with stick' would be its true origin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rom%C3%A2nia+literar%C4%83&rft.atitle=Mi%C8%99to+%C8%99i+legenda+bastonului&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Zafiu&rft.aufirst=Rodica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romlit.ro%2Findex.pl%2Fmito_i_legenda_bastonului&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vocabularul reprezentativ diferă de vocabularul fundamental (VF) și de fondul principal lexical (FP). Cf. SCL (Studii și cercetări lingvistice), an XXVII (1976), nr. 1, p. 61-66 și SCL (1974) nr. 3, p. 247. Cf. Theodor Hristea, "Structura generală a lexicului românesc", <i>Sinteze de limba română</i>, eds., Theodor Hristea (coord.), Mioara Avram, Grigore Brâncuș, Gheorghe Bulgăr, Georgeta Ciompec, Ion Diaconescu, Rodica Bogza-Irimie & Flora Șuteu (Bucharest: 1984), 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionarul_explicativ_al_limbii_rom%C3%A2ne" title="Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române">Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Academia Română</a>, Institutul de Lingvistică "Iorgu Iordan", Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBălhuc2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bălhuc, Paul (15 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adevarul.ro/locale/iasi/cate-litere-mai-lung-cuvant-limba-romana-singurul-termen-contine-vocalele-1_587a0aa75ab6550cb86dda62/index.html">"Câte litere are cel mai lung cuvânt din limba română și care este singurul termen ce conține toate vocalele"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Adev%C4%83rul" title="Adevărul">Adevărul</a></i> (in Romanian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211225/https://adevarul.ro/locale/iasi/cate-litere-mai-lung-cuvant-limba-romana-singurul-termen-contine-vocalele-1_587a0aa75ab6550cb86dda62/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adev%C4%83rul&rft.atitle=C%C3%A2te+litere+are+cel+mai+lung+cuv%C3%A2nt+din+limba+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83+%C8%99i+care+este+singurul+termen+ce+con%C8%9Bine+toate+vocalele&rft.date=2017-01-15&rft.aulast=B%C4%83lhuc&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadevarul.ro%2Flocale%2Fiasi%2Fcate-litere-mai-lung-cuvant-limba-romana-singurul-termen-contine-vocalele-1_587a0aa75ab6550cb86dda62%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webdex.ro/online/dictionarul_explicativ_al_limbii_romane_dex98/51078/electroglotospectrografie">"Electroglotospectrografie"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionarul_explicativ_al_limbii_rom%C3%A2ne" title="Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române">Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române</a></i> (in Romanian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417203237/https://www.webdex.ro/online/dictionarul_explicativ_al_limbii_romane_dex98/51078/electroglotospectrografie">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electroglotospectrografie&rft.btitle=Dic%C8%9Bionarul+explicativ+al+limbii+rom%C3%A2ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webdex.ro%2Fonline%2Fdictionarul_explicativ_al_limbii_romane_dex98%2F51078%2Felectroglotospectrografie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictie.ro/curiozitati-lingvistice-cele-mai-lungi-cuvinte-din-limba-romana">"Curiozități lingvistice: cele mai lungi cuvinte din limba română"</a>. <i>Dicție.ro</i> (in Romanian). 2 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210080655/https://www.dictie.ro/curiozitati-lingvistice-cele-mai-lungi-cuvinte-din-limba-romana">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dic%C8%9Bie.ro&rft.atitle=Curiozit%C4%83%C8%9Bi+lingvistice%3A+cele+mai+lungi+cuvinte+din+limba+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rft.date=2020-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictie.ro%2Fcuriozitati-lingvistice-cele-mai-lungi-cuvinte-din-limba-romana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSăvescu2012" class="citation journal cs1">Săvescu, Oana (2012). "When Syncretism Meets Word Order. On Clitic Order in Romanian". <i>Probus</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 233–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fprobus-2012-0010">10.1515/probus-2012-0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194568315">194568315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Probus&rft.atitle=When+Syncretism+Meets+Word+Order.+On+Clitic+Order+in+Romanian&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=233-256&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fprobus-2012-0010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194568315%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=S%C4%83vescu&rft.aufirst=Oana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaynes1898" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Baynes, Thomas Spencer, ed. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zt5TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA269">"Vlachs"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature</i>. Vol. 24 (9th ed.). Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black. p. 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vlachs&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+and+General+Literature&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=269&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Adam+and+Charles+Black&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZt5TAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarlin2014" class="citation book cs1">Sarlin, Mika (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nKWpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15"><i>Romanian Grammar</i></a> (2nd ed.). Helsinki: Books on Demand. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789522868985" title="Special:BookSources/9789522868985"><bdi>9789522868985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romanian+Grammar&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789522868985&rft.aulast=Sarlin&rft.aufirst=Mika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnKWpBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer1999" class="citation journal cs1">Dyer, Donald L. (1999). "Some Influences of Russian on the Romanian of Moldova during the Soviet Period". <i>The Slavic and East European Journal</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 85–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F309907">10.2307/309907</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/309907">309907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavic+and+East+European+Journal&rft.atitle=Some+Influences+of+Russian+on+the+Romanian+of+Moldova+during+the+Soviet+Period&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-98&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F309907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F309907%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> Several Romanian dictionaries specify the pronunciation [je] for word-initial letter <i>e</i> in some personal pronouns: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=el"><i>el</i>, <i>ei</i>, etc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226034155/http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=el">Archived</a> 26 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and in some forms of the verb <i>a fi</i> (<i>to be</i>): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=fi"><i>este</i>, <i>eram</i>, etc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727075024/http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=fi">Archived</a> 27 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> Mioara Avram, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5kofUFPHx?url=http://www.geocities.com/georgepruteanu/carti/avram-ortog-pdf.zip"><i>Ortografie pentru toți</i></a>, Editura Litera, Chișinău, 1997, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The new edition of "Dicționarul ortografic al limbii române (ortoepic, morfologic, cu norme de punctuație)" – introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova" title="Academy of Sciences of Moldova">Academy of Sciences of Moldova</a> and recommended for publishing following a conference on 15 November 2000 – applies the decision of the General Meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a> from 17 February 1993, regarding the reintroduction to "â" and "sunt" in the orthography of the Romanian language. (<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine:Asm_lbro3.jpg" class="extiw" title="ro:Imagine:Asm lbro3.jpg">Introduction, Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722170555/http://www.allmoldova.md/ro/int/interview/gheorghe-duca-060410.html">"Gheorghe Duca: Trebuie schimbată atitudinea de sorginte proletară față de savanți și în genere față de intelectuali"</a> (in Romanian). Allmoldova. 4 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmoldova.md/ro/int/interview/gheorghe-duca-060410.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gheorghe+Duca%3A+Trebuie+schimbat%C4%83+atitudinea+de+sorginte+proletar%C4%83+fa%C8%9B%C4%83+de+savan%C8%9Bi+%C8%99i+%C3%AEn+genere+fa%C8%9B%C4%83+de+intelectuali&rft.pub=Allmoldova&rft.date=2010-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmoldova.md%2Fro%2Fint%2Finterview%2Fgheorghe-duca-060410.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreoseRenzi2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Andreose, Alvise; <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Renzi" title="Lorenzo Renzi">Renzi, Lorenzo</a> (2013). "Geography and Distribution of the Romance Languages in Europe". In Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages</i>. Vol. 2: Contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80073-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80073-0"><bdi>978-0-521-80073-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geography+and+Distribution+of+the+Romance+Languages+in+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Romance+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=283-334&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80073-0&rft.aulast=Andreose&rft.aufirst=Alvise&rft.au=Renzi%2C+Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiurescu1972" class="citation book cs1">Giurescu, Constantin C. (1972). <i>The Making of the Romanian People and Language</i>. Bucharest: Meridiane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Romanian+People+and+Language&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pub=Meridiane&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Giurescu&rft.aufirst=Constantin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahl2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Thede_Kahl" title="Thede Kahl">Kahl, Thede</a>, ed. (2009). <i>Das Rumänische und seine Nachbarn</i> (in German). Berlin: Frank & Timme.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Rum%C3%A4nische+und+seine+Nachbarn&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Frank+%26+Timme&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaliga2010" class="citation journal cs1">Paliga, Sorin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macedonia.kroraina.com/rs/rs46_4_11.pdf">"When Could Be Dated the 'Earliest Slavic Borrowings in Romanian'?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Romanoslavica</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 101–119. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190627002523/http://macedonia.kroraina.com/rs/rs46_4_11.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romanoslavica&rft.atitle=When+Could+Be+Dated+the+%27Earliest+Slavic+Borrowings+in+Romanian%27%3F&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=101-119&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Paliga&rft.aufirst=Sorin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmacedonia.kroraina.com%2Frs%2Frs46_4_11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrucci1999" class="citation book cs1">Petrucci, Peter R. (1999). <i>Slavic Features in the History of Rumanian</i>. München: LINCOM Europa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/38-9586-599-0" title="Special:BookSources/38-9586-599-0"><bdi>38-9586-599-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavic+Features+in+the+History+of+Rumanian&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=LINCOM+Europa&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=38-9586-599-0&rft.aulast=Petrucci&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosetti1965–1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rosetti, Alexandru (1965–1969). <i>Istoria limbii române</i> (in Romanian). Vol. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">București</a>: Editura științifică.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istoria+limbii+rom%C3%A2ne&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.pub=Editura+%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83&rft.date=1965%2F1969&rft.aulast=Rosetti&rft.aufirst=Alexandru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinrichs1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hinrichs, Uwe, ed. (1999). <i>Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik</i> (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+S%C3%BCdosteuropa-Linguistik&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/rom-uni.htm">SAMPA for Romanian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/stand_alone_romanian.pdf">Romanian Reference Grammar, by Dana Cojocaru, University of Bucharest (183 pages) – 4.6 MB – pdf</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsi-language-courses.net/fsi-romanian-language-course/">USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI) Romanian basic course</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\rom&first=0">Romanian basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Romanian language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Romanian_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Romanian language">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Romanian_language" class="extiw" title="c:category:Romanian language">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Romanian" class="extiw" title="b:Romanian">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Romanian_Language" class="extiw" title="v:Romanian Language">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Romanian_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Romanian phrasebook">Phrasebook</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/21px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/42px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ro:">Romanian edition</a></b> of Wikipedia</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7913" class="extiw" title="d:Q7913">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanian_language" title="Template:Romanian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanian_language" title="Template talk:Romanian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">Subdialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobrujan_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dobrujan dialect (page does not exist)">Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Republic of Moldova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Argots_and_speech_forms" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argots and speech forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gumu%C8%9Beasca" title="Gumuțeasca">Gumuțeasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoiana" title="Totoiana">Totoiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects/related languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Romanian">Daco-Romanian</a> (Romanian itself)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nouns" title="Romanian nouns">nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_verbs" title="Romanian verbs">verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_numbers" title="Romanian numbers">numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">Ă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">Â</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">Î</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98" title="Ș">Ș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="T-comma">Ț</a></li> <li>Former: <a href="/wiki/D%CC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="D̦">D̦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%AC" title="Ŭ">Ŭ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_lexis" title="Romanian lexis">Lexis and vocabulary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longest_word_in_Romanian" title="Longest word in Romanian">longest Romanian word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar#Traditional_month_names" title="Romanian calendar">traditional month names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_profanity" title="Romanian profanity">profanities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Phonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romanian_language" title="History of the Romanian language">historic evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Classical Latin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a> → <a href="/wiki/Old_Romanian" title="Old Romanian">Old Romanian</a> → <a href="/wiki/Re-latinization_of_Romanian" title="Re-latinization of Romanian">Re-latinization</a> → <a href="/wiki/Modern_Romanian" title="Modern Romanian">Modern Romanian</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Written form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Modern alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_transitional_alphabet" title="Romanian transitional alphabet">Romanian transitional alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet">Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junimea" title="Junimea">Junimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionarul_explicativ_al_limbii_rom%C3%A2ne" title="Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române">Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionarul_Limbii_Rom%C3%A2ne" title="Dicționarul Limbii Române">Dicționarul Limbii Române</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionar_moldovenesc-rom%C3%A2nesc" title="Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc">Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova" title="Academy of Sciences of Moldova">Academy of Sciences of Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language contact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_in_Romanian" title="Substrate in Romanian">Substrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Eastern_Romance_linguistic_parallels" title="Albanian–Eastern Romance linguistic parallels">Linguistic parallels with Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_influence_on_Romanian" title="Slavic influence on Romanian">Slavic superstratum and adstratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_influence_on_Slavic_languages" title="Eastern Romance influence on Slavic languages">Influence on Slavic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speech communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlachs_of_Serbia" title="Vlachs of Serbia">Timok Vlachs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Language_Day" title="Romanian Language Day">Romanian Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Serbia" title="Romanian language in Serbia">Romanian language in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian-language_schools_in_Transnistria" title="Romanian-language schools in Transnistria">Romanian-language schools in Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_language" title="Category:Romanian language">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_of_the_Eastern_Romance_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #9898FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Eastern Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Eastern Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_of_the_Eastern_Romance_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #9898FF"><div><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Classical Latin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a> → Eastern Romance languages</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Northern variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Moldavian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Transylvanian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a>, divided into several subdialects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Banat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boyash_Romanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boyash Romanian (page does not exist)">Boyash</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Southern variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Muntenian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muntenian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Muntenian dialect">Muntenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Oltenian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">†Dician</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dician_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dician dialect (page does not exist)">Dician</a> (original Dobrujan dialect)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Romanian-based<br />argots/speech forms<big>*</big></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gumu%C8%9Beasca" title="Gumuțeasca">Gumuțeasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoiana" title="Totoiana">Totoiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #B8B8FF"><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_dialects" title="Aromanian dialects">dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #B8B8FF">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Farsherot</li> <li>Grabovean/Moscopolean</li> <li>Muzachiar</li> <li>Gopeš–Malovište</li> <li>Gorna Belica–Dolna Belica</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #B8B8FF">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pindean <ul><li>Olympian</li></ul></li> <li>Gramostean</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D8D8FF"><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a><br />dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D8D8FF">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Northern</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D8D8FF">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Southern</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF"><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a><br />dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF">In Istria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Northern</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Southern (variants between villages)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF">†In Krk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Krko-Romanian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF">†Krko-Romanian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†Krko-Romanian</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><big>*</big> = Not strictly dialects; † = extinct</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Românofonia" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanian_language_clickable_map" title="Template:Romanian language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanian_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:Romanian language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Românofonia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Românofonia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td> <p style="font-size:95%;">Click on the coloured regions on the map to get to the related article:</p> <p style="font-size:90%;">*Romanian is also an official language of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a>.</p> <p style="font-size:smaller;"><span style="background-color:#0035AD;color:white;"> Official and national language </span>  <span style="background-color:#007FFF;color:white;"> Official but not primary language </span>  <span style="background-color:#99DDDD;color:white;"> National minority language </span>  <span style="background-color:lightblue;color:white;"> EU </span>  <span style="background-color:#669999;color:white;"> Romanian diaspora </span></p> <figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Românofonia (Romanian language in the world)"><img alt="Românofonia (Romanian language in the world)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Limba_romana_Atlanticul-800px.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="326" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="326" usemap="#ImageMap_ee6faa854cedfbd0" /></span><map name="ImageMap_ee6faa854cedfbd0"><area href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" shape="poly" coords="652,167,660,168,669,178,665,179,660,184,659,176" alt="Romanian language in Moldova" title="Romanian language in Moldova" /><area href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania#Official_language" shape="poly" coords="625,180,627,178,635,169,645,170,651,167,660,176,660,184,663,185,668,185,672,189,672,192,668,192,665,189,663,193,656,192,650,194,641,194,636,193,635,188,632,189,629,188" alt="Romanian language in Romania" title="Romanian language in Romania" /><area href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Serbia" shape="poly" coords="617,180,623,179,629,187,624,188,623,187,622,188,620,188,618,186" alt="Romanian language in Serbia" title="Romanian language in Serbia" /><area href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Serbia" shape="poly" coords="628,187,634,188,635,194,630,194,627,192" alt="Romanian language in Serbia" title="Romanian language in Serbia" /><area href="/wiki/Mount_Athos#Languages" shape="circle" coords="644,214,5" alt="Romanian language on Mount Athos" title="Romanian language on Mount Athos" /><area 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href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" shape="rect" coords="511,211,517,218" alt="Romanian diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora" /><area href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" shape="rect" coords="194,192,199,198" alt="Romanian diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora" /><area href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" shape="rect" coords="181,206,186,212" alt="Romanian diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora" /><area href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" shape="rect" coords="3,217,9,223" alt="Romanian diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora" /><area href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" shape="rect" coords="30,263,36,270" alt="Romanian diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora" /><area href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" shape="poly" coords="483,232,494,234,498,239,516,234,533,210,534,205,547,195,558,198,570,190,604,219,586,226,600,235,610,221,608,214,615,217,617,214,587,184,592,182,584,174,562,181,558,178,564,171,573,171,576,172,579,175,586,175,591,177,593,183,601,183,606,178,616,180,625,179,633,169,639,154,636,136,630,132,624,133,618,130,624,126,631,128,631,132,640,135,654,123,651,104,650,99,663,87,649,52,639,49,624,56,614,53,584,82,581,108,586,122,578,113,566,121,567,134,541,149,526,114,521,106,504,108,494,127,488,133,484,147,501,148,507,167,523,183,519,196,484,196,480,222,484,226" alt="Romanian language in the European Union" title="Romanian language in the European Union" /><area href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" shape="poly" coords="622,218,628,209,637,207,634,199,639,194,651,195,656,192,663,195,661,205,653,211,653,232,663,238,652,247,641,244,630,234" alt="Romanian language in the European Union" title="Romanian language in the European Union" /><area href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" shape="poly" coords="685,244,697,240,690,248" alt="Romanian language in the European Union" title="Romanian language in the European Union" /><area href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" shape="poly" coords="573,199,575,221,567,224,567,200" alt="Romanian language in the European Union" title="Romanian language in the European Union" /><area href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" shape="circle" coords="597,240,3" alt="Romanian language in the European Union" title="Romanian language in the European Union" /></map><figcaption>Românofonia (Romanian language in the world)</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daco-Romanian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-<br />Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Neapolitan–Calabrese</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues<br />d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-<br />Romance</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West<br />Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></i> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li><b>Bold</b> indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Romania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Romania" title="Template:Languages of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Romania" title="Template talk:Languages of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Romania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Languages of Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional or minority<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpatho-Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrujan Tatar dialect">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Sign_Language" title="Romanian Sign Language">Romanian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Hungary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Hungary" title="Template:Languages of Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Hungary" title="Template talk:Languages of Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Hungary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Languages of Hungary</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Hungarian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jassic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jassic language">Jassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipchak language">Kipchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See Also: <a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages of Hungary">Minority languages of Hungary</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Moldova" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Moldova" title="Template:Languages 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navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Serbia&#124;link=Serbia_Languages_of_Serbia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Serbia" title="Template:Languages of Serbia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Serbia" title="Template talk:Languages of Serbia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Serbia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Serbia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Serbia&#124;link=Serbia_Languages_of_Serbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Languages of Serbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Serbia" title="Romanian language in Serbia">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Template:Languages of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Languages of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages of Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_dialects" title="Crimean Tatar dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Belarusian language in Ukraine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zipser_German" title="Zipser German">Zipser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Ruméika</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_subdialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów subdialect">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Borderlands_dialect" title="Southern Borderlands dialect">Southern Kresy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian language in Ukraine">Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Romani" title="Carpathian Romani">Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlax Romani">Vlax</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gammalsvenska" title="Gammalsvenska">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Ukraine" title="Language policy in Ukraine">Language policy in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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