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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ERA in different decades</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ERA_in_different_decades-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ERA in different decades subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ERA_in_different_decades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infinite_and_undefined" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infinite_and_undefined"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Infinite and undefined</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infinite_and_undefined-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_external_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_external_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other external factors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_external_factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other external factors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_external_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Starters_and_relievers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starters_and_relievers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Starters and relievers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starters_and_relievers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Designated_hitter_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designated_hitter_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Designated 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyenne_de_points_m%C3%A9rit%C3%A9s" title="Moyenne de points mérités – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moyenne de points mérités" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%89%EA%B7%A0%EC%9E%90%EC%B1%85%EC%A0%90" title="평균자책점 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="평균자책점" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_PGL" title="Media PGL – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Media PGL" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average" title="Earned run average – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Earned run average" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E5%BE%A1%E7%8E%87" title="防御率 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="防御率" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average" title="Earned run average – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Earned run average" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dia_de_corridas_limpas" title="Média de corridas limpas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Média de corridas limpas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average" title="Earned run average – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Earned run average" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average" title="Earned run average – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Earned run average" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povpre%C4%8Dje_dovoljenih_tekov" title="Povprečje dovoljenih tekov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Povprečje dovoljenih tekov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average" title="Earned run average – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Earned run average" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average" title="Earned run average – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Earned run average" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E7%A6%A6%E7%8E%87" title="防禦率 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="防禦率" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1145091#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background:#fcfcfc; clear: none; width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{ERA}}=9\times {\frac {\text{earned runs allowed}}{\text{innings pitched}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ERA</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>9</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>earned runs allowed</mtext> <mtext>innings pitched</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{ERA}}=9\times {\frac {\text{earned runs allowed}}{\text{innings pitched}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15156b895e9c6929ccf94492fe71f85629ec4fd3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:32.894ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{ERA}}=9\times {\frac {\text{earned runs allowed}}{\text{innings pitched}}}}"></span></td> </tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ed_Walsh_portrait_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ed_Walsh_portrait_1911.jpg/250px-Ed_Walsh_portrait_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ed_Walsh_portrait_1911.jpg/375px-Ed_Walsh_portrait_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ed_Walsh_portrait_1911.jpg/500px-Ed_Walsh_portrait_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4788" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>The lowest career ERA is 1.82, set by <a href="/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox" title="Chicago White Sox">Chicago White Sox</a> pitcher <a href="/wiki/Ed_Walsh" title="Ed Walsh">Ed Walsh</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Baseball_statistics" title="Baseball statistics">baseball statistics</a>, <b>earned run average</b> (<b>ERA</b>) is the average of <a href="/wiki/Earned_run" title="Earned run">earned runs</a> allowed by a <a href="/wiki/Pitcher" title="Pitcher">pitcher</a> per nine <a href="/wiki/Innings_pitched" title="Innings pitched">innings pitched</a> (i.e. the traditional length of a game). It is determined by dividing the number of earned runs allowed by the number of innings pitched and multiplying by nine. Thus, a lower ERA is better. Runs resulting from <a href="/wiki/Passed_ball" title="Passed ball">passed balls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Error_(baseball)" title="Error (baseball)">defensive errors</a> (including pitchers' defensive errors), and runners placed on base at the start of extra innings are recorded as <a href="/wiki/Unearned_run" class="mw-redirect" title="Unearned run">unearned runs</a> and omitted from ERA calculations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earned_run_average&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(writer)" title="Henry Chadwick (writer)">Henry Chadwick</a> is credited with devising the statistic, which caught on as a measure of pitching effectiveness after <a href="/wiki/Relief_pitcher" title="Relief pitcher">relief pitching</a> came into vogue in the 1900s. Prior to 1900—and, in fact, for many years afterward—pitchers were routinely expected to pitch a <a href="/wiki/Complete_game" title="Complete game">complete game</a>, and their <a href="/wiki/Win_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Win (baseball)">win–loss record</a> was considered sufficient in determining their effectiveness. </p><p>After pitchers like <a href="/wiki/James_Otis_Crandall" class="mw-redirect" title="James Otis Crandall">James Otis Crandall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charley_Hall_(pitcher)" title="Charley Hall (pitcher)">Charley Hall</a> made names for themselves as relief specialists, gauging a pitcher's effectiveness became more difficult using the traditional method of tabulating wins and losses. Some criterion was needed to capture the apportionment of earned-run responsibility for a pitcher in games that saw contributions from other pitchers for the same team. Since pitchers have primary responsibility for getting opposing batters out, they must assume responsibility when a batter they do not retire at the plate moves to base, and eventually reaches home, scoring a run. A pitcher is assessed an <b>earned run</b> for each run scored by a batter (or that batter's <a href="/wiki/Pinch_runner" title="Pinch runner">pinch-runner</a>) who reaches base while batting against that pitcher. The <a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a> first tabulated official earned run average statistics in 1912 (the outcome was called "Heydler's statistic" for a while, after then-NL secretary <a href="/wiki/John_Heydler" title="John Heydler">John Heydler</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/American_League" title="American League">American League</a> later accepted this standard and began compiling ERA statistics. </p><p>Baseball encyclopedias will often display ERAs for earlier years, but these were computed retroactively. <a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league</a> pitchers are often rated by <i>RA</i>, or total runs allowed, since the statistics available for Negro league games did not always distinguish between earned and unearned runs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ERA_in_different_decades">ERA in different decades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earned_run_average&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: ERA in different decades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Earned_run_average" title="Special:EditPage/Earned run average">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As with <a href="/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)" title="Batting average (baseball)">batting average</a>, the definition of a good ERA varies from year to year. During the <a href="/wiki/Dead-ball_era" title="Dead-ball era">dead-ball era</a> of the 1900s and 1910s, an ERA below 2.00 (two earned runs allowed per nine innings) was considered good.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1920s and through the 1930s, when conditions of the game changed in a way that strongly favored hitters, a good ERA was below 4.00; only the highest caliber pitchers, for example <a href="/wiki/Dazzy_Vance" title="Dazzy Vance">Dazzy Vance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lefty_Grove" title="Lefty Grove">Lefty Grove</a>, would consistently post an ERA under 3.00 during these years. In the 1960s, sub-2.00 ERAs returned as other influences, such as ballparks with different dimensions, were introduced. Starting with the <a href="/wiki/2019_Major_League_Baseball_season" title="2019 Major League Baseball season">2019 season</a>, an ERA under 4.00 is again considered good. </p><p>The single-season record for the lowest ERA is held by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Leonard_(left-handed_pitcher)" title="Dutch Leonard (left-handed pitcher)">Dutch Leonard</a>, who in 1914 had an earned run average of 0.96, pitching 224.2 innings with a win–loss record of 19–5.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The all-time record for the lowest single season earned run average by a pitcher pitching 300 or more innings is 1.12, set by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Gibson" title="Bob Gibson">Bob Gibson</a> in 1968. The record for the lowest career earned run average is 1.82, held by <a href="/wiki/Ed_Walsh" title="Ed Walsh">Ed Walsh</a>, who played from 1904 through 1917. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infinite_and_undefined">Infinite and undefined</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earned_run_average&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Infinite and undefined"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some players may be listed with infinite ERAs. This can happen if a pitcher allows one or more earned runs without retiring a batter. Several players have registered an infinite ERA for their limited pitching careers in MLB, usually a single appearance. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ford_(pitcher)" title="Bill Ford (pitcher)">Bill Ford</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Bees">Boston Bees</a> in 1936 and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Bruckbauer" title="Fred Bruckbauer">Fred Bruckbauer</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Twins" title="Minnesota Twins">Minnesota Twins</a> in 1961. Outfielder <a href="/wiki/Vic_Davalillo" title="Vic Davalillo">Vic Davalillo</a> made two pitching appearances with <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals" title="St. Louis Cardinals">St. Louis Cardinals</a> in 1969 and failed to record an out while facing four batters and allowing one run, leaving him with an infinite ERA as a major-league pitcher. (This comes from attempting to divide any non-zero number by zero). </p><p>An undefined ERA occasionally occurs at the beginning of a baseball season when a pitcher has yet to appear in any games. It is sometimes incorrectly displayed as zero or as the lowest-ranking ERA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_external_factors">Other external factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earned_run_average&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other external factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starters_and_relievers">Starters and relievers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earned_run_average&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Starters and relievers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At times it can be misleading to judge relief pitchers solely on ERA, because they are charged only for runs scored by batters who reached base while batting against them. Thus, if a relief pitcher enters the game with his team leading by 1 run, with 2 outs and the bases loaded, and then gives up a single which scores 2 runs, he is not charged with those runs. If he retires the next batter (and pitches no more innings), his ERA for that game will be 0.00 despite having surrendered the lead. (He is recorded with a <a href="/wiki/Blown_save" class="mw-redirect" title="Blown save">blown save</a> if those runs tied the game or affected a lead change.) <a href="/wiki/Starting_pitcher" title="Starting pitcher">Starting pitchers</a> operate under the same rules but are not called upon to start pitching with runners already on base. In addition, relief pitchers know beforehand that they will only be pitching for a relatively short while, allowing them to exert themselves more for each pitch, unlike starters who typically need to conserve their energy over the course of a game in case they are asked to pitch 7 or more innings. The reliever's freedom to use their maximum energy for a few innings, or even for just a few batters, helps relievers keep their ERAs down. </p><p>ERA, taken by itself, can also be misleading when trying to objectively judge starting pitchers, though not to the extent seen with relief pitchers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Designated_hitter_rule">Designated hitter rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earned_run_average&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Designated hitter rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advent of the <a href="/wiki/Designated_hitter" title="Designated hitter">designated hitter</a> rule in the American League in 1973 made the pitching environment significantly different. From then up through 2021, pitchers spending all or most of their careers in the AL, while not usually having to worry about batting themselves, had been at a disadvantage in maintaining low ERAs compared to National League pitchers who could often get an easy out when pitching to the opposition's pitcher. Starting in 1997, when teams began playing teams from the other league during the regular season, the DH rule was in effect only when such interleague games are played in an American League park; this was rendered moot after the National League permanently adopted the DH in 2022. </p><p>This difference between the leagues (the DH) also affected relievers, but not to the same degree. This is because National League relievers actually pitched to pitchers less often than NL starters did for a number of reasons, chiefly because relievers are usually active in later innings when the double switch was available and/or <a href="/wiki/Pinch_hitter" title="Pinch hitter">pinch hitters</a> tended to be used in the pitcher's batting spot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earned_run_average&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ERA is also affected somewhat by the ballpark in which a pitcher's team plays half its games, as well as the tendency of hometown official scorers to assign errors instead of base hits in plays that could be either. </p><p>As an extreme example, pitchers for the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Rockies" title="Colorado Rockies">Colorado Rockies</a> have historically faced many problems, all damaging to their ERAs. The combination of high altitude (5,280 ft or 1,610 m) and a semi-arid climate in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> causes fly balls to travel up to 10% farther than at sea level. Denver's altitude and low humidity also reduce the ability of pitchers to throw effective breaking balls, due to both reduced air resistance and difficulty in gripping very dry baseballs. These conditions have been countered to some extent since 2002 by the team's use of <a href="/wiki/Humidor" title="Humidor">humidors</a> to store baseballs before games. These difficult circumstances for Rockies pitchers may not adversely affect their win–loss records, since opposing pitchers must deal with the same problems. Indeed, hometown hurlers have some advantage in any given game since they are physically acclimated to the altitude and often develop techniques to mitigate the challenges of this ballpark. Still, conditions there tend to inflate Rockies' ERAs relative to the rest of the league. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sabermetric_treatment_of_ERA">Sabermetric treatment of ERA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earned_run_average&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sabermetric treatment of ERA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern baseball, <a href="/wiki/Sabermetrics" title="Sabermetrics">sabermetrics</a> uses several <a href="/wiki/Defense_independent_pitching_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense independent pitching statistics">defense independent pitching statistics</a> (DIPS) including a <a href="/wiki/Defense-Independent_ERA" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense-Independent ERA">Defense-Independent ERA</a> in an attempt to measure a pitcher's ability regardless of factors outside his control. Further, because of the dependence of ERA on factors over which a pitcher has little control, forecasting future ERAs on the basis of the past ERAs of a given pitcher is not very reliable and can be improved if analysts rely on other performance indicators such as strike out rates and walk rates. For example, this is the premise of <a href="/wiki/Nate_Silver" title="Nate Silver">Nate Silver</a>'s forecasts of ERAs using his <a href="/wiki/PECOTA" title="PECOTA">PECOTA</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver also developed a "quick" earned run average (QuikERA or QERA) to calculate an ERA from peripheral statistics including strikeouts, walks, and groundball percentage. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_ERA" title="Peripheral ERA">peripheral ERA</a> or PERA, it does not take into account <a href="/wiki/List_of_baseball_jargon_(P)#park_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of baseball jargon (P)">park effects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another statistic derived from ERA is <a href="/wiki/Adjusted_ERA%2B" title="Adjusted ERA+">Adjusted ERA</a>, also called ERA+, which adjusts a pitcher's ERA to a scale where 100 is average for the league and takes into account the various dimensions and other factors of each ballpark. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Baseball_statistics" title="Baseball statistics">baseball statistics</a>, <b>runs per nine innings</b> (denoted by <b>R/9</b> or <b>RA9</b>) is a measure of a <a href="/wiki/Pitcher" title="Pitcher">pitcher</a>'s effectiveness in preventing <a href="/wiki/Run_(baseball_statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Run (baseball statistics)">runs</a>; calculated as: (9 × runs allowed) / (<a href="/wiki/Innings_pitched" title="Innings pitched">innings pitched</a>). In this way, it is different from the ERA in that all runs, rather than only earned runs, are included. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="All-time_career_leaders">All-time career leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earned_run_average&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: All-time career leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>ERA </th> <th>Player </th> <th>Team(s) </th> <th>Year(s) </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td align="center"><b>1.82</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ed_Walsh" title="Ed Walsh">Ed Walsh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox" title="Chicago White Sox">Chicago (AL)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Boston_Braves" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Boston Braves">Boston (NL)</a> </td> <td align="center">1904–17 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td align="center"><b>1.89</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Addie_Joss" title="Addie Joss">Addie Joss</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Indians">Cleveland (AL)</a> </td> <td align="center">1902–10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td align="center"><b>1.89</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Devlin" title="Jim Devlin">Jim Devlin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Chicago (NA)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Grays" title="Louisville Grays">Louisville (NL)</a> </td> <td align="center">1875–77 </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td align="center"><b>2.02</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pfiester" title="Jack Pfiester">Jack Pfiester</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates" title="Pittsburgh Pirates">Pittsburgh (NL)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Chicago (NL)</a> </td> <td align="center">1903–04, 1906–11 </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td align="center"><b>2.03</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smoky_Joe_Wood" title="Smoky Joe Wood">Smoky Joe Wood</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston (AL)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Indians">Cleveland (AL)</a> </td> <td align="center">1908–15, 1917–22 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career_leaders_in_the_live-ball_era_(post-1920,_Starting_Pitchers_Only)"><span id="Career_leaders_in_the_live-ball_era_.28post-1920.2C_Starting_Pitchers_Only.29"></span>Career leaders in the live-ball era (post-1920, Starting Pitchers Only)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earned_run_average&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Career leaders in the live-ball era (post-1920, Starting Pitchers Only)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of rules changes post-1920, most notably the abolition of the spitball and frequent replacement of soiled or scuffed baseballs, the increased importance of the home run (largely due to <a href="/wiki/Babe_Ruth" title="Babe Ruth">Babe Ruth</a>), and the American League's adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Designated_hitter_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Designated hitter rule">designated hitter rule</a>, ERAs have been noticeably higher than in the early decades of the sport. </p><p>This is a list of the lowest ERAs among pitchers that played their entire careers after 1920 (minimum 1,500 innings pitched, starting pitcher). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>ERA </th> <th>Player </th> <th>Team(s) </th> <th>Year(s) </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td align="center"><b>2.48</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Kershaw" title="Clayton Kershaw">Clayton Kershaw</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers" title="Los Angeles Dodgers">Los Angeles (NL)</a> </td> <td align="center">2008– </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td align="center"><b>2.75</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whitey_Ford" title="Whitey Ford">Whitey Ford</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York (AL)</a> </td> <td align="center">1950–67 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td align="center"><b>2.76</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Koufax" title="Sandy Koufax">Sandy Koufax</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers" title="Los Angeles Dodgers">Brooklyn/Los Angeles (NL)</a> </td> <td align="center">1955–66 </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td align="center"><b>2.86</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Palmer" title="Jim Palmer">Jim Palmer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles" title="Baltimore Orioles">Baltimore (AL)</a> </td> <td align="center">1965–84 </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td align="center"><b>2.86</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andy_Messersmith" title="Andy Messersmith">Andy Messersmith</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels" title="Los Angeles Angels">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers" title="Los Angeles Dodgers">Los Angeles (NL)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves" title="Atlanta Braves">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York (AL)</a> </td> <td align="center">1968–79 </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td align="center"><b>2.86</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Seaver" title="Tom Seaver">Tom Seaver</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">New York (NL)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds" title="Cincinnati Reds">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox" title="Chicago White Sox">Chicago (AL)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston</a> </td> <td align="center">1967–86 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earned_run_average&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlb.com/rule-changes-2023">"MLB rule changes in 2023"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MLB.com" title="MLB.com">MLB.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MLB.com&rft.atitle=MLB+rule+changes+in+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlb.com%2Frule-changes-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarned+run+average" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">according to www.mlb.com, the official website of Major League Baseball</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz,_Alan2004" class="citation news cs1">Schwarz, Alan (August 22, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/22/sports/baseball/22score.html">"Numbers Suggest Mets Are Gambling on Zambrano"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Numbers+Suggest+Mets+Are+Gambling+on+Zambrano&rft.date=2004-08-22&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F08%2F22%2Fsports%2Fbaseball%2F22score.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarned+run+average" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver,_Nate2006" class="citation web cs1">Silver, Nate (September 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baseballprospectus.com/article.php?articleid=5560">"Lies, Damned Lies: Playoff Hurlers"</a>. <i>Baseball Prospectus</i>. Prospectus Entertainment Ventures<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseball+Prospectus&rft.atitle=Lies%2C+Damned+Lies%3A+Playoff+Hurlers&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft.au=Silver%2C+Nate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baseballprospectus.com%2Farticle.php%3Farticleid%3D5560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarned+run+average" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Single_(baseball)" title="Single (baseball)">Single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_(baseball)" title="Double (baseball)">Double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_(baseball)" title="Triple (baseball)">Triple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_run" title="Home run">Home run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-base_hit" title="Extra-base hit">Extra-base hit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hits_per_run" title="Hits per run">Hits per run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_slam_(baseball)" title="Grand slam (baseball)">Grand slam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_bases" title="Total bases">Total bases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_batted_in" title="Run batted in">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game-winning_RBI" title="Game-winning RBI">Game-winning RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_on_balls" title="Base on balls">Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunt_(baseball)" title="Bunt (baseball)">Bunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_bunt" title="Sacrifice bunt">Sacrifice bunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_fly" title="Sacrifice fly">Sacrifice fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-base_plus_slugging" title="On-base plus slugging">On-base plus slugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_on_base" title="Times on base">Times on base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk-to-strikeout_ratio" title="Walk-to-strikeout ratio">Walk-to-strikeout ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_percentage" title="Walk percentage">Walk percentage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_running" title="Base running">Base running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Run_(baseball)" title="Run (baseball)">Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_base" title="Stolen base">Stolen base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_base_percentage" title="Stolen base percentage">Stolen base percentage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caught_stealing" title="Caught stealing">Caught stealing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pitching_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitching (baseball)">Pitching</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record_(pitching)" title="Win–loss record (pitching)">Win–loss record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innings_pitched" title="Innings pitched">Innings pitched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record_(pitching)" title="Win–loss record (pitching)">Pitchers of record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_(baseball)" title="Save (baseball)">Save</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hold_(baseball)" title="Hold (baseball)">Hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_(baseball)" title="Run (baseball)">Run</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earned_run" title="Earned run">Earned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strikeout" title="Strikeout">Strikeout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_on_balls" title="Base on balls">Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_game_(baseball)" title="Perfect game (baseball)">Perfect game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-hitter" title="No-hitter">No-hitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walks_plus_hits_per_inning_pitched" title="Walks plus hits per inning pitched">WHIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bases_on_balls_per_nine_innings_pitched" title="Bases on balls per nine innings pitched">BB/9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strikeouts_per_nine_innings_pitched" title="Strikeouts per nine innings pitched">K/9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_start" title="Quality start">Quality start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_game" title="Complete game">Complete game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutouts_in_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutouts in baseball">Shutout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_pitch" title="Wild pitch">Wild pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strikeout-to-walk_ratio" title="Strikeout-to-walk ratio">Strikeout-to-walk ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maddux_(statistic)" title="Maddux (statistic)">Maddux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baseball_positions" title="Baseball positions">Fielding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fielding_percentage" title="Fielding percentage">Fielding percentage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assist_(baseball)" title="Assist (baseball)">Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putout" title="Putout">Putout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_(baseball)" title="Error (baseball)">Error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_chances" title="Total chances">Total chances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fielder%27s_choice" title="Fielder's choice">Fielder's choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_indifference" class="mw-redirect" title="Defensive indifference">Defensive indifference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passed_ball" title="Passed ball">Passed ball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sabermetrics" title="Sabermetrics">Sabermetrics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjusted_ERA%2B" title="Adjusted ERA+">Adjusted ERA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_runs" title="Base runs">Base runs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batting_average_on_balls_in_play" title="Batting average on balls in play">Batting average on balls in play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batting_park_factor" title="Batting park factor">Batting park factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catcher%27s_ERA" title="Catcher's ERA">Catcher's ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_Runs_Saved" title="Defensive Runs Saved">Defensive Runs Saved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_velocity" title="Exit velocity">Exit velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrapolated_Runs" title="Extrapolated Runs">Extrapolated Runs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fielding_independent_pitching" title="Fielding independent pitching">Fielding independent pitching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_score" title="Game score">Game score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolated Power">Isolated Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffe_Wins_Above_Replacement_Score" title="Jaffe Wins Above Replacement Score">Jaffe Wins Above Replacement Score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_time" title="Pop time">Pop time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power%E2%80%93speed_number" title="Power–speed number">Power–speed number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_factor" title="Range factor">Range factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runs_created" title="Runs created">Runs created</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runs_produced" title="Runs produced">Runs produced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_average" title="Secondary average">Secondary average</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_Score" title="Speed Score">Speed Score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NERD_(sabermetrics)" title="NERD (sabermetrics)">NERD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_of_zone_plays_made" title="Out of zone plays made">Out of zone plays made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_zone_rating" title="Ultimate zone rating">Ultimate zone rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_over_replacement_player" title="Value over replacement player">Value over replacement player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOBA" title="WOBA">Weighted on-base average</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wins_Above_Replacement" title="Wins Above Replacement">Wins Above Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Win_probability_added" title="Win probability added">Win probability added</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Win_Shares" title="Win Shares">Win Shares</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earned_run_average&oldid=1253626682">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earned_run_average&oldid=1253626682</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pitching_statistics" title="Category:Pitching statistics">Pitching statistics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" 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