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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of the Negro leagues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_Negro_leagues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of the Negro leagues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_Negro_leagues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amateur_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amateur_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Amateur era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amateur_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_baseball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_baseball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Professional baseball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_baseball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frank_Leland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frank_Leland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Frank Leland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frank_Leland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rube_Foster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rube_Foster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rube Foster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rube_Foster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Golden age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satchel_Paige,_Josh_Gibson,_and_Gus_Greenlee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satchel_Paige,_Josh_Gibson,_and_Gus_Greenlee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Satchel Paige, Josh Gibson, and Gus Greenlee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satchel_Paige,_Josh_Gibson,_and_Gus_Greenlee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Integration era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integration_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Negro_leagues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Negro_leagues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>End of the Negro leagues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Negro_leagues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_Negro_leagues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_Negro_leagues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Major Negro leagues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_Negro_leagues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major Negro leagues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_Negro_leagues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colored_and_Negro_World_Series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colored_and_Negro_World_Series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Colored and Negro World Series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colored_and_Negro_World_Series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_Negro_leagues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_Negro_leagues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Minor Negro leagues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_Negro_leagues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Negro_leagues_and_the_Hall_of_Fame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Negro_leagues_and_the_Hall_of_Fame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Negro leagues and the Hall of Fame</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Negro_leagues_and_the_Hall_of_Fame-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Negro leagues and the Hall of Fame subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Negro_leagues_and_the_Hall_of_Fame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table_of_Hall_of_Fame_players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_Hall_of_Fame_players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Table of Hall of Fame players</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_Hall_of_Fame_players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_Negro_leaguers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_Negro_leaguers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Last Negro leaguers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_Negro_leaguers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_Major_League_draft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_Major_League_draft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>2008 Major League draft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_Major_League_draft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Museum</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Museum-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Museum subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Postage_stamp_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postage_stamp_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Postage stamp recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postage_stamp_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_Leagues" title="Negro Leagues – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Negro Leagues" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligas_Negras" title="Ligas Negras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ligas Negras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_League" title="Negro League – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Negro League" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%A1%9C_%EB%A6%AC%EA%B7%B8_%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%B3%BC" title="니그로 리그 베이스볼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니그로 리그 베이스볼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_league" title="Negro league – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negro league" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_League" title="Negro League – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Negro League" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0" title="ニグロリーグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニグロリーグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligas_Negras_de_beisebol" title="Ligas Negras de beisebol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ligas Negras de beisebol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_leagues" title="Negro leagues – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Negro leagues" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_leagues" title="Negro leagues – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Negro leagues" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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href="/wiki/1845_to_1868_in_baseball" title="1845 to 1868 in baseball">1845 to 1868 in baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickerbocker_Rules" title="Knickerbocker Rules">Knickerbocker Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Game" title="Massachusetts Game">Massachusetts Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_ball" title="Town ball">Town ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cartwright" title="Alexander Cartwright">Alexander Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Adams" title="Doc Adams">Doc Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubleday_myth" title="Doubleday myth">Doubleday myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Base_Ball_Players" title="National Association of Base Ball Players">First league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Red_Stockings" title="Cincinnati Red Stockings">First pro team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Players" title="National Association of Professional Base Ball Players">First pro league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League" title="All-American Girls Professional Baseball League">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_baseball_team_nicknames" title="History of baseball team nicknames">Team nicknames</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Australia" title="Baseball in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Canada" title="Baseball in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Cuba" title="Baseball in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Baseball in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Italy" title="Baseball in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Japan" title="Baseball in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_South_Korea" title="Baseball in South Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Mexico" title="Baseball in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_the_Netherlands" title="Baseball in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Nicaragua" title="Baseball in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Baseball in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Taiwan" title="Baseball in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_baseball_in_the_United_States" title="History of baseball in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Venezuela" title="Baseball in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_baseball_outside_the_United_States" title="History of baseball outside the United States">Other</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">International competitions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Baseball_Softball_Confederation" title="World Baseball Softball Confederation">World Baseball Softball Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Baseball_Classic" title="World Baseball Classic">World Baseball Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Baseball_World_Cup" title="Women's Baseball World Cup">Women's Baseball World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_Baseball_Championship" title="Africa Cup Baseball Championship">Africa Cup Baseball Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Baseball_Championship" title="Asian Baseball Championship">Asian Baseball Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Baseball_Asian_Cup" title="Women's Baseball Asian Cup">Women's Baseball Asian Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Baseball_Championship" title="South American Baseball Championship">South American Baseball Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania_Baseball_Championship" title="Oceania Baseball Championship">Oceania Baseball Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Baseball at the Pan American Games">Baseball at the Pan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Baseball at the Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> (1992–2008, 2020–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Baseball at the Asian Games">Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Baseball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="European Baseball Championship">European Baseball Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Baseball_Championship_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="European Baseball Championship Women">European Baseball Championship Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cup_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Cup (baseball)">European Cup (baseball)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBSC_Premier12" title="WBSC Premier12">WBSC Premier12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Series" title="Caribbean Series">Caribbean Series</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">minors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball" title="Nippon Professional Baseball">Nippon Professional Baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Major_League_Baseball_and_Nippon_Professional_Baseball" title="Comparison of Major League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball">vs. MLB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_League" title="Cuban League">Cuban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_baseball" title="Women in baseball">Women in baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_(TV_series)" title="Baseball (TV series)"><i>Baseball</i> <small>(documentary series)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum">Baseball Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Research" title="Society for American Baseball Research">Society for American Baseball Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baseball_by_year" title="Category:Baseball by year">Baseball by year</a></li> <li><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Antebellum period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">military history</a> during the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_during_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Jim Crow era (1896–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement (1954–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">Business history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment of the enslaved</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Migrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lifeways</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Schools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_of_freed_people_during_the_Civil_War" title="Education of freed people during the Civil War">Education of freed people during the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">History of African-American education</a>, after the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">Fraternities</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Academic study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Celebrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Economic class</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">African-American businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Symbols and ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_beauty" title="African-American beauty">African-American beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_is_beautiful" title="Black is beautiful">Black is beautiful</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">Black pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">African-American hair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Good hair">Good hair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Institutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-Christian groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African-American Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African Diaspora Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies">Joint Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">National Black Caucus of State Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Mayors" title="National Conference of Black Mayors">National Conference of Black Mayors</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ideologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liberalism" title="Black liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_patriotism" title="African-American patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Civic/economic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African<br />American Life and History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conductors" title="Black conductors">Black conductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransAfrica" title="TransAfrica">TransAfrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">UNCF</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Negro league baseball</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Athletic associations and conferences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference" title="HBCU Athletic Conference">HBCU (HBCUAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sub-communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Multiethnic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans">Afro-Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Indians" title="Carmel Indians">Carmel Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Specific ancestries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexual orientation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Dialects and languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> English dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutnese" title="Tutnese">Tutnese</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Languages and other dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Negro Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Population</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US states</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">List of neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American historic places in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Florida" title="List of African-American historic places in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Georgia" title="List of African-American historic places in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Mississippi" title="List of African-American historic places in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Missouri" title="List of African-American historic places in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="List of African-American historic places in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_North_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_South_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Texas" title="List of African-American historic places in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_West_Virginia" title="List of African-American historic places in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Population count</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">US states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">US metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations">US cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations">US communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States_with_African-American_plurality_populations" title="List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations">Places by plurality of population</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Prejudice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Racism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the US census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against Black Americans">Racism against Black Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States" title="List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States">Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_African_Americans_in_media" title="Representation of African Americans in media">media depictions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">Blackface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_stereotype_of_African_Americans" title="Criminal stereotype of African Americans">Criminal stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_representation_in_Hollywood" title="African-American representation in Hollywood">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel show</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none;font-size:97%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_people" title="Category:African-American people">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>Negro leagues</b> were United States professional <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> leagues comprising teams of <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a>. The term may be used broadly to include professional black teams outside the leagues and it may be used narrowly for the <a href="#Significant_Negro_leagues">seven relatively successful leagues beginning in 1920</a> that are sometimes termed "Negro Major Leagues". </p><p>In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">baseball color line</a> developed, <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">excluding African Americans</a> from play in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">affiliated minor leagues</a> (collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Organized_baseball" title="Organized baseball">organized baseball</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley1994XVII_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley1994XVII-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first professional baseball league consisting of all-black teams, the <a href="/wiki/National_Colored_Base_Ball_League" title="National Colored Base Ball League">National Colored Base Ball League</a>, was organized strictly as a minor league<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolway200121_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolway200121-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but failed in <a href="/wiki/1887_in_baseball" title="1887 in baseball">1887</a> after only two weeks owing to low attendance. After several decades of mostly independent play by a variety of teams, the first <a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(1920%E2%80%931931)" title="Negro National League (1920–1931)">Negro National League</a> was formed in 1920 by <a href="/wiki/Rube_Foster" title="Rube Foster">Rube Foster</a>. Ultimately, seven Negro major leagues existed at various times over the next thirty years.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line#Jackie_Robinson_and_Larry_Doby" title="Baseball color line">integration of organized baseball</a> began in the late 1940s, the quality of the Negro leagues slowly deteriorated; the <a href="/wiki/Negro_American_League" title="Negro American League">Negro American League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1951_in_baseball" title="1951 in baseball">1951 season</a> is generally considered the last Negro league season, although the last professional club, the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Clowns" title="Indianapolis Clowns">Indianapolis Clowns</a>, operated as a humorous sideshow rather than competitively from the mid-1960s to the 1980s. </p><p>In December 2020, <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> announced that based on recent decades of historical research, it classified the seven "major Negro leagues" as additional major leagues, adding them to the six historical "major league" designations it made in 1969, thus recognizing statistics and approximately 3,400 players who played from 1920 to 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 28, 2024, Major League Baseball announced that it had integrated Negro league statistics into its records, which among other changes gives <a href="/wiki/Josh_Gibson" title="Josh Gibson">Josh Gibson</a> the highest single-season major league <a href="/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)" title="Batting average (baseball)">batting average</a> at .466 (1943) and the highest career batting average at .372.<sup id="cite_ref-kepner_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kepner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the formative years of black baseball, the term "<a href="/wiki/Colored#United_States" title="Colored">colored</a>" was the established usage when referring to African-Americans. References to black baseball prior to the 1930s are usually to "colored" leagues or teams, such as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_League_of_Colored_Base_Ballists" title="Southern League of Colored Base Ballists">Southern League of Colored Base Ballists</a> (1886), the <a href="/wiki/National_Colored_Base_Ball_League" title="National Colored Base Ball League">National Colored Base Ball League</a> (1887) and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Colored_League" title="Eastern Colored League">Eastern Colored League</a> (1923), among others. By the 1920s or 1930s, the term "<a href="/wiki/Negro#United_States" title="Negro">Negro</a>" came into use which led to references to "Negro" leagues or teams. The black World Series was referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Colored_World_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Colored World Series">Colored World Series</a> from 1924 to 1927, and the <a href="/wiki/Negro_World_Series" title="Negro World Series">Negro World Series</a> from 1942 to 1948. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> petitioned the public to recognize a capital "N" in negro as a matter of respect for black people. By 1930, essentially every major US outlet had adopted "Negro" as the accepted term for black people.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By about 1970, the term "Negro" had fallen into disfavor, but by then the Negro leagues were mere historic artifacts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_Negro_leagues">History of the Negro leagues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of the Negro leagues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amateur_era">Amateur era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Amateur era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Octavius_Catto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Octavius_Catto.jpg/150px-Octavius_Catto.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Octavius_Catto.jpg/225px-Octavius_Catto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Octavius_Catto.jpg/300px-Octavius_Catto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Octavius_Catto" title="Octavius Catto">Octavius Catto</a>, black baseball pioneer</figcaption></figure> <p>Because black people were not being accepted into the major and minor baseball leagues due to <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a> which established the <a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">color line</a>, they formed their own teams and had made professional teams by the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanctot20084_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanctot20084-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known baseball game between two black teams was held on November 15, 1859, in New York City. The Henson Base Ball Club of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica,_Queens" title="Jamaica, Queens">Jamaica, Queens</a>, defeated the Unknowns of <a href="/wiki/Weeksville,_Brooklyn" title="Weeksville, Brooklyn">Weeksville, Brooklyn</a>, 54 to 43.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan20066_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan20066-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately after the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in 1865 and during the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a> period that followed, a black baseball scene formed in the East and Mid-Atlantic states. Comprising mainly ex-soldiers and promoted by some well-known black officers, teams such as the Jamaica Monitor Club, <a href="/wiki/Albany_Bachelors" title="Albany Bachelors">Albany Bachelors</a>, Philadelphia Excelsiors and Chicago Uniques started playing each other and any other team that would play against them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the end of the 1860s, the black baseball mecca was <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, which had an African-American population of 22,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanctot20083–4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanctot20083–4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two former <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> players, James H. Francis and Francis Wood, formed the <a href="/wiki/Pythian_Base_Ball_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythian Base Ball Club">Pythian Base Ball Club</a>. They played in <a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden, New Jersey</a>, at the landing of the Federal Street Ferry, because it was difficult to get permits for black baseball games in the city. <a href="/wiki/Octavius_Catto" title="Octavius Catto">Octavius Catto</a>, the promoter of the Pythians, decided to apply for membership in the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Base_Ball_Players" title="National Association of Base Ball Players">National Association of Base Ball Players</a>, normally a matter of sending delegates to the annual convention; beyond that, a formality. At the end of the 1867 season, "the National Association of Baseball Players voted to exclude any club with a black player."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley1994XVII_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley1994XVII-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some ways <i>Blackball</i> thrived under <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a>, with the few black teams of the day playing not only each other but white teams as well. "Black teams earned the bulk of their income playing white independent 'semipro' clubs."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley19944_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley19944-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_baseball">Professional baseball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Professional baseball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1885_Keokuk,_Iowa_baseball_team_featuring_Bud_Fowler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1885_Keokuk%2C_Iowa_baseball_team_featuring_Bud_Fowler.jpg/200px-1885_Keokuk%2C_Iowa_baseball_team_featuring_Bud_Fowler.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1885_Keokuk%2C_Iowa_baseball_team_featuring_Bud_Fowler.jpg/300px-1885_Keokuk%2C_Iowa_baseball_team_featuring_Bud_Fowler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1885_Keokuk%2C_Iowa_baseball_team_featuring_Bud_Fowler.jpg/400px-1885_Keokuk%2C_Iowa_baseball_team_featuring_Bud_Fowler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1910" data-file-height="1463" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bud_Fowler" title="Bud Fowler">Bud Fowler</a>, the first professional black baseball player with one of his teams, <a href="/wiki/Keokuk_Indians" title="Keokuk Indians">Western</a> of <a href="/wiki/Keokuk,_Iowa" title="Keokuk, Iowa">Keokuk, Iowa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Baseball featuring African American players became professionalized by the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanctot20083_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanctot20083-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known professional black baseball player was <a href="/wiki/Bud_Fowler" title="Bud Fowler">Bud Fowler</a>, who appeared in a handful of games with a <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts" title="Chelsea, Massachusetts">Chelsea, Massachusetts</a> club in April 1878 and then pitched for the <a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn, Massachusetts</a> team in the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Professional_Base_Ball_Players" title="International Association for Professional Base Ball Players">International Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley1994294_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley1994294-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Walker">Moses Fleetwood Walker</a> and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Welday_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Welday Walker">Welday Wilberforce Walker</a>, were the first two recognizably black players in the major leagues. They both played for the 1884 <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Blue_Stockings" title="Toledo Blue Stockings">Toledo Blue Stockings</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association (19th century)">American Association</a>, which was considered a major league at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley1994808_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley1994808-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 1886 second baseman <a href="/wiki/Frank_Grant_(baseball)" title="Frank Grant (baseball)">Frank Grant</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons" title="Buffalo Bisons">Buffalo Bisons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_League" title="International League">International League</a>, the strongest minor league, and hit .340, third highest in the league. Several other black American players joined the International League the following season, including pitchers <a href="/wiki/George_Stovey" title="George Stovey">George Stovey</a> and Robert Higgins, but 1888 was the last season blacks were permitted in that or any other high minor league. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moses_Fleetwood_Walker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Moses_Fleetwood_Walker.jpg/150px-Moses_Fleetwood_Walker.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Moses_Fleetwood_Walker.jpg/225px-Moses_Fleetwood_Walker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Moses_Fleetwood_Walker.jpg/300px-Moses_Fleetwood_Walker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moses_Fleetwood_Walker" title="Moses Fleetwood Walker">Moses Fleetwood Walker</a>, possibly the first African-American major league baseball player</figcaption></figure> <p>The first nationally known black professional baseball team was founded in <a href="/wiki/1885_in_baseball" title="1885 in baseball">1885</a> when three clubs, the Keystone Athletics of Philadelphia, the Orions of Philadelphia, and the Manhattans of Washington, D.C., merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Giants" title="Cuban Giants">Cuban Giants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloy20053_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloy20053-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of the Cubans led to the creation of the first recognized "Negro league" in 1887—the <a href="/wiki/National_Colored_Base_Ball_League" title="National Colored Base Ball League">National Colored Base Ball League</a>. It was organized strictly as a minor league<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolway200121_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolway200121-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and founded with six teams: <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Lord_Baltimores" title="Baltimore Lord Baltimores">Baltimore Lord Baltimores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Resolutes" title="Boston Resolutes">Boston Resolutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Fall_City" title="Louisville Fall City">Louisville Fall City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Gorhams" title="New York Gorhams">New York Gorhams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Pythians" title="Philadelphia Pythians">Philadelphia Pythians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Keystones_(baseball)" title="Pittsburgh Keystones (baseball)">Pittsburgh Keystones</a>. Two more joined before the season but never played a game, the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Browns" title="Cincinnati Browns">Cincinnati Browns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Capital_Citys" title="Washington Capital Citys">Washington Capital Citys</a>. The league, led by Walter S. Brown of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, applied for and was granted official minor league status and thus "protection" under the major league-led <a href="/wiki/National_Agreement_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Agreement (baseball)">National Agreement</a>. This move prevented any team in organized baseball from signing any of the NCBBL players, which also locked the players to their particular teams within the league. The reserve clause would have tied the players to their clubs from season to season but the NCBBL failed. One month into the season, the Resolutes folded. A week later, only three teams were left.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Because the original Cuban Giants were a popular and business success, many similarly named teams came into existence—including the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_X-Giants" title="Cuban X-Giants">Cuban X-Giants</a>, a splinter and a powerhouse around 1900; the Genuine Cuban Giants, the renamed Cuban Giants, the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Giants">Columbia Giants</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Royal_Giants" title="Brooklyn Royal Giants">Brooklyn Royal Giants</a>, and so on. The early "Cuban" teams were all composed of African Americans rather than Cubans; the purpose was to increase their acceptance with white patrons, as <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> was on very friendly terms with the United States during those years. Beginning in 1899 several <a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Cuba" title="Baseball in Cuba">Cuban baseball teams</a> played in North America, including the <a href="/wiki/All_Cubans" title="All Cubans">All Cubans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Stars_(West)" title="Cuban Stars (West)">Cuban Stars (West)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Stars_(East)" title="Cuban Stars (East)">Cuban Stars (East)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Cubans" title="New York Cubans">New York Cubans</a>. Some of them included white Cuban players, and some were Negro league players.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan200689_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan200689-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The few players on the white minor league teams were constantly dodging verbal and physical abuse from both competitors and fans. The <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a> removed the few remaining obstacles from the South enacting <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>, allowing legal discrimination against blacks. On July 14, 1887, <a href="/wiki/Cap_Anson" title="Cap Anson">Cap Anson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chicago_White_Stockings_(1870%E2%80%9389)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago White Stockings (1870–89)">Chicago White Stockings</a> were scheduled to play the Newark Giants of the International League, which had Fleet Walker and <a href="/wiki/George_Stovey" title="George Stovey">George Stovey</a> on its roster. After Anson marched his team onto the field in military style as was his custom, he declared that his team would not play unless Walker and Stovey were barred from the field. Newark capitulated, and later that same day, league owners voted to refuse future contracts to blacks, citing the "hazards" imposed by such athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1888, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_States_League" title="Middle States League">Middle States League</a> was formed and it admitted two all-black teams to its otherwise all-white league, the Cuban Giants and their arch-rivals, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Gorhams" title="New York Gorhams">New York Gorhams</a>. Despite the animosity between the two clubs, they managed to form a traveling team, the Colored All Americans. This enabled them to make money <a href="/wiki/Barnstorm_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnstorm (sports)">barnstorming</a> while fulfilling their league obligations. In 1890, the Giants returned to their independent, barnstorming identity, and by 1892, they were the only black team in the East still in operation on a full-time basis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frank_Leland">Frank Leland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Frank Leland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChiUnionGiants_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ChiUnionGiants_1905.jpg/350px-ChiUnionGiants_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/ChiUnionGiants_1905.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leland_Giants" title="Leland Giants">Chicago Union Giants</a> in 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>Also in 1888, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Leland" title="Frank Leland">Frank Leland</a> got some of Chicago's black businessmen to sponsor the black amateur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_Base_Ball_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union Base Ball Club (page does not exist)">Union Base Ball Club</a>. Through Chicago's city government, Leland obtained a permit and lease to play at the <a href="/wiki/South_Side_Park" title="South Side Park">South Side Park</a>, a 5,000-seat facility. Eventually, his team went pro and became the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Unions" title="Chicago Unions">Chicago Unions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolway2001474_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolway2001474-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his stint with the Gorhams, Bud Fowler caught on with a team out of <a href="/wiki/Findlay,_Ohio" title="Findlay, Ohio">Findlay, Ohio</a>. While his team was playing in <a href="/wiki/Adrian,_Michigan" title="Adrian, Michigan">Adrian, Michigan</a>, Fowler was persuaded by two white local businessmen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._W._Hoch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. W. Hoch (page does not exist)">L. W. Hoch</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolla_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolla Taylor (page does not exist)">Rolla Taylor</a> to help them start a team financed by the Page Woven Wire Fence Company, the <a href="/wiki/Page_Fence_Giants" title="Page Fence Giants">Page Fence Giants</a>. The Page Fence Giants went on to become a powerhouse team that had no home field. Barnstorming through the Midwest, they would play all comers. Their success became the prototype for black baseball for years to come. </p><p>After the 1898 season, the Page Fence Giants were forced to fold because of finances. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvin_H._Garrett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alvin H. Garrett (page does not exist)">Alvin H. Garrett</a>, a black businessman in Chicago, and <a href="/wiki/John_W._Patterson" title="John W. Patterson">John W. Patterson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Left_fielder" title="Left fielder">left fielder</a> for the Page Fence Giants, reformed the team under the name the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Giants">Columbia Giants</a>. In 1901, the Giants folded because of a lack of a place to play. Leland bought the Giants in 1905 and merged it with his Unions (despite the fact that not a single Giant player ended up on the roster), and named them the <a href="/wiki/Leland_Giants" title="Leland Giants">Leland Giants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolway2001474_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolway2001474-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rube_Foster">Rube Foster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rube Foster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Giants" title="Philadelphia Giants">Philadelphia Giants</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Schlichter" title="Walter Schlichter">Walter Schlichter</a>, a white businessman, rose to prominence in 1903 when they lost to the Cuban X-Giants in their version of the "Colored Championship". Leading the way for the Cubans was a young pitcher by the name of <a href="/wiki/Rube_Foster" title="Rube Foster">Andrew "Rube" Foster</a>. The following season, Schlichter, in the finest blackball tradition, hired Foster away from the Cubans and beat them in their 1904 rematch. Philadelphia remained on top of the blackball world until Foster left the team in 1907 to play and manage the <a href="/wiki/Leland_Giants" title="Leland Giants">Leland Giants</a> (Frank Leland renamed his Chicago Union Giants the Leland Giants in 1905).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Around the same time, <a href="/wiki/Nat_Strong" title="Nat Strong">Nat Strong</a>, a white businessman, started using his ownership of baseball fields in the New York City area to become the leading promoter of blackball on the East coast. Just about any game played in New York, Strong would get a cut. Strong eventually used his leverage to almost put the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Royal_Giants" title="Brooklyn Royal Giants">Brooklyn Royal Giants</a> out of business, and then he bought the club and turned it into a barnstorming team.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Foster joined the Leland Giants, he demanded that he be put in charge of not only the on-field activities but the bookings as well. Foster immediately turned the Giants into <i>the</i> team to beat. He indoctrinated them to take the extra base, to play hit and run on nearly every pitch, and to rattle the opposing pitcher by taking them deep into the count. He studied the mechanics of his pitchers and could spot the smallest flaw, turning his average pitchers into learned craftsmen. Foster also was able to turn around the business end of the team as well, by demanding and getting 40 percent of the gate instead of the 10 percent that Frank Leland was getting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the end of the 1909, Foster demanded that Leland step back from all baseball operations or he (Foster) would leave. When Leland would not give up complete control, Foster quit, and in a heated court battle, got to keep the rights to the Leland Giants' name. Leland took the players and started a new team named the Chicago Giants, while Foster took the Leland Giants and started to encroach on Nat Strong's territory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As early as 1910, Foster started talking about reviving the concept of an all-black league. The one thing he was insistent upon was that black teams should be owned by black men. This put him in direct competition with Strong. After 1910, Foster renamed his team the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_American_Giants" title="Chicago American Giants">Chicago American Giants</a> to appeal to a larger fan base. During the same year, <a href="/wiki/J._L._Wilkinson" title="J. L. Wilkinson">J. L. Wilkinson</a> started the <a href="/wiki/All_Nations" title="All Nations">All Nations</a> traveling team. The All Nations team would eventually become one of the best-known and popular teams of the Negro leagues, the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs" title="Kansas City Monarchs">Kansas City Monarchs</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On April 6, 1917, the United States entered World War I. Manpower needed by the defense plants and industry accelerated the migration of blacks from the South to the North. This meant a larger and more affluent fan base with more money to spend. By the end of the war in 1919, Foster was again ready to start a Negro baseball league.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On February 13 and 14, 1920, talks were held in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, that established the <a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(the_first)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro National League (the first)">Negro National League</a> and its governing body the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Colored_Professional_Base_Ball_Clubs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Association of Colored Professional Base Ball Clubs (page does not exist)">National Association of Colored Professional Base Ball Clubs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser20065_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser20065-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The league was initially composed of eight teams: Chicago American Giants, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Giants" title="Chicago Giants">Chicago Giants</a>, Cuban Stars, <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Marcos" title="Dayton Marcos">Dayton Marcos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Stars" title="Detroit Stars">Detroit Stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_ABCs" title="Indianapolis ABCs">Indianapolis ABCs</a>, Kansas City Monarchs, and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Giants" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Giants">St. Louis Giants</a>. Foster was named league president and controlled every aspect of the league, including which players played on which teams, when and where teams played, and what equipment was used (all of which had to be purchased from Foster).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser20065_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser20065-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foster, as booking agent of the league, took a five percent cut of all gate receipts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_age">Golden age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Golden age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 2, 1920, the Indianapolis ABCs beat Charles "Joe" Green's Chicago <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giants (4–2) in the first game played in the inaugural season of the Negro National League, played at Washington Park in Indianapolis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser20066_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser20066-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Race_Riot_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Race Riot of 1919">Chicago Race Riot of 1919</a>, the National Guard still occupied the Giants' home field, <a href="/wiki/Schorling%27s_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Schorling's Park">Schorling's Park</a> (formerly South Side Park). This forced Foster to cancel all the Giants' home games for almost a month and threatened to become a huge embarrassment for the league. On March 2, 1920, the Negro Southern League was founded in Atlanta, Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser20065–6_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser20065–6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Negro_Southern_League_(1920%E2%80%9336)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro Southern League (1920–36)">Negro Southern League</a> joined Foster's <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Colored_Professional_Base_Ball_Clubs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Association of Colored Professional Base Ball Clubs (page does not exist)">National Association of Colored Professional Base Ball Clubs</a>. As a dues-paying member of the association, it received the same protection from raiding parties as any team in the Negro National League. </p><p>Foster then admitted John Connors' <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City_Bacharach_Giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic City Bacharach Giants">Atlantic City Bacharach Giants</a> as an associate member to move further into <a href="/wiki/Nat_Strong" title="Nat Strong">Nat Strong</a>'s territory. Connors, wanting to return the favor of helping him against Strong, raided <a href="/wiki/Ed_Bolden" title="Ed Bolden">Ed Bolden</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hilldale_Daisies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilldale Daisies">Hilldale Daisies</a> team. Bolden saw little choice but to team up with Foster's nemesis, Nat Strong. Within days of calling a truce with Strong, Bolden made an about-face and signed up as an associate member of Foster's Negro National League. </p><p>On December 16, 1922, Bolden once again shifted sides and, with Strong, formed the Eastern Colored League as an alternative to Foster's Negro National League, which started with six teams: Atlantic City Bacharach Giants, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Black_Sox" title="Baltimore Black Sox">Baltimore Black Sox</a>, Brooklyn Royal Giants, New York Cuban Stars, Hilldale, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_Lincoln_Giants" title="New York Lincoln Giants">New York Lincoln Giants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser200615_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser200615-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National League was having trouble maintaining continuity among its franchises: three teams folded and had to be replaced after the 1921 season, two others after the 1922 season, and two more after the 1923 season. Foster replaced the defunct teams, sometimes promoting whole teams from the Negro Southern League into the NNL. Finally Foster and Bolden met and agreed to an annual <a href="/wiki/Negro_World_Series" title="Negro World Series">World Series</a> beginning in <a href="/wiki/1924_Colored_World_Series" title="1924 Colored World Series">1924</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1924_Negro_League_World_Series.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/1924_Negro_League_World_Series.jpg/800px-1924_Negro_League_World_Series.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/1924_Negro_League_World_Series.jpg/1200px-1924_Negro_League_World_Series.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/1924_Negro_League_World_Series.jpg/1600px-1924_Negro_League_World_Series.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8771" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The two opposing teams line up at the <a href="/wiki/1924_Colored_World_Series" title="1924 Colored World Series">1924 Colored World Series</a>.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Although this was a strong beginning to the <a href="/wiki/Negro_Leagues" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro Leagues">Negro Leagues</a>, throughout the 1920's the leagues were very unorganized, having teams play uneven numbers of games. Teams would skip official games for non-league matchups which would be more lucrative for the team. Players would jump from franchise to franchise, looking for the highest pay, causing imbalance within the leagues. </p><p><br /> 1925 saw the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Stars_(baseball)" title="St. Louis Stars (baseball)">St. Louis Stars</a> come of age in the Negro National League. They finished in second place during the second half of the year due in large part to their pitcher turned center fielder, <a href="/wiki/Cool_Papa_Bell" title="Cool Papa Bell">Cool Papa Bell</a>, and their shortstop, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Wells" title="Willie Wells">Willie Wells</a>. A gas leak in his home nearly asphyxiated Rube Foster in 1926, and his increasingly erratic behavior led to him being committed to an asylum a year later. While Foster was out of the picture, the owners of the National League elected <a href="/wiki/William_C._Hueston" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Hueston">William C. Hueston</a> as new league president. In 1927, Ed Bolden suffered a similar fate as Foster, by committing himself to a hospital because the pressure was too great. The Eastern League folded shortly after that, marking the end of the World Series between the NNL and the ECL. </p><p>After the Eastern League folded following the 1927 season, a new eastern league, the <a href="/wiki/American_Negro_League" title="American Negro League">American Negro League</a>, was formed to replace it. The makeup of the new ANL was nearly the same as the Eastern League, the exception being that the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Grays" title="Homestead Grays">Homestead Grays</a> joined in place of the now-defunct Brooklyn Royal Giants. The ANL lasted just one season. In the face of harder economic times, the Negro National League folded after the 1931 season. Some of its teams joined the only Negro league then left, the Negro Southern League. Only strong independent clubs were able to survive the hard economic turn that affected the country, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs" title="Kansas City Monarchs">Kansas City Monarchs</a>. During this time, strong clubs would build teams that had potential to beat the teams in the major leagues with new players and tactics that many have never seen before. </p><p>On March 26, 1932, the Chicago <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Defender"><i>Defender</i></a> announced the end of Negro National League.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser200672_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser200672-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satchel_Paige,_Josh_Gibson,_and_Gus_Greenlee"><span id="Satchel_Paige.2C_Josh_Gibson.2C_and_Gus_Greenlee"></span>Satchel Paige, Josh Gibson, and Gus Greenlee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Satchel Paige, Josh Gibson, and Gus Greenlee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just as Negro league baseball seemed to be at its lowest point and was about to fade into history, along came <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Posey" title="Cumberland Posey">Cumberland Posey</a> and his Homestead Grays. Posey, Charlie Walker, John Roesnik, George Rossiter, John Drew, Lloyd Thompson, and L.R. Williams got together in January 1932 and founded the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_League" title="East–West League">East–West League</a>. Eight cities were included in the new league: "Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Detroit, Baltimore, Cleveland, Newark, New York, and Washington, D.C.".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser200671–72_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser200671–72-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 1932, the Detroit Wolves were about to collapse, and instead of letting the team go, Posey kept pumping money into it. By June the Wolves had disintegrated and all the rest of the teams, except for the Grays, were beyond help, so Posey had to terminate the league. </p><p>Across town from Posey, <a href="/wiki/Gus_Greenlee" title="Gus Greenlee">Gus Greenlee</a>, a reputed gangster and <a href="/wiki/Numbers_game" title="Numbers game">numbers runner</a>, had just purchased the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Crawfords" title="Pittsburgh Crawfords">Pittsburgh Crawfords</a>. Greenlee's main interest in baseball was to use it as a way to <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">launder money</a> from his numbers games. But, after learning about Posey's money-making machine in <a href="/wiki/Homestead,_Pennsylvania" title="Homestead, Pennsylvania">Homestead</a>, he became obsessed with the sport and his Crawfords. On August 6, 1931, <a href="/wiki/Satchel_Paige" title="Satchel Paige">Satchel Paige</a> made his first appearance as a Crawford. With Paige on his team, Greenlee took a huge risk by investing $100,000 in a new ballpark to be called <a href="/wiki/Greenlee_Field" title="Greenlee Field">Greenlee Field</a>. On opening day, April 30, 1932, the pitcher-catcher battery was made up of the two most marketable icons in all of black baseball: Satchel Paige and <a href="/wiki/Josh_Gibson" title="Josh Gibson">Josh Gibson</a>. </p><p>In 1933, Greenlee, riding the popularity of his Crawfords, became the next man to start a Negro league. In February 1933, Greenlee and delegates from six other teams met at Greenlee's Crawford Grill to ratify the constitution of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Organization_of_Professional_Baseball_Clubs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Organization of Professional Baseball Clubs (page does not exist)">National Organization of Professional Baseball Clubs</a>. The name of the new league was the same as the old league <a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(the_second)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro National League (the second)">Negro National League</a> which had disbanded a year earlier in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser200675_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser200675-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the new league were the Pittsburgh Crawfords, the <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Birds" title="Columbus Blue Birds">Columbus Blue Birds</a>, the Indianapolis ABCs, the Baltimore Black Sox, the Brooklyn Royal Giants, Cole's American Giants (formerly the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_American_Giants" title="Chicago American Giants">Chicago American Giants</a>), and the Nashville Elite Giants. Greenlee also came up with the idea to duplicate the <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" title="Major League Baseball All-Star Game">Major League Baseball All-Star Game</a>, except, unlike the big league method in which the sportswriters chose the players, the fans voted for the participants. The first game, known as the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_All-Star_Game" title="East–West All-Star Game">East–West All-Star Game</a>, was held September 10, 1933, at <a href="/wiki/Comiskey_Park" title="Comiskey Park">Comiskey Park</a> in Chicago before a crowd of 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan2006284–85_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan2006284–85-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a> on December 7, 1941, the United States was thrust into World War II. Remembering World War I, black America vowed it would not be shut out of the beneficial effects of a major war effort: economic boom and social unification.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Just like the major leagues, the Negro leagues saw many stars miss one or more seasons while fighting overseas. While many players were over 30 and considered "too old" for service, <a href="/wiki/Monte_Irvin" title="Monte Irvin">Monte Irvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Doby" title="Larry Doby">Larry Doby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Day" title="Leon Day">Leon Day</a> of <a href="/wiki/Newark_Eagles" title="Newark Eagles">Newark</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ford_Smith" title="Ford Smith">Ford Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hank_Thompson_(baseball)" title="Hank Thompson (baseball)">Hank Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Greene_(baseball)" title="Joe Greene (baseball)">Joe Greene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_Brown" title="Willard Brown">Willard Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buck_O%27Neil" title="Buck O'Neil">Buck O'Neil</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs" title="Kansas City Monarchs">Kansas City</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Bostock,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lyman Bostock, Sr.">Lyman Bostock</a> of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Black_Barons" title="Birmingham Black Barons">Birmingham</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Lick_Carlisle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lick Carlisle">Lick Carlisle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Easterling" title="Howard Easterling">Howard Easterling</a> of <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Grays" title="Homestead Grays">Homestead</a> all served.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolway2001404_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolway2001404-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the white majors were barely recognizable, while the Negro leagues reached their highest plateau. Millions of black Americans were working in war industries and, making good money, they packed league games in every city. Business was so good that promoter <a href="/wiki/Abe_Saperstein" title="Abe Saperstein">Abe Saperstein</a> (famous for the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters" title="Harlem Globetrotters">Harlem Globetrotters</a>) started a new circuit, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_Midwest_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negro Midwest League (page does not exist)">Negro Midwest League</a>, a minor league similar to the Negro Southern League. The <a href="/wiki/Negro_World_Series" title="Negro World Series">Negro World Series</a> was revived in 1942, this time pitting the winners of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(the_second)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro National League (the second)">Negro National League</a> and midwestern <a href="/wiki/Negro_American_League" title="Negro American League">Negro American League</a>. It continued through 1948 with the NNL winning four championships and the NAL three. </p><p>In 1946, Saperstein partnered with <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a> to form another Negro league, the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Baseball_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast Baseball Association">West Coast Baseball Association</a> (WCBA); Saperstein was league president and Owens was vice-president and the owner of the league's <a href="/wiki/Portland_Rosebuds_(baseball)" title="Portland Rosebuds (baseball)">Portland (Oregon) Rosebuds</a> franchise.<sup id="cite_ref-oba2005_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oba2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WCBA disbanded after only two months.<sup id="cite_ref-oba2005_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oba2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integration_era">Integration era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Integration era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis" title="Kenesaw Mountain Landis">Judge Kenesaw M. Landis</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Baseball_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball Commissioner">Commissioner of Major League Baseball</a>, was an intractable opponent of integrating the white majors. During his quarter-century tenure, he blocked all attempts at integrating the game. A popular story has it that in <a href="/wiki/1943_in_baseball" title="1943 in baseball">1943</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Veeck" title="Bill Veeck">Bill Veeck</a> planned to buy the moribund <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies" title="Philadelphia Phillies">Philadelphia Phillies</a> and stock them with Negro league stars. However, when Landis got wind of his plans,<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he and National League president <a href="/wiki/Ford_C._Frick" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford C. Frick">Ford Frick</a> scuttled it in favor of another bid by <a href="/wiki/William_D._Cox" title="William D. Cox">William D. Cox</a>. </p><p>After Landis's death in 1944, <a href="/wiki/Happy_Chandler" title="Happy Chandler">Happy Chandler</a> was named his successor. Chandler was open to integrating the game, even at the risk of losing his job as Commissioner. He later said in his biography that he could not, in good conscience, tell black players they could not play baseball with whites when they had fought for their country [although they had fought in segregated units]. </p><p>In March 1945, the white majors created the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Committee_on_Baseball_Integration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Major League Committee on Baseball Integration (page does not exist)">Major League Committee on Baseball Integration</a>. Its members included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Rainey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph P. Rainey (page does not exist)">Joseph P. Rainey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_MacPhail" title="Larry MacPhail">Larry MacPhail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Branch_Rickey" title="Branch Rickey">Branch Rickey</a>. Because MacPhail, who was an outspoken critic of integration, kept stalling, the committee never met. Under the guise of starting an all-black league, Rickey sent scouts all around the United States, Mexico and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, looking for the perfect candidate to break the color line. His list was eventually narrowed down to three: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Campanella" title="Roy Campanella">Roy Campanella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Newcombe" title="Don Newcombe">Don Newcombe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a>. </p><p>On August 28, 1945, Jackie Robinson met with Rickey in Brooklyn, where Rickey gave Robinson a "test" by berating him and shouting racial epithets that Robinson would hear from day one in the white game. Having passed the test,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (April 2016)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> Robinson signed the contract which stipulated that from then on, Robinson had no "written or moral obligations"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERibowsky1995279_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERibowsky1995279-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to any other club. By the inclusion of this clause, precedent was set that would raze the Negro leagues as a functional commercial enterprise. </p><p>To throw off the press and keep his intentions hidden, Rickey got heavily involved in <a href="/wiki/Gus_Greenlee" title="Gus Greenlee">Gus Greenlee</a>'s newest foray into black baseball, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_League" title="United States League">United States League</a>. Greenlee started the league in 1945 as a way to get back at the owners of the Negro National League teams for throwing him out. Rickey saw the opportunity as a way to convince people that he was interested in cleaning up blackball, not integrating it. In midsummer 1945, Rickey, almost ready with his Robinson plan, pulled out of the league. The league folded after the end of the 1946 season. </p><p>Pressured by civil rights groups, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_Employment_Practices_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fair Employment Practices Act (page does not exist)">Fair Employment Practices Act</a> was passed by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York State Legislature</a> in 1945. This followed the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Quinn-Ives_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinn-Ives Act">Quinn-Ives Act</a> banning discrimination in hiring. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">NYC Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a> formed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayor%27s_Commission_on_Baseball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayor's Commission on Baseball (page does not exist)">Mayor's Commission on Baseball</a> to study integration of the major leagues. All this led to Rickey announcing the signing of Robinson much earlier than he would have liked. On October 23, 1945, <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Royals" title="Montreal Royals">Montreal Royals</a> president <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hector_Racine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hector Racine (page does not exist)">Hector Racine</a> announced that, "We are signing this boy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERibowsky1995279_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERibowsky1995279-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in 1946, Rickey signed four more black players, Campanella, Newcombe, <a href="/wiki/John_Wright_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wright (baseball)">John Wright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Partlow" title="Roy Partlow">Roy Partlow</a>, this time with much less fanfare. After the integration of the major leagues in 1947, marked by the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers" title="Brooklyn Dodgers">Brooklyn Dodgers</a> that April, interest in Negro league baseball waned. Black players who were regarded as prospects were signed by major league teams, often without regard for any contracts that might have been signed with Negro league clubs. Negro league owners who complained about this practice were in a <a href="/wiki/No-win_situation" title="No-win situation">no-win situation</a>: They could not protect their own interests without seeming to interfere with the advancement of players to the majors. By 1948, the Dodgers, along with Veeck's <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Indians">Cleveland Indians</a>, had integrated. </p><p>The Negro leagues also "integrated" around the same time, as <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Klep" title="Eddie Klep">Eddie Klep</a> pitched for the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Buckeyes" title="Cleveland Buckeyes">Cleveland Buckeyes</a> during the 1946 season, becoming the first white American to play in the Negro leagues. </p><p>These moves came despite strong opposition from the owners; Rickey was the only one of the 16 owners to support integrating the sport in January 1947. Chandler's decision to overrule them may have been a factor in his ouster in 1951 in favor of <a href="/wiki/Ford_C._Frick" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford C. Frick">Ford C. Frick</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Negro_leagues">End of the Negro leagues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: End of the Negro leagues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some proposals were floated to bring the Negro leagues into "organized baseball" as developmental leagues for black players, but that was recognized as contrary to the goal of full integration. And so, the Negro leagues, once among the largest and most prosperous black-owned business ventures, were allowed to fade into oblivion. </p><p>First a trickle and then a flood of players signed with Major League Baseball teams. Most signed minor league contracts and many languished, shuttled from one bush league team to another despite their success at that level. </p><p>The Negro National League folded after the 1948 season when the Grays withdrew to resume barnstorming, the <a href="/wiki/Newark_Eagles" title="Newark Eagles">Newark Eagles</a> moved from <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> to <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Black_Yankees" title="New York Black Yankees">New York Black Yankees</a> folded. The Grays folded one year later after losing $30,000 in the barnstorming effort. The Negro American League was the only "major" Negro league operating in 1949. Within two years it had been reduced to minor league caliber and it played its last game in 1958. </p><p>The last All-Star game was held in 1962, and by 1966 the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Clowns" title="Indianapolis Clowns">Indianapolis Clowns</a> were the last Negro league team still playing. The Clowns continued to play exhibition games into the 1980s, but as a humorous sideshow rather than a competitive sport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_Negro_leagues"><span class="anchor" id="Significant_Negro_leagues"></span> Major Negro leagues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Major Negro leagues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While organized leagues were common in black baseball, there were only seven leagues that are considered to be of the top quality of play at the time of their existence. In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> announced their official determination and designation of Negro Leagues by seasons as "Major Leagues," including the incorporation of applicable player records into the official baseball statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None materialized prior to 1920 and by 1950, due to integration, they were in decline. Even though teams were league members, most still continued to barnstorm and play non-league games against local or semi-pro teams. Those games, sometimes approaching 100 per season, did not count in the official standings or statistics. However, some teams were considered "associate" teams and games played against them did count, but an associate team held no place in the league standings. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(1920%E2%80%931931)" title="Negro National League (1920–1931)">Negro National League (I)</a>, 1920–1931.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Colored_League" title="Eastern Colored League">Eastern Colored League</a>, 1923–1928.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Negro_League" title="American Negro League">American Negro League</a>, 1929; was created from some of the ECL teams but lasted just one season.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_League" title="East–West League">East–West League</a>, 1932; ceased operations midway through the season.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Southern_League_(1920%E2%80%931936)" title="Negro Southern League (1920–1936)">Negro Southern League</a>, 1932; incorporated some teams from the NNL(I) and functioned for one year as a major league, was otherwise a minor league that played from 1920 into the 1940s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(1933%E2%80%931948)" title="Negro National League (1933–1948)">Negro National League (II)</a>, 1933–1948.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_American_League" title="Negro American League">Negro American League</a>, 1937–1960 or so; after 1950, the league and its teams operated after a fashion, mostly as barnstorming units, but historians have a hard time deciding when the league actually came to an end.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colored_and_Negro_World_Series">Colored and Negro World Series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Colored and Negro World Series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Negro_World_Series" title="Negro World Series">Negro World Series</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_champions" title="List of Negro league baseball champions">List of Negro league baseball champions</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_postseason_games" title="List of Negro league baseball postseason games">List of Negro league baseball postseason games</a></div> <p>The NNL(I) and ECL champions met in a World Series, usually referred to as the "Colored World Series", from 1924 to 1927 (<a href="/wiki/1924_Colored_World_Series" title="1924 Colored World Series">1924</a>, <a href="/wiki/1925_Colored_World_Series" title="1925 Colored World Series">1925</a>, <a href="/wiki/1926_Colored_World_Series" title="1926 Colored World Series">1926</a>, <a href="/wiki/1927_Colored_World_Series" title="1927 Colored World Series">1927</a>). </p><p>The NNL(II) and NAL also met in a World Series, usually referred to as the "Negro World Series" from 1942 to 1948 (<a href="/wiki/1942_Negro_World_Series" title="1942 Negro World Series">1942</a>, <a href="/wiki/1943_Negro_World_Series" title="1943 Negro World Series">1943</a>, <a href="/wiki/1944_Negro_World_Series" title="1944 Negro World Series">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1945_Negro_World_Series" title="1945 Negro World Series">1945</a>, <a href="/wiki/1946_Negro_World_Series" title="1946 Negro World Series">1946</a>, <a href="/wiki/1947_Negro_World_Series" title="1947 Negro World Series">1947</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_Negro_World_Series" title="1948 Negro World Series">1948</a>). </p><p>Five of those years with a World Series at the end also saw a "Championship Series" played to determine the pennant winner that went to the Series. In years without a World Series, leagues would either award a championship to the team that had the best record/percentage at the end of the year or had a "Championship Series" to determine the winner between first half and second half champions. Eleven seasons exist with a postseason series held to determine a pennant winner, although one (1936) was not completed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_Negro_leagues">Minor Negro leagues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Minor Negro leagues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Negro_league_baseball_teams" title="List of minor Negro league baseball teams">List of minor Negro league baseball teams</a></div> <p>Early professional leagues cannot be called major or minor. Until the twentieth century, not one completed even half of its planned season. Two leagues can be considered the prototypes for Negro league baseball: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_League_of_Colored_Base_Ballists" title="Southern League of Colored Base Ballists">Southern League of Colored Base Ballists</a>, 1886</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Colored_Baseball_League" class="mw-redirect" title="National Colored Baseball League">National Colored Baseball League</a>, 1887</li></ul> <p>Eventually, some teams were able to survive and even profit by <a href="/wiki/Barnstorm_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnstorm (sports)">barnstorming</a> small towns and playing local semi-pro teams as well as league games. Two important leagues of this era are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_League_of_Independent_Professional_Base_Ball_Clubs" title="International League of Independent Professional Base Ball Clubs">International League of Independent Professional Base Ball Clubs</a>, 1906.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Colored_Baseball_Clubs_of_the_United_States_and_Cuba" title="National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba">National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba</a>, 1907–1909.</li></ul> <p>Early Negro leagues were unable to attract and retain top talent due to financial, logistical and contractual difficulties. Some early dominant teams did not join a league since they could pull in larger profits independently. The early leagues were specifically structured as minor leagues. With the <a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">integration of Organized Baseball</a>, beginning 1946, all leagues simply lost elite players to white leagues, and historians do not consider any Negro league "major" after 1950. </p><p>A number of leagues from the <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">major-league</a> era (post-1900) are recognized as Negro minor leagues. A rule of thumb was leagues in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">north</a> were major while leagues in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">south</a> were minor, due mainly to population and economic disparities. Below are some of the better-documented leagues: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Colored_League" title="Texas Colored League">Texas Colored League/Texas–Oklahoma–Louisiana League/Texas–Louisiana Negro League</a>, 1919–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Southern_League_(1920%E2%80%9336)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro Southern League (1920–36)">Negro Southern League (I)</a>, 1920–1936 – considered a <i>de facto</i> major league in 1932 because it was the only league to play a full season schedule due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Southeastern_League" title="Negro Southeastern League">Negro Southeastern League</a>, 1921</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_League" title="Interstate League">Interstate League</a>, 1926 and 1940 (mixed-race league)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri_State_League" title="Tri State League">Tri State League</a>, 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_American_Association" title="Negro American Association">Negro American Association</a>, 1939 and 1948–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Major_League" title="Negro Major League">Negro Major League</a>, 1942</li></ul> <p>By default, leagues established after integration are considered minor league, as is the one of two 1940s majors that continued after 1950. Also at this time, leagues began to appear in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">west</a>, just as in other sports, due to the <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">post-War boom</a> and improved transportation modes. Below are some of the better-documented leagues: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Southern_League_(1945%E2%80%9351)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro Southern League (1945–51)">Negro Southern League (II)</a>, 1945–1951</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_League" title="United States League">United States League</a>, 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Negro_Baseball_Association" title="West Coast Negro Baseball Association">West Coast Negro Baseball Association</a>, 1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Texas_Negro_League" title="East Texas Negro League">East Texas Negro League</a>, 1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Texas_League" title="Negro Texas League">Negro Texas League</a>, 1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_American_League" title="Negro American League">Negro American League</a>, 1951–1960 – considered a major league from 1937 until integration diminished the quality of play around 1950/51</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas%E2%80%93Louisiana%E2%80%93Texas_League" title="Arkansas–Louisiana–Texas League">Arkansas–Louisiana–Texas League</a>, 1951</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Negro_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Negro League (page does not exist)">Eastern Negro League</a>, 1954</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_National_Baseball_Association" title="Negro National Baseball Association">Negro National Baseball Association</a>, 1954</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Negro_leagues_and_the_Hall_of_Fame">The Negro leagues and the Hall of Fame</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Negro leagues and the Hall of Fame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2006_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_balloting" title="2006 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting">2006 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting</a> and <a href="/wiki/1971_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_balloting" title="1971 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting">1971 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting</a></div> <p>In his <a href="/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball Hall of Fame">Baseball Hall of Fame</a> induction speech in 1966, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Williams" title="Ted Williams">Ted Williams</a> made a strong plea for inclusion of Negro league stars in the Hall. After the publication of <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Peterson_(writer)" title="Robert W. Peterson (writer)">Robert Peterson</a>'s landmark book <i>Only the Ball was White</i> in 1970, the Hall of Fame found itself under renewed pressure to find a way to honor Negro league players who would have been in the Hall had they not been barred from the major leagues due to the color of their skin. </p><p>At first, the Hall of Fame planned a "separate but equal" display, which would be similar to the <a href="/wiki/Ford_C._Frick_Award" title="Ford C. Frick Award">Ford C. Frick Award</a> for baseball commentators, in that this plan meant that the Negro league honorees would not be considered members of the Hall of Fame. This plan was criticized by the press, the fans and the players it was intended to honor, and Satchel Paige himself insisted that he would not accept anything less than full-fledged induction into the Hall of Fame. The Hall relented and agreed to admit Negro league players on an equal basis with their Major League counterparts in 1971. A special Negro league committee selected <a href="/wiki/Satchel_Paige" title="Satchel Paige">Satchel Paige</a> in 1971, followed by (in alphabetical order) <a href="/wiki/Cool_Papa_Bell" title="Cool Papa Bell">Cool Papa Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Charleston" title="Oscar Charleston">Oscar Charleston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Dihigo" title="Martín Dihigo">Martín Dihigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josh_Gibson" title="Josh Gibson">Josh Gibson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monte_Irvin" title="Monte Irvin">Monte Irvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judy_Johnson" title="Judy Johnson">Judy Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buck_Leonard" title="Buck Leonard">Buck Leonard</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Lloyd" title="John Henry Lloyd">John Henry Lloyd</a>. Of the nine players selected, only Irvin and Paige spent any time in the integrated major leagues. The Veterans Committee later selected <a href="/wiki/Ray_Dandridge" title="Ray Dandridge">Ray Dandridge</a>, as well as choosing <a href="/wiki/Rube_Foster" title="Rube Foster">Rube Foster</a> on the basis of meritorious service. </p><p>Other members of the Hall who played in both the Negro leagues and Major League Baseball are <a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Hank Aaron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Banks" title="Ernie Banks">Ernie Banks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Campanella" title="Roy Campanella">Roy Campanella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Doby" title="Larry Doby">Larry Doby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Mays" title="Willie Mays">Willie Mays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a>. Except for Doby, their play in the Negro leagues was a minor factor in their selection: Aaron, Banks, and Mays played in Negro leagues only briefly and after the leagues had declined with the migration of many black players to the integrated minor leagues; Campanella (1969) and Robinson (1962) were selected before the Hall began considering performance in the Negro leagues. </p><p>From 1995 to 2001, the Hall made a renewed effort to honor luminaries from the Negro leagues, one each year. There were seven selections: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Day" title="Leon Day">Leon Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Foster_(baseball)" title="Bill Foster (baseball)">Bill Foster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullet_Rogan" title="Bullet Rogan">Bullet Rogan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Smith" title="Hilton Smith">Hilton Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey_Stearnes" title="Turkey Stearnes">Turkey Stearnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Wells" title="Willie Wells">Willie Wells</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Joe_Williams" title="Smokey Joe Williams">Smokey Joe Williams</a>. </p><p>In February 2006, a committee of twelve baseball historians elected 17 more people from black baseball to the National Baseball Hall of Fame, twelve players and five executives. </p> <dl><dt>Negro league players (7)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ray_Brown_(Negro_leagues_pitcher)" title="Ray Brown (Negro leagues pitcher)">Ray Brown</a>; <a href="/wiki/Willard_Brown" title="Willard Brown">Willard Brown</a>; <a href="/wiki/Andy_Cooper" title="Andy Cooper">Andy Cooper</a>; <a href="/wiki/Biz_Mackey" title="Biz Mackey">Biz Mackey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mule_Suttles" title="Mule Suttles">Mule Suttles</a>; <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Torriente" title="Cristóbal Torriente">Cristóbal Torriente</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jud_Wilson" title="Jud Wilson">Jud Wilson</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Pre-Negro league players (5)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_Grant_(baseball)" title="Frank Grant (baseball)">Frank Grant</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pete_Hill" title="Pete Hill">Pete Hill</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M%C3%A9ndez" title="José Méndez">José Méndez</a>; <a href="/wiki/Louis_Santop" title="Louis Santop">Louis Santop</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ben_Taylor_(Negro_leagues)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Taylor (Negro leagues)">Ben Taylor</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Negro league executives (4)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Effa_Manley" title="Effa Manley">Effa Manley</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alex_Pompez" title="Alex Pompez">Alex Pompez</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Posey" title="Cumberland Posey">Cum Posey</a>; <a href="/wiki/J._L._Wilkinson" title="J. L. Wilkinson">J. L. Wilkinson</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Pre-Negro league executive, manager, player, and historian (1)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sol_White" title="Sol White">Sol White</a></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Effa_Manley" title="Effa Manley">Effa Manley</a>, co-owner (with her husband <a href="/wiki/Abe_Manley" title="Abe Manley">Abe Manley</a>) and business manager of the Newark Eagles club in the <a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(1933%E2%80%9348)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro National League (1933–48)">Negro National League</a>, is the first woman elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. </p><p>The committee reviewed the careers of 29 Negro league and 10 Pre-Negro league candidates. The list of 39 had been pared from a roster of 94 candidates by a five-member screening committee in November 2005. The voting committee was chaired by <a href="/wiki/Fay_Vincent" title="Fay Vincent">Fay Vincent</a>, Major League Baseball's eighth Commissioner and an Honorary Director of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_Hall_of_Fame_players">Table of Hall of Fame players</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Table of Hall of Fame players"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Players whose careers also included <a href="/wiki/American_League" title="American League">American League</a> or <a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a> teams are noted with a dagger(†). </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Player </th> <th>Pos </th> <th>Primary team </th> <th>Career </th> <th>Inducted </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Satchel_Paige" title="Satchel Paige">Satchel Paige</a>† </td> <td>P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs" title="Kansas City Monarchs">Kansas City Monarchs</a> </td> <td>1927–1953, 1965 </td> <td>1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Josh_Gibson" title="Josh Gibson">Josh Gibson</a> </td> <td>C </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Grays" title="Homestead Grays">Homestead Grays</a> </td> <td>1930–1946 </td> <td>1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buck_Leonard" title="Buck Leonard">Buck Leonard</a> </td> <td>1B </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Grays" title="Homestead Grays">Homestead Grays</a> </td> <td>1933–1950 </td> <td>1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Irvin" title="Monte Irvin">Monte Irvin</a>† </td> <td>OF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newark_Eagles" title="Newark Eagles">Newark Eagles</a> </td> <td>1937–1942,<br />1945–1956 </td> <td>1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cool_Papa_Bell" title="Cool Papa Bell">Cool Papa Bell</a> </td> <td>OF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Stars_(baseball)" title="St. Louis Stars (baseball)">St. Louis Stars</a> </td> <td>1922–1938, 1942,<br />1947–1950 </td> <td>1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judy_Johnson" title="Judy Johnson">Judy Johnson</a> </td> <td>3B </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hilldale_Club" title="Hilldale Club">Hilldale Club</a> </td> <td>1918–1937 </td> <td>1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Charleston" title="Oscar Charleston">Oscar Charleston</a> </td> <td>OF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Crawfords" title="Pittsburgh Crawfords">Pittsburgh Crawfords</a> </td> <td>1915–1941 </td> <td>1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Dihigo" title="Martín Dihigo">Martín Dihigo</a> </td> <td>P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Stars_(East)" title="Cuban Stars (East)">Cuban Stars (East)</a> </td> <td>1923–1931,<br />1935–1936, 1945 </td> <td>1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Lloyd" title="John Henry Lloyd">John Henry Lloyd</a> </td> <td>SS </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Giants">Lincoln Giants</a> </td> <td>1906–1932 </td> <td>1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rube_Foster" title="Rube Foster">Rube Foster</a> </td> <td>P / EXEC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago_American_Giants" title="Chicago American Giants">Chicago American Giants</a> </td> <td>1902–1926 </td> <td>1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ray_Dandridge" title="Ray Dandridge">Ray Dandridge</a> </td> <td>3B </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newark_Eagles" title="Newark Eagles">Newark Dodgers/Eagles</a> </td> <td>1933–1939, 1942,<br />1944, 1949 </td> <td>1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leon_Day" title="Leon Day">Leon Day</a> </td> <td>P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newark_Eagles" title="Newark Eagles">Brooklyn/Newark Eagles</a> </td> <td>1934–1939,<br />1941–1943, 1946,<br />1949–1950 </td> <td>1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Foster_(baseball)" title="Bill Foster (baseball)">Bill Foster</a> </td> <td>P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago_American_Giants" title="Chicago American Giants">Chicago American Giants</a> </td> <td>1923–1938 </td> <td>1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Willie_Wells" title="Willie Wells">Willie Wells</a> </td> <td>SS </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Stars_(baseball)" title="St. Louis Stars (baseball)">St. Louis Stars</a> </td> <td>1923, 1924–1936,<br />1942, 1944–1948 </td> <td>1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bullet_Rogan" title="Bullet Rogan">Bullet Rogan</a> </td> <td>P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs" title="Kansas City Monarchs">Kansas City Monarchs</a> </td> <td>1917, 1920–1938 </td> <td>1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Smokey_Joe_Williams" title="Smokey Joe Williams">Smokey Joe Williams</a> </td> <td>P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_Lincoln_Giants" title="New York Lincoln Giants">New York Lincoln Giants</a> </td> <td>1910–1932 </td> <td>1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Stearnes" title="Turkey Stearnes">Turkey Stearnes</a> </td> <td>OF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Stars" title="Detroit Stars">Detroit Stars</a> </td> <td>1920–1942, 1945 </td> <td>2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Smith" title="Hilton Smith">Hilton Smith</a> </td> <td>P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs" title="Kansas City Monarchs">Kansas City Monarchs</a> </td> <td>1932–1948 </td> <td>2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ray_Brown_(Negro_leagues_pitcher)" title="Ray Brown (Negro leagues pitcher)">Ray Brown</a> </td> <td>P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Grays" title="Homestead Grays">Homestead Grays</a> </td> <td>1931–1945 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Willard_Brown" title="Willard Brown">Willard Brown</a>† </td> <td>OF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs" title="Kansas City Monarchs">Kansas City Monarchs</a> </td> <td>1935–1950 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andy_Cooper" title="Andy Cooper">Andy Cooper</a> </td> <td>P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs" title="Kansas City Monarchs">Kansas City Monarchs</a> </td> <td>1920–1941 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hill" title="Pete Hill">Pete Hill</a> </td> <td>OF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago_American_Giants" title="Chicago American Giants">Chicago American Giants</a> </td> <td>1899–1926 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Biz_Mackey" title="Biz Mackey">Biz Mackey</a> </td> <td>C </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hilldale_Club" title="Hilldale Club">Hilldale Club</a> </td> <td>1920–1947 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M%C3%A9ndez" title="José Méndez">José Méndez</a> </td> <td>P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Stars_(West)" title="Cuban Stars (West)">Cuban Stars (West)</a> </td> <td>1908–1926 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Santop" title="Louis Santop">Louis Santop</a> </td> <td>C </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hilldale_Club" title="Hilldale Club">Hilldale Club</a> </td> <td>1909–1926 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mule_Suttles" title="Mule Suttles">Mule Suttles</a> </td> <td>1B </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newark_Eagles" title="Newark Eagles">Newark Eagles</a> </td> <td>1921, 1923–1944 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ben_Taylor_(first_baseman,_born_1888)" title="Ben Taylor (first baseman, born 1888)">Ben Taylor</a> </td> <td>1B </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_ABCs" title="Indianapolis ABCs">Indianapolis ABCs</a> </td> <td>1908–1929 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Torriente" title="Cristóbal Torriente">Cristóbal Torriente</a> </td> <td>OF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago_American_Giants" title="Chicago American Giants">Chicago American Giants</a> </td> <td>1913–1928 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jud_Wilson" title="Jud Wilson">Jud Wilson</a> </td> <td>3B </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Stars_(baseball)" title="Philadelphia Stars (baseball)">Philadelphia Stars</a> </td> <td>1922–1945 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Grant_(baseball)" title="Frank Grant (baseball)">Frank Grant</a> </td> <td>EXEC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Giants" title="Cuban Giants">Cuban Giants</a> </td> <td>1886–1903 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Effa_Manley" title="Effa Manley">Effa Manley</a> </td> <td>EXEC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newark_Eagles" title="Newark Eagles">Newark Eagles</a> </td> <td>1935–1948 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alex_Pompez" title="Alex Pompez">Alex Pompez</a> </td> <td>EXEC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_Cubans" title="New York Cubans">New York Cubans</a> </td> <td>1916–1950 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Posey" title="Cumberland Posey">Cum Posey</a> </td> <td>EXEC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Grays" title="Homestead Grays">Homestead Grays</a> </td> <td>1920–1946 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J._L._Wilkinson" title="J. L. Wilkinson">J. L. Wilkinson</a> </td> <td>EXEC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs" title="Kansas City Monarchs">Kansas City Monarchs</a> </td> <td>1912–1948 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sol_White" title="Sol White">Sol White</a> </td> <td>EXEC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Giants" title="Philadelphia Giants">Philadelphia Giants</a> </td> <td>1887, 1891, 1894,<br />1896–1907 </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buck_O%27Neil" title="Buck O'Neil">Buck O'Neil</a> </td> <td>EXEC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs" title="Kansas City Monarchs">Kansas City Monarchs</a> </td> <td>1937–1948 </td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bud_Fowler" title="Bud Fowler">Bud Fowler</a> </td> <td>EXEC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Page_Fence_Giants" title="Page Fence Giants">Page Fence Giants</a> </td> <td>1878–1898 </td> <td>2022 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The below players were inducted for their <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> career but started their careers in the Negro leagues. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Player </th> <th>Pos </th> <th>Negro league team </th> <th>Negro league career </th> <th>Inducted </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a> </td> <td>SS </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs" title="Kansas City Monarchs">Kansas City Monarchs</a> </td> <td>1945 </td> <td>1962 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roy_Campanella" title="Roy Campanella">Roy Campanella</a> </td> <td>C </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Elite_Giants" title="Baltimore Elite Giants">Wash/Balt Elite Giants</a> </td> <td>1937–1945 </td> <td>1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernie_Banks" title="Ernie Banks">Ernie Banks</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs" title="Kansas City Monarchs">Kansas City Monarchs</a> </td> <td>1950, 1953 </td> <td>1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Hank Aaron</a> </td> <td>OF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Clowns" title="Indianapolis Clowns">Indianapolis Clowns</a> </td> <td>1952 </td> <td>1982 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Willie_Mays" title="Willie Mays">Willie Mays</a> </td> <td>OF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Black_Barons" title="Birmingham Black Barons">Birmingham Black Barons</a> </td> <td>1948–1950 </td> <td>1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Larry_Doby" title="Larry Doby">Larry Doby</a> </td> <td>OF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newark_Eagles" title="Newark Eagles">Newark Eagles</a> </td> <td>1942–1944,<br />1946–1947 </td> <td>1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnie_Mi%C3%B1oso" title="Minnie Miñoso">Minnie Miñoso</a> </td> <td>OF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_Cubans" title="New York Cubans">New York Cubans</a> </td> <td>1946–1948 </td> <td>2022 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_Negro_leaguers">Last Negro leaguers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Last Negro leaguers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Hank Aaron</a> was the last Negro league player to hold a regular position in Major League Baseball. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Minnie_Mi%C3%B1oso" title="Minnie Miñoso">Minnie Miñoso</a> was the last Negro league player to play in a Major League game when he appeared in two games for the Chicago White Sox in 1980. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buck_O%27Neil" title="Buck O'Neil">Buck O'Neil</a> was the most recent former Negro league player to appear in a professional game when he made two appearances (one for each team) in the Northern League All-Star Game in 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2008_Major_League_draft">2008 Major League draft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2008 Major League draft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_Major_League_Baseball_draft#Negro_Leagues_Special_Draft" title="2008 Major League Baseball draft">2008 Major League Baseball draft § Negro Leagues Special Draft</a></div> <p>On June 5, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> held a special draft of the surviving Negro league players to acknowledge and rectify their exclusion from the major leagues on the basis of race. The idea of the special draft was conceived by Hall of Famer <a href="/wiki/Dave_Winfield" title="Dave Winfield">Dave Winfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each major league team drafted one player from the Negro leagues. <a href="/wiki/Neale_Henderson" title="Neale Henderson">Bobo Henderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_B._Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe B. Scott">Joe B. Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mule_Miles" class="mw-redirect" title="Mule Miles">Mule Miles</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Jr._(baseball)" title="William Bell Jr. (baseball)">Lefty Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Moore_(baseball)" title="James Moore (baseball)">James "Red" Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mack_Pride" title="Mack Pride">Mack "The Knife" Pride</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Charley_Pride" title="Charley Pride">Charley Pride</a> (who went on to a legendary career in <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>) were among the players selected. Also drafted, by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Navarro" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio Navarro">Emilio Navarro</a>, who, at 102 years of age at the time of the draft, was believed to be the oldest living professional ballplayer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museum">Museum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Negro_Leagues_Baseball_Museum" title="Negro Leagues Baseball Museum">Negro Leagues Baseball Museum</a> is located in the <a href="/wiki/18th_and_Vine_District" class="mw-redirect" title="18th and Vine District">18th and Vine District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postage_stamp_recognition">Postage stamp recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Postage stamp recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 17, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Postal_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Postal Service">U.S. Postal Service</a> <a href="/wiki/First_day_of_issue" title="First day of issue">issued</a> a <a href="/wiki/Se-tenant_(philately)" class="mw-redirect" title="Se-tenant (philately)">se-tenant</a> pair of 44-cent U.S. <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamp" title="Commemorative stamp">commemorative</a> <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a>, to honor the all-black professional baseball leagues that operated from 1920 to about 1960. The stamps were formally issued at the <a href="/wiki/Negro_Leagues_Baseball_Museum" title="Negro Leagues Baseball Museum">Negro Leagues Baseball Museum</a>, during the celebration of the museum's twentieth anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the stamps depicts <a href="/wiki/Rube_Foster" title="Rube Foster">Rube Foster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Baseball.svg/28px-Baseball.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Baseball.svg/42px-Baseball.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Baseball.svg/56px-Baseball.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="520" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Baseball" title="Portal:Baseball">Baseball portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_All-Star_Game" title="East–West All-Star Game">East–West All-Star Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_black_Major_League_Baseball_players" title="List of first black Major League Baseball players">List of first black Major League Baseball players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_players" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Negro league baseball players">List of Negro league baseball players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_teams" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Negro league baseball teams">List of Negro league baseball teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_World_Series" title="Negro World Series">Negro World Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Leagues_Baseball_Museum" title="Negro Leagues Baseball Museum">Negro Leagues Baseball Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Williams_Museum_and_Hitters_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Ted Williams Museum and Hitters Hall of Fame">Ted Williams Museum and Hitters Hall of Fame</a> (including "The Negro Leagues" wing)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Soul_of_Baseball" title="The Soul of Baseball">The Soul of Baseball</a></i>, 2007 book by Joe Posnanski</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Stone" title="Toni Stone">Toni Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamie_Johnson" title="Mamie Johnson">Mamie Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connie_Morgan" title="Connie Morgan">Connie Morgan</a> (the only women to play in the leagues)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley1994XVII-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley1994XVII_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley1994XVII_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley1994">Riley 1994</a>, p. XVII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolway200121-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolway200121_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolway200121_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolway2001">Holway 2001</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/foster-rube">"Rube Foster"</a>. <i>Baseball Hall of Fame</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseball+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Rube+Foster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaseballhall.org%2Fhall-of-famers%2Ffoster-rube&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2020" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, R.J. (December 16, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/mlb-elevates-negro-leagues-to-major-league-status-giving-overdue-recognition-to-3400-players/">"MLB Elevates Negro Leagues to 'Major League' Status, Giving Overdue Recognition to 3,400 Players"</a>. <i>CBS Sports</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216164302/https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/mlb-elevates-negro-leagues-to-major-league-status-giving-overdue-recognition-to-3400-players/">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+Sports&rft.atitle=MLB+Elevates+Negro+Leagues+to+%27Major+League%27+Status%2C+Giving+Overdue+Recognition+to+3%2C400+Players&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbssports.com%2Fmlb%2Fnews%2Fmlb-elevates-negro-leagues-to-major-league-status-giving-overdue-recognition-to-3400-players%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kepner-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kepner_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepner" class="citation news cs1">Kepner, Tyler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5525148/2024/05/28/mlb-negro-leagues-records-josh-gibson-ty-cobb/">"As MLB changes its records, Josh Gibson replaces Ty Cobb as all-time batting leader"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+MLB+changes+its+records%2C+Josh+Gibson+replaces+Ty+Cobb+as+all-time+batting+leader&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kepner&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fathletic%2F5525148%2F2024%2F05%2F28%2Fmlb-negro-leagues-records-josh-gibson-ty-cobb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryson1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bryson" title="Bill Bryson">Bryson, Bill</a> (1994). <i><a href="/wiki/Made_in_America_(book)" title="Made in America (book)">Made in America</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_(publisher)" title="William Morrow (publisher)">William Morrow</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/madeinamericainf00brys/page/155">155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-71381-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-380-71381-0"><bdi>0-380-71381-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Made+in+America&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-380-71381-0&rft.aulast=Bryson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELanctot20084-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanctot20084_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLanctot2008">Lanctot 2008</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan20066-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan20066_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHogan2006">Hogan 2006</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELanctot20083–4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanctot20083–4_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLanctot2008">Lanctot 2008</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley19944-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley19944_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley1994">Riley 1994</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELanctot20083-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanctot20083_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLanctot2008">Lanctot 2008</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley1994294-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley1994294_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley1994">Riley 1994</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley1994808-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley1994808_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley1994">Riley 1994</a>, p. 808.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloy20053-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloy20053_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloy2005">Malloy 2005</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan200689-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan200689_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHogan2006">Hogan 2006</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Howard W. (2006). <i>Cap Anson 4: Bigger Than Babe Ruth: Captain Anson of Chicago</i>. Tile Books. p. 560. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9725574-3-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9725574-3-6"><bdi>978-0-9725574-3-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cap+Anson+4%3A+Bigger+Than+Babe+Ruth%3A+Captain+Anson+of+Chicago&rft.pages=560&rft.pub=Tile+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9725574-3-6&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Howard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span>, pp. 436–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolway2001474-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolway2001474_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolway2001474_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolway2001">Holway 2001</a>, p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser20065-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser20065_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser20065_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHauser2006">Hauser 2006</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chicago Defender May 8, 1920, p 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser20066-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser20066_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHauser2006">Hauser 2006</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser20065–6-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser20065–6_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHauser2006">Hauser 2006</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser200615-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser200615_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHauser2006">Hauser 2006</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser200672-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser200672_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHauser2006">Hauser 2006</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser200671–72-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser200671–72_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHauser2006">Hauser 2006</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser200675-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser200675_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHauser2006">Hauser 2006</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan2006284–85-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan2006284–85_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHogan2006">Hogan 2006</a>, pp. 284–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolway2001404-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolway2001404_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolway2001">Holway 2001</a>, p. 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oba2005-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oba2005_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oba2005_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/tandf/west-coast-baseball-association-tf/">"West Coast Baseball Association"</a>. <i>Organizing Black America: An Encyclopedia of African American Associations</i>. <a href="/wiki/BookRags" class="mw-redirect" title="BookRags">BookRags</a>. February 10, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=West+Coast+Baseball+Association&rft.btitle=Organizing+Black+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+African+American+Associations&rft.pub=BookRags&rft.date=2005-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Ftandf%2Fwest-coast-baseball-association-tf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1988" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Joseph Thomas (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LjfGgiauBfcC&q=larry+doby+joe+gordon&pg=PA51"><i>Pride and Prejudice: The Biography of Larry Doby</i></a>. New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275929841" title="Special:BookSources/0275929841"><bdi>0275929841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pride+and+Prejudice%3A+The+Biography+of+Larry+Doby&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0275929841&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLjfGgiauBfcC%26q%3Dlarry%2Bdoby%2Bjoe%2Bgordon%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERibowsky1995279-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERibowsky1995279_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERibowsky1995279_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRibowsky1995">Ribowsky 1995</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlb.com/press-release/press-release-mlb-officially-designates-the-negro-leagues-as-major-league">"MLB officially designates the Negro Leagues as 'Major League'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MLB.com" title="MLB.com">MLB.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MLB.com&rft.atitle=MLB+officially+designates+the+Negro+Leagues+as+%27Major+League%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlb.com%2Fpress-release%2Fpress-release-mlb-officially-designates-the-negro-leagues-as-major-league&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Brown, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/news?slug=ti-winfield060408&prov=yhoo&type=lgns">"Winfield's Brainchild Thrills Negro Leaguers"</a>, Yahoo! Sports, June 4, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://affrodite.net/2010/07/15/new-stamps-honors-negro-leagues-baseball/">"New stamps honors Negro Leagues Baseball"</a>. <i>affrodite.net</i>. PRNewswire-USNewswire. July 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=affrodite.net&rft.atitle=New+stamps+honors+Negro+Leagues+Baseball&rft.date=2010-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faffrodite.net%2F2010%2F07%2F15%2Fnew-stamps-honors-negro-leagues-baseball%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrueger2010" class="citation web cs1">Krueger, Anne (May 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/may/06/negro-leagues-players-get-stamp-on-history/">"Negro Leagues players get stamp on history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune" title="The San Diego Union-Tribune">The San Diego Union-Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2011</span>. <q>The stamps were created by San Diego artist <a href="/wiki/Kadir_Nelson" title="Kadir Nelson">Kadir Nelson</a>, who also wrote a book about Negro leagues baseball that is filled with his paintings of the players and the lives they led as they traveled from town to town in their segregated league.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Negro+Leagues+players+get+stamp+on+history&rft.date=2010-05-06&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signonsandiego.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2Fmay%2F06%2Fnegro-leagues-players-get-stamp-on-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mysticstamp.com/Products/United-States/4466/USA/">"#4466 – 2010 44c Negro Leagues Baseball: Rube Foster"</a>. <i>mysticstamp</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mysticstamp&rft.atitle=%234466+%E2%80%93+2010+44c+Negro+Leagues+Baseball%3A+Rube+Foster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysticstamp.com%2FProducts%2FUnited-States%2F4466%2FUSA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linns.com/news/us-stamps-postal-history/2016/september/born-september-17-rube-foster.html">"Born Sept. 17: Rube Foster"</a>. <i>linns stamp news</i>. September 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=linns+stamp+news&rft.atitle=Born+Sept.+17%3A+Rube+Foster&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linns.com%2Fnews%2Fus-stamps-postal-history%2F2016%2Fseptember%2Fborn-september-17-rube-foster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauser2006" class="citation book cs1">Hauser, Christopher (2006). <i>The Negro Leagues Chronology: Events in Organized Black Baseball, 1920–1948</i>. London: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786442362" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786442362"><bdi>978-0786442362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Negro+Leagues+Chronology%3A+Events+in+Organized+Black+Baseball%2C+1920%E2%80%931948&rft.place=London&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0786442362&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2006" class="citation book cs1">Hogan, Lawrence B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shadesofgloryneg00hoga/page/422"><i>Shades of Glory: The Negro Leagues and the Story of American Baseball</i></a>. Foreword by Jules Tyeiel, Contributions from <a href="/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum">National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum</a> (illustrated ed.). Enfield: National Geographic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shadesofgloryneg00hoga/page/422">422</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-5306-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-5306-8"><bdi>978-0-7922-5306-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shades+of+Glory%3A+The+Negro+Leagues+and+the+Story+of+American+Baseball&rft.place=Enfield&rft.pages=422&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7922-5306-8&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshadesofgloryneg00hoga%2Fpage%2F422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolway2001" class="citation book cs1">Holway, John (2001). Johnson, Lloyd; Borst, Rachel (eds.). <i>The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues: The Other Half of Baseball History</i>. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Buck_O%27Neil" title="Buck O'Neil">Buck O'Neil</a>; afterword by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Williams" title="Ted Williams">Ted Williams</a>. Fern Park, Florida: Hastings House. p. 510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8038-2007-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8038-2007-0"><bdi>0-8038-2007-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+Baseball%27s+Negro+Leagues%3A+The+Other+Half+of+Baseball+History&rft.place=Fern+Park%2C+Florida&rft.pages=510&rft.pub=Hastings+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8038-2007-0&rft.aulast=Holway&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanctot2008" class="citation book cs1">Lanctot, Neil (2008) [First published 2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negroleaguebaseb0000lanc/page/512"><i>Negro League Baseball: The Rise and Ruin of a Black Institution</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negroleaguebaseb0000lanc/page/512">512</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2027-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2027-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-2027-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negro+League+Baseball%3A+The+Rise+and+Ruin+of+a+Black+Institution&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=512&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-2027-8&rft.aulast=Lanctot&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegroleaguebaseb0000lanc%2Fpage%2F512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindbergh2020" class="citation web cs1">Lindbergh, Ben (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theringer.com/mlb/2020/8/14/21368488/major-league-negro-leagues-classification">"As It Celebrates the Centennial of the Negro Leagues, MLB May Undo a 'Major' Mistake"</a>. <i>The Ringer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ringer&rft.atitle=As+It+Celebrates+the+Centennial+of+the+Negro+Leagues%2C+MLB+May+Undo+a+%27Major%27+Mistake&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Lindbergh&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theringer.com%2Fmlb%2F2020%2F8%2F14%2F21368488%2Fmajor-league-negro-leagues-classification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloy2005" class="citation book cs1">Malloy, Jerry (2005). Kirwin, Bill (ed.). <i>Out of the Shadows: African American Baseball from the Cuban Giants to Jackie Robinson</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Shadows%3A+African+American+Baseball+from+the+Cuban+Giants+to+Jackie+Robinson&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Malloy&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibowsky1995" class="citation book cs1">Ribowsky, Mark (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completehistoryo00ribo"><i>A Complete History of the Negro Leagues</i></a>. Carol Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55972-283-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55972-283-5"><bdi>1-55972-283-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+History+of+the+Negro+Leagues&rft.pub=Carol+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-55972-283-5&rft.aulast=Ribowsky&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletehistoryo00ribo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley1994" class="citation book cs1">Riley, James A. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicalency00rile"><i>The Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues</i></a></span>. Carroll & Graf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-0959-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-0959-6"><bdi>0-7867-0959-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+the+Negro+Baseball+Leagues&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7867-0959-6&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicalency00rile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTygiel1992" class="citation journal cs1">Tygiel, Jules (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25162852">"OAH Magazine of History"</a>. <i>The Negro Leagues</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 24–27. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25162852">25162852</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Negro+Leagues&rft.atitle=OAH+Magazine+of+History&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-27&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25162852%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tygiel&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25162852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Histories and encyclopedias</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2007" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Brian (2007). <i>When to Stop the Cheering?: The Black Press, the Black Community, and the Integration of Professional Baseball</i>. Studies in African American history and culture. New York: Routledge. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97938-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97938-2"><bdi>978-0-415-97938-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+to+Stop+the+Cheering%3F%3A+The+Black+Press%2C+the+Black+Community%2C+and+the+Integration+of+Professional+Baseball&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Studies+in+African+American+history+and+culture&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97938-2&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkLesterSociety_for_American_Baseball_ResearchNegro_Leagues_Committee1994" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Dick; Lester, Larry; <a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Research" title="Society for American Baseball Research">Society for American Baseball Research</a>; Negro Leagues Committee (1994). Clark, Dick; Lester, Larry (eds.). <i>The Negro Leagues Book</i> (illustrated ed.). Cleveland, Ohio: Society for American Baseball Research. p. 382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-0959-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-0959-6"><bdi>0-7867-0959-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Negro+Leagues+Book&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=382&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Society+for+American+Baseball+Research&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7867-0959-6&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft.au=Lester%2C+Larry&rft.au=Society+for+American+Baseball+Research&rft.au=Negro+Leagues+Committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Phil S. <i>The Negro Baseball Leagues: A Photographic History, 1867–1955</i>. Amereon House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Negro+Baseball+Leagues%3A+A+Photographic+History%2C+1867%E2%80%931955&rft.pub=Amereon+House&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Phil+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span> 1992 winner of <a href="/wiki/CASEY_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="CASEY Award">CASEY Award</a> for best baseball book.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Phil S. <i>The Monarchs 1920–1938 Featuring Wilber "Bullet" Rogan The Greatest Ballplayer in Cooperstown</i>. Mariah Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monarchs+1920%E2%80%931938+Featuring+Wilber+%22Bullet%22+Rogan+The+Greatest+Ballplayer+in+Cooperstown&rft.pub=Mariah+Press&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Phil+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeaphy2003" class="citation book cs1">Heaphy, Leslie (2003). <i>The Negro Leagues, 1869–1960</i> (illustrated ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1380-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1380-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-1380-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Negro+Leagues%2C+1869%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=375&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1380-5&rft.aulast=Heaphy&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kadir_Nelson" title="Kadir Nelson">Nelson, Kadir</a> (2008). <i>We Are the Ship: The Story of Negro League Baseball</i>. Jump at the Sun/Hyperion.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Are+the+Ship%3A+The+Story+of+Negro+League+Baseball&rft.pub=Jump+at+the+Sun%2FHyperion&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Kadir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span> 2008 winner of <a href="/wiki/CASEY_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="CASEY Award">CASEY Award</a> for best baseball book.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Peterson_(writer)" title="Robert W. Peterson (writer)">Peterson, Robert</a> (1992) [First published 1970]. <i>Only the Ball Was White: A History of Legendary Black Players and All-Black Professional Teams</i> (reprint, illustrated ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507637-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507637-0"><bdi>0-19-507637-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Only+the+Ball+Was+White%3A+A+History+of+Legendary+Black+Players+and+All-Black+Professional+Teams&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=406&rft.edition=reprint%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-507637-0&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteMalloy1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sol_White" title="Sol White">White, Sol</a>; Malloy, Jerry (1995) [First published 1907 as <i>Sol. White's Official Base Ball Guide</i>]. <i>Sol White's History of Colored Base Ball, with Other Documents on the Early Black Game, 1886–1936</i>. Compiled and introduced by Jerry Malloy (Revised ed.). University of Nebraska Press. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-9783-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-9783-1"><bdi>0-8032-9783-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sol+White%27s+History+of+Colored+Base+Ball%2C+with+Other+Documents+on+the+Early+Black+Game%2C+1886%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=187&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8032-9783-1&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Sol&rft.au=Malloy%2C+Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Biographies and autobiographies</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Josh Gibson: The Power and the Darkness</i>. Mark Ribowsky. Biography.</li> <li><i>Josh and Satch</i> by John Holway. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88184-817-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88184-817-4">0-88184-817-4</a>.</li> <li><i>Don't Look Back: Satchel Paige in the Shadows of the Game</i>. Mark Ribowsky. Biography.</li> <li><i>Maybe I'll Pitch Forever</i> by Satchel Paige. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-8732-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-8732-1">0-8032-8732-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Phil S. <i>Andrew "Rube" Foster: A Harvest on Freedom's Fields</i>. Xlibris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+%22Rube%22+Foster%3A+A+Harvest+on+Freedom%27s+Fields&rft.pub=Xlibris&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Phil+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>I Was Right On Time</i> by <a href="/wiki/Buck_O%27Neil" title="Buck O'Neil">Buck O'Neil</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83247-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83247-X">0-684-83247-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Phil S. <i>John "Buck" O'Neil: The Rookie, The Man, The Legacy, 1938</i>. Authorhouse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+%22Buck%22+O%27Neil%3A+The+Rookie%2C+The+Man%2C+The+Legacy%2C+1938&rft.pub=Authorhouse&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Phil+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Phil S. <i>Wilber "Bullet" Rogan and the Kansas City Monarchs</i>. McFarland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilber+%22Bullet%22+Rogan+and+the+Kansas+City+Monarchs&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Phil+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+league+baseball" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Blackball Stars</i>, as told to John Holway; a collection of first-person accounts of the Negro leagues by the men who played in them. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88736-094-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88736-094-7">0-88736-094-7</a>.</li> <li><i>Some Are Called Clowns</i> by Bill Heward & Dimitri Gat (1974). The first white player with the Indianapolis Clowns tells of his 1973 season of barnstorming. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-690-00469-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-690-00469-9">0-690-00469-9</a>.</li> <li><i>Ruling Over Monarchs, Giants & Stars: Umpiring in the Negro Leagues & Beyond</i>, by Bob Motley. First-hand account of umpiring in the dying days of Negro league ball. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59670-236-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59670-236-2">1-59670-236-2</a>.</li> <li><i>20 Years Too Soon</i>, by Quincy Trouppe. Memoir of a longtime Negro League player and manager, who played briefly as a 39-year-old rookie for the Cleveland Indians in 1952. Privately published, 1977; reprinted 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-883-98207-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-883-98207-3">1-883-98207-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_league_baseball&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Baseball Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204041519/http://www.umsl.edu/~whmc/guides/nleague.htm">Negro League Baseball Project (3 interviews) via Western Historical Manuscript Collection – University of Missouri-St. Louis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/01/sports/baseball/01tombstone.html?hp">For Negro League Players, a Measure of Recognition, <i>The New York Times</i>, 30 June 2010</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%22black+diamonds%22+%22stephen+banker%22+%22oral+history%22">Black Diamonds: An Oral History of the Negro Leagues (six audio programs)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Negro_league_baseball" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Negro_League_teams" title="Template:Negro League teams"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Negro_League_teams" title="Template talk:Negro League teams"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Negro_League_teams" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Negro League teams"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Negro_league_baseball" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Negro league baseball</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Negro_league_baseball_players" title="Lists of Negro league baseball players">List of players</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_players_(A%E2%80%93D)" title="List of Negro league baseball players (A–D)">A–D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_players_(E%E2%80%93L)" title="List of Negro league baseball players (E–L)">E–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_players_(M%E2%80%93R)" title="List of Negro league baseball players (M–R)">M–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_players_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of Negro league baseball players (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_black_Major_League_Baseball_players" title="List of first black Major League Baseball players">First black players in MLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_players_who_played_in_Major_League_Baseball" title="List of Negro league baseball players who played in Major League Baseball">Negro leaguers who played in MLB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-season</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_postseason_games" title="List of Negro league baseball postseason games">List of Negro league baseball postseason games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_champions" title="List of Negro league baseball champions">List of league champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_World_Series" title="Negro World Series">Negro World Series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Series" title="American Series">American Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serie_Monumental" title="Serie Monumental">Serie Monumental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Negro_league_baseball_teams" title="Lists of Negro league baseball teams">List of teams by state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_Negro_league_baseball_teams" title="List of major Negro league baseball teams">major league teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Negro_league_baseball_teams" title="List of minor Negro league baseball teams">minor league teams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Negro_league_baseball_teams" title="Timeline of Negro league baseball teams">Timeline of teams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leagues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leagues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(1920%E2%80%931931)" title="Negro National League (1920–1931)">Negro National League (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Colored_League" title="Eastern Colored League">Eastern Colored League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Negro_League" title="American Negro League">American Negro League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_League" title="East–West League">East–West League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Southern_League_(1920%E2%80%931936)" title="Negro Southern League (1920–1936)">Negro Southern League (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(1933%E2%80%931948)" title="Negro National League (1933–1948)">Negro National League (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_American_League" title="Negro American League">Negro American League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-leagues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_League_of_Colored_Base_Ballists" title="Southern League of Colored Base Ballists">Southern League of Colored Base Ballists (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Colored_Base_Ball_League" title="National Colored Base Ball League">National Colored Base Ball League (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_League_of_Independent_Professional_Base_Ball_Clubs" title="International League of Independent Professional Base Ball Clubs">International League of Independent Professional Base Ball Clubs (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Colored_Baseball_Clubs_of_the_United_States_and_Cuba" title="National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba">National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba (1907–1909)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor leagues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Southern_League_(1920%E2%80%931936)" title="Negro Southern League (1920–1936)">Negro Southern League (1920–1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Colored_League" title="Texas Colored League">Texas Colored League (1919–1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_American_Association" title="Negro American Association">Negro American Association (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Major_League" title="Negro Major League">Negro Major League (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_League" title="United States League">United States League (1945–1946)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Southern_League_(1945%E2%80%931951)" title="Negro Southern League (1945–1951)">Negro Southern League (1945–1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Negro_Baseball_Association" title="West Coast Negro Baseball Association">West Coast Negro Baseball Association (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_American_Association" title="Negro American Association">Negro American Association (1948–1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_American_League" title="Negro American League">Negro American League (1951–1960)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Negro_league_baseball_no-hitters" title="List of Negro league baseball no-hitters">No-hitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_All-Star_Game" title="East–West All-Star Game">East–West All-Star Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Leagues_Baseball_Museum" title="Negro Leagues Baseball Museum">Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Negro_league_baseball" title="Category:Negro league baseball">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science<br />and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations<br />and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a 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of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Baseball_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baseball_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Baseball in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Baseball_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Baseball in the United States (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baseball_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baseball in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Baseball_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_the_United_States" title="Baseball in the United States">Baseball in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/WBSC_Americas" title="WBSC Americas">WBSC Americas</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governing bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USA_Baseball" title="USA Baseball">USA Baseball</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(international)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_baseball" title="Commissioner of baseball">Commissioner of Baseball</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(professional)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_national_baseball_team" title="United States national baseball team">Men's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_national_under-18_baseball_team" title="United States national under-18 baseball team">U-18</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_baseball_team" title="United States women's national baseball team">Women's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Professional" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_baseball" title="Professional baseball">Professional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_League" title="American League">American League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor_league" title="Minor league">Minor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">MiLB</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)" title="Triple-A (baseball)">Triple-A</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_League" title="International League">International League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League" title="Pacific Coast League">Pacific Coast League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)" title="Double-A (baseball)">Double-A</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_League_(1938%E2%80%93present)" title="Eastern League (1938–present)">Eastern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_League_(1964%E2%80%93present)" title="Southern League (1964–present)">Southern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_League" title="Texas League">Texas League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/High-A" title="High-A">High-A</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_League" title="Midwest League">Midwest League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_League" title="Northwest League">Northwest League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_League" title="South Atlantic League">South Atlantic League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Single-A" title="Single-A">Single-A</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_League" title="California League">California League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_League" title="Carolina League">Carolina League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_State_League" title="Florida State League">Florida State League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball#Rookie" title="Minor League Baseball">Rookie</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Complex_League" title="Arizona Complex League">Arizona Complex League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Complex_League" title="Florida Complex League">Florida Complex League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Fall_League" title="Arizona Fall League">Arizona Fall League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_baseball_league" title="Independent baseball league">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Professional_Baseball" title="American Association of Professional Baseball">American Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball" title="Atlantic League of Professional Baseball">Atlantic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_League" title="Frontier League">Frontier League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_League_(baseball)" title="Pioneer League (baseball)">Pioneer League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLB_Draft_League" title="MLB Draft League">MLB Draft League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/College_baseball" title="College baseball">Collegiate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_baseball_tournament" title="NCAA Division I baseball tournament">DI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_World_Series" title="College World Series">College World Series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_baseball_tournament" title="NCAA Division II baseball tournament">DII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_III_baseball_tournament" title="NCAA Division III baseball tournament">DIII</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAIA_World_Series" title="NAIA World Series">NAIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_summer_baseball" title="Collegiate summer baseball">Collegiate summer baseball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Youth_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth baseball">Youth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_League_World_Series" title="Little League World Series">Little League World Series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards & honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MLB</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_records" title="List of Major League Baseball career records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_awards" title="List of Major League Baseball awards">Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_awards#U.S._minor_leagues" title="Baseball awards">Minor league awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_college_baseball_awards" title="List of college baseball awards">Collegiate awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hosted events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Baseball_Classic" title="World Baseball Classic">World Baseball Classic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_World_Baseball_Classic" title="2006 World Baseball Classic">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_World_Baseball_Classic" title="2009 World Baseball Classic">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_World_Baseball_Classic" title="2013 World Baseball Classic">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_World_Baseball_Classic" title="2017 World Baseball Classic">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_World_Baseball_Classic" title="2023 World Baseball Classic">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Baseball at the Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="Baseball at the 1984 Summer Olympics">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Baseball at the 1996 Summer Olympics">1996</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Baseball at the Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_at_the_1959_Pan_American_Games" title="Baseball at the 1959 Pan American Games">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_at_the_1987_Pan_American_Games" title="Baseball at the 1987 Pan American Games">1987</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Series" title="Caribbean Series">Caribbean Series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Caribbean_Series" title="1990 Caribbean Series">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Caribbean_Series" title="1991 Caribbean Series">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Caribbean_Series" title="2024 Caribbean Series">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Amateur_World_Series" title="1974 Amateur World Series">1974 Amateur World Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_World_Series" title="Global World Series">Global World Series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1955_Global_World_Series" title="1955 Global World Series">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_World_Series" title="Global World Series">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_World_Series" title="Global World Series">1957</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_baseball_in_the_United_States" title="History of baseball in the United States">History of baseball in the United States</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum">National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Major_League_Baseball_and_Nippon_Professional_Baseball" title="Comparison of Major League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball">Comparison of MLB and NPB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Professional_baseball_leagues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Professional_Baseball" title="Template:Professional Baseball"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Professional_Baseball" title="Template talk:Professional Baseball"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Professional_Baseball" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Professional Baseball"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Professional_baseball_leagues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_sports_leagues#Baseball" title="List of professional sports leagues">Professional baseball leagues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Americas"><b>Americas</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_League" title="American League">American League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">Minor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)" title="Triple-A (baseball)">Triple-A</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_League" title="International League">International League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League" title="Pacific Coast League">Pacific Coast League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)" title="Double-A (baseball)">Double-A</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_League_(1938%E2%80%93present)" title="Eastern League (1938–present)">Eastern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_League_(1964%E2%80%93present)" title="Southern League (1964–present)">Southern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_League" title="Texas League">Texas League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/High-A" title="High-A">High-A</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_League" title="Midwest League">Midwest League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_League" title="Northwest League">Northwest League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_League" title="South Atlantic League">South Atlantic League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Single-A" title="Single-A">Single-A</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_League" title="California League">California League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_League" title="Carolina League">Carolina League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_State_League" title="Florida State League">Florida State League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball#Rookie" title="Minor League Baseball">Rookie</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Complex_League" title="Arizona Complex League">Arizona Complex League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Summer_League" title="Dominican Summer League">Dominican Summer League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Complex_League" title="Florida Complex League">Florida Complex League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Independent_baseball_league" title="Independent baseball league">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">MLB Partner Leagues</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Professional_Baseball" title="American Association of Professional Baseball">American Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball" title="Atlantic League of Professional Baseball">Atlantic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_League" title="Frontier League">Frontier League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_League_(baseball)" title="Pioneer League (baseball)">Pioneer League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLB_Draft_League" title="MLB Draft League">MLB Draft League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Non-partnered leagues</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_National_Series" title="Cuban National Series">Cuban National Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_National_Championship_AA_League" title="Curaçao National Championship AA League">Curaçao AA League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Empire Professional Baseball League">Empire League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_League" title="Mexican League">Mexican League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liga_Norte_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Liga Norte de México">Liga Norte de México</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecos_League" title="Pecos League">Pecos League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Shore_Professional_Baseball_League" title="United Shore Professional Baseball League">United Shore League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Major_League" title="Venezuelan Major League">Venezuelan Major League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Pro_Baseball_League" title="Women's Pro Baseball League">Women's Pro Baseball League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Winter_league_baseball" title="Winter league baseball">Off-season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">MLB-affiliated</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Fall_League" title="Arizona Fall League">Arizona Fall League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Dominican Professional Baseball League">Dominican Professional Baseball League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Pacific_League" title="Mexican Pacific League">Mexican Pacific League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liga_de_B%C3%A9isbol_Profesional_Roberto_Clemente" title="Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente">Puerto Rico Baseball League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Venezuelan Professional Baseball League">Venezuelan Professional Baseball League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liga_Paralela_de_B%C3%A9isbol_en_Venezuela" title="Liga Paralela de Béisbol en Venezuela">Liga Paralela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Independent</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Baseball_League" title="Argentine Baseball League">Argentine Baseball League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Colombian Professional Baseball League">Colombian Professional Baseball League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Elite_League" title="Cuban Elite League">Cuban Elite League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Curaçao Professional Baseball League">Curaçao Professional Baseball League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Nicaraguan Professional Baseball League">Nicaraguan Professional Baseball League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Panamanian Professional Baseball League">Panamanian Professional Baseball League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liga_Invernal_Veracruzana" title="Liga Invernal Veracruzana">Veracruz Winter League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">MLB-recognized</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_(1882%E2%80%931891)" title="American Association (1882–1891)">American Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_League" title="Federal League">Federal League</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Players%27_League" title="Players' League">Players' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Association" title="Union Association">Union Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other major</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League" title="All-American Girls Professional Baseball League">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_League" title="Continental League">Continental League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_League" title="Cuban League">Cuban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Players" title="National Association of Professional Base Ball Players">National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Baseball_League" title="United States Baseball League">United States Baseball League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Minor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_minor_baseball_leagues_in_the_United_States" title="List of defunct minor baseball leagues in the United States">List of defunct minor leagues</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Asia"><b>Asia</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Baseball_League" title="China National Baseball League">China National Baseball League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Defunct_major" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Defunct major</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Baseball_League" title="Israel Baseball League">Israel Baseball League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Major</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball" title="Nippon Professional Baseball">Nippon Professional Baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_League" title="Central League">Central League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_League" title="Pacific League">Pacific League</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Minor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_League_(Japanese_baseball)" title="Eastern League (Japanese baseball)">Eastern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_League_(Japanese_baseball)" title="Western League (Japanese baseball)">Western League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Off-season</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miyazaki_Phoenix_League" title="Miyazaki Phoenix League">Miyazaki Phoenix League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Independent</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_Challenge_League" title="Baseball Challenge League">Baseball Challenge League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikoku_Island_League_Plus" title="Shikoku Island League Plus">Shikoku Island League Plus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Women's</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Women%27s_Baseball_League" title="Japan Women's Baseball League">Japan Women's Baseball League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">South Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Major</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KBO_League" title="KBO League">KBO League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Minor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KBO_Futures_League" title="KBO Futures League">KBO Futures League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Taiwan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Major</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Chinese Professional Baseball League">Chinese Professional Baseball League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Minor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Chinese Professional Baseball League">Chinese Professional Baseball League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Defunct major</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Major_League" title="Taiwan Major League">Taiwan Major League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Europe"><b>Europe</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Italy and San Marino</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baseball_League" title="Italian Baseball League">Italian Baseball League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Major</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honkbal_Hoofdklasse" title="Honkbal Hoofdklasse">Honkbal Hoofdklasse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Minor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honkbal_Overgangsklasse" title="Honkbal Overgangsklasse">Honkbal Overgangsklasse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Rookie</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honkbal_Rookie_League" title="Honkbal Rookie League">Honkbal Rookie League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Oceania"><b>Oceania</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="MLB-affiliated:" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">MLB-affiliated:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Baseball_League" title="Australian Baseball League">Australian Baseball League</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Inter-league"><b>Inter-league</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Professional_Baseball_Championship" title="Asia Professional Baseball Championship">Asia Professional Baseball Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Winter_Baseball_League" title="Asia Winter Baseball League">Asia Winter Baseball League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Series" title="Caribbean Series">Caribbean Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Series" title="Latin American Series">Latin American Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-A_National_Championship_Game" title="Triple-A National Championship Game">Triple-A National Championship Game</a></li></ul> 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