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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portable_wooden-made" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portable_wooden-made"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Portable wooden-made</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portable_wooden-made-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fixed_wooden-made" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixed_wooden-made"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fixed wooden-made</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixed_wooden-made-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal-made" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal-made"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Metal-made</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal-made-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_&_Byzantine_rite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_&_Byzantine_rite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Origin & Byzantine rite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_&_Byzantine_rite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern-period_use_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern-period_use_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Modern-period use by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-period_use_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syriac_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syriac_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Syriac Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syriac_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_composers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_composers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Modern composers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_composers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%AB%DC%90" title="ܢܩܘܫܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܩܘܫܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Клепало – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клепало" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantron" title="Semantron – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Semantron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantron" title="Semantron – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Semantron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Σήμαντρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σήμαντρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toaca" title="Toaca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Toaca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantron" title="Semantron – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Semantron" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simandre_(liturgie)" title="Simandre (liturgie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Simandre (liturgie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simandro" title="Simandro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Simandro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1" title="נאקוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נאקוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szimandron" title="Szimandron – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szimandron" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Клепало – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клепало" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantron" title="Semantron – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Semantron" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantron" title="Semantron – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Semantron" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilo" title="Bilo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bilo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toac%C4%83" title="Toacă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Toacă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Било – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Било" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Клепало – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клепало" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Било (музика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Било (музика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Percussion instrument used in monasteries</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Toaca" redirects here. For the village in <a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_County" title="Mureș County">Mureș County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Hodac" title="Hodac">Hodac</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Xulon" redirects here. For the <a href="/wiki/Print_on_demand" title="Print on demand">print on demand</a> publisher, see <a href="/wiki/Xulon_Press" title="Xulon Press">Xulon Press</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A01_5873.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/A01_5873.JPG/333px-A01_5873.JPG" decoding="async" width="333" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/A01_5873.JPG/500px-A01_5873.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/A01_5873.JPG/666px-A01_5873.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A Russian monk playing a semantron</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Category:Eastern Orthodoxy">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/140px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/210px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/280px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2900" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of theology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Church history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Sacrament">Holy Mysteries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">View of salvation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">View of Mary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#Eastern_Orthodox_teaching" title="Icon">View of icons</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension<br />of Jesus</a></div></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clergy#Orthodoxy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Eastern Orthodox Church)">Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Orthodox Church)">Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Eastern_Catholicism" title="Deacon">Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian_monasticism#Byzantine_monasticism" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism" title="Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism">Degrees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_brotherhood" title="Orthodox brotherhood">Bratstvo</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Lands and Slovakia</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches <i>de jure</i>: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Archdiocese_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid">North Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukraine (OCU)</a></li></ul> <p>Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukraine (UOC)</a></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonia (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Japan (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Americas (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabia (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldova (MP)</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Semi-Autonomous: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Crete" title="Church of Crete">Crete (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">ROCOR (MP)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Episcopal assemblies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_Oceania" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania">Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Austria" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Belgium,_Holland,_and_Luxembourg" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg">Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_France" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Germany" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Italy_and_Malta" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Italy and Malta">Italy and Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Scandinavia" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Spain and Portugal">Spain and Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">United States of America</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Noncanonical jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="True Orthodoxy">True Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Orthodox_Catholic_Church" title="American Orthodox Catholic Church">American Orthodox Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_World_Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="American World Patriarchs">American World Patriarchs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Churches_that_are_unrecognized" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">National</a> churches:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church" title="Abkhazian Orthodox Church">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Italy" title="Orthodox Church in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Orthodox_Churches_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Orthodox Churches in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Orthodox Church">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kyiv_Patriarchate" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate">UOC–KP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Orthodox_Church" title="Evangelical Orthodox Church">Evangelical Orthodox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First Seven Ecumenical Councils</a>:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Seventh</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other possible ecumenical councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">Ninth</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other important councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jassy" title="Synod of Jassy">Jassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moscow_Synod" title="Great Moscow Synod">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(1872)" title="Council of Constantinople (1872)">Constantinople (1872)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of Eastern Orthodox theology</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology_in_the_20th_century" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology in the 20th century">20th century (Neo-Palamism)</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Contemplative prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence vs. Energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepsis" title="Nepsis">Nepsis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Oikonomia</a></i> vs <i><a href="/wiki/Akribeia" title="Akribeia">Akribeia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_view_of_sin" title="Eastern Orthodox view of sin">Sin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Differences from the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_regarding_the_Filioque" title="Eastern Orthodox teaching regarding the Filioque">Opposition to the Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Opposition to papal supremacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy and worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Divine Services</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist" title="Akathist">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolytikion" title="Apolytikion">Apolytikion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artos" title="Artos">Artos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectenia" title="Ectenia">Ectenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">Holy Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">Iconostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontakion" title="Kontakion">Kontakion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrance_(liturgical)" title="Entrance (liturgical)">Liturgical entrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_fan_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical fan in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Liturgical fans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lity_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lity in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Lity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_service_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Memorial service in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Memorial service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Eternal" title="Memory Eternal">Memory Eternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowing_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Bowing in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox bowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraklesis" title="Paraklesis">Paraklesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_greeting" title="Paschal greeting">Paschal greeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Homily" title="Paschal Homily">Paschal Homily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_troparion" title="Paschal troparion">Paschal troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rope" title="Prayer rope">Prayer rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphora" title="Prosphora">Prosphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian bell ringing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Semantron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticheron" title="Sticheron">Sticheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparion" title="Troparion">Troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment#Byzantine_Rite" title="Vestment">Vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurible#Byzantine_Rite" title="Thurible">Use of incense</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Liturgical calendar</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_cycle" title="Paschal cycle">Paschal cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_feasts_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church">12 Great Feasts</a></li> <li>Other feasts:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Orthodoxy" title="Feast of Orthodoxy">Feast of Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_the_Theotokos" title="Intercession of the Theotokos">Intercession of the Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>The four fasting periods:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Apostles' Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_Fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition Fast">Dormition Fast</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saints" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saints">Saints</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_saints_(until_15th_century)" title="List of Russian saints (until 15th century)">Russian (until 15th century)</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_in_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="List of saints in the Russian Orthodox Church">Russian (post-15th century)</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Serbian saints">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Eastern_Orthodox_saints" title="List of American Eastern Orthodox saints">American</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_the_Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim the Syrian">Ephraim the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">Theodore the Studite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassia" title="Kassia">Kassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photius_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Photius I of Constantinople">Photius I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sava_I_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sava I of Serbia">Sava I of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocent_of_Alaska" title="Innocent of Alaska">Innocent of Alaska</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture" title="Eastern Orthodox church architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Orthodoxy" title="Folk Orthodoxy">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical_of_the_Eastern_Patriarchs" title="Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs">Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles">Saint titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Statistics by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>semantron</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">σήμαντρον</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion instrument</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> to summon the monastics to prayer or at the start of a <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">procession</a>. </p><p>It is also known as a <b>semandron</b>, <b>semanteriom</b> (σημαντήριον), <b>simantra</b> (σήμαντρα), <b>xylon</b> (ξύλον) and <b>talanto</b> (ταλαντο). In other languages, it is called as follows: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">toacă</i>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">било</span>, <i>bilo</i>; <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr-Cyrl">клепало</span></span>, <i>klepalo</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ناقوس</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Naqus" title="Naqus">nāqūs</a></i>; Armenian: կոչնակ, <i>kochnak</i> or <i>gochnag</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The instrument comes in three main varieties: portable, consisting of a long wooden plank held in the player's <a href="/wiki/Handedness" title="Handedness">non-dominant hand</a> and struck with a wooden mallet in the dominant; a larger, heavier, fixed timber block suspended by chains and struck by one or two mallets; and a fixed metal variety, often horseshoe-shaped and struck by a metal mallet.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The semantra are usually suspended by chains from a peg in the <i>proaulion</i> (porch of the catholicon) or perhaps outside the <a href="/wiki/Refectory" title="Refectory">refectory</a> door, or on a tree in the courtyard.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portable_wooden-made">Portable wooden-made</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Portable wooden-made"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toac%C4%83_portabil%C4%83,_M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Mu%C8%99unoaiele,_VN,_Rom%C3%A2nia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Toac%C4%83_portabil%C4%83%2C_M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Mu%C8%99unoaiele%2C_VN%2C_Rom%C3%A2nia.jpg/220px-Toac%C4%83_portabil%C4%83%2C_M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Mu%C8%99unoaiele%2C_VN%2C_Rom%C3%A2nia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Toac%C4%83_portabil%C4%83%2C_M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Mu%C8%99unoaiele%2C_VN%2C_Rom%C3%A2nia.jpg/330px-Toac%C4%83_portabil%C4%83%2C_M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Mu%C8%99unoaiele%2C_VN%2C_Rom%C3%A2nia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Toac%C4%83_portabil%C4%83%2C_M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Mu%C8%99unoaiele%2C_VN%2C_Rom%C3%A2nia.jpg/440px-Toac%C4%83_portabil%C4%83%2C_M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Mu%C8%99unoaiele%2C_VN%2C_Rom%C3%A2nia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A portable semantron at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%C8%99unoaiele_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mușunoaiele Monastery (page does not exist)">Mușunoaiele Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitione%C8%99ti" title="Fitionești">Fitionești</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. The mallet is visible behind the plank.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the portable wooden form, at the centre of the instrument's length, each edge is slightly scooped out to allow the player to grasp it by the left hand, while he or she holds a small wooden (or sometimes iron) <a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">mallet</a> in the right, with which to strike it in various parts and at various angles, eliciting loud, somewhat musical sounds (κροῦσμα, <i>krousma</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although simple, the instrument nonetheless produces a strong resonance and a variety of different intonations, depending on the thickness of the place struck and the intensity of the force used, so that quite subtle results can be obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillier_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillier-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djurdjevi_stupovi12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Djurdjevi_stupovi12.JPG/150px-Djurdjevi_stupovi12.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Djurdjevi_stupovi12.JPG/225px-Djurdjevi_stupovi12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Djurdjevi_stupovi12.JPG/300px-Djurdjevi_stupovi12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A portable wooden semantron standing in the <a href="/wiki/Katholikon" title="Katholikon">catholicon</a> of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ur%C4%91evi_stupovi" title="Đurđevi stupovi">Djurdjevi Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixed_wooden-made">Fixed wooden-made</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fixed wooden-made"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Lup%C5%9Fa,Alba-Cruce_%C5%9Fi_Toac%C4%83-IMG_29.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Lup%C5%9Fa%2CAlba-Cruce_%C5%9Fi_Toac%C4%83-IMG_29.JPG/220px-M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Lup%C5%9Fa%2CAlba-Cruce_%C5%9Fi_Toac%C4%83-IMG_29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Lup%C5%9Fa%2CAlba-Cruce_%C5%9Fi_Toac%C4%83-IMG_29.JPG/330px-M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Lup%C5%9Fa%2CAlba-Cruce_%C5%9Fi_Toac%C4%83-IMG_29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Lup%C5%9Fa%2CAlba-Cruce_%C5%9Fi_Toac%C4%83-IMG_29.JPG/440px-M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Lup%C5%9Fa%2CAlba-Cruce_%C5%9Fi_Toac%C4%83-IMG_29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Fixed wooden semantron at <a href="/wiki/Lup%C8%99a" title="Lupșa">Lupșa</a> Monastery, Romania</figcaption></figure> <p>The fixed wooden semantron is made of a long, well-planed piece of timber, usually heart of <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a> (but also <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>), from 12 feet (3.7 m) and upwards in length, by <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> feet (46 cm) broad, and 9 inches (23 cm) in thickness.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal-made">Metal-made</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Metal-made"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A metal semantron, smaller than those of wood, is usually hung near the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Katholikon" title="Katholikon">catholicon</a> (the monastery's main church).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metal variety is made of iron or brass (ἁγιοσίδηρα, <i>hagiosidera</i> / клепало, <i>klepalo</i>);<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed of slightly curved metal plates, these give out a sound not unlike that of a <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the traditional monastic <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">ritual</a>, before each service the assigned player takes a wooden semantron and, standing before the west end of the catholicon, strikes on it three hard and distinct blows with the mallet. He then proceeds round the outside of the church, turning to the four quarters and playing on the instrument by striking blows of varying force on different parts of the wood at uneven intervals, always winding up the "tune" with three blows similar to those at the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-Riley_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where there is a metal semantron, it is customary to strike it after the wooden one has been played.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The semantron is sounded every midnight for night offices (<a href="/wiki/Midnight_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Midnight Office">Midnight Office</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-Riley_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is done by the candle-lighter (κανδηλάπτης, <i>kandilaptis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantron&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilo_SR_musei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A wooden semantron in Staraya Russa museum, Russia"><img alt="A wooden semantron in Staraya Russa museum, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bilo_SR_musei.jpg/102px-Bilo_SR_musei.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bilo_SR_musei.jpg/153px-Bilo_SR_musei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bilo_SR_musei.jpg/204px-Bilo_SR_musei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1484" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wooden semantron in <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Russa" title="Staraya Russa">Staraya Russa</a> museum, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fixed_wooden_semantron,_St._Stephen_Monastery,_Meteora,_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A fixed wooden semantron at the Monastery of St. Stephen, Meteora, Greece"><img alt="A fixed wooden semantron at the Monastery of St. Stephen, Meteora, Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fixed_wooden_semantron%2C_St._Stephen_Monastery%2C_Meteora%2C_Greece.jpg/120px-Fixed_wooden_semantron%2C_St._Stephen_Monastery%2C_Meteora%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fixed_wooden_semantron%2C_St._Stephen_Monastery%2C_Meteora%2C_Greece.jpg/180px-Fixed_wooden_semantron%2C_St._Stephen_Monastery%2C_Meteora%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fixed_wooden_semantron%2C_St._Stephen_Monastery%2C_Meteora%2C_Greece.jpg/240px-Fixed_wooden_semantron%2C_St._Stephen_Monastery%2C_Meteora%2C_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1837" data-file-height="1445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A fixed wooden semantron at the <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen_Monastery,_Meteora" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Stephen Monastery, Meteora">Monastery of St. Stephen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteora" title="Meteora">Meteora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toaca_Manastirii_Neamt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A metal semantron hanging at Neamţ Monastery, Romania"><img alt="A metal semantron hanging at Neamţ Monastery, Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Toaca_Manastirii_Neamt.jpg/120px-Toaca_Manastirii_Neamt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Toaca_Manastirii_Neamt.jpg/180px-Toaca_Manastirii_Neamt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Toaca_Manastirii_Neamt.jpg/240px-Toaca_Manastirii_Neamt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A metal semantron hanging at <a href="/wiki/Neam%C5%A3_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Neamţ Monastery">Neamţ Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clopotnita1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A fixed wooden semantron beneath bells at Căpuşneni church, Romania"><img alt="A fixed wooden semantron beneath bells at Căpuşneni church, Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Clopotnita1.JPG/120px-Clopotnita1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Clopotnita1.JPG/180px-Clopotnita1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Clopotnita1.JPG/240px-Clopotnita1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A fixed wooden semantron beneath bells at <a href="/wiki/Lipov%C4%83%C5%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipovăţ">Căpuşneni</a> church, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantron&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_&_Byzantine_rite"><span id="Origin_.26_Byzantine_rite"></span>Origin & Byzantine rite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantron&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origin & Byzantine rite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While continuing in daily use at monasteries and sometimes featuring at <a href="/wiki/Christian_burial" title="Christian burial">funerals</a> for their deep notes sounded at long intervals, as well as at other services, semantra have played a long-lasting part in Orthodox history. Their origin has been traced to at least the beginning of the 6th century, when the semantron had replaced the <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a> as the agent of convocation in the monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>; the rhythms struck on wood were soon vested with the aural memory of rhythmic blasts from earlier trumpets, an iconography of trumpeting that was eventually transferred to the <i>zvon</i> of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian bells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AI_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> and Egyptian origin, its use flourished in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and specifically on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> before spreading among <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> regions in what are now <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>. It both predates and substitutes for <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">bells</a>, which were, according to one account, first introduced to the East in 865 by the <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetians</a>, who gave a dozen to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Riley_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being used to call worshipers to prayer. </p><p>The joy shown at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> on the occasion of the <a href="/wiki/Translation_(relics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation (relics)">translation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> of St. <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_of_Persia" title="Anastasius of Persia">Anastasius</a>, who was martyred in 628, was shown by the beating of xyla. In the <i>Life of St. <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_the_Cenobiarch" title="Theodosius the Cenobiarch">Theodosius</a> the <a href="/wiki/Archimandrite" title="Archimandrite">Archimandrite</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/John_Moschus" title="John Moschus">John Moschus</a> during the 610s, one reads of some <a href="/wiki/Eutychianism" title="Eutychianism">Eutychian</a> monks of the party of <a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus</a> who, to disturb Theodosius (c. 423–529) at his devotion, "beat the wood" at an unwonted hour. <a href="/wiki/Sabbas_the_Sanctified" title="Sabbas the Sanctified">St. Sabas</a> (439–532) rose for his devotions "before the hour of striking."<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larger and smaller semantra have been used, the smaller being sounded first, followed by the larger, then by those of iron. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Balsamon" title="Theodore Balsamon">Theodore Balsamon</a> (12th century), in a treatise on the subject, compares the sounding of the little, great and iron semantra to the preaching of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Law</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Gospel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Last Trumpet</a>. He also says that the congregations were summoned by three semantra in monasteries, and only by one large one in parish churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, he emphasises the persistence of the semantron in the East as a symbolic manifestation of difference with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Latin</a> West (it remains unclear if some isolated practices in the West such as the <a href="/wiki/Basque_music" title="Basque music">Basque</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Txalaparta" title="Txalaparta">txalaparta</a></i> are associated with the pre-<a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">schism</a> liturgy); in <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, the use of bells did not really gather momentum until after the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> (1202–1204),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the 1453 <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> semantra still outnumbered bells by a five-to-one ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Semantra, from their size and shape, furnished formidable weapons, and were sometimes so used with fatal effect in a church brawl.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AI_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall,_John_Manley_p._147_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall,_John_Manley_p._147-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantron&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One reason why semantra continue to be used in southeastern Europe in particular is that the ringing of bells was outlawed during <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> times under Islamic rule, forcing monasteries to use the semantron instead; the practice then became customary.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall,_John_Manley_p._147_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall,_John_Manley_p._147-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern-period_use_by_country">Modern-period use by country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantron&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern-period use by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantron&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Bulgaria it largely fell into disuse after <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">independence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantron&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the techniques for playing the <i>bilo</i> were retained in bell-ringing <a href="/wiki/Rubrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubrics">rubrics</a>, and it could still be heard in more remote, rural areas at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillier_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillier-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, its use is restricted to the <a href="/wiki/Altay_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Altay Mountains">Altai region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believer</a> <a href="/wiki/Skete" title="Skete">sketes</a>, the latter retaining the aloofness toward outsiders that has characterised the group since it broke away from the main body of the Russian Orthodox Church (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Raskol" class="mw-redirect" title="Raskol">Raskol</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smolensky_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smolensky-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a semantron may be in use because the monastery cannot afford a bell.<sup id="cite_ref-Smolensky_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smolensky-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syriac_Orthodox">Syriac Orthodox</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantron&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Syriac Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox">Orthodox</a> hold the semantron in great veneration, based on an ancient tradition that <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> invented it. According to the story, God told him: "Make for yourself a bell of <a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">box-wood</a>, which is not liable to corruption, three cubits long and one and a half wide, and also a mallet from the same wood. Strike this instrument three separate times every day: once in the morning to summon the hands to the ark, once at midday to call them to dinner, and once in the evening to invite them to rest". The Syriacs strike their semantra when the liturgy is about to begin and when it is time to summon the people to public prayer. Their tradition also links the sound of the wood to the wood of the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> that caused <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> to fall when he plucked its fruit, and to the nailing to the wood of the cross of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a>, come to atone for <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">Adam's transgression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_composers">Modern composers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantron&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern composers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern classical composers who have written for the instrument include <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Wood_(musician)" title="James Wood (musician)">James Wood</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gordon_(composer)" title="Michael Gordon (composer)">Michael Gordon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantron&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimitri Conomos, "Semandron", p. 559, in <i>The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_McGuckin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Anthony McGuckin">John Anthony McGuckin</a>, ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2010, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-444-39254-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-444-39254-9">1-444-39254-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith and Cheetham, p. 1879.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillier-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillier_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillier_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiller, Paul. <i>Arvo Pärt</i>, p. 21. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816616-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816616-8">0-19-816616-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pennington, M. Basil. <i>The Monks of Mount Athos</i>, p. 303. SkyLight Paths Publishing, Woodstock, Vermont, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893361-78-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-893361-78-0">1-893361-78-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The root of било (approx. "hitting/striking thing") is бит ("to hit/strike); that of клепало is клеп via клепать ("to hit", but more precisely, "to strike upon something"). In Middle Russian, the term клепило meant "the bell". Dal', V. I., <i>The Interpreted Dictionary of the Living Great-Russian Language</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riley-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riley_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riley_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riley_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Athelstan_Riley" title="Athelstan Riley">Riley, Athelstan</a> (1887). <i>Athos: or, The Mountain of the Monks</i>, pp. 90-91. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, Longmans, Green. However, some doubt has been cast on the veracity of this account, but Greek resistance to bells certainly lasted some centuries; for details see Williams, E.V. <i>The Bells of Russia: History and Technology</i>, pp. 21-24, 31<i>ff</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, N.F. <i>Monasticism in the Orthodox Churches</i>, p. 147. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, Cope and Fenwick, 1916</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AI-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AI_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AI_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward V. Williams, "Aural Icons of Orthodoxy: The Sonic Typology of Russian Bells", pp. 3-5, in <i>Christianity and the Arts in Russia</i>, William C. Brumfield and Miloš M. Velimirović, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-41310-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-41310-9">0-521-41310-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Except in the city's Latin churches, which featured them as early as the 10th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burnett, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianbells.com/history/history2.html"><i>Overview of the Origin and History of Russian Bell-Founding</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall,_John_Manley_p._147-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall,_John_Manley_p._147_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall,_John_Manley_p._147_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, John Manley. <i>Greek Life: An Account of Past and Contemporary Conditions and Projects</i>, p. 147. Bay View Reading Club, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, 1908.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denton, William. <i>Servia and the Servians</i>, p. 209. Bell and Daldy, London, 1862.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pylyaev, M. I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danilovbells.com/bellsonrussia/publications_about_bells/historical_bells/">"Historical Bells"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smolensky-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smolensky_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smolensky_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smolensky, S. V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danilovbells.com/bellsonrussia/publications_about_bells/on_bell_ringing_in_russia.html"><i>On Bell Ringing in Russia</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Brien, John. <i>A History of the Mass and Its Ceremonies in the Eastern and Western Church</i>, pp. 148-149. Benziger Brothers, New York, 1879.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Holland_(percussionist)" title="James Holland (percussionist)">James Holland</a>, <i>Practical Percussion</i>, p. 42. Scarecrow Press, Lanham, MD, 2005, ISBN 978-146-1670-636</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Strohm, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/6683">Dusted Reviews</a> in <i>Dusted Magazine</i>, September 16, 2011</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantron&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Semantrons" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Semantrons">Semantrons</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Smith, William, and Cheetham, Samuel. <i>A Dictionary of Christian Antiquities</i>, p. 1879. <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>: J. B. Burr, 1880.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantron&oldid=1265221534">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantron&oldid=1265221534</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Percussion_idiophones" title="Category:Percussion idiophones">Percussion idiophones</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Percussion_instruments_played_with_specialised_beaters" title="Category:Percussion instruments played with specialised beaters">Percussion instruments played with specialised beaters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_percussion_instruments" title="Category:European percussion instruments">European percussion instruments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Christian_monasticism" title="Category:Eastern Christian monasticism">Eastern Christian monasticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Christian_liturgical_objects" title="Category:Eastern Christian liturgical objects">Eastern Christian liturgical objects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sacred_musical_instruments" title="Category:Sacred musical instruments">Sacred musical instruments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lithophones" title="Category:Lithophones">Lithophones</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Romanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Romanian-language text">Articles containing Romanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Serbian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Serbian-language text">Articles containing Serbian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 December 2024, at 20:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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