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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American socialist activist</div> <p><b>Abraham "Abram" Jakira</b> (1889? – 1931) was an American <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> political activist, newspaper editor, and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a> functionary. He is best remembered as one of the early Communist Party's factional leaders of the 1920s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abram_Jakira&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abram_Jakira&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abram Jakira is believed to have been born in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in about 1889. Little is known of his life prior to his coming to the United States in 1912. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_career">Political career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abram_Jakira&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jakira was an active member of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a> and was supportive of the <a href="/wiki/Left_Wing_Section_of_the_Socialist_Party" title="Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party">Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party</a> which emerged in 1919. Later that year he became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Communist Labor Party of America">Communist Labor Party of America</a> (CLP) and served as the Secretary of that organization's Russian-<a href="/wiki/Language_federation" title="Language federation">language federation</a>. He served as a member of the editorial board of the CLP, in charge of production of the party's Russian-language "underground" (secret and illegal) newspaper and pamphlets. </p><p>Jakira moved with the rest of the CLP into the new <a href="/wiki/United_Communist_Party_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United Communist Party of America">United Communist Party of America</a> (UCP) in May 1920. He was one of six members of that organization who prepared the UCP's program. In the summer of 1920, Jakira was named the organizer of the UCP's Russian Federation. During this period he used the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> "A. Dubner." He also later used the pseudonyms "A. Duboff," "Post," and "J. Miller" among other names. </p><p>On April 29, 1920, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> and the so-called "bomb squad" of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York City Police Department</a> conducted a raid on an apartment which proved to be the national headquarters of the United Communist Party. Jakira was one of those arrested in the sensational raid. He was held and released on $5,000 bail in May 1921. </p><p>Jakira briefly served on the governing Central Executive Committee of the UCP in June 1921, resigning due to "family matters" resulting from his need to regularly commute from <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> to party headquarters in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. </p><p>The United Communist Party and the old Communist Party of America united in the summer of 1921 to form a new, unified organization also called the Communist Party of America. In this organization Jakira was one of the primaries in the so-called "Goose Caucus" group which, seeing open operations in the face of law enforcement pressure as potentially disastrous, advocated continuation of the secret form of organization then being employed by the party. </p><p>Jakira was elected Executive Secretary of the CPA at the ill-fated August 1922 <a href="/wiki/1922_Bridgman_Convention" title="1922 Bridgman Convention">Bridgman Convention</a> of the CPA, while also sitting on the governing Central Executive Committee of the party's "legal" and aboveground arm, the <a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers Party of America</a> (WPA). In the six month interval which followed, the secret organization's size and influence withered, while the WPA, fueled particularly by an influx of new blood from the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Federation" title="Finnish Socialist Federation">Finnish Socialist Federation</a>, grew dramatically. Early in 1923 the decision was made to terminate the parallel underground organization which Jakira headed, leaving the "legal" WPA headed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ruthenberg">C.E. Ruthenberg</a> as the sole communist organization in the field. </p><p>Called by one of his contemporaries "modest and friendly," Jakira was a factional loyalist to Workers (Communist) Party leaders Ruthenberg and <a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a> in the middle 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-RL153_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL153-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1924, Jakira was appointed the District Organizer of the WPA's Philadelphia district. He remained in that post for at least a year before taking on a similar role in <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western Pennsylvania</a> as DO of the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> district, a position which he retained through the end of the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-Endorse_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endorse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late in the spring of 1929 Communist Party Executive Secretary Jay Lovestone was deposed by the decision of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Committee_of_the_Communist_International" title="Executive Committee of the Communist International">Executive Committee of the Communist International</a>, which aimed to end the ongoing factional war in the American part. Jakira was among the first four of the Communist Party's district organizers to publicly endorse this decision.<sup id="cite_ref-Endorse_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endorse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jakira was the Communist Party's District Organizer for the Pittsburgh district in 1928 and was influential in helping to organize the <a href="/wiki/National_Miners_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="National Miners Union">National Miners Union</a>, a radical "<a href="/wiki/Dual_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual union">dual union</a>" established by the party through its <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Unity_League" title="Trade Union Unity League">Trade Union Unity League</a> arm late in that year.<sup id="cite_ref-RL153_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL153-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thereafter, Jakira was named Assistant Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/International_Labor_Defense" title="International Labor Defense">International Labor Defense</a>, a mass organization initiated, financed, and controlled by the Communist Party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abram_Jakira&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abram Jakira died of <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">throat cancer</a> on March 20, 1931, in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abram_Jakira&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RL153-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RL153_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RL153_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vera Buch Weisbord, <i>A Radical Life.</i> Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977; pg. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endorse-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Endorse_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endorse_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Party Organizers Endorse Comintern Address," <i>The Daily Worker,</i> vol. 6, no. 64 (May 22, 1929), pg. 1.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abram_Jakira&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Pittsburgh District Puts into Motion Plan for Recruiting of New Members and More Activity," <i>The Daily Worker,</i> vol. 3, no. 254 (November 9, 1926), pg. 4.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communist_Party_USA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#b3333d;color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_Party_USA" title="Template:Communist Party USA"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Party_USA" title="Template talk:Communist Party USA"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_Party_USA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist Party USA"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communist_Party_USA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Communist Party USA</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>; <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>; <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>; <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Charlene Mitchell</a> (<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>; <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>; <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>; <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Vice Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>; <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">James W. Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>; <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>; <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Mike Zagarell</a> (<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Tyner" title="Jarvis Tyner">Jarvis Tyner</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>; <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>; <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Ruthenberg" title="C. E. Ruthenberg">C. E. Ruthenberg</a> (1919–1920; 1922–1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wagenknecht" title="Alfred Wagenknecht">Alfred Wagenknecht</a> (1919–1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dirba" title="Charles Dirba">Charles Dirba</a> (1920–1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Shapiro_(communist)" title="Louis Shapiro (communist)">Louis Shapiro</a> (late 1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L._E._Katterfeld" title="L. E. Katterfeld">L. E. Katterfeld</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Weinstone" title="William Weinstone">William Weinstone</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a> (1922; 1927–1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Harrison" title="Caleb Harrison">Caleb Harrison</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abram Jakira</a> (1922–1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a> (1929–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a> (1934–1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Eugene Dennis</a> (1945–1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a> (1945–1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a> (1959–2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Webb_(communist)" title="Sam Webb (communist)">Sam Webb</a> (2000–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bachtell" title="John Bachtell">John Bachtell</a> (2014–2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Rossana Cambron & <a href="/wiki/Joe_Sims_(politician)" title="Joe Sims (politician)">Joe Sims</a> (2019–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Prominent members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ades" title="Bernard Ades">Bernard Ades</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Albertson" title="William Albertson">William Albertson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Aptheker" title="Herbert Aptheker">Herbert Aptheker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Bedacht" title="Max Bedacht">Max Bedacht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bernard_(American_politician)" title="John Bernard (American politician)">John Bernard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bernstein" title="Walter Bernstein">Walter Bernstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Blitzstein" title="Marc Blitzstein">Marc Blitzstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ella_Reeve_Bloor" title="Ella Reeve Bloor">Ella Reeve Bloor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Burlak" title="Anne Burlak">Anne Burlak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cacchione" title="Peter Cacchione">Peter Cacchione</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_J._Davis_Jr." title="Benjamin J. Davis Jr.">Benjamin J. Davis Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Graham_Du_Bois" title="Shirley Graham Du Bois">Shirley Graham Du Bois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bella_Dodd" title="Bella Dodd">Bella Dodd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Durham" title="Richard Durham">Richard Durham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Goldman_(politician)" title="Albert Goldman (politician)">Albert Goldman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Elizabeth Gurley Flynn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Harry Haywood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ray_Healey" title="Dorothy Ray Healey">Dorothy Ray Healey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manning_Johnson" title="Manning Johnson">Manning Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oakley_C._Johnson" title="Oakley C. Johnson">Oakley C. Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Claudia Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Konikow" title="Antoinette Konikow">Antoinette Konikow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lightfoot" title="Claude Lightfoot">Claude Lightfoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Nelson_(activist)" title="Steve Nelson (activist)">Steve Nelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Emil_Nygard" title="Karl Emil Nygard">Karl Emil Nygard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Patterson" title="William L. Patterson">William L. Patterson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Taylor_(politician)" title="Charles E. Taylor (politician)">Charles E. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Tenayuca" title="Emma Tenayuca">Emma Tenayuca</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Litigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Albertson_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board">Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aptheker_v._Secretary_of_State" title="Aptheker v. Secretary of State">Aptheker v. Secretary of State</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board">Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/De_Jonge_v._Oregon" title="De Jonge v. Oregon">De Jonge v. Oregon</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_v._United_States" title="Dennis v. United States">Dennis v. United States</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Kent_v._Dulles" title="Kent v. Dulles">Kent v. Dulles</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Keyishian_v._Board_of_Regents" title="Keyishian v. Board of Regents">Keyishian v. Board of Regents</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Noto_v._United_States" title="Noto v. United States">Noto v. United States</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Scales_v._United_States" title="Scales v. United States">Scales v. United States</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Watkins_v._United_States" title="Watkins v. United States">Watkins v. United States</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Yates_v._United_States" title="Yates v. United States">Yates v. United States</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">State parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Communist Party of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Maryland" title="Communist Party of Maryland">Maryland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Texas" title="Communist Party of Texas">Texas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Chapter_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="Alabama Chapter of the Communist Party USA">Alabama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Communist Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Committee_for_Spanish_Freedom" title="American Committee for Spanish Freedom">American Committee for Spanish Freedom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Browderism" title="Browderism">Browderism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Communist Labor Party of America">Communist Labor Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English-language_press_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="English-language press of the Communist Party USA">English-language press</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Publishers" title="International Publishers">International Publishers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_federation" title="Language federation">Language federation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Left_Wing_Section_of_the_Socialist_Party" title="Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party">Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Battalion" title="Lincoln Battalion">Lincoln Battalion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Communist_Party_USA_members_who_have_held_office_in_the_United_States" title="List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States">List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_conventions_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="National conventions of the Communist Party USA">National conventions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Workers_School" title="New York Workers School">New York Workers School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Non-English_press_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="Non-English press of the Communist Party USA">Non-English press</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_World" title="People's World">People's World</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Red_diaper_baby" title="Red diaper baby">Red diaper baby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Workers%27_School" title="San Francisco Workers' School">San Francisco Workers' School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Negro_Republic" title="Soviet Negro Republic">Soviet Negro Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="The Communist Party USA and African Americans">Relations with African Americans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ware_Group" title="Ware Group">Ware Group</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yokinen_Show_Trial" title="Yokinen Show Trial">Yokinen Show Trial</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_USA" title="Young 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